echo The
Covid Edition 2020 Issue no. 88
CONTENTS Click on the numbers to be auto-directed to the pages.
STRUCTURE/ORIGINS
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THE SPREAD - TRANSMISSION BATTLING THE VIRUS
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1
EFFECTS OF THE PANDEMIC THE RESEARCH CONUNDRUM
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0
1
THE HUNT FOR A VACCINE
FROM SPACECRAFTS TO SAVING LIVES 1
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THE DOSCO RESPONSE
06
10
14
18
FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK Science has always celebrated its relevance to the present as the gateway to the future. In all the turbulence faced over the course of the last few months, with the COVID-19 pandemic mocking academic frontiers and disintegrating existing social and economic constructs, science has assumed a pivotal role in spearing our response and hence, in determining the future. Being the school’s science publication, we consider it imperative to recognize the significance of this context, and our proud to present a special issue based on the different, often understated, aspects of the pandemic. As the entire world came to a standstill due to the pandemic and life was restricted to the confines of our homes, the digital world progressed with sensational speed. Currently, almost every aspect of life has been pushed to virtual forums and therefore, we, at The Echo, could not help but innovate in context of this new medium. For the first time, we have implemented hyperlinked videos in the issue, adding a groundbreaking interactive dimension to the conventional text. Now, with just one click, you can access a video accompanying the written information, resulting in a more cohesive and holistic presentation. Moreover, the pioneering introduction of hand-drawn digital illustrations, by our design team, in the articles adds a unique, creative attribute to this issue. Lastly, but probably most prominently, is the intentional delay in the release of this issue. Our team decided that it would be crucial to allow the pandemic to unfold in order to establish a degree of certainty, necessary for the effective documentation of such a historically momentous event. As inquisitive individuals, our desire for knowledge must not cease here. We must, as this issue strives to accomplish, gain insight into the significant events that define the course of our progress. After all, this is what determines our ability to fully appreciate the new normal of today, and to prepare for the wildly unpredictable, perhaps even more challenging, tomorrow.
Stay Safe.
Rushil Choudhary
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THE PANDEMIC
C
T
he Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered variant of the coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. It was first identified amid an outbreak of respiratory illness cases in Wuhan City, China in November 2019. This was initially reported to the WHO on December 31st, 2019 and on January 20th, 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a global health emergency.
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U nder the Under the M icroscope Microscope
Lipid bilayer membrane
Hemagglutinin-esterase
Genomic RNA Membrane protein
Envelope protein
Spike glycoprotein
THE STRUCTURE OF THE VIRUS Coronaviruses received their name for their appearance in electron micrographs as their pronounced spike-like protrusions create the effect of a corona (Latin for crown). For the virus to replicate it needs to insert its RNA into cells and hijack the cellular ‘machinery’. The large spike protein gives the virus it’s protruding spikes but is also able to recognise corresponding human ACE 2 proteas. The proteas mediate the spike protein to release an epitope which then allows the virus to fuse with the human cell, thus infecting the host.
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the IInn the
B eginning Beginning Wuhan Lab
It is suspected that a Wuhan Lab might be responsible for the outbreak of COVID-19 during an ongoing research on the virus.
Animal Species Experts say that coronavirus may have originated from bats, but studies also point out the possibility of versions of the SARS and MERS virus entering the human system and mutating to form the Novel Coronavirus.
Huanan Seafood Market Some blame Chinese wet markets, such as the Huanan Seafood market where animals are caged and stacked in unhygienic conditions. Of the first 41 patients, about 27 had direct exposure to the market and the first patient had none.
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THE SPREAD SPREAD THE HUMAN-TO-HUMAN TRANSMISSION Direct or indirect contact with infected secretions such as saliva and respiratory secretions or their respiratory droplets. The virus primarily spreads through these fluid droplets. Infected droplets are expelled whenever a carrier sneezes, coughs, speaks, or even breathes.
The virus may also become airborne when aerosols are generated in some process. New findings show that the previous minimum droplet size of 5 micrometers for transmission is incorrect, and that the virus stays on smaller particles (classified as “aerosols� which are airborne).
Airborne transmission may be possible in specific circumstances and settings in which procedures or support treatments that generate aerosols are performed; i.e., endotracheal intubation and bronchoscopy.
