Canadian Securities Exchange Magazine, VRIC Edition • May 2022 by Canadian Securities Exchange

MAY 2022

A special interview with CSE Listings Manager and In-House Geologist, Darcy Krohman

Join the exchange built to support mineral exploration and growth List your mineral exploration company on the CSE to access a liquid secondary market via a cost-effective platform. The CSE’s streamlined regulatory model and unparalleled mining industry expertise allow mineral exploration companies to devote more time and capital to exploration, growth, and the creation of value. Discover why over 200 mining companies have chosen the Canadian Securities Exchange.

Quick Stats Market Size

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Since 2016

270

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1.6K

$2.2Bn

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Market Cap of Mining Companies

Financing Transactions

Raised by Mining Companies

COMPANIES LISTED ON THE EXHIBITING AT VRIC 2022

“ We think the CSE is a great home for early-stage mineral exploration companies, and I have to give kudos to the CSE for helping issuers like us get listed.” Joel Freudman, CEO Corcel Exploration Inc. (CSE:CRCL)

Bond Resources Inc.

BJB

Booth 1031

Exploits Discovery Corp.

NFLD

Booth 1002

Hawkmoon Resources Corp.

Booth 710

Headwater Gold Inc.

HWG

Booth 1034

Kuya Silver Corp.

KUYA

Booth 232

Northstar Gold Corp.

NSG

Booth 632

Peloton Minerals Corp.

PMC

Booth 609

Prismo Metals Inc.

PRIZ

Booth 1017

Quebec Nickel Corp.

QNI

Booth 911

Quebec Silica Resources Corp.

QTZ

Booth 911

Sitka Gold Corp.

SIG

Booth 903

Snowline Gold Corp.

SGD

Booth 101

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Darcy Krohman, CSE Listing Manager and In-House Geologist

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IN THIS ISSUE

Brad Van Den Bussche

Warwick Smith

David Watkinson

James Tworek

Dr. John Burba

David Patterson

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

08 12 16

FATHOM NICKEL

Past-producing property containing several of today’s highly sought-after metals is attracting attention for good reason

AMERICAN PACIFIC MINING

High-grade projects in premier US jurisdictions position this explorer to make the most of gold’s newfound momentum

AMERIWEST LITHIUM

Unlocking value in a world shifting toward lithium-based energy solutions

CONTENTS

PUBLISHER Sparx Publishing Group Inc. sparxpg.com

20 24 28 30

For advertising rates and placements, please contact (604) 488-1097 or advertising@sparxpg.com

ELEMENT79 GOLD

A rare junior with both cash flow and exploration upside

INTERNATIONAL BATTERY METALS

GROUP PUBLISHER Hamish Khamisa EDITOR-IN-CHIEF James Black

Technology to support clean, consistent lithium supply takes a big leap forward

EDITORS Nikki Manthey Peter Murray PROJECT MANAGER Katrina Abel

QUEBEC NICKEL

High grade at the core of a business plan to supply vital metals to the clean energy sector

SPOTLIGHT ON

DARCY KROHMAN

CSE’s Listings Manager and In-House Geologist talks about working at the intersection of finance, mining and public markets

ART DIRECTOR Elisabeth Choi DESIGNER Nicole Yeh WRITERS Angela Harmantas Patrick Graham Stephen Gunnion Giles Gwinnett Jon Hopkins Peter Murray Libby Shabada ILLUSTRATOR Annik Lemire FREE DIGITAL SUBSCRIPTION Published by Sparx Publishing Group on behalf of the Canadian Securities Exchange. To receive your complimentary subscription, please visit go.thecse.com/Magazine and complete the contact form. To read more about the companies mentioned in this issue, visit blog.thecse.com or proactiveinvestors.com

CANADIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE MAGAZINE MAY 2022

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COMPANY PROFILE

FATHOM NICKEL Past-producing property containing several of today’s highly sought-after metals is attracting attention for good reason By Angela Harmantas

athom Nickel (CSE:FNI) is, first and foremost, a high-grade story. There is a reason that the company managed to raise $11.5 million last year before going public on the Canadian Securities Exchange in May 2021. That reason is the historic Rottenstone nickel deposit.

Albert Lake geophysical survey

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

Nestled in northern Saskatchewan, Fathom’s Albert Lake project is home to the formerly producing Rottenstone mine, which yielded eye-popping nickel grades of over 3% during the 1960s. Fathom acquired the property in 2015 during the bottom of the nickel cycle and has since expanded its holdings in

the area. Today, Albert Lake consists of over 90,100 hectares, of which more than 80,000 remain virtually unexplored. The company plans to apply modern exploration methods on the property in a bid to prove that those historic grades were no fluke. Chief Executive Officer Brad Van Den Bussche and Vice President Exploration Ian Fraser founded the company in 2015 with the goal of acquiring highly prospective battery metals projects in favourable jurisdictions. They spent time in the US early on, going from conference to conference in the battery technology space to get a feel for which metals were going to be needed as technology advanced. It was nickel that won the day. “Ian and I both had some experience with Albert Lake and Rottenstone from years ago, so we knew the asset had had very high-grade nickel, copper, PGEs (platinum group elements) and cobalt,” Van Den Bussche explains. “And we were able to get it at the bottom of the nickel market for a very good price. Basically, we

