Lighting Journal June 22

Professional best practice from the Institution of Lighting Professionals

June 2022

CLOSE ENCOUNTERS How the regeneration of Edinburgh’s historic ‘Closes’ is changing night-time perceptions TOMORROW’S WORLD The challenges of getting lighting right within school and educational settings LEADING THE CHARGE Unpicking how best to accelerate on-street electric vehicle charging

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Contents RECLAIM THE 06STREETS

34LEADING THE CHARGE

The government has set out ambitious plans to accelerate on-street electric vehicle charging by 2025, just three years away. Lighting Journal gathered together a high-level panel to debate the challenges and opportunities this could bring for lighting

The arguments around the relationship between lighting and safety at night are complex. What is simple, argues Clare Thomas, is the need for lighting professionals to remember that public realm lighting is not just about the task, technology or numbers but the user

40EARTHING QUESTIONS

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CRIME AND VISIBILITY

There is reasonably consistent evidence to argue that the enhanced visibility gained by improved lighting will reduce robbery after dark. For other types of crime, however, the findings are not as conclusive, writes Prof Steve Fotios

The Energy Networks Association’s latest engineering recommendations address specific requirements for the earthing of electric vehicle charging points connected to street electrical fixtures. While progress, Allan Howard argues they still leave some key questions unanswered

IN 16SAFETY NUMBERS?

44NETWORK WORKING

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Lighting professionals will need to work closely with distribution network operators (DNOs) if the government is to meet its ambitious EV charging targets.

Handily, Neil Madgwick of DNO UK Power Networks used a recent ILP webinar to explain how DNOs can support the rollout of new EV charging infrastructure

One of the difficulties with any debate around the links between street and public realm lighting and safety at night is the lack of reliable data, as a recent literature study by Professor Elisabeth Enhus has shown

18CLOSE ENCOUNTERS

For the first ‘How to be brilliant’ talk of 2022, Dr Euan Winton illustrated how genuine co-design with the public has been at the heart of the regeneration of Edinburgh’s historic ‘Closes’ – and changed perceptions about their safety at night

PINNACLE 24‘THE OF MY CAREER’

The ILP’s veteran Technical Director Peter Harrison this month steps into well-deserved retirement. He reflects on his career, how lighting has changed, and what may come next

28TOMORROW’S WORLD

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Lighting within school classrooms of course needs to meet the appropriate standards. But getting lighting right within educational settings – both artificial and daylight – is imperative for the learning and health and wellbeing of tomorrow’s generations, argues Graeme Shaw

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KEEPING GROUNDED

It stands to reason that how you anchor a high mast, and the bolts you use, is an absolutely critical safety decision.

Albert Lim makes the case that using large-diameter, high-strength anchor bolts not only is good practice but makes commercial sense

IS SO DIVERSE 56’LIGHT IN THE OUTCOMES IT CAN ACHIEVE’

As she prepares for this month’s Professional Lighting Summit, ILP President Fiona Horgan reflects on what lighting means for her – as a career and a community – and how the industry can continue to attract talent

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60WESTERN APPROACHES

COVER PICTURE

Chessels Court, one of Edinburgh’s newly illuminated Twelve Closes. Turn to page 18, where Dr Euan Winton has explained the thinking behind the regeneration scheme and the important role played by co-design with the public.

Photograph by Tom Duffin

This month’s Professional Lighting Summit in Bristol is just days away (from 21-22 June). There is still time to register and immerse yourself in two days of top-quality CPD and networking

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Editor’s letter Volume 87 No 6 June 2022 President Fiona Horgan Chief Executive Justin Blades Editor Nic Paton BA (Hons) MA Email: nic.cormorantmedia@outlook.com

Lighting Journal’s content is chosen and evaluated by volunteers on our reader panel, peer review group and a small representative group which holds focus meetings responsible for the strategic direction of the publication.

If you would like to volunteer to be involved, please contact the editor. We also welcome reader letters to the editor.

Graphic & Layout Design George Eason Email: george@matrixprint.com Advertising Manager Andy Etherton Email: andy@matrixprint.com Published by Matrix Print Consultants Ltd on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk Produced by Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C,Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com

I

’m fully expecting to spend the shortest night of the year later this month (Tuesday 21 June) happily chewing the fat with ILP members at the Professional Lighting Summit’s Black Tie dinner in Bristol (and turn to page 60 to find out how you can still register to join me there).

The fact it is the summer solstice in a matter of days also means, superficially, conversations about the relationship between lighting and safety at night are perhaps at their least relevant at this time of year. But less important? Absolutely not.

I make no apologies, therefore, for the fact that in this edition we have not one but four articles looking at this complex discussion, either directly or indirectly.

Clare Thomas’ impassioned argument, from page six, makes the case that we need to think differently about artificial lighting at night. When we provide lighting, she argues, we need to think about not just the task but the user; we need to think about everyone using the space, however different they or their needs may be.

Following on from our recent coverage of the fascinating LANTERNS research in April (‘Light fingered’, vol 87 no 4) Professor Steve Fotios, from page 12, makes the case that, while there is reasonably consistent evidence to argue the enhanced visibility gained by improved lighting will reduce robbery after dark, for other types of crime the findings are not nearly as conclusive.

From page 16, Professor Elisabeth Enhus, in a talk for the Lighting Urban Community International Association, has shown how, in any debate around the links between public realm lighting and safety at night, the lack of reliable data makes this area deeply challenging.

Finally, from page 18, Dr Euan Winton – in the first ILP ‘How to be brilliant’ talk of 2022 – has shown how, through a combination of innovative design thinking and collaborative ‘co-design’ with the general public, 12 of Edinburgh’s historic ‘Closes’ have been transformed into hugely more inviting spaces at night.

What, for me, is the thread running through all this? First, it’s that well-designed and implemented lighting schemes can make real difference to the perceived safety of a space.

Second, closely involving and bringing the public with you (and, crucially, listening to what those using the spaces want and will value) is key to shifting perceptions in a positive way.

Third, and more broadly, it’s pretty much exactly a year since, at last year’s online Professional Lighting Summit, Dr Jemima Unwin and Professor Peter Raynham outlined their latest research in this area, as we highlighted in September 2021 (‘Safe as streets?’, vol 86 no 8).

At the time I said this was a conversation where the answers are not straightforward or clear-cut – as Professor Fotios and Professor Enhus have illustrated. Yet, as Clare Thomas and Dr Winton have also shown, it is one where the voice and expertise of lighting professionals absolutely must continue to be heard.

Finally, I can’t sign off this edition without a word of deep thanks to Peter Harrison, who will be using the occasion of the Professional Lighting Summit to bid farewell to the ILP as Technical Director and head off into a hugely well-deserved retirement. You can read his final reflections from page 24.

Peter’s contribution to the ILP and the wider lighting industry has been immense. At a personal level, his knowledge (and patience) has been utterly invaluable to me over the past years. So, thank you Peter for all you’ve contributed and brought to Lighting Journal and I wish you the very best in your retirement.

Nic Paton Editor

© ILP 2022

The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain. Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

SUBSCRIPTIONS

ILP members receive Lighting Journal every month as part of their membership. You can join the ILP online, through www.theilp.org.uk. Alternatively, to subscribe or order copies please email Diane Sterne at diane@theilp.org.uk. The ILP also provides a Lighting Journal subscription service to many libraries, universities, research establishments, non-governmental organisations, and local and national governments.

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Lighting, crime and safety The arguments around the relationship between lighting and safety at night are complex. What is simple, argues Clare Thomas, is the need for lighting professionals to remember that public realm lighting is not just about task, technology or numbers but the user of the space - who may have very different needs

By Clare Thomas

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t’s clear to me that the lighting industry needs to take a lead in providing solutions that both respect the environment and protect our dark skies, but how do we balance this with meeting the differing requirements of the people who use those spaces?

Whilst we often focus on ‘the numbers’ and (rightly) provide schemes that meet the standards and minimise ecological impact, does this result in spaces that may not be inclusive by design? Is it possible to use technology to find a logical balance between these sometimes conflicting drivers?

This article is based on a white paper written and delivered for first time last year at the HEA (Highway Electrical Association) annual conference in October 2021. I wanted to start a debate around how we light our spaces and places, and judging by subsequent messaging from a number of organisations across the industry, plus the reaction and intense debate that followed when I delivered a webinar version for ILP Ireland in February, it’s definitely done that!

Firstly, let me introduce myself. I’m Clare Thomas, and I’ve been working within the lighting industry for nearly 25 years in a wide variety of roles for various organisations.

I still love what I do partly because lighting is such a broad church, encompassing architecture, engineering, technology and artistic disciplines, and I find it fascinating how lighting can completely transform a space and how (or whether) people use and experience it.

However, to me, many of the schemes installed (for both indoor and outdoor applications) seem to focus more on tickbox compliance against the numbers given within the relevant lighting standards rather than taking a risk-based approach

based on a true understanding of the space and the people using it. Does this, therefore, need to change?

UNDERSTANDING THE GUIDANCE

Let’s address first, what I mean by ‘the numbers’. Where do we get our guidance from for outdoor lighting?

The primary standard referred to for outdoor lighting, particularly that used in the public realm, is BS EN 13201 – Road Lighting [1]. This consists of five parts: • Part 1: Guidelines on selection of lighting classes • Part 2: Performance requirements • Part 3: Calculation of performance • Part 4: Methods of measuring lighting performance • Part 5: Energy performance indicators Then there is BS5489 Design of Road Lighting Part 1: Lighting of roads and public amenity areas code of practice, which was updated in 2020 and generally aligns with BS EN 13201 [2].

The introduction to BS5489-1 describes itself as ‘... covering guidance on the selection of lighting classes and related aspects for visibility of users of outdoor public traffic areas during the hours of darkness to support traffic safety, traffic flow and public security’. From my perspective this is a reasonably comprehensive document that also seeks to address some other topics around the road.

However, which part of this 89-page document do we usually end up referring to when we’re looking at how we light public spaces?

We head straight to the lighting class tables in Annex A and define a class (for example P3), which is then distilled down further to just the horizontal illuminance and uniformity figures. And, in most cases, we then simply carry out a lighting design desk calculation that meets these metrics.

DRIVE TO NET ZERO

But what about energy performance and making sure the scheme is as efficient as possible?

Street lighting accounts for a significant proportion of a local authority’s overall electricity consumption, typically 30%.

This could be more or it could be less depending on whether streetlighting assets have been converted to LED yet or not. Outdoor public lighting is also a significant contributor to CO2 emissions and UK government policy is driving us towards net zero by 2050. With a number of local authorities having also declared a climate emergency, there is definitely a

momentum for change, with lighting potentially playing an important role.

It is well understood that switching from traditional light sources, typically HID, to LED delivers energy savings of 60% or more and can also provide the benefit of reduced maintenance costs too. But is this switch just being driven by energy and the green agenda or is it more a reflection of recent funding challenges?

When you look at the procurement and funding options available to most local authorities they are based around wholelife ‘value’. SALIX funding and other funding mechanisms for LED replacements are all assessed on a whole-life payback basis.

What does this mean in practical terms?

Basically, for larger or borough-wide LED replacement projects with public funding, whether direct or via a maintenance contract, it becomes a numbers game.

The successful bidder will be the organisation that is able to work the numbers to deliver as close as possible to the specified lighting class, using the cheapest product that can be deployed as quickly as possible – and which will consume the smallest amount of energy over the life of the installation.

From a practical perspective this means that, as an industry, we too often collectively look at simply the most efficient way to hit the numbers, including taking a broad-brush predominantly desk-based approach for the lighting design.

Yes, that approach has allowed us to convert several million lanterns already to LED, producing significant savings in both energy and CO2 emissions.

Yet, when we think about all this activity in the context of, first, dark skies and, second, safety at night (especially perceived safety at night), can we argue they are all successful? Are we, as an industry, fully meeting the requirements for those spaces?

DARK SKIES VERSUS SAFER STREETS

Taking dark skies first, what do we need to consider when providing lighting, especially for an ecologically sensitive area?

Wider and public concern about light pollution is growing, we are all aware, and it is an important topic to tackle. Poorly implemented public lighting schemes waste energy, affect our view of the stars, cause nuisance that can have an impact on both people and the wider ecosystem.

This leads us (as has been discussed extensively in Lighting Journal) to the ‘French Law’ of 2018. The ILP, too, has been proactive in this area, especially with its Guidance Note 01/21 – The reduction of obtrusive light, which looks at measures to www.theilp.org.uk

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Lighting, crime and safety from an understanding of who is using these spaces and, critically, why they might be using them.