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GLOBAL TRANSMISSION AND IMPACT
W
AIR TRAVEL Above:
ith its origin in the city of Wuhan in China’s Hubei Province, As the map COVID-19 has spread all across the globe. Its diffusion has illustrates, been wild and cases are increasing at an exponential rate. The the spread of harsh reality is that no one is immune to the virus, potentially the disease making it a threat to humanity, considering the search for a vaccine was aided by is still undergoing. The virus surged from China and across Asia in air travel and its earlier stages, but then it extensively expanded itself by gaining entry to over 216 countries and territories. The fear of COVID-19, can be traced absence of precise knowledge of the threats of the virus, and through Factoids: the misinformation circulated on social media have caused a international The virus can body through yourglobally. eyes. disruption ofenter the your economic course The pandemic has airports. Surgical masks DO NOT protect against the infection when used alone; its particles are so resulted in over 2.6 billion people being put under lockdown. small that they easily pass through the pores. Masks do, however, protect others if you are a Hundreds of flights have been cancelled, and tourism globally has carrier. been severely affected. This global of the virus cardboard) has The virus can survive on different surfacestransmission from several hours (copper, up to a resulted in heavy unemployment as workers are not able to work few days (plastic and stainless steel) people can transmit the both when they haveand symptoms inInfected factories, transportation in virus all forms is restrained, goodsand arewhen they don’t have symptoms not getting manufactured. Companies such as Starbucks have had You can catch no matter sunny or hot theasweather is. to close over COVID-19, 4,000 outlets due how to the outbreak a precaution. Cases of asymptomatic transmission have been reported. Mass hysteria in the market has caused selling of shares, causing a tumble in the Indian stock market. If this virus is not contained, more and more lockdowns will gravely affect the economy and lead to many more social complications. 9
Below: The infographic displays the risk one is exposed to while engaging in various activities.
PREVENTING CORONAVIRUS INFECTION People should avoid touching their eyes, nose, and mouth with their hands, especially if they are unwashed. This can help limit the spread of germs and reduce the likelihood of them getting sick. The hands come into contact with several surfaces throughout the day, and they may pick up viruses this way. A new report suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can remain on certain surfaces for up to 3 days. If a person then touches their face, viruses can transfer to the eyes, nose, or mouth and enter the body. People should take care to avoid coming into close contact with others — especially those who are older, unwell, or have symptoms of the virus. Regular hand-washing is one of the main ways to help prevent the transmission of coronavirus. 10
HOW DOES COVID-19 HARM THE BODY?
O
nce the virus enters your body via your nose, mouth or eyes, it makes its way to your lungs (and sometimes your intestines or spleen). The virus particles begin to infect the outermost lining of the lungs, called epithelial cells. The virus connects to a specific receptor on the epithelial cell membrane, the ACE2 receptor, and injects its genetic material into the cell. The cell executes the new instructions received - copy and assemble. After a short period of time, the cell fills with copies of the original virus, until it reaches a critical condition, where it is unable to support itself. At this stage, the virus makes the cell “self-destruct” and it disintegrates, releasing new coronavirus particles that affect the nearby cells. The number of infected cells grows exponentially; after 10 days, millions of cells are infected and billions of viruses swarm the lungs. This triggers an immune response, and causes immune cells to flood into the lungs. As the immune cells enter the lungs, the virus particles penetrate the immune cells, causing an overwhelming amount of immune cells to enter the
lungs, which is both dangerous, and drains the body’s resources. Two cells in particular, neutrophiles and Killer T cells cause detrimental damage. The tainted Killer T cells cause healthy(and infected) epithelial cells to destroy themselves, while the corrupted neutrophiles release enzymes that, too, destroy both healthy and infected epithelial cells. This forms a devastating cycle: as more immune cells arrive in the lungs, more get corrupted and destroy lung cells, causing even more immune cells to be sent to destroy the virus, leading to severe lung damage. In most cases, the immune system is able to eventually beat the virus, but sometimes the damage caused is permanent. As billions of epithelial cells have deteriorated, the inner cells of the lungs, the alveoli are exposed to bacteria, which cause health complications. The immune system has fought at full capacity, and cannot withstand another attack so soon. If the bacteria manages to multiply, the body is overwhelmed and death is imminent.
Here’s a video that explains the attack!
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EFFECTSOF OF T FFECTS T The waters of Venice’s canals have cleared up enough to observe the wildlife swimming in it.
The Dhalaudhar mountain range in Himachal Pradesh can be seen in Jalandhar, almost 200 km away.
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A leopard was spotted in the Indian Air Force Base near Patna.
