T H E S U S TA I N A B L E L A N D S C A P E S PA R T N E RS H I P An integrated model for sustainable development in Indonesia
We envision Indonesia as a series of sustainable landscapes where natural capital is protected and enhanced through appropriate landuse, sustainable production practices, and inclusive decision-making for the improvement of human well-being.
AT A G L A N C E 2
The Sustainable Landscapes Partnership is focused on a rural economic development path that depends on, and values, natural capital as the core principle
The Sustainable Landscapes Partnership (SLP) is an integrated landscape initiative
Sustainable Landscapes Framework
that works with local governments,
GOOD GOVERNANCE
communities, businesses and NGOs to design and develop innovative, landscapescale solutions to challenges caused by human pressures on natural resources. Conservation
International
POLICIES & PROGRAMS
SPATIAL PLANS
DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS
MULTISTAKEHOLDER FORUMS
established
SLP in Indonesia, to promote and support
SUSTAINABLE FINANCE
this model through four primary areas of intervention: conservation
of
capital;
sustainable
developing
natural
production; improving governance and participation; and sustainable financing that aim to provide a range of benefits to people.
NATURAL CAPITAL
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION
Achieving sustainable development and economic growth for Indonesia will require finding the right balance between conservation and production.
BENEFITS TO PEOPLE
In the long run, success for SLP can be characterized by: •
Zero net deforestation, with
•
All land under appropriate
CLIMATE STABILITY
WATER
LIVELIHOODS
FOOD
management including the protection of biodiversity, leading to • •
Quantifiable improvements in human-
SLP
well being, supported by
Conservation International (CI) with funding
Sustainable financing.
in
Indonesia
is
implemented
by
from USAID and the Walton Family Foundation.
THE BIG PICTURE 3
Like all countries, Indonesia faces a particular set of challenges in developing sustainable landscapes. Key challenges include the growing population pressure across the archipelago – currently around 250 million; with the fourth largest population in the world and that is growing by more than 3 million people per year1. To meet the needs of this growing population, Indonesia is looking to increase domestic production, maintain economic development and provide a broad base of infrastructure and essential services.
SLP is implementing this landscape model in Indonesia in two provinces: North Sumatra and West Papua
Reflecting these pressures on land use, rates of deforestation have been high over the past 15 years. Between 2000 and 2012, It has been estimated Indonesia lost 6 million hectares of
Meanwhile, the private sector plays a key role in shaping
primary forest cover, at rate of around 0.5 million hectares per
Indonesia’s agricultural landscapes. For example, Indonesia now
year2.
produces over 50% of the palm oil produced globally, to meet
The conversion of forests for agricultural purposes and
socio-economic development have been key drivers.
demand of international consumers3. Indonesia is looking to work with multi-national interests and the private sector to
Deforestation has consequences of course. It generates
improve land management practices and encourage responsible
greenhouse gas emissions and can lead to a loss of wildlife and
sourcing along global supply chains.
biodiversity. Tropical forests are home to a vast array of species that are threatened by widespread land conversion and forest
A holistic integrated approach is required to consider and
fragmentation. North Sumatra and West Papua – the Provinces
balance the production and conservation in each landscape.
in which SLP has focused its work to date – are two of the
A widely accepted definition of the sustainable landscape is ‘a
world’s most unique and biodiverse areas; therefore it is critical
landscape that can maintain its basic structure and provide
that they are managed sustainably.
ecosystem services in a changing world of environmental,
To strengthen forest management across the country, the
economic and social conditions’. 4
Ministry of Environment and Forestry is in the process of
Within this context, SLP in Indonesia is establishing new
establishing a new model of forest management based on
partnerships and collaboration with local partners to protect
designated Forest Management Units (FMUs). This new model is
natural capital by promoting good governance and sustainable
intended to provide more active professional management at
production practices, and facilitating sustainable finance models
the local level. Indonesia is looking to establish over 600 new
that provide long-term benefits for the Indonesian society.