NEED FOR A HOLISTIC APPROACH

minimise obtrusive light, sky glow, glare, light spill, nuisance light. In addition, we now of course have an All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for dark skies and to promote ‘good’ lighting [3].

The effect of LED lighting on our ecology is also a key part of this conversation.

As, again, highlighted (and debated) within Lighting Journal last year, a report from the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology com­pared moth caterpillar numbers across both lit and unlit sites in the Thames valley over the last three years, and appeared to suggest that there was a direct correlation between LED lighting and a reduction in numbers. The ILP’s Guidance Note 08/18 also provides a good reference document that not only covers the legal status, but also mitigations to minimise the impact of artificial lighting on bats [4].

Many of us will have been involved in schemes that have needed mitigations for ecological requirements. Missing columns from a scheme to prevent affecting known bat foraging routes, for example, or monochromatic solutions (especially red light), or using louvres on column-mounted luminaires to make sure that there’s no spill away from the lit route, or even using low level lighting such as bollards.

Of course, the best way to minimise ecological impact is not to have lighting at all.

But if we are providing it, for example, on a dedicated pedestrian or cycle route, isn’t it also important to think about the users?

This leads us, in turn, to debates, arguments and questions around the role, and relationship, of lighting and safety at night.

After all, as well as protecting the natural world, don’t we need to have better surround lighting to ensure good visibility and engender feelings of safety?

Shouldn’t we consider whether the lighting approach we’re taking is really inclusive; for example, that it is suitable for older people or users who may have sight impairment? www.theilp.org.uk

SAFER STREETS

This is obviously a major topic because of high-profile cases over the last year.

Shortly after the abduction of Sarah Everard a YouGov poll was carried out in the UK in May 2021. Whilst some of the top 12 results were about societal issues, and there were clear gender differences for different topics, better lit streets polled highly for both men and women [5].

Funding has been made available through the Safer Streets Fund, which has supported the Safer Streets – Crime prevention toolkit [6]. This takes a holistic view of space and an evidential approach that also considers the environment, landscaping, footpath usage and so on.

Lighting is one of the supported interventions as, based on studies cited within the toolkit, there seems to be a direct correlation between improved street lighting and a reduction in crime. This is an area that Professor Steve Fotios considers in more detail in the next article.

While there is a lot of debate about the correlations between crime, visibility and lighting, what is clear to me is that the type and quality of lighting, not just the illumination level, affects how safe a space feels for the different users.

THINKING BEYOND TECHNOLOGY

Part of the challenge, I believe, is that, because we work in a technical industry, our first approach is to look for a technical or engineering solution. Do we, however, really consider the people that will be using those spaces?

When I delivered my webinar for the ILP I showed a number of images of spaces lit with technically compliant schemes yet where I wouldn’t feel either comfortable or safe.

Too often, the reason for this is that technology has been used to provide a solution that, yes, delivers on paper (and within budget and so on, as already highlighted) but yet is completely isolated

What, then, is the answer? The first thing to say, here, is that I recognise these are complex questions and there are no easy answers. But I also think that, as lighting professionals, we need to take a logical and holistic approach.

For me, one of the best, most compelling explanations for why this is has been articulated in a publication called Getting Home Safely – Safe by Design by Women for Women published April 2021 by female transport planners at Atkins [7].

This short document considers a range of opportunities and issues across the streetscape as a whole, and uses these to illustrate a typical women’s journey, considering the first and last ‘mile’ from a female perspective.

When I read this it really resonated with me, as I recognised my own thought processes when I’m out and about.

Key questions I always ask myself before heading out (and which men probably rarely, if ever, feel the need to do) include: how I plan my route? Am I wearing the right clothes and footwear? Do I call or text people on my journey to feel safe?

How does the environment make me feel?

To be clear, this isn’t about blame or finger-pointing. It is simply about highlighting the pitfalls of treating lighting solely as an engineering discipline rather than, as it

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Lighting, crime and safety actually is, a fundamental service being provided for the people – everyone – using those places and spaces.

Lighting is not just functional; it is an intrinsic part of an environment that can – and often does – influence how that space is used (or avoided) and the choices individuals make at night as a result.

A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE

I was at Wembley Park a few months ago for a night demonstration of recent work there at Olympic Way – as reported on in Lighting Journal last year (and illustrated below) – and needed somewhere to stay [8].

Online, the nearby Premier Inn was excellent value and I had a choice of two branches at the same price, both of which were close to the stadium.

One was really modern but located round the back of the stadium on an enclosed road with not many people around. The other was a much older building but located right by Wembley Park tube and accessed via Olympic Way. Guess which one I chose and why? The one by the tube.

Afterwards, I had a conversation with a (male) colleague who knew both hotels and, at first, he was really surprised I’d made the choice I had.

But when I explained my reasoning – a better-lit environment, more people around, vertical illuminance and so on – finally he understood.

To me, there’s a massively important point here. How often as lighting professionals do we put ourselves in the spaces we’re lighting? I can already hear you all say ‘of course, we do’! More importantly, however, how often do we put ourselves in someone else’s shoes in those same spaces?

Do we really consider how people who are not like us may feel or behave in those spaces? Our parents perhaps, our kids, our spouse, our friends; a lone female on her way home from a night out, or a female shift worker?

Whilst, of course, we’re never going to be able to provide one single solution that meets everyone’s needs all the time, it’s up to us as lighting professionals – the experts and leaders in our field – to be considering, articulating and, if need be, arguing for the broader perspective.

Fundamentally, we should be providing inclusive solutions that balance most people’s needs. With good design and a collaborative approach – and, yes, that may mean education and leadership – we can use technology to help deliver longerterm, more sustainable solutions that work better holistically for the individuals and communities who use those spaces.

LESSONS FROM THE PANDEMIC

My final point is that, while I fully accept there is no single right or wrong answer here, the rate of evolution within our industry means a ‘one size fits all’ approach – whether in terms of standards, contracts or technology – may no longer be the best and most sustainable way to do things.

Certainly, the past two years – the experience of living through a global pandemic, especially the periods of lockdown – has shown us what we may think of as the ‘permanence’ of our city centres or residential areas may not be, well, as permanent as we think. Things can change, and rapidly.

We need to think differently. We need to take a more holistic approach. When we provide lighting, we need to think about not just the task but the user, and often

users unlike us. We need constantly to remember that lighting needs to work for everyone using the space.

We need to understand the context of the lighting within a space – its role in terms of, say, wayfinding, safety and security or active mobility, or the services it may be supporting.

Ultimately, we perhaps sometimes need to take a step back and ask ourselves: are we using technology as an intrinsic part of the scheme or simply because we can, because it’s ‘new’? Is the scheme sustainable; can it adapt to changes in both standards and usage over time? Most importantly, irrespective of what the numbers say, does it encourage people to use the space?

Fundamentally, it’s about great, connected design.

Clare Thomas is head of applications and solutions at Urbis Schréder

WATCH THE WEBINAR

Check out Clare Thomas’ ILP Ireland CPD webinar: ‘Dark Skies or Safer Streets – are we taking a holistic approach?’

[1] BS EN 13201 – Road Lighting, https://landingpage.bsigroup.com/LandingPage/Series?UPI=BS%20EN%2013201 [2] ‘British Standard BS5489 for road lighting is changing’, the ILP, January 2020, https://theilp.org.uk/british-standard-bs5489-for-road-lighting-is-changing/ [3] ‘France Adopts National Light Pollution Policy Among Most Progressive In The World’, International Dark-Sky Association, https://www.darksky.org/france-light-pollution-law-2018/; GN01/21 The reduction of obtrusive light, ILP, 2021, https://theilp.org.uk/publication/guidance-note-1-forthe-reduction-of-obtrusive-light-2021/; All-Party Parliamentary Group for Dark Skies, https://appgdarkskies.co.uk/ [4] ‘I hope our study will help open a dialogue’; ‘Let’s use this as an opportunity’; ‘Moths to the flame?’ Lighting Journal, November-December 2021, vol 86 no 10; GN08-18 ‘Bats and artificial lighting in the UK’, the ILP, https://theilp.org.uk/publication/guidance-note-8-bats-and-artificial-lighting/ [5] ‘What would make the UK safer for women, according to women?’, YouGov, May 2021, https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2021/05/10/ what-would-make-uk-safer-women-according-women [6] ‘Safer Streets Fund – crime prevention toolkit’, College of Policing, https://www.college.police.uk/research/safer-streets-fund [7] ‘Getting Home Safely’, Atkins, SNC Lavelin, https://www.snclavalin.com/~/media/Files/S/SNCLavalin/documents/transportation/get-home-safe.pdf [8] ‘Wembley wayfinding’, Lighting Journal, October 2021, vol 86, no 9

www.theilp.org.uk

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AND VISIBILITY There is reasonably consistent evidence to argue that the enhanced visibility gained by improved lighting will reduce robbery after dark. For other types of crime, however, the findings are not as conclusive

By Professor Steve Fotios

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In 2021 the government doubled its ‘Safer Streets’ budget to £45m to fund better lighting and CCTV so women will feel safer walking through parks and streets on their way home [1].

Whilst this move was in response to specific incidents, such announcements are not new. In 2006, for example, a £31.6m lighting scheme in Dorset was announced with the aims of improving road safety and cutting crime, and in 2008 the then London mayor announced new road lighting in residential areas to make the streets

safer for women at night [2].

That road lighting should be considered as a countermeasure to crime should not be surprising because this is the message of authoritative sources of lighting guidance.

For example, CIE 115:2010 says that ‘good lighting discourages crime against the person and property.’ BS5489-1:2020 says that lighting has ‘the potential of helping to reduce crime’. Furthermore, the 2022 ‘Crime Prevention Toolkit’ from the College of Policing says that there is

JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

Lighting, crime and safety ‘strong evidence of a positive crime reduction impact’ [3].

It is important to be certain that any countermeasure has the intended effect, in this case, that lighting reduces crime, otherwise the expected benefit from enhanced investment will not be realised and could have been used instead for other actions. Policymakers will take their advice from authoritative sources.

DATA CONUNDRUMS

However, the crime prevention effect of lighting is not as reliable as the Crime Prevention Toolkit suggests.

The toolkit used just one source as its evidence base for lighting and crime, the 2008 systematic review of crime studies

by Welsh and Farrington [4].

Welsh and Farrington estimated the effectiveness of road lighting from 13 previous studies of lighting and crime in which crimes rates in experimental areas (or locations in which road lighting was not changed). Overall, they found that crimes decreased by 21% in experimental areas compared with control areas. The 13 studies are now long out of date. Of the eight studies from the USA, seven were published in the 1970s; the remaining study, and the five from the UK were published in the 1990s. Characteristics of road lighting and crime have since changed.

More recently, the ‘LANTERNS’ project reported an analysis of data gathered from 62 (of 174) local authorities in England and Wales for the period December 2010 to December 2013, as discussed in Lighting Journal in April ( ‘Light fingered’, vol 87, no 4).

This was done to determine the effect on crime of changes to road lighting made in the interest of energy saving; permanently switching off, reducing the number of hours switched on at night (part-night), reducing the output (dimming), and replacing sodium lamps with whiter light sources [5].

Neither the switch-off nor part-night strategies affected crime counts, but there was weak evidence of a reduction in crime with white light and dimming, from which it was concluded that these results offered ‘little evidence of harmful effects’ of energy saving measures.

If the Welsh and Farrington data are sufficient for the Crime Prevention Toolkit to conclude that there is strong evidence of crime reduction when improving road lighting, why then did the LANTERNS project not find a strong increase in crime when reducing the lighting service?

LOCATION AND TYPE OF CRIME

Crime frequency tends to follow daily patterns. It may be that there were only very few crimes in that period of the night for which part-night lighting was implemented and thus only limited opportunity for changes in lighting to make a difference.

The LANTERNS analysis, however, was not able to consider the time of day at which a crime was reported, as this

information is not released by UK police.

It instead included only those types of crimes most likely to occur during the evening or at night.

One explanation for the difference in conclusions between Welsh and Farrington and the LANTERNS project is that the effect of lighting on crime varies with location and with type of crime.

Regarding location, of the 13 studies in the Welsh and Farrington data, there were three where crime increased after improved street lighting (albeit not to a degree which reached statistical significance).

Regarding type of crime, consider the study by Davis and Farrington who also investigated the effect on crime of a partnight lighting strategy [6]. Switching off road lighting was associated with increases in burglary and vehicle crime but had no effect on criminal damage. Surprisingly, there was a decrease in violence (sexual offences and robbery) when the lighting was switched off, suggested to result from fewer pedestrians present.