Carbon monoxide levels have reduced by 50% in New York.
A nilgai was spotted in the wheat fields of Bhaktiarpur.
Spotify saw a 91% increase in stock price since the beginning of the year.
Due to an almost complete halt in human activity, ecosystems have begun reviving themselves, resulting in improved air quality.
Water from the sacred Ganga has become drinkable in many regions.
THE THEPANDEMIC PANDEM Hospitals are flooded with patients causing doctors and nurses to work inhumanly long hours.
e f The number of international students going to the USA is expected to decline by 60% to 70% over the next year.
Due to shortage of doctors and resources, many curable patients are unable to be treated and succumb to their injuries.
India’s economy is expected to contract 4.5% this year (IMF) and world economic growth to reduce by 3.0% by the end of the year according to current estimates.
Due to air travel being cut off, an estimated 400,000 jobs at various airlines have been lost as well as 4 crore in the Indian tourism industry.
Surges in medical waste are reaching a record high - medical waste quadrupled by 200 tons a day in China. 13
The Research Conundrum
Agam Bhatia analyses the far-reaching ramifications of the pandemic for scientific research.
S
cience has never been in more demand. With the SARS-CoV-2 spreading like wildfire, research scientists face intense pressure to understand and fight the pandemic. COVID-19 has come to influence the sphere of research drastically in a dramatically short period. Given the magnitude of the pandemic and of the subsequent repercussions, the virus is surely bound to impact research for years to come. However, how would it do so? The very engines of scientific research – thousands of universities & colleges - have shut down all over the world, cutting access to sophisticated, specialized tools and resources for students and professors. These kinds of experimental research involve hypothesizing and testing as a group: from having meetings, discussing data collection to monitoring that data, effective teamwork is an integral part of scientific research. As Chris Impey of the University of Arizona states, “We can’t have face-to-face meetings of research groups or even 14
“To put it simply, the alternatives that have been used during the pandemic simply do not suffice for effective, advanced research.”
thesis committees.” And the situation is no different different for over 250 universities across the United States and more across the world. Prospective researchers are unable to contact experienced professors for valuable advice along with facing other obstacles created by the pandemic to the process of independent research, especially as mobility and availability of resources reaches a staggering low. To put it simply, the alternatives that have been used during the pandemic simply do not suffice for effective, advanced research.
More perniciously, projects and expeditions are now suffering significant delays because of the loss in research personnel. For instance, the German expedition MOSAiC, which was studying the rapidly changing Arctic climate, has been put off course due to a member of the crew testing positive for the virus. Even then, this is far from the end. NASA has sent most of its facilities into lockdown, creating a slump
in activity that has impeded production and testing of the Space Launch, System and Orion Capsule which are highly significant and critical projects intended to help us send astronauts to the Moon and Mars.
stepping stone to increased coordination and scientific progress. This transparency and communication fuel small research groups to become efficient, dynamic global teams solving challenging problems at a minimum cost.
Despite this, all is not lost. In times like these, trust in science is growing exponentially even being perceived as an antidote to fear. Politicians are listening to advice from the scientific community with earnest (despite some still casting an ignorant blind eye). Additionally, science itself is experiencing a transformation, one of becoming more transparent. The imperative to share essential health data on the virus has persuaded researchers to provide free access to their academic journals and research findings. The prominent forprofit publishing industry, for instance in the US, has already been feeling the heat over the years, with the clamouring for open access only having augmented over the past year. The reality of universities having to pay millions for access to journals truly conveys the magnitude of the issue. Shared data is the need of the hour and is the
Furthermore, federal agencies like the National Science Foundation have announced new funding projects not just for medical research, but also for enhancing cyberinfrastructure to deal with the health crises. These new investments primarily focus on early warning, risk mitigation, and resilience in dealing with pandemics like the one we currently face, and plan to bridge the knowledge gap in understanding new viruses and their appropriate human responses. The realization of the importance of science in trying times leads to prolonged scientific growth. An example of this is how wars have led to technologies that have been adapted to save lives today, with examples including blood banks, ultrasound imaging, and most popularly, airplanes, among many others.
still much to learn. The pandemic has had and will continue to have direct implications upon scientific research. On the other hand, it has catalysed funding for research, and more importantly, given hope to those previously ignorant; hope that in the face of all adversity, science can deliver. With the volatility of the current situation, whether these changes will be for better or worse, only time will tell.