Albert Lake Camp and historic mine

“

Our mandate is to look for electric vehicle battery minerals that are high in grade, particularly nickel. — VAN DEN BUSSCHE

picked up the core property for some shares and a royalty that we recently bought back.” According to Van Den Bussche, it was indeed the grades that first attracted them to the project. “It was a combination of the grades and the mineralogy – the type of minerals that were in the mix. There’s a built-in hedge having nickel, copper, platinum/palladium and cobalt in there,” the CEO says. “It's one of the highest grade nickel deposits mined in Canada.” Globally, there is a handful of very highgrade nickel deposits, such as Norilsk in Russia. Closer to home, Raglan Mine in Quebec and Voisey’s Bay in Newfoundland both stand out. The Rottenstone grade was essentially as good – or even higher – than some of the

biggest economic deposits currently in operation. Fathom’s team believes that Albert Lake’s geological setting supports the thesis that the Rottenstone is one of several variable size, highgrade nickel deposits similar to the multiple deposits that make up the Raglan nickel camp. Not all nickel deposits are created equally, of course. There are essentially three types of nickel sources: limonite ore, saprolite ore and nickel sulphide ore. Currently, nickel sulphide is the preferred source to develop high purity Class 1 nickel which goes into creating nickel sulphate required for battery production. The pathway to creating Class 1 nickel from limonite and saprolite ores is more costly and typically creates a much larger environmental footprint. It should come as no surprise that Albert Lake is a sulphide deposit. From the outset, sulphide opportunities were the focus for Fathom’s team. “From day one, we were focused on sulphide deposits,” Van Den Bussche says. “Our mandate is to look for electric vehicle battery minerals that are high in

Brad Van Den Bussche Chief Executive Officer

Company

Fathom Nickel Inc.

CSE Symbol FNI

Listing date May 25, 2021

Website

fathomnickel.com

CANADIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE MAGAZINE MAY 2022

“Nickel sulphide deposits are basically the main pathway to Class 1 nickel, which is necessary in the production of stainless steel and the EV/battery components. — VAN DEN BUSSCHE

Project Manager Vanessa Beach and CEO Brad Van Den Bussche investigate core

grade, particularly nickel. Nickel sulphide deposits are basically the main pathway to Class 1 nickel, which is necessary in the production of stainless steel and the EV/battery components.” The mineralization of the historic Rottenstone deposit is unique and contains several notable associated metals. Initial sample metallurgy indicates metal recoveries of greater than 90% nickel, copper and cobalt are possible – all essential ingredients for the green economy. Furthermore, initial studies indicate recovery in excess of 80% can be expected from palladium and platinum. Things look encouraging at the historic Rottenstone deposit, but with 80,000 hectares left to explore, the challenge for Fathom is to find out whether those grades extend throughout the property. The original deposit itself was small, which doesn’t faze Van Den Bussche, but he knows that the team must prove there is more there than just Rottenstone. “We need to focus on understanding the system,” Van Den Bussche says. “Those kinds of high grades have to come from a very large

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

system. There's just no way in the geological model concept that you can have those kinds of grades without a large melting pot. The Rottenstone mine has to be one deposit within a much larger system.” To that end, Fathom is planning an airborne electromagnetic survey and follow-up ground geophysics to zero in on prospective drill targets this year. A key part of its exploration activity is utilizing a portable Vanta XRF Analyzer (pXRF) to provide real-time lithogeochemical, multi-element data on core from current drill holes, and on historical drill core left by previous operators. The pXRF results confirm the presence of nickel and copper in current and historic drill cores, and assay results will also test for the presence of platinum group elements, a significant component of the historic Rottenstone deposit that is not detectable via the pXRF.

VP Exploration Ian Fraser and banking advisor Justin Barragan

Saskatchewan may not seem like the first place a company would visit to explore for nickel, but the province is quickly emerging as a leading global mineral jurisdiction. The Fraser Institute’s annual investment attractiveness survey ranked Saskatchewan in third place in 2020, with a particular spotlight on the province’s mineral potential. The prolific Trans-Hudson Corridor runs directly through the province then veers east to cover northern Manitoba, northern Quebec, northern Labrador and across to Greenland. What has held Saskatchewan back from developing its own world-class base metal deposits has historically been, in part, the political situation. But that has changed completely in the last 20-plus years, according to Van Den Bussche. “During much of the 1970s and 1980s, a Saskatchewan Crown Corporation (SMDC) had the rights to become up to a 50% partner in exploration projects in the province. While a lot of exploration and development was occurring next door in Manitoba, many exploration companies chose not to take on a government partner and explore in Saskatchewan during this period,” Van Den Bussche explains. “But that has completely changed and now Saskatchewan is a great jurisdiction to work in. There is a lot of opportunity, and it's getting a lot of interest from many companies, including the majors. Rio Tinto is a major explorer

is in the “ Saskatchewan right place in the system, and it's got the potential to have continuations of some of the Manitoba base metal opportunities, including nickel. — VAN DEN BUSSCHE

in the province, and BHP is starting to look as well – they already know Saskatchewan because they're a big player in the potash industry. Saskatchewan is in the right place in the system, and it's got the potential to have continuations of some of the Manitoba base metal opportunities, including nickel.” Fathom is operating during a wild time in the nickel industry. The silvery-gray metal is an essential component in electric vehicle batteries, and manufacturers are scrambling to secure safe supplies. As the green energy economy ramps up, so too does nickel demand – so much so that in early 2022, trading was suspended on the London Metals Exchange after nickel prices breached the $100,000 per tonne mark. For Van Den Bussche, the dynamics of the current nickel market point to the necessity of developing a safe, stable supply of the metal within North America. “There is definite urgency to try to lock up some supply of nickel from mines that are currently producing, but also to feed the supply chain two, three, four or five years out. Good projects in good jurisdictions that have a pathway to growing a resource and getting into production are essential. I think there's going to be a huge move to gain control of the raw materials needed for these strategic businesses.”

Fathom Nickel Team (left to right): John Morgan, Doug Porter, Mark Cummings, Brad Van Den Bussche, Charles Shin, Justin Barragan and Ian Fraser

CANADIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE MAGAZINE MAY 2022

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Angela Harmantas is a Senior Financial Journalist with Proactive. She has 10 years’ experience covering the equity markets in North America, with a particular focus on junior resource stocks. Angela has reported from multiple countries, including Canada, the US, Australia, Brazil, Ghana and South Africa. Prior to joining Proactive, she worked in investor relations and led the foreign direct investment program in Canada for the Swedish government. Angela currently resides in Toronto.

Warwick Smith

Chief Executive Officer

Company

American Pacific Mining Corp.