COMMUNITY PRIDE

One reason given as to why improved road lighting reduces crime is that the act of a local authority improving the road lighting enhances community pride.

Welsh and Farrington found a reduction of crimes in their experimental areas in daytime as well as after dark and suggested this to be an indication of the community pride effect. In which case, given the above, two questions should be asked. First, is road lighting the best tool for enhancing community pride? There may be other options, and these other options may not bring the energy consumption, maintenance or or light pollution associated with road lighting. www.theilp.org.uk

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Lighting, crime and safety Second, for how long does community pride last? After all, the lighting was improved at some point in all areas currently lit yet the community pride effect is not expected to have persisted.

VISIBILITY

The second reason as to why improved road lighting reduces crime is that it improves visibility. It gives the potential victim a better chance of anticipating a crime and taking avoiding action and it gives victims and witnesses better ability to see and later describe the criminal.

On the other hand, better visibility allows the criminal to better identify their targets, leaving the hope that the former benefit of visibility outweighs the latter.

If the installation of improved road lighting brings both enhanced visibility and enhanced community pride it is not straightforward to know the contribution of each.

Fortunately, there is an alternative method of analysis. This is to measure the effect of change in ambient light level on crime, specifically the difference in crime between periods of daylight and darkness.

This can be done by taking advantage of the biannual daylight-savings and comparing crime counts occurring within a specific period of the day which is dark before the clock change and daylight just after (or vice versa). The clock change does not involve a local intervention so any effect on crime can be attributed to change in visibility.

This was used in two studies arguing the

benefit, or not, of the clock change itself [7].

Both studies found that daylight reduced robbery but had no effect on other types of criminal activity.

Further research using this method examined crime in eleven cities in the USA [8]. Those cities were examined because in the UK crimes are not reported in sufficient detail for the clock-change analysis, which needs the time and location of individual events.

A consistent effect was found only for robbery, with darkness leading to an increase in robbery. For all other types of crime (including vehicle theft, burglary, destruction of property, assault), the results suggested either no effect of ambient light level, or an effect that varied between locations.

There is reason to suspect that improved lighting would reduce robbery. Robbery is where a criminal takes (or attempts to take) property directly from another person: the criminal is in close proximity to the victim.

Eye tracking has shown a tendency for pedestrians to look at other people, so the criminal might be noticed in advance, and better lighting means we are able to see more detail more quickly and at greater distance.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, there is reasonably consistent evidence to argue that the enhanced visibility gained by improved lighting will reduce robbery. For other types of crime, the findings are not conclusive.

This should not be interpreted as a suggestion that road lighting is not of significant benefit. It is, for example with proven usefulness in reducing falls by enhancing the detection of trip hazards, at reducing road traffic collisions and at enhancing reassurance that it is safe to walk.

The intention is to challenge the assumption that improved lighting will make roads safer for women. Because, if that is not the case, local authorities should direct their attention to other remedies.

Guidance derived from insufficient evidence gives false confidence to the responsible authorities that they have taken suitable action and gives false confidence to the public that it is now safer to walk after dark.

Professor Steve Fotios PhD BEng(Hons), PGCE, FHEA, FSLL, MILP, MEI is professor of lighting and visual perception in the School of Architecture at Sheffield University

[1] Menendez E. ‘Government vows £45 million fund for safer streets including lighting and CCTV’. Metro newspaper, March 2022, https://metro.co.uk/2021/03/15/ministers-vow-45m-fund-for-safer-streets-including-lighting-and-cctv-14249940/ [2] ‘Street light boost to cut crime’, BBC News, October 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/6067270.stm; ‘“Safer” street lighting for women’, BBC News, March 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7285110.stm [3] CIE 115:2010, https://cie.co.at/publications; BS5489-1:2020, https:// shop.bsigroup.com/; ‘Safer Streets Fund – Crime Prevention Toolkit’, College of Policing, 2022, https://assets.college.police.uk/s3fs-public/2022-03/Safer_Streets_toolkit.pdf [4] Welsh B and Farrington D (2008). ‘Effects of improved street lighting on crime: a systematic review’. Home Office Research Study 251, London: Home Office, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.4073/csr.2008.13 [5] Steinbach R, Perkins C, Tompson L, Johnson S, Armstrong B, Green J, Grundy C, Wilkinson P, Edwards P (2015). ‘The effect of reduced street lighting on road casualties and crime in England and Wales: Controlled interrupted time series analysis’. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2015; 69(11): 1118-1124, https://jech.bmj.com/content/69/11/1118 [6] Davies M W, Farrington D P (2020). ‘An examination of the effects on crime of switching off street lighting’. Criminology & Criminal Justice 2020; 20(3): 339-357, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1748895818818861 [7] Doleac J L and Sanders N J (2015). ‘Under the Cover of Darkness: How ambient light influences criminal activity’. The Review of Economics and Statistics 2015; 97(5): 1093-1103, http://jenniferdoleac.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Doleac_Sanders_DST.pdf; Domínguez, Patricio; Asahi, Kenzo (2019). ‘Crime time: How ambient light affects crime’, IDB Working Paper Series, No. IDB-WP-991, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Washington, DC, https://publications.iadb.org/en/crime-time-how-ambient-light-affects-crime [8] Fotios S, Robbins C J, Farrall S (2021). ‘The effect of lighting on crime counts’. Energies 2021; 14: 4099, https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/176452/1/fotios%20robbins%20farrall%20 2021%20crime%20ambient%20light.pdf; Fotios S, Robbins C J, Farrall S (2022). ‘Research Note: Variation of the effect of ambient light level on crime frequency with type of crime and location’. Lighting Research and Technology. DOI 10.1177/14771535221100671

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JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

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JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

One of the difficulties with any debate around the links between street and public realm lighting and safety at night is the lack of reliable data, as a recent literature study has shown

By Nic Paton

T

he previous articles by Clare Thomas and Steve Fotios have shown that understanding, let alone mitigating, the links between lighting at night and crime, safety and feelings of insecurity is not straightforward.

The complexity of this topic was also recently illustrated by LUCI, the Lighting Urban Community International Association, which the ILP is a part of, via one of its short (half hour) members-only monthly ‘Coffee Bre@k’ sessions.

Led by Professor Elisabeth Enhus, professor of criminology at Vrije University, Brussels, the virtual presentation and question-and-answer session examined the relationship between objective measures of crime and feelings of insecurity. In particular, it ran through a brief literature study of the relationship between public lighting, crime and fear of crime.

As Professor Enhus put it: ‘When you look at the literature it is quite clear that there is a common-sense logic that, when you ask the questions, “does public

lighting reduce crime?”, it [lighting] is absolutely seen as a crime prevention strategy.’

The arguments used are that we need it to maintain public order, that lighting will deter potential offenders, will create more formal and informal control, and is beneficial for social cohesion. However, Professor Enhus argued she disputed these arguments simply because of the lack of clear empirical evidence.

‘There is a lack of clear definition of crime and the different types of crime.

There is a lack of reliable numbers. We have numbers but they are not always very reliable,’ she said.

LACK OF CONSENSUS

Professor Enhus highlighted how Wright et al (1974) showed a link between lighting at night and a decrease in prevalence of violent robbery and assault. Yet Tien at al (1977) concluded no statistically significant effect after evaluating 15 street lighting projects in the US [1].

Similarly, Atkins et al (1991) found no

statistically significant effect and a study in London and Painter (1996) reported a significant reduction in threatening or disorderly incidents but only a small decrease in crime [2].

Welsh and Farrington (2008), one of the more famous studies in this area (and discussed in the previous article), reported both a decrease in crime in the US and UK studies it evaluated, though also an increase in some crime types. Chalfin et al (2019), however, reported a more than third (36%) decrease in violent crime [3].

As Professor Enhus concluded: ‘These studies are inconclusive; we cannot say that there are clear results.’

What, however, of dimming or partnight lighting? First there is a lack of studies on this reverse relationship. The very few available studies find ‘no statistical evidence that it will have a clear effect on crime. So crime will not go up,’ cautioned Professor Enhus.

‘Better public lighting by itself has very little effect, and anyway not a causal effect, on reducing or facilitating crime. It is

JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

Lighting and safety

merely in conjunction with other measures that better lighting may help to improve an area and affect behaviour and perceptions,’ she argued.

UNDERSTANDING FEAR AT NIGHT

The fear of crime is what Professor Enhus termed ‘an umbrella concept’, in other words encompassing a number of connected yet different things: fear of crime itself, feelings of insecurity, risk perceptions and feelings of not being safe where you are.

Does turning off or dimming lighting increase anxiety? The short answer is: we simply don’t know; there is too little definitive research either way, she argued. Perkins at al (2015), for example, found no ‘significant association’ between fear of crime and reduced street lighting [4].

As Professor Enhus pointed out: ‘If you

dim lights, people don’t even notice. That is quite important.’ She therefore added a plea to the lighting community. ‘When you do these kinds of experiments, please try to set up some kind of follow-up study because we have so few insights in this area.’

Fear, Professor Enhus highlighted, is often measured as fear of crime, yet needs to be seen as much broader than this. ‘It is a lot to do also with the idea of fear of accidents, of falling or breaking something, of getting hurt because there is too little light.’

However, whatever nuance you use, it also has to be accepted that this fear can have a direct, and often negative, effect on people’s behaviour, especially avoidance behaviour, such as not going out or not visiting a particular place at night. This is especially the case when it comes to

women and older people moving within urban spaces at night.

‘This fear has a direct effect on citizens’ behaviour, especially avoidance behaviour; that I think is the main issue in all this,’ said Professor Enhus.

‘People will accept much more dimming or even cutting of light. But you have to take into account that there is still fear. It is very important therefore that we discuss with people “what makes you fearful?”. What is it about this particular space?’ she added.

‘It is very important that you are taking people into account [when designing public realm lighting at night]; that is a very important message,’ Professor Enhus concluded, though cautioning that, in the time allowed, this was a review that had really only skimmed the surface of what is a very complex area of study.

[1] Wright R, et. al (1974) ‘The impact of street lighting on street crime’, https://popcenter.asu.edu/sites/default/files/197-Wright_et_al.pdf; Tien et al (1977) ‘Street lighting projects’, https://popcenter.asu.edu/sites/default/files/Responses/street_lighting/PDFs/Tien_1979.pdf [2] Atkins S et al (1991) ‘The influence of street lighting on crime and fear of crime’, http://www.modresvetlo.cz/PDF/The_Influence_of_Street_Lighting_on_Crime_and_Fear_of_Crime.pdf; Painter K (1996) ‘The Impact of Street Lighting on Crime, Fear, and Pedestrian Street Use’, https:// popcenter.asu.edu/sites/default/files/137-painter-the_impact_of_street_lighting_on_crime_fear_an.pdf [3] B C Welsh and D P Farrington (2008) ‘Effects of Improved Street Lighting on Crime’, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.4073/csr.2008.13; Chalfin A et al (2019) ‘Street Light Outages, Public Safety and Crime Displacement: Evidence from Chicago’, https://crim.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/streetlights_paper.pdf [4] Perkins C et al (2015) ‘What is the effect of reduced street lighting on crime and road traffic injuries at night? A mixed-methods study’, https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/phr/phr03110/#/abstract

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JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

The ILP’s 2022 ‘How to be brilliant’ programme

The first ‘How to be brilliant’ talk of 2022 illustrated how genuine collaboration and co-design with the general public has been at the heart of the regeneration of Edinburgh’s historic ‘Closes’. In the process, community engagement and ‘ownership’ can be key to changing perceptions about making spaces safe and welcoming

By Nic Paton

E

dinburgh’s Old Town is famous for its ‘Closes’, a network of some 90 small, pedestrian alleyways leading off the Royal Mile, often named after a memorable occupant or a trade plied by one or more of its residents.

While many historically led to private properties, and so were gated or closed (hence the name), others led to more open courtyards (and so became known as ‘courts’), while still others are called ‘wynds’ because of how they wound along.

Almost all, however, are narrow and have tall buildings on either side meaning that, at night, they become dark and potentially intimidating, especially when poorly lit.

A pioneering project, however, has been working to change this. The Twelve Closes project, funded by the Edinburgh World Heritage Trust and delivered through a partnership between Edinburgh World Heritage, City of Edinburgh Council and Edinburgh Napier University, is enhancing and improving 12 of these historic pedestrian routes. In particular, it is using public realm and exterior lighting along with public improvements and light art to make the Closes feel more inviting and less threatening, in the process transforming them into more valued, active, even interactive, community spaces.