“In times like these, trust in science is growing exponentially - even being perceived as an antidote to fear.�
Undoubtedly, these are testing times for science and there is
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untF Foo TheTheHH unt
As the world eagerly waits, immense pressure amounts o
I. Exploratory Stage
This stage involves basic laboratory research. Its identified similarity to SARS and MERS has also helped the research for a vaccine.
II. Pre-clinical Stage
At this stage, research is carried out on animals - investigations for qualitatively asserting the functionality of potential vaccines.
III. Clinical Development A. Phase One: Small-scale trials to assess whether the vaccine is safe for humans. • India itself has about 30 separate vaccines under development, including the plasma treatment. • Australia’s University of Queensland along with pharmaceutical giant Seqirus are at this stage.
B. Phase Two: Phase II clinical trials are larger and look mainly to assess the effectiveness of the vaccine against artificial infections and clinical diseases.
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• Two Chinese universities, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology and Chinese Academy of Science, are working with pharmaceutical companies at this stage, along with the Indian company Bharat Biotech.
or A or AVVaccine accine
onto researchers to develop a vaccine to fight COVID-19.
C. Phase Three: Vaccines in this stage are studied on a
large scale on hundreds of subjects for enhanced evaluation of the vaccine. • University of Oxford’s vaccine, being developed in partnership with pharmaceutical major AstraZeneca, are already in phase-III human trials. • Moderna and NIAID, two American biotech companies are rapidly advancing, and may soon reach phase 4.
D. Phase Four: The final phase IV, also called post-marketing surveillance, is the practice of monitoring the safety of a pharmaceutical drug after it has been released. • German biotech firm BioNTech and US drugmaker Pfizer reported that their experimental Covid-19 vaccine was safe and induced an immune response in patients. • Novavax, an American vaccine development company, announced encouraging results of two preliminary studies. One study produced a high level of antibodies against the virus while the another study found that the vaccine strongly protected monkeys from virus. • India’s national drug regulator (CDSCO) has given its approval to a proposal to carry out phase-II and phase-III clinical trials of the Oxford University vaccine in India. 17
From Spacecrafts to Saving Lives Aryaman Sharma reports on NASA’s latest innovation; VITAL.
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n December 31st, 2019, the first case of COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Since then, this dreadful outbreak has not only caused a large number of deaths globally but has also created enormous dearth in medical equipment like masks, gloves, PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) kits and ventilators. However, as it is rightly said, ‘necessity is the mother of invention’. Numerous multi-national companies have innovated in order to produce more essential medical equipment such as ventilators, despite the subsequent difficulties due to their profound level of specialization and the complexity of the process of building ventilators. Tesla, for example, has retrofitted some car parts from Model 3, while Ford and General Motors have restructured entire assembly lines to manufacture ventilators. Meanwhile, other firms such as Dyson have shifted production from vacuum cleaners to ventilators. Justifying the necessity of such innovation, engineers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California designed a working prototype for a high-pressure ventilator in merely 37 days . They submitted the prototype to a renowned medical facility in New York City. Matthew Levin, M.D., director of innovation at the Human Simulation Lab, said, “The NASA prototype performed as expected under a wide variety of simulated patient conditions.”, also giving the prototype the green light on April 31st. Subsequently, the prototype was then given the name, VITAL- (“Ventilator Intervention Technology Accessible Locally”). The VITAL ventilator is a white digital box containing an endotracheal tube (breathing tube) and a comprehensive set of filters and sensors. VITAL lies somewhere between the sophisticated high-end ventilators that critical patients need, and a simple ambulatory bag (also known as a bag valve mask) used to provide patients with pressure ventilation. This ventilator has also been specifically designed for patients with milder symptoms. Hence, it can be built much faster than a traditional ventilator and is comprised of fewer and more plentiful parts like tubing, motors, valves and electronics displays, making it more economical to produce than existing ventilators.
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By devising VITAL in this way, NASA has also helped reserve the nation’s limited supply of traditional ventilators for critical patients, thereby improving the quality of treatment received by those with relatively advanced needs. However, as VITAL ventilators are not meant to permanently replace expensive, sophisticated ventilators that ideally last for at least a couple of years and have numerous other medical uses, they have a lifespan of just about three or four months.