CSE Symbol

USGD

Listing date

March 8, 2018

Website

americanpaciﬁc.ca

Rock sample displaying native copper, from American Paciﬁc’s 100% owned Madison copper-gold project in Montana

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

COMPANY PROFILE

AMERICAN PACIFIC MINING High-grade projects in premier US jurisdictions position this explorer to make the most of gold’s newfound momentum By Patrick Graham

or American Pacific Mining (CSE:USGD) Chief Executive Officer Warwick Smith, forming a close partnership with the world’s second-largest mining company speaks volumes about the junior explorer’s growth and investment potential. Smith’s team completed a transaction in 2020 that can in every way be described as a company-maker, when it acquired the past-producing Madison Copper Gold project in Montana. Madison is being explored under a joint venture with Kennecott Exploration, which is part of the Rio Tinto Group. “It’s huge validation for the project,” Smith says. “The majors these days are using the juniors as their exploration arms. They're not funding their own exploration. They're looking to the American Pacifics of the world going, ‘Hey, these guys are onto something. Let's fund them.’” Through an earn-in agreement already in place at the time of acquisition, Rio Tinto can spend up to US$30

million for 70% of Madison. That’s something that Smith and President Eric Saderholm, a boots-on-the-ground geologist and veteran mining executive, never imagined would happen on their first attempt to purchase the project. “We went to look at Madison in 2016. We really liked it and wanted to buy it,” Smith says, noting that between 2008 and 2012 the project produced 2.7 million pounds of copper and 7,570 ounces of gold at high grades. “But before we got a chance to negotiate on it, another group bought the asset. They did a great job. They came in and drilled into the porphyry, which was a big deal, and that got Rio Tinto excited,” he explains. In 2021, Kennecott completed US$2.7 million in exploration, which included 10 diamond drill holes totaling 3,598 metres, targeting extensions to the project’s skarns and jasperoids. The drilling identified new zones of skarn-hosted massive sulphides, underscoring the potential for bonanza-style gold mineralization.

American Paciﬁc’s Chief Geologist Zach Hibdon (left) and Eric Saderholm, President and P. Geo / QP (right) survey the high-grade Gooseberry gold-silver project in Nevada

CANADIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE MAGAZINE MAY 2022

Eric Saderholm, President & Director of American Paciﬁc Mining Corp., at the company’s high-grade Tuscarora gold project in Nevada

Highlights from the drill program include one hole which returned 14.44 grams per ton gold and 0.11% copper over 6.53 metres, including 39.57 grams per ton gold and 0.28% copper over 2.35 metres. The next step for Kennecott is to create a comprehensive 3D model of Madison’s skarn environment to direct the next drilling phase. But what makes the deal, which cost American Pacific C$2.4 million, even sweeter is that it has been highlighted by S&P Global Commodity Insights, the leading independent provider of information and benchmark prices for the commodities and energy markets. In 2021, American Pacific was selected as one of four finalists at the S&P Global Commodity Insights Global Metals Awards in the Deal of the Year category. Even though his company lost out to winner Cleveland-Cliffs, Smith said American Pacific could not have asked for better recognition than being put in the spotlight with some of the biggest and most successful companies in the world. “It was a significant nod of approval on what we think can be a world-class asset with worldclass service in a smaller company,” he says.

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

Smith notes that the value of the company has grown significantly, making it one of the top percentage gainers among gold mining stocks on the Canadian Securities Exchange in 2021. “The CSE has helped us get to that point, and it is the right exchange for us to list on and it's been the right exchange to grow on,” Smith

An aerial view of American Paciﬁc’s 100% owned Madison copper-gold project located near Silver Star, Montana

“If I were to do something on the M&A side, I'd want to double the size of the company overnight. That's the type of M&A that we're looking to do. — SMITH

explains. “It's been great for the company and has been great for shareholders as well.” American Pacific’s profile is further bolstered by the presence of former hedge fund manager Michael Gentile. He is the company’s largest shareholder, with a 19.9% stake. Also in the company’s project portfolio are two highly prospective high-grade assets: the Tuscarora gold project and the Gooseberry gold and silver project. Both are located in Nevada, a famously mining-friendly state. American Pacific has two other assets in Nevada as well: South Lida and Red Hill. Smith says the company plans to partner up via joint ventures to further the projects. At Tuscarora, near the town of Elko, Smith says the company is spending C$5 million on a 70-hole drill program. The 4,272 acre project consists of numerous high-grade gold vein targets, including the Grand Prize Target, from which the company reported samples of 21,032 grams per ton gold and 38,820 grams per ton silver in 2021. “We're the first company to ever own it all, which is a big deal. We're focused there,” Smith says. “We think it's got the opportunity to be big.” As for Gooseberry, the company is planning sampling programs and eventual drilling of parallel vein targets within a low sulphidation, epithermal vein system. The mine sits close to

the historic Comstock Mining District outside Reno, where discovered lodes and veins led to the production of 8.6 million ounces of gold and 192 million ounces of silver. “The mine hasn't been touched since 1991 when it was last in production. We staked it. It was available and cost us C$20,000 to pick it up,” Smith says. “We spent about a million and a half dollars there. We're up there working again doing the sampling.” However, Smith explains that it may be time for American Pacific to move beyond acquiring exploration targets as he, Saderholm and the rest of the management team mull growing the company by taking advantage of merger and acquisition opportunities. “It gives us a chance to think big. I'm not interested in purchasing another exploration project,” he says. “If I were to do something on the M&A side, I'd want to double the size of the company overnight. That's the type of M&A that we're looking to do.” Looking ahead to the rest of 2022, Smith says the company is focusing its energy, and decidedly healthy treasury, on developing Madison, Tuscarora and Gooseberry. “All three of those have the opportunity to be large multimillion-ounce deposits that we feel we can grow to meet the desire of majors,” says Smith.

CANADIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE MAGAZINE MAY 2022

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Since the 1990s, Patrick Graham has worked for the Associated Press, Dow Jones Newswires and The Wall Street Journal as a reporter, editor and manager. He helped launch and oversee WSJ.com’s Wealth Adviser vertical to provide exclusive content for wealth managers, financial advisors and financial planners. Patrick today specializes in investing, personal finance and retirement coverage.