The scheme started in 2016 and is ongoing, and was the subject of the ILP’s first ‘How to be brilliant’ talk of 2022, held in April. How to be brilliant, to recap, is the ILP’s programme of free, informal talks, presentations and lectures designed to allow successful, senior lighting designers to share their time and expertise with students, juniors and new entrants to the profession. This year’s programme of events is once again being kindly sponsored by BEGA. The opener for 2022 was (as many are likely to be this year) a ‘hybrid’ event, so both face to face and available online and was led by Dr Euan Winton, a former academic at Edinburgh Napier University but now leading his own Studio Winton lighting design practice.

IMPORTANCE OF CO-DESIGN

While Dr Winton in his talk spoke about the work he and Malcolm Innes had undertaken creating the first lighting trail at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, light trails across Scotland, and his PhD in design with and for people living with dementia, it was their Twelve Closes that anchored his presentation.

As he put it in fact: ‘These [the Closes] have become disregarded over the years or

the lighting that is in place is not beneficial to the atmosphere. What we [Innes and Winton] were trying to do was to work with the public to re-imagine what these might be.’

Dr Winton’s comment ‘to work with the public’ was also important because a key strand of his discussion was the role, and value, of co-design – essentially involving and collaborating with the public – in terms of reshaping public realm spaces.

Moreover, this is especially the case when it comes to transforming spaces that are, or are perceived to be, threatening, dangerous or just uninviting at night.

‘For me, design research and designers start from the point of wanting to identify opportunities, reveal underlying needs, and understand user context. We want to create things that are valued,’ he highlighted.

Often, of course, this is a process and conversation that simply involves the client, expert designer and other project stakeholders. But for public realm spaces, this sort of collaboration can be taken much further, argued Dr Winton.

‘One of the big things I brought to the project is the idea of co-creation, co-design, co-working. My background as an academic has been in that kind of process www.theilp.org.uk

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JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

The ILP’s 2022 ‘How to be brilliant’ programme of working with people to unearth possibilities in what we do, and it has crossed many different things.

‘The key thing, for me, is we are looking at how we can access different information, bring people on board, and ultimately empower non-designers within projects.

What we are trying to do is make sure that conversations start very, very early on and develop from there. Ultimately, what I am interested in is how we can further empower people through design, and through the application of design processes and thinking and approaches,’ Dr Winton said.

TAPPING INTO SOFTER SKILLS

In the context of the Twelve Closes project, this has meant working closely with local residents, community groups, parishioners from churches, and businesses. ‘The thing I always say about co-design is you need to be willing to accept the unexpected; actually be encouraged by it. That is one of the things we found all the way through, that we were going to be surprised,’ said Dr Winton.

‘You have to keep looking, too, at the designer’s softer skills; actually talking to people, listening to people, developing their curiosity and being adaptable to what appears in front of you. You have to be both proactive and reactive and you always have to, of course, be thinking about how that is going to develop post event and going forward.

‘The very first thing we did was put together a kit of parts, which involved nothing more than questionnaires, cameras, torches and people. We got the people in and we said, “OK, these are your spaces, how should we explore them, what should we do?”.

‘Here’s a torch, you know them as you know them during the day; what are they like at night? What’s missing here? Where is the lighting failing? What are the things we should be identifying in the public spaces? What do you know about this area and how it functions as someone who uses it regularly, and what can you point out to us as we go through? It was to go out and let people play. Get people mingling, get people talking. Encourage people in, give them tasks, get them out there doing stuff,’ he added.

GENUINE COLLABORATION

Importantly, this consultation had to be about much more than simply ‘feeding in’.

It was about using the public genuinely to develop the scope and focus of the project, to develop the design brief, to be involved in ideation and exploration, to work through and agree the concepts and www.theilp.org.uk

refinement.

‘The ultimate point is that, as we started to bring people on board and into the process, we were going through iterations and getting to the point of technical delivery,’ said Dr Winton.

‘Co-design is great; it gets people involved. But you also have to recognise it takes a lot of time. There is a lot of effort involved; significant planning and there is probably more design required rather than less.

‘One of the key things, obviously, was about making sure that everyone was included. We had to try and share thoughts and ideas at the beginning of the night – what we were trying to do here? It could have been looking at different levels of

lighting, or different places, or different applications. Ultimately, there is no right or wrong; it is about what you do when you go into these spaces to explore them.

‘The other thing that was really important was looking at the situation both below our feet and above our heads; looking around us and discussing things. There is nothing more enjoyable about that process than actually seeing people talking.

That’s the first thing you do, take a step back and wait.

‘What was great was that even very early on we started to get feedback that said things like, “usually things get done to us, this time we’ve been involved right from the beginning”. One man, I used to look forward to his company, but he was a harsh

JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

The ILP’s 2022 ‘How to be brilliant’ programme

Images of the newly illuminated Twelve Closes in Edinburgh. Previous page: Stevenlaw’s (main image) and Chessels Court.

This page, above: Carrubers. Left: Pirries, including close-up detail, and the description of the legacy of Susanna MacIver in Stevenlaw’s. All completed project photographs by Tom Duffin

critic of anything that happens in the old town. So, to get that sort of response was great,’ added Dr Winton.

The close public involvement also highlighted very quickly the scale of the challenge, as Dr Winton illustrated from an anecdote of one night early on in the process. ‘We were out doing an investigation in Carrubbers Close near Old St Paul’s Church. Because there was scaffolding works happening on one side of the Close part of it was boarded up and there was simply no lighting in this area at all; there was no provision even for temporary lighting.

‘Unfortunately, one of the people who was with us that night tripped and stumbled down the stairs. Instantly, this threw

up all sorts of issues – fortunately they weren’t hurt. But it was clear this was a public realm space yet it wasn’t even lit in an appropriate way when works were ongoing.’

TRANSFORMATIONAL SPACES

So, what has been the result of all this collaboration, talking and co-design? Dr Winton concluded his presentation by running through how a number of the completed Closes have been transformed.

In Carrubers Close, for example, the decorative metal grills attached to the home of historic Presbyterian archbishop John Spottiswoode have been refreshed and/or replaced. Information panels now feature prominently toward the high

street entrance to the Close. There has been a big focus on illuminating stairways and improving the lighting generally, with the aim of generating a processional feel to the space.

‘The predominant make-up of the Close was informed by the parishioners from Old St Paul’s Church,’ explained Dr Winton. ‘They talked about how the light came down the back of the hotel buildings at certain times of the year; being there at certain times of the morning would reveal different aspects. They were talking about how they wanted to encourage footfall, to get people moving up and down the Close and using it. And, as a congregation, there were certain ceremonies during the year that would march up and down the Close.

So the idea of procession became really interesting, and it would only have come about by having the creative conversations we were having.’

Lighting has been used to create shadowing effects. The textural quality of the highly glazed brickwork at the top of the Close has been illuminated, while permanent lit artworks have been installed outside the Close’s Mitre Pub. Interpretive artworks that tell the history of some of the characters of the Close have been put on to what are effectively the fire doors on the back of the hotel building. ‘We have created a sense of shadows moving backwards and forwards within the space. It was about trying to reveal these little aspects and to bring people into it,’ said Dr Winton.

The project team has also worked with the council to relight the stairs, using an illuminated handrail. ‘There are some slight focusing issues that we need to resolve but, ultimately, it has completely changed the underfoot conditions there,’ said Dr Winton.

In Riddles Court, there was much discussion about the feasibility of installing a green or living wall. ‘The reality was the project couldn’t deliver on that, but we went out and tested the idea of “well, can we use projection?”. We encouraged the council to do something that hadn’t been seen before in terms of content. That is something under development at the moment, in the centre and gable end wall of Riddles Court,’ he added.

In Stevenlaw’s Close, the big issue was the ceiling. ‘One of the massive problems in Stevenlaw’s Close was that the pigeon nets were collapsing; we had roosting pigeons and considerable guano being left across the surfaces and creating slimy and very unsafe conditions underfoot. There was lighting that left massive dark holes, pinpoints for people to hide within, with it all worsened by the pigeons,’ he explained. www.theilp.org.uk

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The ILP’s 2022 ‘How to be brilliant’ programme ‘What we proposed was that we put in some alternative ceiling. So, for the test event for example, a big cardboard 2.5m-long panel was wedged up carefully and backlit to provide an example solution. The result would cover over a whole load of other issues as well – electrical boxes, gas pipes, water inlets and so on. It has been done in a creative way that becomes somewhere between interpretative light art and installation,’ said Dr Winton.

‘This in reality became a “CorTen” (or corrosion resistant but with tensile strength) backlit ceiling, with the fittings controlled to provide varying lighting conditions during the day and at night. These have also been animated to create a sense of birds in flight every quarter of an hour.

‘Another issue in Stevenlaw’s Close was the bin store in the back. It services the hotels and businesses either side but there has been a sexual assault recorded in this environment, there has been drug dealing and drug use and rough sleeping issues.

Generally, it added to the sense of the environment being unsafe; local employees didn’t like going out there and it was causing issues.

‘What we suggested was, was there a way to create a lit, interpretive piece that might actually soften the environment as well as protect people in different ways and relationships?’ explained Dr Winton.

The result has been illuminated artworks on the gates celebrating Susanna MacIver, who founded the first cook school in Edinburgh in the Close – ironically (given the pigeon problem) one of her recipes was for pigeon dumpling. ‘So that

plays a role in the security gates that have been put in there. On the other side is the also very first written recipe for haggis. So it is linking the overview of the environment,’ said Dr Winton.

‘What we now have is lighting conditions in the Close have been altered to become much more welcoming. It has now become a place where I’ve regularly seen people stopping and taking selfies in, which is interesting in as much as it is changing what was a very narrow and unloved environment into something much more interesting,’ he added.

One of Edinburgh’s early kindergarten’s had been located in Chessels Court and so historically it was a space for play and children (but now, again, had no lighting at all). Here, instead, a mirrored ceiling has been installed and the whole environment lit to turn it into an artwork in its own right.

‘It links between the Royal Mile and is now a quieter, more private space. What we’ve found as we’ve been going through these things is that we’ve created more of a sense of community, improving residents’ connection to the environments. It is about them curating and making things happen,’ said Dr Winton.

As his presentation came to a conclusion, Dr Winton reflected on some of his and Malcolm Innes’ learning from the co-design process. ‘It gives people the tools to influence decision-making. It helps people to learn about the spaces they are working in. It breaks down barriers.

And it makes people feel united and connected and invested.

‘It brings separate groups into the

conversation and allows us to shape projects. It demystifies some of the technical considerations as we go through and say, “this is why we’re doing this” or “this is why this is being looked at”. It is supporting shared interests. It turns what can be quite belligerent residents into supporters because they have really valued being part of something.

‘It has led to approaches and outcomes that we wouldn’t have seen if we were just going out and doing it ourselves,’ Dr Winton concluded.

FIND OUT MORE

You can view Dr Winton’s full How to be brilliant presentation here:

HOW TO BE BRILLIANT

As well as Dr Winton’s How to be brilliant presentation, you can use the QR code to catch up on all last year’s fascinating talks.

The co-design process in Carrubers Close, showing how dark and badly lit it was in places, Including (above) the almost pitch-black steps, shown here illuminated by torches carried by the co-design team

www.theilp.org.uk

You can also use the website to keep up to date with upcoming talks and presentations throughout this year.

JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

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JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

‘BEING TECHNICAL DIRECTOR HAS BEEN

THE PINNACLE OF MY CAREER’

The ILP’s veteran Technical Director Peter Harrison this month steps into well-deserved retirement. Here he reflects on his career, how lighting has changed, and what he thinks may come next

By Peter Harrison

I

started my career in lighting on 31 May, 1977 (the day after my 22nd birthday) when I joined Preston Borough Council as an electrician.

Although the main part of my work was to carry out repairs and installation works on the council’s housing and public buildings, I did work at times on street lighting.

I applied to be a technician to work on public buildings but didn’t get the job.

Three months later the job of street lighting technician was advertised, I applied, was successful and so, like many, stumbled into street lighting. And the rest, as they say, is history.

In 1977, Preston employed a team of around five people within the street lighting section as clock winders. This team had a weekly round where they travelled around their ‘patch’ by bicycle, wound up

JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

Inside the ILP

mechanical solar dial time switches and checked the 100W tungsten lamp was working.