“As echoed by the NASA chief, Jim Bridenstine, the remarkable development of this ventilator represents the increase in technological ability due to the country’s dedicated investment into space exploration and research.” The working mechanism of the VITAL ventilator is quite elementary. As the machine is tailored for COVID-19 patients, it focuses on providing air delicately to stiff lungs, one of the most prominent symptoms of the disease. Patients suffering from COVID-19 also tend to have lung damage that makes the sides of their lungs inflamed and sticky. As it is significantly tougher for stiff lungs to expand, patients struggle to get enough air to breathe. VITAL provides the required boost of air pressure to patients in order to artificially inflate their lungs to the natural extent. The machine also works to keep the lungs slightly inflated whenever the patient exhales, avoiding the added difficulty in the expansion mechanism caused by the whole deflation of the patient’s lungs. As echoed by the NASA chief, Jim Bridenstine, the remarkable development of this ventilator represents the auxiliary benefits and the increase in technological ability as a result of the country’s dedicated investment into space exploration and research. In addition, it also compellingly demonstrates the power of collaboration and the scope of the success that can be achieved if the species were to unite in ambition and action. Facing a pandemic that has wiped out large proportions of some countries’ populations and left an indelible mark on our social and intellectual progress, this example of innovation and cooperation really does spark hope for the future, regardless of the magnitude of its impact on the dynamics of the pandemic. 19
TheDosco Dosco The Corona Warrior Vivaan Singhi, 508-H, provides a brief description on his latest invention. As we all know, the world today is reeling from the devastating impact caused by the highly-infectious Novel Coronavirus. One of the measures to fight against this pandemic is to periodically sanitize our hands with soap or sanitizer. As I have a keen interest in robotics, I decided to design and construct a contact-free sanitizer dispensing robot during the lockdown.
How does the robot work? When the robot is switched on, a proximity sensor turns on automatically. When the sensor detects any movement, it sends a command to the EV3 brain. On receiving input, the robot acknowledges and announces,
“
“
Hello, I’m CORONA WARRIOR, I will help you to sanitize your hands. Please confirm.
At the second step, the robot has to re-check the physical presence of the user in order to avoid any erroneous sensor signal. So, the user has to place their hand near the sensor again. A confirmation message is sent to the brain. After receiving confirmation message the robot announces, Please wait. For the last step, the user has to move their hand near sanitizer bottle. The motors start functioning, and sanitizer is dispensed onto the hand of the user. After this robot makes an announcement,
“
“
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Thank you, please maintain social distancing and help us fight the NOVEL CORONAVIRUS.
The robot is based on the LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3 platform.
o Response Response Making Sanitizer In early March, the Senior Chemists prepared sanitizer for the school’s use. During the early onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic in India, on the 11th of March, 2020, three students of SC form (Varchaswa Mukim, Sriman Goel and Udaya Goel) and one student from A form (Vinamra Agarwal) under the guidance and supervision of Mr. Anand Kumar Mandhian and Mr. Anubhab Bhattacharjee from the Department of Chemistry prepared about eight liters of alcohol based hand sanitizers under the departmental STA program: Senior Chemist. The sanitizers were prepared following the guidelines and composition approved by the WHO which included isopropyl alcohol, glycerol and deionized water. Few samples also contained a thickening agent to create a gel-like texture and food grade coloring agents. Upon production sanitizers were handed over to the school for internal use.