COMPANY PROFILE

AMERIWEST LITHIUM Unlocking value in a world shifting toward lithium-based energy solutions By Stephen Gunnion

David Watkinson

Chief Executive Officer

Company

Ameriwest Lithium Inc.

CSE Symbol AWLI

Listing date July 23, 2020

Website

ameriwestlithium.com

Deer Musk East Lithium Project in Clayton Valley, Nevada

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

evada is a hot spot for lithium exploration: Clayton Valley in particular is a mature, well-known, lithium-rich area that includes the only production in the United States, at Albemarle’s Silver Peak lithium mine. Throughout the state, major players are scouting for the sought-after metal as demand soars due to the shift toward green energy solutions powered by lithium-based batteries. The US government has also announced measures to increase domestic production of the metals and minerals that are used in advanced technologies, in order to reduce reliance on foreign suppliers. Ameriwest Lithium (CSE:AWLI) is a new, up-and-coming player in the lithium space in Nevada. It has put together three highly promising early-stage lithium properties in that state and a fourth one in Arizona. And they are in handy locations as well. Railroad Valley is the most advanced property and is located about 260 kilometres east-northeast of Clayton Valley. Edwards Creek Valley is located 225 kilometres east of Reno. Deer Musk East is in Clayton Valley. Thompson Valley is 190 kilometres north of Phoenix. “We made the decision to move into the lithium space in March of 2021, so it's been just more than a year since we made the transition,” says David Watkinson, Ameriwest Chief Executive Officer. “Certainly, we see lithium as being one of the hottest metals to look for from an exploration point of view and to generate investor interest. Demand is increasing as we move to electric vehicles, and then there is the need for battery storage as we move to solar and wind energy. So, lithium is going to be something that increases in value over time. It's a great opportunity for us as a company and for investors to get involved in the lithium area.” With a number of other explorers also looking for the next big lithium find in Nevada, Watkinson says the technical team that Ameriwest has put together is an important factor, allowing it to grow and acquire what it believes are very good quality assets. The combined technical team has over 170 years of experience in the mining industry. “There is certainly risk in an exploration company because, especially with a brine target, you can do surface sampling, but that doesn't really help you to identify a brine target that might be 2,000 feet below surface,” he adds. “Our exploration strategy, using geophysics the way we have,

helps set us apart. I don't see other junior mining companies necessarily taking the same technical approach to define targets. The geologists we have put together and the management team have the ability to go out and find high-quality projects and also to understand and develop the resources on those projects.” Once the company has a clearly defined resource, Watkinson says it will augment the technical team with other specialists like metallurgists. However, he adds that it is probably up to two years before it gets to that point. Ameriwest chose Nevada as its starting point of the focus on lithium, acquiring a series of properties, all of which contain lithium brine targets. Railroad Valley, Ameriwest’s most advanced project, has brine targets identified by geophysics in preparation for drilling. In neighbouring Arizona, Thompson Valley, Ameriwest’s latest acquisition, is a prospective lithium sedimentary deposit with surface or near-surface exposure of lithium-bearing clays

The increasing promise of new and unexplored lithium discoveries is driving excitement and investment across the region

CANADIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE MAGAZINE MAY 2022

“Certainly, we see lithium as being one of the hottest metals to look for from an exploration point of view and to generate investor interest. Demand is increasing as we move to electric vehicles, and then there is the need for battery storage as we move to solar and wind energy. — WATKINSON

that were sampled in the early 1960s. Geologic mapping is complete, which will be followed by permitting to allow surface sampling and drilling. “We are trying to get a mix of brine, sedimentary, and, if we can find a hard rock deposit, we would look at that too,” Watkinson says. “While there are technical and environmental challenges when it comes to processing and recovering lithium from various deposit types, the lithium industry is really developing. The technology for processing is being developed almost on a monthby-month basis to handle different types of deposits.” While the Ameriwest portfolio is shaping up nicely, Watkinson hastens to point out that the projects are all early in nature. While Albemarle and its predecessor companies have been operating Silver Peak in Clayton Valley since the 1960s, exploration for new lithium properties in the US is essentially a recent phenomenon. With the movement to electric vehicles and alternative energy sources, there is a race to develop new operating mines. “Exploration success at any one of these properties could change the fate of the company if we’re successful in discovering significant lithium targets,” says Watkinson. Ameriwest’s approach to exploration for lithium brine has been to use geophysics. It typically undertakes a gravity geophysics survey that identifies targets in arid valleys where brine may have accumulated and become concentrated over millions of years. Magnetotelluric geophysics looks at the resistivity (or conversely the conductivity) of the subsurface, which helps indicate the potential for a concentrated brine. Further seismic analysis helps identify structures such as faults, horsts and grabens that might be subsurface. This data is then modelled and used to locate drill holes to target conductive brine targets that might host a lithium-bearing reservoir. The modelling is also used to help target drilling to avoid structures like faults below the surface that might be encountered. Geophysics also helps in perfecting the claim package staked or acquired by the company. Following acquisition, a gravity survey at Railroad Valley was completed