IN-HOUSE HOROLOGIST

We had our own horologist (watchmaker) to repair and refurbish the clocks replaced by the clock winders. He had a workroom off the main workshop, and I remember vividly people stopping on the main road outside to knock on his window to drop off their watches and clocks for repair.

There was a programme for the time switches and tungsten lighting to be replaced. They were mainly on cast-iron lighting columns with swan-neck bracket arms, so the lanterns were replaced with photocell-controlled 35W SOX top-entry lanterns, and the clock winders were retrained to carry out cleaning and bulk lamp changes.

There was some excitement in the industry when high-pressure sodium lamps (SON) were first used.

Precision optics were a rarity, most were used to replace mercury lamps, with the elliptical SON a retrofit for mercury. In these early days there was also some confusion too because early SON lamps were available with either an internal or external ignitor and they weren’t interchangeable!

The early lamps weren’t too reliable either, but rapidly gained in popularity until they became the lamp of choice for most street lighting.

During the eighties there were efficiency programmes to introduce more energy efficient light sources that required less maintenance (sound familiar?). So, tungsten and MBF (mercury blended fluorescent) conversion to either SOX or SON was carried out in annual programmes.

There were also healthy capital programmes where hundreds of cast-iron columns were replaced with 5m concrete ones. We even installed most main road schemes with 8m and 10m concrete columns; 12m columns would be 10m concrete with a 2m galvanised sheet steel extension.

Concrete isn’t used today but most of those installed in the seventies and eighties are still sound today, even though they don’t do much with regard to passive safety.

In 1991, I moved to Staffordshire where I started as deputy county lighting engineer at the county council, one of the bigger lighting authorities.

There was reorganisation when the

Top: Peter (standing third from left back row) in 1973 with fellow apprentice electricians. Bottom: Peter with his wife (then fiancee) Kay, taken at a wedding just before their own in 1979

motorway maintenance contract was awarded elsewhere, and local government reorganisation saw Stoke-on-Trent became a unitary authority.

ROLLOUT OF PFI

Following this, I became head of lighting and traffic signals and we embarked on our street lighting Private Finance Initiative (PFI) project.

Money to halt an alarming decline in the condition of lighting assets was desperately needed and for mass replacement programmes PFI was probably the only game in town. It took over five years to deliver the Staffordshire PFI project and the experience gained would prove invaluable.

Looking back, I don’t know how I managed. I had a young family and on top of the day job I was working about two days a week on the PFI delivery. I also completed

an MBA at Staffordshire University and my father was seriously ill in Preston – so I travelled back to Lancashire most weekends to support my mother.

Once the PFI started, I stayed around for a couple of years before moving on to Birmingham City Council as its street lighting manager, becoming involved in the delivery of another PFI, though this time a street services project.

Birmingham was an exciting place to work. We embarked on a programme of tunnel lighting replacements, something I hadn’t done before, and I was involved in developing lighting strategies and lighting festivals, representing the city overseas.

Following Birmingham, there were roles at Jacobs and a short spell with Balfour Beatty before I started my own lighting consultancy business in 2015.

The ILP was at that time looking for a self-employed Technical Services www.theilp.org.uk

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Inside the ILP COUNCIL LIGHTING PROFESSIONAL

Left: Peter’s 1983 membership certificate for the IPLE, as the ILP then was. Right: Peter in his role as Technical Director. ‘It’s time to educate the public that “smart” lighting is all about having the right light at the right time in the right place,’ he says

Manager and I wanted to stop all the travel and nights away from home. It was a role that would take two or three days a week and other clients would make up the remainder.

The arrangement worked well (possibly too well!) because in 2019 ILP decided it wanted a full-time Technical Director, so applied and was selected so deregistered the company and went to work directly for ILP. My involvement with ILP began in around 1982 when our street lighting manager at Preston, Stan Cairns, became chairman of Northern Region of the (as it was then) IPLE. He volunteered me and others in the lighting team to be stewards at his annual general meeting in the town hall that year.

A year later, in 1983, I joined as a member. By the late eighties I had delivered my

first paper at a regional meeting in Prestwich, Manchester, about the relighting of Preston town centre and in 1990 I was elected to serve on the Northern Region committee.

After moving to Staffordshire, I joined Midlands committee, where I stayed almost continuously for over 20 years, becoming Chairman in 1998/99 and was delighted to have my parents there at the AGM. I represented Midlands for many years as its councillor on ILP Executive and worked to produce several technical documents, such as PLG 06 on seasonal decorations (second and third editions), TR23 on the lighting of cycle tracks, PLG23 on lighting for cycling infrastructure and our asset management tool ATOMS, the replacement for TR22, as well as several guidance notes [1].

So, as I head for the departure lounge are there any regrets? My biggest regret is the decline of the local authority lighting professional. That many authorities seem happy for their staff to undertake duties for which they are neither qualified nor competent is disappointing.

This is compounded by a lack of support for them to attend technical events, exhibitions and maintaining their professional qualifications. I hope I’m wrong but, as the condition of assets declines and there isn’t the expertise to know how to manage it, we could be heading for some serious incidents.

The recent trend to procurement driven by lowest price rather than best product is also deeply worrying, as is the belief that LED lighting conversion renders street lighting ‘fit and forget’.

Being Technical Director at ILP has been the pinnacle of my career; to be the technical representative for the membership is such a great honour.

Becoming a chartered engineer and a Fellow of ILP also filled me with such pride and sense of achievement.

Equally, developing and delivering training for the ILP has, without doubt, been the most rewarding part of my career, especially the Exterior Lighting Diploma (ELD).

I started delivering ELD content in the late nineties before taking over the ELD Module 2 (now Module C) from Colin Pring.

This was moved from Worcester city centre to nearby Bewdley and more recently to Leamington Spa, taking students through the process of public realm lighting planning and design.

It has been so good to watch students flourish as they progress through ELD modules knowing you’ve been a part of it.

THOUGHTS ON THE FUTURE

Finally, what of the future of lighting? It is heartening to see that we’re all slowly taking more interest in addressing the negative aspects of artificial light.

We’re more aware of obtrusive light, protecting the night sky and the damage we are inflicting on insects and protected species.

As we all become more socially responsible, it’s time to educate the public that brighter is not better; that ‘smart’ lighting is all about having the right light at the right time in the right place.

[1] PLG06 (2014) Guidance on installation and maintenance of seasonal decorations and lighting column attachments, https://theilp.org.uk/publication/plg06-guidance-on-installationand-maintenance-of-seasonal-decorations-and-lighting-column-attachments/; PLG23 (2020) Lighting for cycling infrastructure, https://theilp.org.uk/publication/plg23-lighting-for-cyclinginfrastructure/; GN22, Asset-Management Toolkit: Minor Structures (ATOMS), https://theilp.org.uk/publication/guidance-note-22-asset-management-toolkit-minor-structures-atoms/

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Peter Harrison CEng FILP is Technical Director of the ILP

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Examplary running head

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TOMORROW’S WORLD

Lighting within school classrooms of course needs to meet the appropriate standards. But getting lighting right within educational settings – both artificial and daylight – is imperative for the good learning, good health and wellbeing of tomorrow’s generations

By Graeme Shaw

A

re UK primary school children being left in the dark? The Institute of Education recently found that the quality of our primary school years is more important on academic progress in later life than gender or family background [1].

An incubator for the next generation of leaders, thinkers and innovators, the environment in which we learn has been evidenced to affect the motivation, happiness, achievement and success of students.

Which begs the question: why there is not more focus on our learning environments?

Within our current school systems (designed of course by politicians), teachers are forced to spend the majority of their time focusing on the preparation and drilling of children for tests, an approach that, to my mind at least, is squeezing the creativity and joy out of learning, at the expense of all else.

Primary students spend over 7,000

hours at school (in other words by the time they reach Year 7), most of which is in a single classroom designed before the development of dynamic lighting and digital technologies such as smart boards and tablets.

In the past (and even present) teachers have been known to use basic workarounds to overcome poor lighting (known to cause headaches, eyestrain and fatigue). These can include hanging light shades of varying colours over fluorescents to try and create the best learning environment for their students.

While we may have a newfound appreciation for education settings – sparked by the pandemic, remote learning and the pain of juggling teaching alongside working from home, most are still unaware of the significant underfunding in the sector.

These cuts that have led to half of all school teachers nationally seriously considering leaving the profession due to

underfunded, dilapidated school buildings, crowded classrooms and poor pay [1].

While there are admittedly bigger problems – such as rundown school buildings which in some cases are structurally unsound – the good news is that, for the buildings we can save, simple changes in how we light our classrooms can bring significant benefits. Moreover, these are benefits beyond the simple energy savings needed to navigate the energy crisis.

WHERE ARE WE GOING WRONG?

Education is the second-largest element of public service spending in the UK (behind health), but it still only represents 4.5% of national income. That’s in comparison to Denmark which spends 7.3 % of GDP, Sweden at 7.1 %, and Norway where spending is at 6.9% [2].

Pre-pandemic, total education spending stood at £104bn (4.4% GDP). This sounds a lot but is 8% lower than in 201011, when it represented 5.6% with only a tiny proportion of that budget allocated to maintaining school infrastructure (11.4%), and an even smaller proportion allocated to lighting.

In fact, a staggering 83% of school leaders do not believe they have sufficient capital funding to maintain their buildings and facilities. Head teachers complain of

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Lighting within education standards, which are now woefully out of date, define only the minimum task area illuminance levels and, through that, the minimum amount of light required by law – which is still very low.

Neither classrooms nor the lighting within are currently being designed for the rapidly changing activities associated with the different pedagogical approaches now used in teaching today.

Remember how many hours are spent within one classroom – one room nowadays used for reading, writing, art. What the standards do not currently take into consideration are the softer aspects of lighting and the fundamental role it plays in environment creation. Light for balanced learning and comfort There is a growing body of research that evidences the power of connecting light and people. In a well-lit classroom, with individual control of environmental factors, students are found to be more relaxed, not as sleepy, and more motivated to learn.

leaking ceilings, broken heating, inadequate ventilation, and no money to fix problems, according to a 1,500-strong survey of leaders conducted by the National Association of Head Teachers [4].

With school budgets being so hammered, it is perhaps no wonder the government’s focus is on saving money, somewhere that, of course, LED lighting can certainly deliver through energy reduction and reduced maintenance/replacement costs.

However, I believe this has led to too much of a focus on the ‘hard environment’: achieving ultra-efficient spaces; on lux and lumens; on just meeting the standard while achieving the maximum energy savings. That, to my mind, is not solely where it should be focused. Lighting should be for the benefit of people, in this case schoolchildren and teaching and school staff.

Classrooms are currently designed to provide a uniform distribution of light. In the absence of natural light, or insufficient natural light a minimum illuminance of 300 lux (0.6 uniformity, UGR19 and Ra80) is widely regarded as suitable for general tasks – and designed to fulfil the requirements of BS EN 12464-1, as shown in figure 1 opposite. Typically, this is provided by recessed luminaires. But based on what research?

The simple lighting regulation

FOUR CONSIDERATIONS

I believe there need to be four key considerations: 1. Light intensity. In other words: uniform appearance, constant luminous flux in all colour temperatures, perfect colour consistency between systems and luminaires, and comfortable dimming.

1. Direction of light. This is relatively self-explanatory.

1. Colour. In other words: tuneable white, with a variable colour

temperature from 2700K to 6500 K, CRI >90, increasing the blue component for an activating atmosphere, increasing the red component for a calming atmosphere 2. Time. In other words: the right atmosphere at the right time, artificial light that complements and is subordinate to daylight.

Through standard lighting we can provide visual comfort. However, if consideration is given to glare and contrast and we think about more holistic integrations of lighting concepts, we can take our ambitions about what lighting in the classroom that achieve that much higher.

To my mind, therefore, there are two key opportunities here: 1. ‘Limbic’ lighting. This is lighting that can also provide emotional comfort; light that supports dynamic learning activities by quickly adapting the atmosphere. The pioneering educator Maria Montessori has described this as the ‘polarisation of attention’.

She defines this as where we see both playful abandon and a complete immersion in the task – and that this can be supported by the environmental learning conditions. Positive emotions support the joy of discovering and learning, thus helping people to learn successfully.

Limbic lighting within buildings has a holistic influence on people: on their physical, psychological and social wellbeing. It is architecture that requires user participation, which also focuses on sensory experience and wellbeing.

