The Competent Person in 2016 25th August 2016
Howard Passey BEng(Hons) MIFireE FIFSM Principal Consultant THE UK’s UK’s NATIONAL NATIONALFIRE FIRESAFETY SAFETY ORGANISATION THE ORGANISATION Protecting people, people, property, property,business businessand andthe theenvironment environment Protecting
What does the legislation require? • In simple terms……. • • • • •
Don’t kill anyone in a fire Don’t injure anyone in a fire Don’t put anyone at risk of death or serious injury Do provide general fire precautions Do maintain systems in efficient state and effective working order • Do provide fire safety arrangements • Do provide records • Do have competent people THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Responsibility for fire safety Country
Relevant Act
Person responsible
England & Wales
Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2015
Responsible Person
Scotland
Fire Safety (Scotland) Regulations & Fire Scotland Act 2005
Duty Holder
Northern Ireland
Regulatory Fire & Rescue Services (N Ireland) Order 2006
Appropriate Person
Ireland
The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005; The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 2007
Responsible person (employer / landlord)
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
However, the message is much the same That any fire-risk in a premises must be managed, for the life of the building Therefore the Responsible Person / Duty Holder must ensure that a ‘suitable and sufficient’ fire risk assessment is carried out and maintained and that appropriate control measures are implemented But, who is ‘responsible’?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
The legislation Meaning of “responsible person” 3. In this Order “responsible person” means— (a) in relation to a workplace, the employer, if the workplace is to any extent under his control; Risk assessment 9.—(1) The responsible person must make a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks to which relevant persons are exposed for the purpose of identifying the general fire precautions he needs to take to comply with the requirements and prohibitions imposed on him by or under this Order. • However, nowhere does it state that the Fire Risk Assessment must be undertaken by a Competent Person!? THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
The legislation 5. Duties under this Order (3) Any duty imposed……… on the responsible person in respect of premises shall also be imposed on every person, who has, to any extent, control of those premises so far as the requirements relate to matters within his control. (4) Where a person has, by virtue of any contract or tenancy, an obligation of any extent in relation to— (a) the maintenance or repair of any premises, including anything in or on premises; (b) the safety of any premises, that person is to be treated, as being a person who has control of the premises to the extent that his obligation extends.
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Responsible Persons… • So, if you are involved in provision, maintenance or management of fire safety at any level then you share liability for its usefulness and its operation when it’s needed in fire. “But, I simply place the order”
• If it is your responsibility to appoint a fire risk assessor; specify a system, materials; and/or appoint the installation contractor, it is also your responsibility to ensure that they are competent to undertake the work. • It’s no longer simply a duty of care or voluntary – it’s a legal obligation. THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Competent Persons… • The Responsible Person must…. • Take measures for fire-fighting in the premises, and; nominate competent persons to implement those measures • Establish and give effect to procedures to be followed in the event of serious and imminent danger; and nominate a sufficient number of competent persons to implement those procedures • Appoint one or more competent persons to assist in undertaking the preventive and protective measures. • “preventive and protective measures” means the general fire precautions identified as required through the fire risk assessment
• Competent? • ‘Sufficient training and experience or knowledge and other qualities’ THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Competency needed for what?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Competency needed for what?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Competency needed for what?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Competency needed for what?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Competency needed for what?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Competency needed for what?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Competency needed for what?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Competency needed for what? • • • • • • • • •
Evacuation planning Passive fire protection Construction products and methods Fire doors and glazing Fire detection and alarm systems Suppression systems Emergency lighting systems Fixed wiring & PAT Gas installations
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Competency needed by whom? • • • • •
The Responsible Person(s) Premises staff Fire wardens Care / nursing staff Fire risk assessors
• • • •
In house maintenance staff / engineers Maintenance contractors Telecoms engineers Contract cleaners
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Examples……..
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Examples……..
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Examples……..
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Passive fire protection is often installed by other trades….
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Passive fire protection is often installed by other trades….
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Passive fire protection is often installed by other trades….
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Passive fire protection is often installed by other trades….
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Passive fire protection is often installed by other trades….
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Or damaged by follow-on trades unaware of the importance of maintaining compartmentation….
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Or damaged by follow-on trades unaware of the importance of maintaining compartmentation….
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Or damaged by follow-on trades unaware of the importance of maintaining compartmentation….
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Or damaged by follow-on trades unaware of the importance of maintaining compartmentation….
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Or, installed by the well meaning, albeit lacking the necessary competence
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
2 Pubs Hotel rooms above 1 x 9 rooms 1 x 6 rooms
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
The inspection by F&RS “Common sense breaches” • Prohibition of 2nd and 3rd floors……….. • Locked exits • Blocked staircases • Non maintained fire alarm • Non maintained extinguishers! • Non maintained emergency lighting
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Why Prosecute? • Risk assessor competency?