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

and the claim boundaries have been expanded based on the results. Additional claims were also acquired from American Battery Technology Company to the north, resulting in 780 contiguous claims over 15,300 acres. A similar targeting approach was used at Edwards Creek Valley where the company has 829 claims totalling about 22,200 acres. Potential brine targets have already been identified at Railroad Valley, and after analyzing the geophysical data it has collected, the company plans to drill its first hole later this year, targeting a reservoir that potentially hosts lithium brine. The timing for drilling will be subject to permitting and availability of drilling equipment. “The geophysics shows us the target, but the drill hole will be proof of concept that it’s there,” Watkinson says. “There’s permitting that will

be done for the initial drilling; that’s relatively simple. But when we get to developing resources, the permitting becomes more complicated. In the United States, there's certainly a movement by the government to push the development of critical metals like lithium, but the challenge is moving through the permitting process, and it takes time. So, it'll take several years to develop our deposit.” It also takes capital, and Watkinson says Ameriwest has sufficient funds for the initial steps it is taking to identify potential brine targets. Once it reaches the development stages, it will have to raise additional funds or find joint venture partners with deeper pockets, such as one or more of the mining majors. “We’ll evaluate all those different opportunities,” he says. “Certainly, we have the ability to push the project through and develop it into production if we decide to go that route. But we also would like to take advantage of relationships with senior partners on advanced projects and have them come in and develop. They typically have a lot more expertise in processing and can fund larger capital projects.” A common method of extracting lithium is to pump brine and use evaporation ponds to concentrate the lithium before processing. However, Watkinson says that method is falling out of favour from an environmental perspective due to the amount of water it uses. New technologies being developed are aimed at pumping fluid back into the aquifer after the lithium has been removed. Ameriwest is not getting ahead of itself, says Watkinson. For now, the goal is to develop resources. Once those are established, the company will make a decision on the direction it takes as either a lithium producer, a project generator, or to seek out major companies to form joint ventures with.

“Exploration success at any one of these properties could change the fate of the company if we’re successful in discovering significant lithium targets. — WATKINSON

“As we develop resources there will be a transition the company goes through,” he says. “Our goal right now is to delineate resources on our properties and try to add value by doing that in the short term. We have put together a high-quality technical team, acquired what we believe are high-quality properties, and are minimizing exploration risk by developing multiple assets. We have laid the foundation for long-term success with the goal of becoming a major lithium exploration and development company.”

The Railroad Valley basin is a greenﬁelds lithium target believed to be similar to Clayton Valley

CANADIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE MAGAZINE MAY 2022

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Stephen Gunnion is a financial journalist and news anchor, with more than 25 years' experience in television, radio and print media. He has anchored on a number of television channels, including South Africa's Business Day TV, CNBC Africa and the South African Broadcasting Corporation, where he was the economics editor. He has worked for Daily Maverick, Bloomberg, Business Day newspaper and Investors' Chronicle.

COMPANY INTERVIEW

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

ELEMENT79 GOLD A rare junior with both cash flow and exploration upside By Jon Hopkins

ineral exploration companies rarely talk about the potential for generating cash flow because it simply is not part of the vision. For Element79 Gold (CSE:ELEM), however, it is a key aspect of the path to success, and the company is currently putting the finishing touches on a portfolio designed to achieve it in the near term. Element79’s flagship is the Maverick Springs Project in Nevada, and it has a number of other properties along the state’s Battle Mountain trend as well. It also has projects in British Columbia and Ontario, and recently moved to acquire two high-grade Peruvian gold projects. Upon completing the Peruvian acquisitions, Element79 Gold will have a diversified portfolio of assets including greenfield, advanced 43-101 inferred resource stage, and historic high-grade past-producing mines that have the potential to become producers again. Canadian Securities Exchange Magazine sat down with Element79 Gold Chief Executive Officer James Tworek in late March to find out more. Element79 recently completed a 43-101-compliant, pit-constrained mineral resource estimate for the Maverick Springs project in Nevada. What did it tell you?

It gave us an opportunity to gather all the data that had been amassed from previous owners of this property and to take the historical resource and bring it up to modern standards. In doing that, we were able to incorporate

an additional 59 drill holes of data, which had been completed after the historical reports. It also gave us the opportunity to refresh our perspective on the project. As it was previously conceived only as a prospective underground mine, arguably, there was a lot that was being missed. By looking at it from the perspective of a pit-constrained model, we can now look at the strip ratio of all of the strata above the hard rock and begin to incorporate those economics. Right now, the strip ratio is about 5:1, and going forward our plans include doing some infill drilling to prove up value and to enhance our understanding of the project’s metallurgy, with the intent of getting better yields from higher strata and enhancing overall project economics. Aside from Maverick Springs, Element79 has a portfolio of 15 properties in Nevada which you are assessing for further exploration, potential sale or spin-out. Which is most likely?

James Tworek Chief Executive Officer

Company

Element79 Gold Corp.

CSE Symbol ELEM

Listing date

August 3, 2021

Website

element79.gold

Because it is such a diverse portfolio, we have stratified them into what we'll call the “best hits” in terms of what we will likely keep ourselves and focus on to unlock value. I would argue that Element79’s market capitalization is very much weighted on the value provided by

CANADIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE MAGAZINE MAY 2022

our 3.71 million ounces of gold equivalent and the potential of developing Maverick Springs. Little of the rest of the portfolio is being accounted for today. Some of these are well-explored properties, with 160-plus drill holes on them, but they don't have any form of modern report. So, this is a great opportunity for us to revisit data, put in some work on the properties and generate modern reports on them with the intent of unlocking the value of the resources onto our balance sheet. In addition to raising capital for the projects, we have been speaking with potential partners that might want minority joint ventures on specific properties. We are looking at all these aspects, and now that we've reached our current strategic M&A plateau, we're confident in where we're going with developing our portfolio. Beyond Nevada, you are in the process of acquiring the Snowbird project in British Columbia and have an option on another project in the famous Timmins mining camp in Ontario. What can you tell us about these?

The Timmins project, called the Dale Property, has proximity to IAMGOLD’s

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

“In addition to raising capital for the projects, we have been speaking with potential partners that might want minority joint ventures on specific properties. — TWOREK Côté Gold Project, where production is expected by mid-2023. Being on the same greenstone belt, about 60 kilometres away, there is a great opportunity to show there's something worth pursuing. That said, Dale is at a very early stage, so we have to balance that exploration requirement with developing our other, more advanced projects at the same time. With the Snowbird project, where we have already funded about 3,000 metres of drilling, we intend to close the purchase shortly. The catch to the transaction was that the exploration permit ended on December 31, 2021, and the vendors, Plutus Gold, had a contractual commitment to invest $1 million in exploration by June 30, 2022. Exploration permits are currently taking six months or more to obtain, so having to wait for it could have jeopardized the acquisition in the immediate term. We’ve been told that Plutus is just

getting assays trickling in, and a 43-101 report on the project is underway. We should have that information in the first part of the second quarter. Element79 recently signed a Letter of Intent to acquire some past-producing gold mines in Peru. What do these offer?