FMUs across the country – in itself a significant challenge. 1 World Bank Data: Indonesia’s population in 2014 was 254.5 million. Annual population growth rate 2011-2015 was 1.3%. 2 Margono, B.A., Potapov , P.V., Turubanova , S; Stolle, F; and Hansen, M. (2014) Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012. Nature Climate Change, DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2277. 3 European Palm Oil Alliance (2016) Online resource: Palm oil production http://www.palmoilandfood.eu/en/palm-oil-production and http://www.sawitindonesia.com/kinerja/2020-kebutuhan-minyak-nabati-dunia-bergantung-kepada-cpo-indonesia 4 Wu, Jianguo. (2013) Landscape Sustainability Science: Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being in Changing Landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 28 (6): 999-1023.
GOVERNANCE 4
Good governance in a landscape setting includes aligning policies and regulations across all levels of government, engaging stakeholders, ensuring social safeguards are in place and facilitating sustainable investments
SLP is working to support good governance, as it relates to land
SLP has also facilitated the development of Strategic
use planning decisions and forest conservation.
Environmental Assessments (SEA) for three districts in North
Key governance challenges in Indonesia include the limited capacity within provincial and district governments to develop and implement strategic plans relating to land use planning at the landscape level. This has led to spatial planning conflicts between government levels, and a lack of landscape level performance monitoring tools. Another key governance challenge is addressing the biophysical and ecological aspects of
Sumatra, and most recently, for the province of North Sumatra. These SEAs have provided the science and technical evidence to support spatial planning with capacity building and inclusive multi-stakeholder engagement also underpinning the process. Building on the SEAs, SLP has continued to support the districts to incorporate the recommendations in spatial plans for the districts of South Tapanuli and Mandailing Natal.
landscapes that can extend beyond administrative units and
Concurrently, SLP is engaging with the West Papua Province to
jurisdictional boundaries; which further highlight the need for
help support the vision of developing its Conservation Province
an integrated approach that incorporates activities that align
policy initiative as an opportunity to define a sustainable
policies and regulations across all levels of government.
development pathway. SLP, together with the Bird’s Head Secretariat, has helped bring together government, non-
Policies and plans
government, community and academic partners to establish a
To address these challenges, SLP is working with governments
provincial policy framework and targets that link 'green’
to ensure there is the scientific evidence and the decision-
government planning, budget cycles and relevant agencies.
making support tools needed to enact policies that are environmentally sustainable and good for communities. SLP has
Multi -Stakeholder Forums
supported the design of policies focused on sustainable
Multi-stakeholder forums (MSF) have an important role in
development and worked with local agencies to identify the
improving the understanding, participation and collaboration
capacity and resources required.
by stakeholders. MSFs ensure cross-sectoral alignment of
SLP has developed Sustainable Investment Action Plans (SIAP) for the three districts and the province of North Sumatra. SIAPs
policy, regulations and practices with public and private interests.
are landscape-level plans designed to support and guide
SLP has established and facilitated a range of MSFs, to support
conservation while supporting sustainable production. SIAPs
the program objectives across a range of sectors and
provide
the
geographies. These include forums set up to support the SEA
landscape. This analysis includes assessing areas of high
process in multiple districts in North Sumatra; the facilitation of
conservation value, land use suitability for crops, value chains
two regional watershed management forums; and support for
analysis, identifying risk due disasters and climate change,
the Joint Secretariat for Sustainable Palm Oil in North Sumatra
understanding watershed and hydrological dynamics.
headed by the Environmental Protection Agency comprised of
.
information
and
recommendations
about
private sector partners who meet frequently to discuss a range of environmental and best management practices.
5
SLP has established an online dashboard for landscape accounting in North Sumatra, to monitor trends and changes across key indicators that are aligned with objectives of the landscape model
Visualizing impact In related work, SLP has created a new decision support tool for
This framework brings together data from a range of credible
landscape accounting, with considerable scope for application
public data-sets, to report on dimensions of natural capital,
across Indonesia. SLP’s Landscape Accounting Framework (LAF)
sustainable production and also human well-being. SLP has
comprises a stakeholder engagement process for establishing
brought this data together for North Sumatra in an online
goals and key indicators, and a system that features an online
dashboard that government policy makers, the private sector
dashboard for stakeholders to monitor the status of the
and civil society can refer too as the basis for multi-stakeholder
landscape – either at the provincial level or the district level.
engagement on landscape trends and priorities.