2. Human-centric lighting (HCL).

This, as has been much discussed in recent years, is where we use lighting to stimulate biological responses for

Figure 1. Lighting recommendations for functional areas

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Lighting within education improved health. In addition to daylight, HCL promotes the activation and regeneration of students and teachers.

The right lighting situation at the right time supports natural physical processes throughout the day. Our inner clock is stabilised and the quality of our sleep is improved, both, again, encouraging healthy and active learning. It is about creating an environment (of which lighting is of course just one part) that helps pupils or students to relax, find comfort, be together and be inspired to learn and acheive their best.

That is why I argue that, particularly within education, lighting just to meet a standard is not enough. Not when we know that lighting quality has a direct influence on students’ learning performance and even test scores.

IMPACT ON LEARNING

The former education secretary Gavin Williamson recently stated that: ‘The environment children are taught in makes such an enormous difference to their education.’ So, what should good ‘modern purpose-built’ classrooms look like?

Perhaps the most relevant research in this area is the so-called ‘Sin paradigm’ (which stands for ‘stimulation’, ‘individuality’ and ‘naturalness’.

It is an idea conceived by Professor Peter Barrett, who studied the connection between the physical design of primary schools and academic progress [5].

His study, dating back to 2013 (but still very relevant today) of 153 classrooms, 27 schools and 3,500 pupils focused on seven key design parameters: light, temperature, air quality, ownership, flexibility, complexity, and colour.

It found that the impact of building design, especially light, temperature and air quality, has a significant impact, around 50%, on pupils’ learning outcomes.

WHAT WE KNOW

Children’s eyes let in more light than adults; they are more permeable to both ultraviolet and blue light, and are more sensitive to glare.

Children have higher sensitivity to light because they have smaller pupils and less melatonin suppression than adults, affecting their sleep/wake cycles and circadian rhythm (our 24-hour internal clock).

Cases of myopia (short-sightedness) have more than doubled in the past 50 years and now affect one in six children in the UK by the age of 15.

Most likely to occur between the ages of six and 13, more research is needed on why we’ve seen such a significant increase.

However, the environment is believed to be a factor; children spending more time indoors, on screens and reading (mainly black writing on a white background) and not getting enough daylight.

Studies conclude that exposure to bluerich light, especially during morning sessions, increases the academic performance, concentration, and progression of students. Warm lighting, conversely, can reduce aggression and positively affect social behaviour.

Higher red-spectrum proportion and dimmed room lighting create a calm and private space. This ambience also supports reading aloud sessions, prayers, mindfulness breaks and communication.

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Violet to azure (similar to natural sunlight), meanwhile, reduces eye strain, is supportive of circadian entrainment and increases the melanopic content of the light A wide range of field research in this area has concluded that students in welllit classrooms with more daylight/bigger windows progress approximately 20% faster in maths and reading (a study by Heschong Mahone) [6].

Hathaway (1990) has argued there is a correlation between absenteeism and lighting; students under high-pressure sodium vapour lamps had the slowest rates of growth and development as well as the poorest levels of attendance and achievement.

Others, such as Jago and Tanner (1999), have highlighted how the visual environment affects a learner’s ability to perceive visual stimuli and how different kinds of lighting can affect performance and mood Knez and Kers (2000).

There is also evidence that children read more fluently in classrooms that are brightly lit (Mott et al 2011; Mott et al 2014).

In 2019, too, a Californian pilot to replace costly, inefficient fluorescent lighting in classrooms in a bid to save energy found that adjustable white LED lighting (which allowed the teacher to control the colour and intensity of the classroom lighting) improved the learning environments, with observed improvements in behaviour within both traditional and special needs classrooms [7].

More recently, at Zumtobel we worked with the University of Aalborg and partners to implement an advanced lighting concept at Herstedlund School, in Denmark.

Using a lighting management system called LITECOM, we collected data on the use of light in the classrooms over a threemonth period. The findings made for interesting reading.

JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

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Lighting within education

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significant impact on limiting electricity consumption, saving energy, keeping running costs to a minimum and providing the nurturing environment our children need.

This, in turn, means that sustainability commitments, such as net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, are still achievable.

But they need to be met alongside solutions that benefit our health and wellbeing, and the health, wellbeing and learning of our children.

We can and absolutely should use lighting as a supplementary tool to support learning activities, to help student/ teacher communication and to positively affect students’ activity levels and behaviours.

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The four different classroom scenarios in the Zumtobel study showing (clockwise from top left) standard, smart board, relax and fresh

The internet-enabled and app-based lighting management system meant that four pre-programmed lighting scenarios could be easily controlled by the teachers.

We worked with the teachers to design different environments for different learning processes. The colour settings and light intensity of all the luminaires in the classroom were individually adjustable, whilst teachers could also define their own settings.

The lighting scenarios were designated as follows: standard, smart board, fresh, and relax. You can see examples of these in the images above.

Five motivations for using lighting as a tool to support teaching were identified: 1. Supporting and structuring learning activities. This included promoting interaction between students and teachers.

2. Communicating through lighting and involving students. For example, using the ‘Relax’ scene while reading.

3. Influencing the activity level and behaviour of students.

4. Creating atmospheres. Teachers chose lighting scenarios and adjusted the lighting to support activities and structure lessons.

5. Helping with the completion of visual tasks and boosting visual comfort.

The findings of the study demonstrated how the visual effects related to comfort and visibility play a key role in both the teachers’ and students’ sense of wellbeing and satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS

Behind educators and families, the physical environment (including daylight and artificial lighting within) holds the potential to influence how successfully our children learn – and should therefore be seen as a ‘third educator’. The physical learning environment should also receive a greater level of funding, research and importance.

Children should not have to adapt to the environment; the environment should adapt to the child. For this to be successful, however, a paradigm shift in policy and focus will be required.

Our classroom crisis can be solved if we can rapidly transition ministers away from their obsession with meeting targets and provide the funding for the sector so desperately needed.

While lighting does account for the greatest proportion of energy costs in schools, good design, specification, management and controls can have a

We need to light not just to meet lighting standards within a room but light in alignment with users’ needs. To create atmosphere; to support visual tasks; to create classrooms that are fit for the 21st century.

As teachers increasingly become learning companions/guides, progressive schools need to be those that provide rooms that adapt to individuals and the time of day, and which support new educational concepts.

This a concept supported by Dr Shelley James, founder of The Age of Light Innovations, consultant and WELL advisor, who comments: ‘British children will spend an average of 23 hours per week on screens (19 minutes every day) – compared to just four hours per week outside.

One in five of children will not go outside today at all.

‘School is not a panacea and lighting is just one component of a healthy learning environment, however as this article points out, children spend many hours of their young lives in a classroom – given the private rate of return for one extra year of schooling is around 9% every year – any investment is money well spent,’ Shelley adds.

Ultimately, we must not forget that decisions made today will shape the world of tomorrow

Graeme Shaw is technical director at Zumtobel Group

[1] ‘Early schooling matters most for children’, The Guardian, November 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/nov/27/primary-school-importance [2] ‘Overall educational expenditure’, Eurostat, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index. php?title=Educational_expenditure_statistics#Overall_educational_expenditure; ‘2021 annual report on education spending in England’, November 2021, Institute for Fiscal Studies, https://ifs.org.uk/publications/15858 [3] School Rebuilding Programme, Department for Education, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/school-rebuilding-programme [4] ‘A failure to invest – the state of school funding 2021’, National Association of Head Teachers, https://www.naht.org.uk/News/Latest-comments/News/ArtMID/556/ArticleID/1223/A-failure-to-invest-thestate-of-school-funding-2021 [5] Barrett P et al (2015). ‘The impact of classroom design on pupils’ learning: Final results of a holistic, multi-level analysis’, Building and Environment vol 89, July 2015, pp.118-133, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132315000700 [6] Barrett P et al (2015). ‘Teachers’ views of their primary school classrooms’, Intelligent Buildings International, vol 8 2016, issue 3, pp176-191, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17508975.2015.1087835; Hathaway W (2010). ‘Effects of School Lighting on Physical Development and School Performance’, Journal of Educational Research, vol 88, 1995, issue 4, pp.228-242, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00220671.1995.9941304; Barratt P and Zhang Y (2009). ‘Optimal learning spaces: design implications for primary schools’, University of Manchester Salford, https://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/18471/1/SCRI_Report_2_school_design.pdf [7] ‘LED Lighting Saves Money and Helps Autistic Students’, May 2019, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, https://www.pnnl.gov/news-media/led-lighting-savesmoney-and-helps-autistic-students

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LE ADING THE The government has set out ambitious plans to accelerate on-street electric vehicle charging by 2025, just three years away. Lighting Journal gathered a high-level panel to debate the challenges and opportunities this could bring for lighting

By Nic Paton

I

n March, the Department for Transport unveiled a new £1.6bn electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure strategy that, it argued, will lead to an ambitious, tenfold expansion of EV charge-points by 2030 [1].

The strategy included the announcement of a £450m ‘Local Electric Vehicle Infrastructure’ fund designed to boost innovative on-street charging solutions, as well as plans to install 15,000 rapid chargepoints across England’s roads network – a quadrupling of the current network – and more than 100,000 on-street chargepoints by 2025.

Key to this expansion, as Lighting Journal has been regularly reporting for the

past couple of years, will be the role a) of local authorities and b) our community and municipal street lighting infrastructure.

Yet this is also a transition that will pose challenges. For example, this time last year Dean Wendelborn, project manager, street lighting at Westminster City Council, highlighted some of the flaws in assuming that in-column EV charging is a panacea for the sort of accelerated scaling-up needed to meet demand (‘Taking charge’, July/August 2021, vol 86, no 7).

How the industry may need to respond to the strain this heightened demand puts on capacity and infrastructure was a key theme of the 2019 Professional Lighting

Summit, just as it is likely to be in Bristol later this month.

That year, a succession of presentations addressed the growth of the market, the different funding streams coming on tap, and the infrastructure complexities that may need to be thought through [2]. More recently, in April, James Everley of chargepoint operator ChargeLight argued that local authorities need to be rethinking their attitudes and approaches to column-based EV charging (‘Charge the streets’, vol 87 no 4).

A further potential barrier to accelerating any rollout of in-column EV charging is where columns are sited on the footpath.

Many lighting columns on residential streets without off-street parking are nowadays sited at the back of the footway to facilitate ease of passage, reduce clutter and to protect against the risk of knockdowns.

Yet charging from the back of the footway of course brings with it a major trip-hazard issue. Indeed, just as it is illegal to run an electric cable from your home across the pavement to the roadside, so it

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Electric vehicle charging

CHARGE is illegal to do so from a streetlight sited at the back of the footway to, say, a parked-up electric vehicle.

HIGH-LEVEL PANEL

To try to unpick some of the challenges – but also potential opportunities – around this issue, Lighting Journal brought together a high-level panel, virtually, in March to discuss the feasibility and practicalities of moving columns from the back to the front of the footway to facilitate EV charging.

Is there a recognition among local authorities that this is a conversation they may increasingly need to be having? What are the technical or infrastructure considerations, constraints or complications that can arise? Are there other simpler or better solutions? Given the fact this is a market that is only going to expand, is there a commercial window of opportunity that local authorities need to be grasping?

To m P a k e n h a m , f o u n d e r o f ChargeLight, opened the discussion by echoing James Everley’s position in April

that some serious asset management decisions need to be made by local authorities if we’re going to meet the government’s ambitious 2030 EV targets.

‘Very simply, we need to be doing more on-street EV charging in the UK. We’ve got the target to stop selling new combustion engine vehicles by 2030 and we’re going to need a lot more charging infrastructure,’ he pointed out.

‘We have a choice. We can either spend a lot of money building brand new infrastructure or we can convert lampposts – where feasible and sensible – into chargepoints. We should be exploring whether, in the right circumstances and at the right time, how beneficial it would be to start moving some of those columns to the front of the pavement, where it made sense to do so,’ Tom added.

It quickly became apparent that one of the first challenges here is a lack of clarity as to how many columns on urban roads without off-street parking actually are now sited at the back of the footway. While Tom Pakenham suggested it was around 80%-85%, others on the panel felt this was

probably an over-estimate.

For example, Graham Cartledge, lighting director at FM Conway, argued most columns sited at the back of the footway are those on PFI contracts, but these still only make up a minority – about a third – of local authorities. Perry Hazell, business manager at Southwark Council and Junior Vice President at the ILP, suggested the front/back split was more like 50/50, especially in urban areas.

‘About 15 years ago there was a move to put them at the back of path because of the number of knockdowns, the increased awareness of passive safety and that type of problem,’ agreed David Lodge, technical director at CU Phosco Lighting but also chair of the British Standards Committee for lighting columns and a member of the Lighting Column Technical Forum.