We have an LOI signed, and we're going through a 90-day due diligence process prior to closing. These assets were previously producing but were shuttered due to low prices in the early 2000s. But there was prolific production out of them. The Lucero asset was producing in the range of 19 grams per ton gold equivalent. The beauty of working in Peru is that mining is deeply rooted in the culture and it’s a cornerstone of the economy. Also, the permitting process is streamlined compared to many jurisdictions. There are existing permits in place to extract 350 tons per day of ore. And with

“We're ratcheting up very quickly from a lean start-up to a fully functioning operational mining company on a global basis. — TWOREK

the Lucero asset, where the two permits are in place, there is regional infrastructure. The closest mill is only running at about 60% capacity and around 20 days a month, so there's potential for us to start generating cash flow in the near term.

exploratory work. If we want to move by leaps and bounds, we are speaking to different financing parties, with debt financing a topic. With cash flow, we can justify borrowing to develop both the Peruvian assets as well as our flagship and Nevada portfolio that much faster.

The company has said its portfolio offers a pathway to revenue. What do you think is the timeline?

What should investors in Element79 expect in the medium term?

Post-acquisition of the Peruvian portfolio, which should be closing at the latest by mid-June of this year, we plan to take the time to make sure that we have adequate basic exploration, including an initial 43-101 resource for both former mines to get them operating again. We feel quite confident that within 18 months we should be in production at Lucero. That can help offset our day-to-day operating costs, and even fund some

also actively raising capital, as well as progressing long-term sustainability initiatives while developing our portfolio. Bringing on cash flow is a key driver of our corporate strategy. There are a lot of junior miners that aren’t able to achieve this goal based on their assets or strategy. We intend to be doing that within 18 months of acquiring the Peruvian portfolio. My personal goal was to ensure that this company would have access to cash flow within 24 months of our IPO. We seem to be on that trajectory right now, with an amazing team of people and key assets to get us there.

We're ratcheting up very quickly from a lean start-up to a fully functioning operational mining company on a global basis. We’ve just brought on another world-class teammate, Mr. Kim Kirkland, as our VP of Global Exploration and are engaging further consultancies and country managers for specific assets. The pending newsreel includes updates as we close on Snowbird and eventually on the Peruvian assets. We’re

CANADIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE MAGAZINE MAY 2022

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Jon Hopkins is North America (and UK) News Editor for Proactive. Based in the London suburbs, he is a seasoned financial journalist with over 25 years working for newswires and websites. He was Markets Editor at AFX before the firm’s acquisition by Thomson Corp and subsequent takeover of Reuters. Jon moved on from Reuters in 2012 to become News Editor for thisismoney.co.uk, the Daily Mail online financial news website, before joining Proactive in 2016.

INTERNATIONAL BATTERY METALS Technology to support clean, consistent lithium supply takes a big leap forward By Peter Murray

echnological breakthroughs are where the big money is often made in the stock market, and International Battery Metals (CSE:IBAT) is a perfect example. As it entered the fourth quarter of 2020, the company’s shares could be picked up for around $0.10. More recently, those same shares have changed hands as high as $7.40. It is a success story based on solutions in an industry crying out for them, one where inefficiency is clashing with a generational shift in consumption to create high prices and serious concerns about future supply shortages. Given the move toward greener economies, not to mention regional resource security, it might not come as a surprise that lithium is the prized product we are talking about. International Battery Metals Chief Executive Officer Dr. John Burba can truly be described as a technology pioneer in the lithium extraction industry. Now at the helm of his own company, the pace of his achievements is only picking up momentum. Dr. Burba spoke with Canadian Securities Exchange Magazine in late March about the company’s technology and how he sees it contributing to a better macro climate for the lithium industry, and the global environment, in the years ahead. We will explore your technology and the company’s success in a moment, but can you begin with your view on the state of lithium supply and demand and how it shapes your strategy?

I’ll start off by saying that I think the lithium industry today is where the oil and gas industry was in about 1910. There are strong analogies.

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

If you go back to what was happening in the early 20th century, people did not really know much about how to get oil and gas out of the ground successfully. The process was very dirty. Pollution was ignored. It was just a nasty process. Of course, that has improved in the decades since. The lithium industry is not that different. There are two major supplies of lithium today. There is hard rock mining, which is spodumene. Basically, companies are mining this in a variety of places and sending it to China for processing. Then there is lithium extraction from brines, and you either have solar evaporation, which is very damaging, or you have FMC’s process, which I invented when I worked for FMC. That approach is better but still has drawbacks. The industry has old processes that are not as efficient as they need to be, and there are significant issues on top of that with environmental damage. That is the backdrop to where we are. We have a tremendous shortage looming over us, and that is why prices are so high for lithium right now. If the world continues producing lithium the way it does, the shortages are going to get worse. It will negatively impact the number of vehicles that can be produced and the number of batteries that can be produced. People will start using less efficient batteries and that is not going to be good for the transition we hope to see. Can you quantify industry efficiency for us?

To give you a few examples, recovery rates for these processes are not very high. If you look at solar evaporation

COMPANY INTERVIEW

CANADIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE MAGAZINE MAY 2022

in Chile, they only recover about 20% to 30% of the lithium and the rest is wasted on the desert floor. FMC’s process recovers around 40% to 45% of the lithium. Lithium is the only industry I’m aware of that tolerates such abysmal recovery rates. Most industries would be going crazy if they were wasting over 50% of their desired product. So, these are the burdens that this industry is bearing right now. And the answer is not going to come from big established companies. They are simply not capable of, or not interested in, radically changing the industry so that it becomes efficient and responsive to the needs of the world.