6
SLP success story: Protected Areas anchor natural capital in a landscape The integrated landscape model recognizes that Protected Areas and
SLP’s approach to Protected Areas aims to
sustainable production can and should co-exist to enhance human
improve the management and protection
well-being. This highlights the importance of finding effective ways of
practices of high conservation value areas.
linking and managing landscapes that comprise both.
Work to date has included strategic reviews
Large areas of tropical forests in Indonesia are considered biodiversity
of Protected Area plans, reviewing status
hotspots with high conservation value. They shelter rare and
and identifying risks; supporting the use of
endangered species – such as the Sumatran tiger, orang-utans and the
Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tools (like
Birds of Paradise in West Papua – and they constitute a rich array of
SMART and METT/PAME) to measure and
ecosystems and peatlands that can store large amounts of
evaluate management effectiveness; as well
sequestered carbon from the atmosphere.
as the introduction of management support systems and tools that are implemented by local staff. In some cases, SLP has provided field equipment including GPS units and camera traps, to better equip local staff for monitoring and reporting functions. For example, Batang Gadis National Park has already conducted systematic camera trapping
surveys; meanwhile
intensive
training and capacity building for spatial monitoring
and
reporting
has
been
extended to 12 other Protected Areas in North Sumatra. SLP will continue to develop the capacity of staff in selected Protected Areas with further training. The next challenge is to explore ways of deepening and expanding the sphere of influence of Protected Areas within the broader landscape.
N AT U R A L C A P I TA L 7
Human well-being is derived from, and dependent upon, ecosystem services that natural capital provides
Sustainable production and human well-being are both derived
The promotion and development of FMUs within SLP landscapes
from, and dependent upon, the ecosystem services that natural
has involved extensive engagement with all levels of
capital provides. In order to protect critical ecosystems and the
government. SLP has worked closely with the Ministry of
services they provide, it is necessary to identify critical natural
Environment and Forestry to identify high priority FMUs and
capital within the landscape and ensure there is appropriate
confirm the model of management required for both production
management of these areas. Biodiversity is critical natural
and protection based forests. SLP has also provided the technical
capital.
support and facilitation capacity to support district government
The challenges
units to set up these FMUs with sound management plans.
Community conservation
Key challenges for managing natural capital in Indonesia include the ability to effectively address the inter-related drivers of
SLP has conducted extensive work on supporting community
deforestation that include: growing population pressure,
stewardship. A significant achievement in this regard has been
contested land and property rights, poor governance, increasing
establishment of over 30 Community Conservation Agreements
market demand for fast-growing agricultural crops, and the
(CCAs), which typically represents agreements that are made by
limited resources and capacity for enforcement of regulations
the community to observe particular conservation goals – for
around Protected Areas and the broader National forest estate.
example, no clearing of adjacent forest areas to plant new crops
Relatedly, there is limited recognition at present of the economic value of ecosystem services. As a result, there tends to be minimal incentives to protect natural capital particularly where there are other business-as-usual economic activities.
– while SLP and our partners have provided support including training for village farmers in better crop management that will increase yields, or establishing linkages to responsible supply chains that will pay a premium for higher grade products.
This may include the clearing of natural forests to establish
SLP views the CCAs as a pre-condition that establishes a
agriculture crops and plantations or extractive industries.
conducive context in which to engage in longer term support for
Forest management models
communities, to conserve the broader environment while providing
for
benefits
from
sustainable
and
improved
SLP has been working to address these challenges in a number of
production.
ways. In addition to its work in strengthening protection for high
SLP has also provided support for six new village forestry areas in
conservation value areas (see ‘Protected Areas’), SLP has
South Tapanuli District. Where a clearly defined area is
supported the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in
established that a community can access and use. SLP expects
promoting and developing FMUs for active forest management
this to lead to improved management of the forest over the
in the national estate, and also worked with local communities
longer term.
to facilitate Conservation Agreements in North Sumatra.