• Common sense breaches for owner?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
The result • Mr David Liu – Responsible Person • 8 months imprisonment (due to early guilty plea) (Precedent set at 12 months) • £15,000
• Mr John O’Rourke – Fire Risk Assessor • • • •
Wholly unsatisfactory Fire Risk Assessment Failure to use relevant guidance 8 months imprisonment (due to early guilty plea) Fined £5,862
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Advice from the prosecutor • • • • • • • •
Know the legislation Know the guidance documents Ensure the Qualifications/ Training / CPD of assessor Competency Beware of precedents Be premises specific Keep up to date Experience
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Fire system contractor convicted • Fined £5,000 and ordered to pay £6,000 costs. • Pleaded guilty to two charges of failing to maintain a fire detection & alarm system at a care home in Manchester, and failing to inform the owners of the deficiencies in the system. • Among the deficiencies found were: • • • •
A blown fuse overridden with a piece of wire An electronic component suspended between two terminal bocks instead of being attached to the circuit board An alarm silence/fault warning buzzer missing from the circuit board The fault warning light on the front face of the panel had been almost covered by paint
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Longboat Quay - Dublin
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Longboat Quay - Dublin • Residential development • 299 appartments • Additional requirements / improvements required… • Installation of smoke ventilation system • Compartmentation of common areas • Fire stopping in service voids linking apartments • … at estimated cost €3.5m
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Paul’s Hair World fire Oldham 2013
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Donwell House Care Home
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Donwell House Care Home £380,000 fine + costs Inspection following fire in a residents bedroom Delay in identifying location of fire Smoke and fire spread into corridor and adjacent bedroom • Resident trapped • Doors wedged open • 50% of extinguishers condemned • Failed to carry out FRA actions • Auto hold open devices • • • •
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
LFB Letter • Care Homes and Specialised Housing: Tenants and service users with vulnerabilities or dependencies - protection from fire and prevention of future deaths • Individual risk assessments – extended to cover fire risk. Will help inform the overall risk assessment and the general fire precautions. • The assessment outcomes should be recorded and considered in care plans, mental capacity assessment and personal evacuation plans • Supervision of smoking, provision of fire retardant nightwear and bedding, safer ashtrays; • Additional smoke detection and telecare systems; • Water mist personal protection systems THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
LFB Letter • FRAs should demonstrate why the premises is suitable for the evacuation strategy chosen…. likely to include detailed examination by a competent person (e.g. a suitably qualified and experienced fire risk assessor or a building surveyor) of compartmentation, fire separation and smoke control systems • LFB’s IO’s will be looking for evidence that the higher levels of risk created by individual vulnerabilities / behaviours of service users have been taken into account, and surveys relating to compartmentation and separation are evidenced within FRAs • Where not included currently and for organisations with large numbers of premises it may be necessary to implement a strategic programmed approach and agree with LFB in advance of inspections to avoid unnecessary enforcement action THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Best endeavours – protect yourself • Best practice guidance and standards • Competent persons • Certification schemes for people and products, e.g. • • • • •
NSI LPCB / BRE Certification Exova Warrington Certification BAFE BM Trada
• Trade association members / initiatives, e.g. • ASFP/FIS Fire Performance Partition Labelling Scheme
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Assurance
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
How can FPA assist? The training (and experience) bit • Collaborative approach • Working with manufacturers
• Designing training to produce more effective practitioners • ‘Blended’ approach • Practical facilities offer hands-on experience which will only enhance knowledge and skills required • Open and bespoke course availability THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
FD&A Systems • BTEC Level 2 Award • Fundamentals of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
• Follow on modules • • • •
Design Installation Commissioning Servicing / Maintenance
• BTEC Level 4 Awards • Fire Detection & Alarm Systems for Complex Work Premises or Domestic Dwellings • in each of the four ‘disciplines’ above
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
FD&A Systems facilities
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
FD&A Systems facilities
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Passive Fire Protection courses Structural Steel Protection
Fire Stopping
Glazing
Introduction to Passive Fire Protection
Ducts & Dampers
Fire Doors
Partitions, Floors & Ceilings
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Passive Fire Protection facilities
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Passive Fire Protection facilities
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Passive Fire Protection facilities
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Passive Fire Protection facilities
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Passive Fire Protection facilities
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Passive Fire Protection facilities
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Fire Research & Training Facility • Research • Not ‘to standard’ testing • Smoke scrubbing
• Training • Passive Fire Protection systems • Sprinkler systems maintenance • Fire Investigation
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Fire Investigation
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Sprinkler Systems
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Regulatory Review Group Report on Part 3 of Fire Scotland Act • 315 FRA’s reviewed • Only 1 deemed ‘suitable and sufficient’ • Current legislation ‘is still not working effectively and that action is required to ensure quality and competence’ • ‘The Scottish Government should introduce a requirement for third party fire risk assessors to be certified or registered to ensure competency and to help businesses receive a satisfactory and consistent service. This could in the first instance focus on those offering assessments/assessors working in high risk sectors’
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Continue
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Fire risk assessment competency
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Evacuation Planning • Human Behaviour • Evacuation time • Recognition time • Response time
• • • •
Dealing with the fire Building characteristics Occupant characteristics Evacuation protocols and procedures “ The evacuation plan should not rely on fire and rescue service involvement for it to be effective”
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Evacuation strategies Single stage • Alarm sounds and everyone exits the building Two stage • (Staff alarm) • Allows for investigation of the incident before sounding of the evacuation signal. Phased or horizontal evacuation • Alarm sounds and only the people in the proximity of the fire evacuate Progressive horizontal evacuation • Movement into an adjacent safe place Stay put approach • Where standards of compartmentation can be relied upon THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
People and Fire • Human Behaviour • Some misconceptions must be addressed, for example: • Do people just leave the premises when they suspect a fire or when a fire alarm sounds? • Why would they suspect a fire had started? • If they did what would they do? • What do they think if a fire alarm goes off?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Human behaviour Optimising response to a fire situation • •
Staff training Clear instructions - from trained staff - from a voice alarm • People will act irrationally in the event of a fire • People may not head to the nearest exit - Tragically demonstrated in the Dusseldorf airport fire and the Station Nightclub fire - Response may be impacted by past experience - to a fire alarm for example. THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Helping people at risk Physical or metal disabilities - Known - Unknown The specific requirements of individuals must be considered
Policies
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Tools
Check and maintain routes
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Avoid surprises!!