The second thing is we intend to inject the brine back into the formation rather than putting it onto the ground and letting it evaporate. The problem with letting it evaporate is that you create salt flats all over the place, and salt is very detrimental to ecology. The third thing, and perhaps the most important for jurisdictions such as Chile, is that our technology enables us to recover vast amounts of water. We will be recycling about 98% of our process water. In the Atacama, for example, they don’t recycle any water with solar evaporation. What about the equipment itself? Are there positive environmental aspects to your physical footprint at a project?

In a recent press release, Universidad de Santiago de Chile stated that your technology is the “only one capable of separating lithium without leaving a signiﬁcant impact on the environment.” Walk us through what differentiates your approach.

We have been able to shrink the size of the processing equipment and that has allowed us to modularize and develop a mobile plant concept. We can put modular equipment in place, assemble it, turn it on and begin processing lithium When you look at lithium extraction, one hears a lot about in a short period of time. direct lithium extraction (DLE), and many start-up When we are done, we pick up the equipment companies preach that as if it’s some new and eventually you won’t be able to tell that thing. The DLE concept actually began we were ever there. We can build one at Dow Chemical in the late 1970s of these plants in months, rather and the 1980s, so that idea has than years. been around for a long time. I will add that our omniThe third thing, Basically, it is about havbus patent for this mobile and perhaps the most ing a technology that can and modular process has been issued. selectively pull lithium important for jurisdictions from the brine and let such as Chile, is that our What is the status in everything else go by. We terms of commercialtechnology enables us to are using a proven form ization? And what is the of direct lithium exrecover vast amounts of commercialization plan? traction that is based on water. We will be recycling an absorbent that a friend I’m glad you brought that of mine and I invented up, because if we can’t make about 98% of our money, we can’t do a good back in the 1990s. We have process water. improved it since then, but it job on the environment. We was groundbreaking at the time. have two contracts with a com— BURBA This material will selectively repany called Sorcia Minerals. They cover lithium from a saturated brine. have substantial resources, and we And the selectivity is astronomically high. have a contract with them in Chile and The reason that matters is because there is not Argentina providing exclusive rights to use our that much lithium in even the best resources. In that equipment there. Atacama brine that everybody loves, you have about 2,000 Our arrangement sees us receive a royalty on final sale parts per million lithium. If you look at Alberta, you are of the product. They buy the equipment from us on a costtalking about 50 to 80 parts per million. plus basis, we operate on a cost-plus basis, and we own The lithium concentrations are low and you have to 10% of each project. have something that will pick up the lithium and leave We are focused on North America right now, and I behind everything else. would say that in the next two years we intend to have one We have improved our process so that – and we still of our units extracting lithium in the United States. We also have to prove this – but we are expecting to see recovery intend to build a lithium carbonate hydroxide facility in rates substantially higher than 60%. And we are hoping the United States so that we have a North American base for recovery rates in the range of 90% to 95%. for significant lithium production.

“

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

Once we are established in North America, we are also open to Africa, Europe and other places where they have good resources. Give us a look at your future and where the industry is going. How big do you think you can get and how does your company maintain a leadership position?

We have passed a tipping point from the standpoint of transportation and electrification. In the first question, I made the analogy to the oil industry a hundred years ago. I think lithium is going to see a lot of the same drive that oil did. Some people will ask why not sodium, or why not potassium? It comes down to basic chemistry. Lithium is the best. Its transport numbers are the fastest, which means it will zip across a cell very rapidly and go into crystals very rapidly, and it has a very high half-cell potential. So, when you look at this, all of it bodes well for powerful, high-capacity batteries. It is not likely we are going to find a battery chemistry that works better than lithium. And then how do we remain relevant? We have to do every one of our projects in a credible and honest way, and we have

to be successful in everything that we say. We are not into predicting. We want to do it and then explain what we’ve done. Our accomplishments need to be real and measurable. That is the kind of thing that serious investors like.

Lithium chloride extraction

Anything we have missed?

Right now, the biggest driver of success in the industry is time to market. We have exceedingly high prices. If I can start today and have a plant operating in 18 months, as opposed to six years, I have already won the game. That is where the mobile and modular extraction comes into play. We can get in rapidly, and we can expand a facility rapidly. It is like LEGO – you just plug it in. I’d also point out that high recovery rates and things of that nature flow through to low operating costs. And something we have not talked about is that capital costs for our modular system are substantially lower than for traditional plants. We don’t have to put in foundations or construct big buildings. We don’t have a cast of thousands to support 24 hours a day. This makes it much easier to finance a plant and that makes it easier for us to expand. These are the reasons I am very optimistic about our future.

Dr. John Burba

Chief Executive Officer

Company

International Battery Metals Ltd.

CSE Symbol IBAT

Listing date

February 26, 2015

Website

ibatterymetals.com

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Peter Murray oversees a national editorial and broadcasting team as President of Proactive Canada. He spent several years managing the English news desk at Nikkei’s head office in Tokyo and has worked with research teams at Asian and European investment banks. Peter is based in Vancouver.

CANADIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE MAGAZINE MAY 2022

COMPANY INTERVIEW

QUEBEC NICKEL High grade at the core of a business plan to supply vital metals to the clean energy sector By Giles Gwinnett

xperienced executive David Patterson wanted to be ahead of the nickel curve when he formed a new Quebec-focused company in September 2020, foreseeing growing demand for metal in the clean energy sector. Patterson moved quickly, approaching Glenn Mullan, Chief Executive Officer of Val-d’Or Mining, ultimately leading

David Patterson

Chief Executive Officer

Company

Quebec Nickel Corp.

CSE Symbol QNI

Listing date July 2, 2021

Website

quebecnickel.com

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

to then-private Quebec Nickel buying what is now the company's 15,000plus hectare Ducros nickel, copper and PGE (platinum group element) project from Val-d’Or Mining for 3,589,341 special warrants. In July 2021, Quebec Nickel (CSE:QNI) listed its shares on the Canadian Securities Exchange, and in November of the same year raised approximately $7.5 million. At Ducros, the company is embarking on an extensive exploration program pursuing high-grade mineralization. Currently underway are airborne and ground surveys as well as an aggressive 20,000 metre, multi-phase drill program encompassing the 2022 exploration season. Canadian Securities Exchange Magazine caught up with Patterson, Quebec Nickel’s Chief Executive Officer, recently to learn more about the company's plans. Quebec Nickel is exploring for highgrade nickel in the Abitibi, yet the area is better known for its many gold and VMS deposits, with only low-grade nickel occurrences. Talk to us more about your vision.