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STAY HOME. STAY SAFE. 22
The Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Rushil Choudhary Editors Chetanya Baid Shivya Majumdar Sriman Goel Vedansh Kokra Design Team Shivya Majumdar Sriman Goel Senior Editors Agam Bhatia Karmanyaraj Yadav Mayank Agarwal Shaan Bulchandani Soham Agrawal Senior Correspondents Samay Sachar Vivhaan Kothari Junior Correspondent Hridayam Tusnial Masters-in-Charge Ms. Ruchi Sahni Mr. Rajesh Majumdar
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Virus Facts
REFER
https://112.international/society/78-facts-about-coronavirus-50113.html https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/2019-novel-coronavirus-myth-versus-fact
Vaccines, Risk Prevention and Miscellaneous
https://www.swissre.com/reinsurance/life-and-health/l-h-risk-trends/searching-for-the-holygrail.html https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53469839 https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51665497 http://www.euvaccine.eu/vaccines-diseases/vaccines/stages-development https://covid19.who.int/?gclid=CjwKCAjwsan5BRAOEiwALzomX3h-v9Glw0baymIBL8cwMD0WkttThTS23boHe210wLlq8RDvfEDYlBoCe1wQAvD_BwE https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7293495/ https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/2020/04/03/coronavirus-protection-how-masksmight-stop-spread-through-coughs/5086553002/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJ8cMiYb3G5dBbOh_8kPN5s5aJHt1UCwn https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtN-goy9VOY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gdd7dtDaYmM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtN-goy9VOY https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/18/health/coronavirus-vaccine-moderna.html https://science.thewire.in/health/icmr-covid-19-vaccine-bharat-biotech-clinical-trials/ https://www.historyofvacrg/contecines.ont/articles/coronavirustimeline https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/coronavirus-timeline/ https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/test-approve.html https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccine https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/novel-coronavirus-structure-reveals-targets-vaccines-treatments https://www.google.com/url?q=https://tv9telugu.com/tag/covid-19-vaccine-by-september&sa=D&ust=1597045719035000&usg=AFQjCNGI0aKx5dderdImg2fPnnqfECSpaA https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/coronavirus-prevention
Image Credits
https://www.howtomzansi.co.za/life-in-mzansi-south-africa-right-now/ https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.gstatic.com/healthricherkp/covidsymptoms/light_cough. gif&sa=D&ust=1597045719037000&usg=AFQjCNH2_OKK4hoWpA_j0-lzcTfUs2BboQ https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/04/australians-trappedvirus-epicentre-wuhan-can-take-new-zealand-evacuation-flight&sa=D&ust=1596737181662000&usg=A FGSes7t0K3h1Z1r4tnURa1xsBbig https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.itv.com/news/london/2020-03-26/before-and-after-images-show-the-impact-of-coronavirus-lockdown-on-london/&sa=D&ust=1596737181660000&usg=AFQjCNHNkeDUuYttXGKsYZB1oynuTzxOYQ https://time.com/5803225/yuval-noah-harari-coronavirus-humanity-leadership/ https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52051468 https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/05/health/coronavirus-masks-who.h l&sa=D&ust=1596737181655000&usg=AFQjCNH0qs_WKM1cY_DejzxJoLMOTa7fPA www.vox.com, www.natgeo.com, https://www.freepik.com, https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizat 24 id-19-coronavirus-infographic-datapack/
RENCES Effects, VITAL and Research Conundrum Articles
https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/india-air-quality-has-been-improvingdespite-covid-19-lockdown https://abcnews.go.com/International/venice-canals-clear-fish-coronavirus-halts-tourism-city/ story?id=69662690 https://www.barrons.com/articles/its-fed-day-heres-what-to-expect-51596024478 https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2020/03/25/shutdown-clearing-new-yorks-air-dont-cheerhard/ https://www.thequint.com/news/india/himachal-mountain-range-visible-from-jalandhar-netizens-laud-clear-skies https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/covid-19-lockdown-wild-animalsfreely-roam-bihar-s-forests-and-fields-70181 https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/opinion/china-wuhan-virus-quarantine.html&sa=D&ust=1596737181650000&usg=AFQjCNH_BZiZOsBDoBRZl3akZVrZq_VGRw https://www.google.com/url?q=https://time.com/5837988/coronavirus-vaccine-european-leaders/&sa=D&ust=1596737181651000&usg=AFQjCNFYcNIMg1oI9ektQbFgHjhgG7CZLw https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/ india-coronavirus-delhi-clean-air-pollution/2020/04/10/ac23dd1e-783e-11ea-a311-adb1344719a9_story.html&sa=D&ust=1596737181654000&usg=AFQjCNFjTbydylLfd3eKP0vGwSs5iXSlwQ https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/imf-cuts-india-growth-forecastto-4-5-for-fy21-6-4-percentage-point-cut-120062401488_1.html New International Students To US May Hit Post-WW2 ... - Forbeswww.forbes.com › sites › stuartanderson › 2020/07/13 400,000 Jobs Lost at Airlines During Coronavirus Pandemicwww.bloombergquint.com › business › 400-000-jobs-l… Opinion | How the Coronavirus May Force Doctors to Decide ...www.nytimes.com › coronavirus-hospital-shortage The COVID-19 pandemic is generating tons of medical waste ...www.theverge.com › the-covid-19-pandemic-is-generat… https://www.google.com/url?q=https://yourstory.com/socialstory/2020/04/coronavirus-lockdown-environment-air-pollution-covid-19&sa=D&ust=1597045719036000&usg=AFQjCNGcBcHRchaWr4b5FzmMNK6s22QDaA
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Bonus video: Covid-19 vs. The Flu
Fatigue
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