What Drives the Intention of Students to Make Public Complaints?

Composite Reliability and Convergent Validity

The scale is considered reliable when the Composite Reliability (CR) is greater than 0.7 and the Average Extracted Variance (AVE) is above 0.5 (Hair et al., 2010). In addition, convergent validity was assessed by factor loading > 0.5 and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) above 0.5 is acceptable (Fornell & Larcker, 1981; Hair et al., 2010).

In this study, after conducting the first analysis, the AVE of two factors was lower than 0.5 (includes F_ACB is 0.454 and F_PDC is 0.498). After deleting 2 items (ACB1 and PDC4) due to the lowest factor loadings of the scales, all the analysis indicators were at the acceptable level (Table 4).

Table