We believe that our Ducros property has all the necessary features to produce a high-grade nickel deposit. On our property we see geologic structures in an area with high volumes of mafic and ultramafic rocks. This unique combination of

“Our 2020-2021 exploration program of geological mapping, geochemical sampling and geophysical surveys has given us confidence that we are in the right geological setting. — PATTERSON geological setting and geology give the Ducros the potential to host an economic nickel ore body. In a broader sense, what’s the difference between higher and lower grades in nickel?

All things being equal, a high-grade deposit will have a smaller ecological footprint and can better withstand volatile metal prices. A low-grade deposit may be economic at the current metal price but could not sustain an operation if prices drop significantly. How is your current drilling and exploration program going? What have you discovered so far, and what do you hope to achieve?

The COVID variant Omicron slowed our exploration activity at the start of 2022.

However, in early February we were able to begin both our airborne VTEM survey as well as Phase I drilling on the Ducros. Our most recent press release has a detailed description of the rock types we have encountered. We will need to wait for assays for the current holes, and we anticipate having them in the next month or so. Can you tell us more about the Ducros project and why you are excited by it?

We believe we have a large project area that has seen very limited exploration

activity. Previous work by other independent operators on small portions of the property has provided our technical team with evidence that the area has a significant volume of mafic and ultramafic rocks. This is a similar geological setting for most of the magmatic sulphide nickel discoveries in the last 100 years. In addition, limited drill programs conducted in 1987 and 2008 show that there are nickel occurrences in these rock types. Our 2020-2021 exploration program of geological mapping, geochemical sampling and geophysical surveys has given us confidence that we are in the right geological setting. Our 43-101 Technical Report from 2021 discloses channel and grab samples from the Fortin showing outcrops that contain over 2% copper and 0.5% nickel with elevated platinum and palladium values. Can you say more about your executive team, their background, and what you bring to the company as CEO?

On our board of directors, we have people with tremendous nickel exploration experience as well as expertise in finance and accounting. Our technical team has considerable experience in nickel exploration, with both brownfield and

greenfield discoveries that have gone into production. As for me, I have helped finance large nickel exploration projects in Canada over the last 25 years. I believe the team that we have brought to Quebec Nickel can find an economic ore body and has the experience to be able to develop the project through to production. How would you sum up the company’s opportunity to a potential investor?

I believe that we are in the early stages of a metal super cycle, that we have chosen the right metal given this super cycle and we have the right people to guide the successful development of the company.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Giles Gwinnett is a UK-based journalist who has been with Proactive for 10 years, and on its North American coverage team for five. Prior to that he worked for several years at regional newspapers and for a news agency. Giles has written about a wide variety of business and other topics in his career, including the arts, crime and politics.

CANADIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE MAGAZINE MAY 2022

Your education and experience are at a unique intersection of finance and mining. What made you decide to pursue this career trajectory?

SPOTLIGHT ON

Darcy Krohman CSE’s Listings Manager and In-House Geologist talks about working at the intersection of finance, mining and public markets.

During my undergrad, I completed several business courses which set me on a path to pursue the Chartered Accountant program, articling with KPMG. My intent was always to integrate finance and mining, as, from my perspective, the subject matter and information derived from these two disciplines provide the “nuts and bolts” of the operations of any mining or mineral exploration company.

Where did your career in mining start? My first jobs in the mining space were with the UBC working for a PhD student and mapping a large region near the Mascot Gold Mine in the Similkameen Valley of southern BC, followed by summers working for BHPUtah Mines in the Coastal Mountains of BC and on Vancouver Island at their Island Copper Mine.

What’s the most important thing you’ve learned during your time at the CSE? The importance of patience and flexibility while working with issuers to achieve their objectives. Many junior companies do not have the in-house expertise or resources to address many of the complex issues to get their companies and mineral projects past the exchange listing “finish line.” The services the CSE provides for listing and ongoing continuous disclosure processes are integral to obtaining a positive outcome for the company, investors and the CSE.

What is the most important thing mining companies need to consider when going public? The single most important aspect of any company, public or private, is having the right people doing the 30

THE MINING ISSUE VRIC EDITION

right functions. The mining industry is littered with examples of good projects significantly impaired by management with the wrong skill sets. Mining companies, like all companies who decide to go public, must also realize that the rules of the game change once you decide to go public. The assets of the company are no longer solely for the benefit of the directors, officers, management and insiders, and there is an ongoing obligation to account for those assets.

From your perspective, what are some challenges that public mining companies are currently facing? In a complex industry like mining, there are numerous challenges faced by public companies. Some of these include identifying resources, dealing with longer lead times, developing new technology, finding qualified labour, working in remote and complicated jurisdictions, and complying with corporate social responsibility to stakeholders, Indigenous peoples, and the environment.

What are some misconceptions about mining you think people should know? Probably the amount of environmental damage a mine will have if developed responsibly. To maintain our current standard of living, metals have to be produced, and environmental impact and surface disturbance will, unfortunately, occur. However, that impact can be mitigated by using evolving technologies, completing a cost-benefit analysis at each stage, and complying with professional and industry standards. Canada has high environmental standards, and I believe the export of these standards will help improve the acceptance of mining as a sustainable industry worldwide.

27 Hours of Mining Over Canada We took a six-week journey across Canada, exploring the different regions of the country’s mineral-rich terrain and enthralling mining history, from Atlantic Canada to British Columbia. Dig into the full series on CSE TV. It features showcases of companies breaking new ground, panels of industry experts, and discussions on every mining topic you can imagine.

Watch it all on CSE TV now! YOUTUBE.COM/CSE_TV

Presented by ®