‘There are three key issues really,’ added Graham Cartledge. ‘First, utilities – councils wanted to reduce their street clutter.

Second, moving columns to the back of the path gives a lot more footpath space normally for pedestrians and so on. Third, there is obviously also the risk of www.theilp.org.uk

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Electric vehicle charging knockdowns. That is why they are usually at the back of the path.’ Others, however, highlighted that knockdown risk tends to be considerably lower on residential streets.

PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

What, then, are the practical and technical challenges associated with moving a column in this way?

‘From an operational standpoint, there are numerous solutions for relocation of columns now,’ highlighted Perry Hazell.

‘Where achieving depth is an issue, we have retention sockets. This allows areas to be used that previously may not have been considered. However, it is probably worth local authorities taking a step back and saying, “what’s our policy here?”.

‘For example, at Southwark, we want as little street clutter as possible and we want assets at the back of footpath to ensure accessibility for users. We have now looked to move new installations to front of footpath to cater for additional EV infrastructure. However, we have an over-arching policy on trying to move residents away from cars and utilising public transport or other modes of travel.

Though we also want to ensure we have infrastructure to allow residents to move from internal combustion engine vehicles and into greener models.

‘Then there is the question of dedicated bays. If we are going to dedicate a bay for charging, what does that mean?

Currently we discount “green” vehicles on our residential parking permits, this would mean

the faster the move to EV the less income we would receive as a council. We have the social dilemma of residents who cannot afford to move to EV cars. So, with a low demand for dedicated bays and a reduction in an already stretched parking allocation, we are having difficulty in prioritisation,’ Perry pointed out.

There also needs to be a recognition that the EV charging conversation may be very different outside of London and other big urban conurbations. As David Lodge put it: ‘One of the fundamentals is this is only important in locations where you have no off-street parking. When you are dividing up the country into back of path and front of path, actually you need to ignore all the areas that have off-street parking and just focus on the on-street,’ he added.

‘It is going to need that survey work doing to determine feasibility in all these different areas, in London and certainly outside of London,’ agreed Shane Bowler, commercial development manager at contractor Enerveo.

‘There is a cost associated with this. So, it has got to be about feasibility and actually getting people out there on the ground identifying suitable locations,’ he added.

‘They don’t necessarily have to move from back of footway to front of footway,’ emphasised Peter Harrison, Technical Director at the ILP. ‘You could put some form of mini pillar at the front. That’s probably a better solution, to my mind, in so much as then there are no structural integrity issues with the lighting columns, some of which are going to be really old.’

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

There maybe also needed to be a conversation about whether a rapid rollout of new on-street EV charging infrastructure is even the right way to go, Peter Harrison questioned.

‘Why are we having to provide all these facilities on the street? After all, you wouldn’t supply jerry cans of petrol to individual homeowners? This is a bit of an www.theilp.org.uk

extreme position I appreciate – and I emphasise it is not an argument I necessarily support – but it is a conversation that is being had within some parts of the industry,’ he pointed out.

‘Something like 80% of charging will happen at home,’ James Everley, director at ChargeLight, responded to this. ‘So if you don’t have home charging you have got to do a lot of charging elsewhere. The UK’s got a choice. We could spend millions and millions of pounds trying to install rapid-charging hubs absolutely everywhere – and have to reinforce the Grid – or if you do it low power overnight, it is a lot cheaper, not just for the resident but for the country. You can’t replicate anything more convenient than your car sat on your driveway plugged in overnight.

‘Just with regards to the bollard solution, a bollard is ideal where the streetlight is at the back,’ James continued. ‘Because we’re still using the existing power supply and then bringing it to the front via the bollard. But it is still an additional cost.’

On the issue of older columns, as highlighted by Peter Harrison, James argued that one answer in this scenario could be for local authorities to speed up replacement programmes so that a column could simply be brought from back to front as part of that wider work.

However, James added an important caveat. ‘I think one of the key things here is we would only ever advocate this a) in lowspeed residential areas or b) in residential areas where there is not that much offstreet parking or there isn’t any. It has to be the right solution for the right road in the right place.

‘We should take the ILP’s “right light, right place, right control system” maxim and adapt it to “the right charger, the right place”,’ James emphasised.

WHO FOOTS THE BILL?

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Electric vehicle charging headache for local authorities already struggling with a still-challenging postCovid landscape, rising prices, the cost-ofliving crisis, spiralling social care costs and the government’s ‘levelling up’ agenda.

‘I think it comes back to funding doesn’t it,’ highlighted Perry Hazell. ‘If it is a fully funded model, with the EV manufacturer footing the bill for a new column, then there will be little kickback from the local authority in regards to relocation of the asset. With increasing costs for DNO connections, materials and labour, the value of the works could nearly double compared to a one-for-one replacement scheme.

‘We of course wouldn’t be advocating to just take all columns and move them to the front of the footway, regardless,’ said Tom Pakenham. ‘It would be to say, when we’re replacing them anyway, get it into common practice, best practice, that we replace them at the front of footway.’

‘I’m already saying to people that, when you’re considering column replacement schemes, why not think about EV?’ said Peter Harrison. ‘Think about where they may go in future. Think about the fact that one in every ten columns is going to have some form of attachment on it, whether its BT, 5G or whatever it might be.

‘We’re stuck in this silo, this way of thinking, whereas, really, the additional capital cost to go up in column size, to go from one to two doors perhaps, is not very significant in terms of the overall cost of replacing a lighting column.

‘I’m not of course saying replace every single one with a double door, just think about where they may go in the future. It is future proofing.

Most authorities are capital rich and revenue poor, which means they’ve no money for day-to-day maintenance but you can always find a scheme or two to do bits and pieces here and there, to replace and put new assets in,’ Peter added.

www.theilp.org.uk

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

Did this therefore mean there needed to be a greater role for national government, especially in terms of money, subsidies and leadership? After all, if the government wants us all – individuals, communities and local authorities – to make this transition by 2030, surely it’s going to need a national effort, with national support?

Our panellists highlighted that there are already many different government and other funding schemes and grants that can be made use of. Peter Harrison, however, did agree greater leadership from national government could well be helpful.

‘If I were the local council lighting engineer, why would I want to get involved with this and actively pursue it? What’s in it for me? At the moment, I don’t see anything but extra hassle. There is loads of political hassle and no gain for me,’ he said.

‘I think what we really need is some form of legislation to say, just as newbuilds have to have charging facilities, it needs to be a requirement for local authorities to have charge-points on the street. And then to do it through that. That would mean there would be a proper system brought into place. To me, that sort of national government push is the only way forward,’ If – or more likely when – EV charging in all forms really starts to accelerate, a further issue is likely to be a greater need for standards, benchmarks, guidance and education, all areas where the ILP of course may be able to play a role.

‘I think guidance is definitely needed,’ agreed Perry Hazell, arguing there was a need for a strategic approach around procurement and management of electrical infrastructure. ‘Is procurement and the wider concessions contract, for example, something we can manage in-house or possibly partner with a third party? There is a real lack of understanding of the whole business case and future models in regards to management of these contracts,’ he said.

David Lodge highlighted that the latest update to PD 6547 (as discussed in the May edition of Lighting Journal) does cover on-street EV charging but, as of yet, BS EN 40 itself does not. However, two new publicly available specification documents are being fast-tracked, one covering the design for new multifunction lighting columns and one addressing the adaption of existing lighting columns to be multifunctional. Both documents will consider how to provide EV charging.

BEYOND COLUMN CHARGING

Perry Hazell pointed out that, while it was valuable to be discussing charging infrastructure on or in lamp columns, the speed of technological advance in this area means other solutions may need to become part of the conversation.

‘I think a charge-point on a lamp column is great and will definitely fill a hole in regard to user need over the next ten years.

But I don’t think that is going to be a standalone solution that we are looking at in ten to15 years.

‘There are going to be new technologies coming through – changeable batteries, high powered charging stations and innovative products like induction pads,’ Perry said, though Tom Pakenham also emphasised that it was imperative we scale up EV charging capacity now, as demand for EVs accelerates.

‘What we need to look at is the wider picture, the use and behaviour of people who charge their cars as well as the infrastructure,’ continued Perry. ‘People will want to rock up after work and leave their car charging overnight. So, what is the profile for when people need to charge?

‘If I’ve dedicated a bay and one person is

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Electric vehicle charging

parking in it all the time, does that bay become that person’s singular point of charging? What if I’ve all of a sudden got 20 drivers and there are only two EV spaces – because we’ve only got columns every 30m?

‘Do we need induction pads so we can queue charging? So, at midnight we can swap from one car to another? Do we need dual chargers, so two people can park and charge at one time? I think all these will feed into an overall solution,’ Perry argued.

‘I think what we’re probably going to get is multi-socket load-sharing columns,’ agreed David Lodge. ‘So, you plug all ten cars into their own sockets and then the control system swaps between them for the whole night.

‘Your problem then is you’re really topping out on the capacity of the network.

There will be a point at seven o’clock where everybody is at home where you just can’t charge. So you need those systems that can change the charging supply based on demand and electricity availability,’ he added.

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

With the discussion drawing to a close, the panellists were asked for any concluding thoughts or remarks.

‘I think it is about feasibility and identification of appropriate locations,’ said Shane Bowler. ‘If a column needs moving, and it is feasible to move it – in other words if the likes of Tom and his colleagues can get their money back – yes definitely.

Because it also has got to provide that ser-

vice for Perry’s residents,’ he added.

‘It is about working with each authority to understand their assets,’ agreed Graham Cartledge. ‘Are they suitable? That is what we pick up on in all the survey work we do, before we even think about installing chargers. I think, yes, it is about the design stage and looking at that – thinking more about what’s the future for this lamppost? But it has got to be more than just a lamppost nowadays, doesn’t it?’

‘It is trying to get the authorities outside of London to be aware that this is coming,’ predicted James Everley. ‘As EVs get cheaper sales are going to take off and you are going to get more and more residents knocking on your door wanting charging.

If you start to think now about any replacements being moved to the front, then you are reducing costs and saving money in the future – by acting now. For me, that awareness piece is quite important.’

‘It’s been a fascinating discussion; very wide ranging,’ agreed Tom Pakenham.

‘Clearly, there is still a lot of talk to be had on this subject and a lot of people who need to come round to understanding the full nature of the way in which people drive EVs, the way they charge, what the characteristics are, and what it means to be someone who does not have off-street parking, living in a residential area.

‘The fact is that using lampposts to charge electric vehicles is by far the cheapest way of providing energy to electric vehicle drivers and by far the most convenient way to do so, and by far the lowest carbon way to do so. And so, given it is all of those things, we should just be doing it.

Lampposts are a brilliant opportunity; we should be making the most of them.

‘If we don’t do it we’ll be missing a huge opportunity; and all the other things that sit round and are supplemental to it. That is what I think the street lighting community maybe hasn’t quite got its head around. How much it is in the best interest of the residents and the country that we take this route and therefore we should be doing it and getting it in, as a natural way of thinking. I think this will happen very quickly because it is so compelling.’

‘From a structures point of view, there is no issue – we can make whatever you need,’ said David Lodge. ‘I think double dooring is fine, even double dooring on opposite sides, so you have columns with plugs coming out both sides.

‘If it were me, I would set up the funding streams to put bollards between columns, dig the hole and connect into the power

[1] ‘Tenfold expansion in chargepoints by 2030 as government drives EV revolution’, Department for Transport, Office for Zero Emission Vehicles, March 2022, https://www.gov.uk/ government/news/tenfold-expansion-in-chargepoints-by-2030-as-government-drives-ev-revolution [2] ‘Electric Avenues’, Lighting Journal October 2019, vol 84 no 9; ‘Plug in and Play?’, November/December 2019, vol 84 no 10; ‘It’s not just a case of “here’s a vertical tube, let’s go and drill a hole in it”’, January 2020, vol 85 no 1

supply for the lighting columns, so that you are adding small structures. I think in terms of the overall cost of managing the infrastructure and the reasons why columns went to the back of path in the first place, the costs are likely to make it better to do a new connection into the lighting column supply and run an unmetered charge-point in a bollard.

‘You could then put two or three bollards along a line of parking between two columns, and so service more vehicles as a whole,’ David added.

‘I agree,’ said Peter Harrison. ‘I think step one is front-of-footpath columns having charge-points put on. For me, step two is either, as we’ve been discussing, a satellite bollard or “can we move the column?”.’