S U S TA I N A B L E P R O D U C T I O N 8
SLP promotes the diversification and intensification of production to increase landscape resilience and strengthen rural economies
SLP in Indonesia promotes the use of best practices in managing key commodity value chains that underpin production systems. Best practices include zero deforestation, minimizing the ‘footprint’ and waste, through the intensification of or restoration of degraded lands. Commodity chains include not
Green supply chains SLP has actively promoted the concept and development of green supply chains, for the purpose of improving access to markets for sustainably produced products.
only large scale industrial production, but also small-holder and
SLP has engaged with private sector partners who provide
community production that underpins local economies.
farmers with market access and who help to explain what quality
Key challenges for sustainable production include limited access to information on improved production practices and improved technologies; limited understanding of quality and how it is defined; and limited knowledge of market needs and trends – these issues leads to low production, poor quality and limit bargaining power and missed opportunities to access markets
the market needs. To compliment this, SLP is developing a jurisdictional sourcing approach – the aim is to provide companies with an understanding of where they can source commodities from selected landscapes that meet certain quality and sustainability criteria. SLP advocates the use of the Landscape Accounting Framework to inform this approach. SLP currently has memoranda of understanding with three
that will support sustainable farming.
partner companies that are supporting green supply chains for
Crop suitability studies
coffee, rubber and also palm oil crops.
SLP has conducted studies on crop suitability across the province of North Sumatra, and also assessed how crop suitability will potentially be impacted by future climate change.5 This work identified areas of the province that are likely to become progressively unsuitable for palm oil, coffee, cocoa and rubber production. SLP will continue to engage with the government, private sector, and smallholder farmers so that they recognize
As part of this direct engagement with producers, SLP is working with communities and farmers to improve production and incomes. This includes evaluating new purchasing models, such as more direct supply arrangements between farmers and processing facilities. Increasing efficiency will further strengthen the platform for supporting sustainable farming practices.
the need to consider what strategies might be most appropriate
SLP has also supported the convening of a Joint Secretariat for
to mitigate these potential risks.
Sustainable Palm Oil that meets on a regular basis to discuss
This and other science has been used as the foundation for a smallholder farmer training series called ‘Where the Farms meet the Forests’, which SLP is embedding within conventional smallholder
farmer
agribusiness
training.
SLP
has
also
incorporated these crop suitability studies and maps in both the SIAP and LAF for North Sumatra, for the use by stakeholders.
market issues and best practices in sustainable production. This MSF brings together some of the largest industry producers as well as smallholder and community producers in North Sumatra, to engage with leading practitioners and researchers on policy directions and technical aspects of sustainable production in Indonesia.
5 Smit, H., Tias, P. Hadiprakarsa, Y. (2014) Exploring Trade-Offs Between Conservation and Development in North Sumatra, Sustainable development strategies for rubber, cocoa, coffee and oil palm agriculture in North Sumatra. Commissioned to support the Sustainable Landscapes Partnership, Conservation International, Jakarta, Indonesia.
9
SLP case study: North Sumatra on a path to sustainable production Major cash crop products grown in North
Crop yields per hectare
Sumatra include palm oil, coffee, cocoa and rubber. SLP has conducted supply chain assessments for each of these constraints to competitiveness as well as identifying practices that can be improved. The Landscape Accounting Framework (LAF) dashboard provides a sound basis for prioritizing
opportunities
to
increase
production across the landscape. An example where improvements have been made is the tapping of rubber trees. SLP identified many farmers who were tapping trees with sub-optimal techniques, inferior equipment and poor post-harvest handling – this resulted in both low productivity and poor quality. Added to this farmers were also cutting down rubber trees and replacing these with new plantings or different crops. SLP has trained thousands of farmers in optimal
tapping
and
post
harvesting
handling techniques with many seeing a significant increase in productivity and income from the existing trees – this has also reduced clearing of the rubber-forest gardens and reduced emissions.
10
The challenge Establishing and maintaining sustainable landscapes will require ongoing sources of sustainable finance in the long term. SLP is reviewing and developing new financing models – for reasons that include the fact that to-date, ecosystem services have been undervalued, and taken for granted. If natural capital is to be maintained there is a need to attribute an appropriate value to these resources, and to manage them accordingly. There
is
scope
to
establish
fiscal
incentives for provinces and districts that take steps towards forest conservation. These incentives may leverage existing government budgets or use trust fund mechanisms
to
support
forest
conservation. Sustainable finance models also include mechanisms ecosystem
based on services
payment for
(PES),
and
the
development of low emission enterprises that can generate revenue and social benefits on a sustainable basis. SLP is working to test these models across landscapes and explore the scope for amplification.