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Avoid surprises!!
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Avoid surprises!!
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Assurance • Take steps to ensure you can be confident that the premises are fully evacuated or that the location of persons remaining on the premises is known • Roll call • Fire wardens / marshals • TagEvac • Comms with Refuge • Liaise with fire and rescue service on arrival THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
What does a fire risk assessment look like?
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Fire Risk Assessment Competency Council
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
The FRACC criteria..... • An understanding of the relevant current best fire safety practices in premises of the type in question; • An awareness of the limitations of the fire risk assessor’s own experience and knowledge; • A willingness and ability to supplement existing experience and knowledge, when necessary, by obtaining external help and advice.
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
An appropriate knowledge of....
Assessment of risk from fire Applicable legislation
Effects of fire on people and their behaviour
Fire Prevention
Appropriate guidance
Fire Protection
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Behaviour of fire in premises
Management of fire safety
Means of Escape
What is an Appropriate level of knowledge?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Cavity barrier – roof void….
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
What is ‘appropriate’?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Intumescent coatings On-site application
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Modular construction
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Structural insulated panels (SIPs) • cellular plastics • extruded polystyrene (XPS) • sprayed polyurethane foam (SPF) • polyisocyanurate (polyiso) insulation • moulded expanded polystyrene (EPS)
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Structural insulated panels (SIPs)
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Insulating concrete forms (ICF)
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Hemcrete Timber Sheep wool insulation THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
BS9999: 2008 • Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings’ states ‘The later installation of electrical and IT cable systems, building service pipe work, for example, often causes significant damage to the usefulness of fire compartments in buildings … …..cold work checking can be as important as control of hot work permits for work on buildings’
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
PAS 79 Fire development and spread can be passively limited by fire protection measures, such as fire resisting walls and floors…, which can be used to subdivide the building into a number of separate fire compartments….. It will often be relevant, therefore, for the fire risk assessor to take account of such fire-resisting construction and to consider its maintenance [e.g. the adequacy of fire stopping ], often by inspecting sample areas of construction.
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
What is ‘appropriate’?
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Engineered solutions
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
In summary • Assessor must be competent • Varies with the circumstances • If using an external consultant, ensure they are members of a recognised register • Avoid the use of checklists – other than for the simplest, and low risk of circumstances • Use an appropriate template/proforma • Record the assessment • Keep the assessment under review
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Some numbers… • Over 100 training providers offering FRA training.. • Varying standards • The FPA successfully trained in the region of 800 FRAs in the last 12 months – and we are just one provider • Four main Fire Risk Assessor Registers
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Fire Risk Assessor Registers... Organisation
Current Registrants
IFE
192
IFSM
116 (29)
Warrington
41
IFPO
≈14
NSI
11 companies
August 2016 THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Highlights of the event: • Address from Fire Minister Brandon Lewis MP • 9 interactive workshops • Question time panel debate with industry leaders • Plenary from National Trust chair Tim Parker • Conference chair broadcaster Nick Ross
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Listen to and network with influential people
THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Conference package • £345 + VAT per person • Includes a day pass + drinks reception, gala dinner on the 17 October with guest speaker Lord John Bird MBE Day pass • £249 + VAT per person • Includes a day place at the conference on 18 October with all refreshments included. Dinner only • £99 + VAT per person • Includes drinks reception, gala dinner, evening entertainment on the 17 October with guest speaker Lord John Bird MBE
Visit: www.thefpa.co.uk/summit Call: 01608 812514 Email: sales@thefpa.co.uk THE UK’s NATIONAL FIRE SAFETY ORGANISATION Protecting people, property, business and the environment
Thank You For more information visit…..
www.thefpa.co.uk
THE UK’s UK’s NATIONAL NATIONALFIRE FIRESAFETY SAFETY ORGANISATION THE ORGANISATION Protecting people, people, property, property,business businessand andthe theenvironment environment Protecting