S U S TA I N A B L E F I N A N C E 11
Landscapes require sustainable finance to ensure long-term viability of investments and their benefits to communities
Budget allocations
Payment for
Low Emission
and Fiscal drivers
Ecosystem Services
Enterprises
SLP
mainstream
To address the issue of natural capital
conservation goals into government
endeavours
to
being undervalued and potentially used
SLP through a grant provided funding
budgets and fiscal drivers. Despite the
unsustainably,
identified
and technical guidance for communities
available funds to reduce forest loss
models in which communities and the
in North Sumatra that are introducing
(REDD+, etc.) there is a lack of regional
private sector contribute directly to the
more efficient stoves to replace the
incentives for provinces and districts
maintenance of ecosystem services
smoky, fuel-hungry three-stone fires.
that support forest conservation and
they receive from the natural capital.
The benefits are several: reducing
SLP
has
harvesting of fuelwood; helping families
base their budget allocations on those measures.
SLP has scoped the development of
save money on cooking fuel; creating
‘Payment for Ecosystem Services’ (PES)
employment in marketing and selling
SLP has worked with local agencies to
models in North Sumatra to improve
the stoves; and improving the health of
leverage existing government budgets
the supply and quality of fresh water. In
women and children by reducing
to support management of forests (e.g.
South Tapanuli, SLP together with
exposure to air pollution.
local FMU accessing ministerial funds).
stakeholders has developed a model
SLP has drawn on international models
and district regulation supporting PES.
to advocate for the development of
The
fiscal
management are designed to generate
policies
that
link
budget
PES
models
for
allocations to natural capital. SLP is also
sustainable
exploring
fund
maintenance of ecosystem services, and
forest
means the people who utilize the
regional
mechanisms management.
to
trust support
financing
watershed for
the
service can enjoy a better quality of life through the ongoing supply of these services.
SLP is either actively exploring or supporting the development of new business
cases
for
potential
low-
emission enterprises, such as village forestry,
agribusiness
ecotourism
and
products,
non-timber
forest
products, which may be linked to finance (e.g. microfinance, Landscape Bonds, etc.) at favorable rates.
The role of our partners GOVERNMENT Because
all
landscapes
are
COMMUNITIES
embedded
in
Effective implementation of land use change is not
administrative units where planning decisions are
possible without directly involving the people who
made, it is critical that at all levels of government
are living within the areas and dependent upon
are effectively engaged to ensure there is
the landscapes. Local communities typically have
consistent policy and regulatory alignment with
the highest level of interaction with and
sustainable land uses and land use decisions.
dependence on ecosystem services.
SLP engages directly with the Ministry of
SLP has established multiple models for working
Environment and Forestry and other Ministries of
with communities, including Multi-Stakeholder
the Government of Indonesia, and works closely
Forums for sharing and discussing community
with the Provincial Governments and District
views, and the development of Community
Governments in North Sumatra and West Papua,
Stewardship Programs that realize benefits for
to ensure coordination and consistency of
communities through local conservation.
landscape activities.
P R I VAT E S E C T O R
CIVIL SOCIETY
The private sector plays a vital role in establishing
Civil
sustainable landscapes, by providing investment,
organisations and institutions, with particular
employment and innovation in products and
interests that may include environmental, social
services. In this way, the private sector plays a
and economic development issues. They represent
central role in the development of green supply
stakeholders in the landscape, at the local,
chains, with broad economic and social benefits
provincial or national level. They may also be
for communities and society.
partners in a range of landscape interventions,
SLP engages with the private sector through a range of Multi-Stakeholder Forums and Advisory Committees
that
have
focussed
on
the
development of green supply chains, the use and promotion of good agricultural practices, and integration of
conservation
sectors.
practices across
society
comprises
such as conducting studies across the landscape; facilitating broader stakeholder engagement; or contributing to the development of community business models and low emission enterprises. SLP has worked closely with civil society groups include
environmental
NGOs,
CONTACT US Let’s
socialize:
Pejaten Barat 16A Kemang, Jakarta 12550
@ConservationID
Phone:
@ConservationID
+62 21 7883 8626
Web: www.conservation.org
community
foundations and also universities in North Sumatra and West Papua.
Office:
non-government
Conservation International Indonesia Conservation International Indonesia