‘If we’re looking at dedicating bays for EVs, why don’t we look at bigger chargers for the dedicated bay, why don’t we look at 22kW?’ questioned Perry.

‘Because if we’re going to put something in that bay we’re going to dedicate it anyway. But do we then upgrade the column for something else? Maybe that is a future strategy? If we are going to do that, can we pay an extra £2,000, get a meter, get a bigger base column? I just think we need to look at different approaches for different areas definitely,’ he added.

‘For the ILP, I feel there is a sustainability piece here as well as the need to be looking into the future. Rather than just doing this because it might be a good thing in time, I’d like to see us – both the Institution and the industry – thinking about whether we can actually help to facilitate a wholesale move to EV. There must be some way we can quantify that,’ Peter added in conclusion.

THE PANEL

• Shane Bowler, commercial development manager, Enerveo • Graham Cartledge, lighting director, FM Conway • James Everley, director, ChargeLight • Peter Harrison, Technical Director, the ILP • Perry Hazell, business manager, Southwark Council and Junior Vice President at the ILP • David Lodge, technical director, CU Phosco Lighting, chair of British Standards Committee for lighting columns, member Lighting Column Technical Forum • Tom Pakenham, founder, ChargeLight • Nic Paton, (chair), editor, Lighting Journal

www.theilp.org.uk

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E ARTHING

QUESTIONS The Energy Networks Association’s latest engineering recommendations address specific requirements for the earthing of electric vehicle charging points connected to street electrical fixtures. While progress, they still however leave some key questions unanswered

By Allan Howard

E

lectrical connections are governed by the Energy Networks Association’s engineering recommendations G12 Requirements for the Application of Protective Multiple Earthing to Low Voltage Networks, of which the current version is Issue 4 Amendment 2, dated January 2022 [1].

This version has a revision to consider the requirements for electric vehicle (EV) installations and takes into account industry consultation.

Effectively, a new section (6.2.16) has been added to include specific requirements for earthing of electric vehicle charging points connected to street electrical fixtures. This includes the use of ‘open neutral’ disconnection devices.

EXISTING POSITION

G12 issue 4-2 recommends that all EV supply points require a TT supply, essentially that the DNO (distribution network operator) supplies a live and neutral connection and the user then has to provide their own supplementary earthing point (earth rod or earth mat with a defined maximum resistance, normally no greater than 100 Ohms depending upon load).

This requirement also extends to any other item of highway electrical equipment within 2.5m of the charge-point and within 2.5m of the vehicle being charged.

All other DNO-supplied street furniture can normally be provided with a PME

JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

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Electric vehicle charging (protective multiple earthings) supply, where the DNO provides the earth connection as well.

Basically, street lighting columns are treated differently to EV points, as lighting columns are unlikely to be touched by the public and if so only fleetingly and the person will be insulated through their shoes.

Whereas EV points are intended to be touched often when connecting / disconnected a vehicle (which becomes an extension if the charge point) and in all weather conditions.

The requirement to provide a TT supply clearly has a cost implication to the provision of EV points and any adjacent highway electrical street furniture.

The electrical industry has therefore been looking at alternative options, of which one is termed ‘open neutral disconnection devices’, and which negate the requirement for a TT installation conversion.

The requirement is to protect against what is termed a neutral fault and the apparatus going live.

G12 ISSUE 4-2 EV CONSIDERATIONS

The January 2022 issue of the recommendations therefore has a new clause, 6.2.16 ‘Electric vehicle charging points (EVCP)’.

This states that class 1 EVCP installations (usually these are appliances are made of metal) are considered ‘special situations’ and the customer is required to utilise an additional or alternative form of protection to PME.

ALTERNATIVE FORMS

These alternative forms of protection can include a TT installation, as advised above, requiring an additional earth electrode/ mat.

It is worth noting here that there used to be a concern regarding the separation of the earth electrode/mat from metallic underground services. However, this is now not considered necessary with highway installations.

Where this alternative protection is deemed not reasonably practicable (for example where there is high soil resistivity or where no excavation is required), a further alternative form of protection should be installed.

One option here is adding extra insulation so that the installation can classified as Class II (in other words, that the user is protected by at least two layers of insulation) as defined under BS7671.

Currently, BS7671 section 722 permits the protection against a neutral fault

condition to be provided by the use of a protective device that responds to an open neutral condition.

Where an open neutral detection and earth disconnection device is used as the additional form of fault protection, the designer, installer and owner of the device must ensure that the device is designed, installed, maintained and operated to protect members of the public from the risks associated with the rise of voltage on the street electrical fixture in the event of an open neutral condition.

As a minimum requirement, any open neutral detection and earth disconnection device must be designed to comply with the guidance in the current version of BS 7671 and to comply with all relevant national and international technical construction and design standards.

At the time of issuing G12 issue 4-2, no definitive product standards were in existence for the design and construction of an open neutral detection and earth disconnection device.

Until such standards are developed, in addition to the requirements above, it shall be demonstrated that the device is fit for purpose by type testing and certification at an independent test centre to: • Verify that it responds to all likely fault scenarios, under typical system and environmental conditions.

• Verify it locks out on detection of a fault scenario.

• Demonstrate that it does not falsely operate under expected network operating conditions.

• Demonstrate that it is fail-safe to prevent the operation of the charger if any major or significant component fails.

So the key message here is that all suppliers must provide this independent test evidence.

STILL TO BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD

The following questions/issues still require clarification/understanding.

1. If any other item of highway electrical street furniture is within 2.5m of the charge point and the vehicle being charged does it also needs to be converted? This is currently the case for TT supplies but is this a requirement when the EV point has an ‘open neutral’ disconnection device?

2. We have an issue at present regarding home charging where the vehicle

[1] G12 Requirements for the Application of Protective Multiple Earthing to Low Voltage Networks, Issue 4 Amendment 2, Energy Networks Association, http://www.dcode.org.uk/assets/ uploads/ENA_ER_G12_Issue_4_Amendment_2__2022_.pdf

www.theilp.org.uk

=

being charged will be on a driveway but can be within 2.5m of a lighting column. There are a range of points here that need understanding: a) It the charger is on a TT supply the column should also be converted to a TT supply but who should pay, the resident, the column owner or the DNO? Basically, as it seems to stand (assuming it is picked up upon), the resident has caused the issue, everything was compliant and safe until the charge-point was installed. b) Picking up on the above item 1, if the domestic charge point is protected by an ‘open neutral’ disconnection device (permitted for domestic charge points), then is the proximity of the column a concern?

Allan Howard BEng(Hons) CEng FILP FSLL is group technical director, lighting and energy solutions, at WSP

JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

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NETWOR K WORKI NG

Lighting professionals, councils, manufacturers and chargepoint firms will all need to work closely with distribution network operators (DNOs) if the government is to meet its ambitious targets for the expansion of on-street electric vehicle charging. Handily, a recent ILP webinar looked at how DNOs can support the rollout of new EV charging infrastructure

By Nic Paton

JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

45

Electric vehicle charging

T

he two previous articles have made it abundantly clear that the accelerated rollout of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure we can expect over the next few years is likely to be complex and multifaceted.

It will pose challenges for local authorities and lighting professionals in particular, but also manufacturers and chargepoint operators. A key piece of this fast-changing EV charging infrastructure puzzle will be the role and input of the distribution network operator (DNO).

It was therefore highly topical that Neil Madgwick, head of service delivery at the DNO UK Power Networks, recently delivered a webinar for ILP Bristol explaining precisely this: the DNO’s roll in supporting the rollout of EV charging infrastructure.

Neil opened his presentation by outlining what DNOs are and what they do. ‘Distribution networks are the A roads and B roads of the power supply taken from the National Grid,’ as he put it, so facilitating the electricity supply down to street, business or house level. Different DNOs cover different regions, with UK Power Networks covering the south east of England.

‘We have seen a huge uptake in electric vehicles, and therefore

the need for electrical infrastructure, in the south east of England,’ Neil said, with future demand only likely to accelerate.

‘We’ve likened it to, in some ways, re-electrifying the Grid out through to 2050. The power that is needed, the infrastructure that is needed, to supply the power to these cars and also for the decarbonisation of homes is huge.

‘It is really important, as a regulated business, that we put the electrical infrastructure in the right place at the right time. So we forecast, as do all of the network operators, where we think those electric vehicles are going to manifest themselves on a network,’ he added.

FAST PACE OF CHANGE

Neil illustrated how this works by taking Wealden in East Sussex as an example, as that is where he lives. He pointed out that he had met with East Sussex County Council recently precisely to talk through where things are currently with EVs in the region and how demand may change in the future. Currently there were approximately 1,200 EVs registered in Wealden, he highlighted. ‘By 2027/2028, so that’s the end of our next regulatory price period that

we talk to with our regulator, in my area we expect to see 21,600 electric vehicles.

‘In East Sussex as a whole we’re going to move from 3,600 EVs, if our forecasts are correct, through to about 72,500. That is 22%, roughly, of the total of all cars, all car stock, in East Sussex – we expect just under one in four domestic vehicles in East Sussex to be electric by 2028.

‘It is important to us, as it is to many other companies and individuals, to understand, “well, OK, those cars, where are they going to be, what are they going to be doing, how are they going to be used, how do they need to be charged, where are they going to be charged, at what time are they going to be charged?”,’ Neil continued.

This would mean working with all stakeholders, from the driving general public onwards, to gauge and plan for what infrastructure needs to be provided. ‘So, we have created detailed forecasts down to what is called the lowest super-output area, which is how local authorities define small regions (about 500 to 800 homes),’ Neil explained.

‘For every region across our network we have forecast out to 2050 the uptake of electric vehicles, but not just electric vehicles, solar panels on roofs and other technologies, heating and decarbonisation of heating, to give us a picture of how this net zero, low carbon world could come about.

‘The good news is that all of the network operators, we’re in the south east but there are others across the other regions, are all using common scenarios developed by the National Grid, which enables us to have produced common scenarios,’ Neil said, adding that, often, local authorities will then use these forecasts to supplement whatever macro-level research they themselves have undertaken.

EVALUATING DEMAND

The next stage of this evaluation and forecasting process is to consider where and how all these extra EVs will charge. As Neil put it: ‘Across our region by 2028, we expect to see 2.6 million EVs on the road across all of the 116 local

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Electric vehicle charging authority areas that we cover. The next step for us is to say, “OK, so where are they going to charge?”. Because that helps us to think about the power requirements for the different types of electrical charging infrastructure at those properties.’

Neil highlighted (figure 1) that by 2028 UK Power Networks had estimated that about 30%-40% of those who have access to off-street parking will be mostly charging at home and then topping up in other places, such as supermarkets, public car parks or service stations. However, Neil emphasised there was an important caveat here in that this research had been conducted before the pandemic and so, with the increase in home working since then, this could now be a conservative estimate.

‘In our region, as in most other regions, there is about 40% to 50% of customers who don’t have access to off-street parking. They’re going to need to charge somewhere else. We estimate that, out of those 2.6 million EVs, about 570,000 will be charging near their homes but on-street.

‘And the infrastructure, and the charging infrastructure, on the street is different from charging in your house. As, again, it is different from en-route charging, perhaps at a motorway service station, where you are going to use a different type of charger from those at home or on-street,’ Neil highlighted.

Invariably, demand and type of charging demand is going to differ from town to town and region to region. ‘In certain towns, Brighton, Lewes, county towns, probably where you have got far less access to off-street parking – in Brighton only 11% of residents have access to off-street parking – you are going to need to provide different charging infrastructure,’ Neil pointed out.

‘There is going to be on-street infrastructure, infrastructure in supermarkets, at petrol stations. How have you thought about that and how are you thinking of providing that charging within your region?’ he questioned.

about what sort of charging infrastructure is appropriate at what location, whether slow, fast or rapid. This could be (as shown in figure 3) conversations around the number of vehicles you want to charge at any one time, when you expect peak demand to be, how quickly vehicles need to be charged, how many chargers and size of chargers needed, and where they need to be positioned.

‘This is the sort of conversation we’re having with local authorities when they’re

thinking about how they’re going to be providing that on-street charging infrastructure,’ Neil said. ‘Local authorities, have you thought about how many vehicles you want to charge? When you expect them to charge? How quickly you want them to charge? Have you talked to your residents about that?

‘For those residents who don’t have access to off-street parking, there is a general view that they want to be within two to five minutes’ walk of an appropriate

Figure 1. Understanding where vehicles will charge, with some 570,000 set to need to charge on the street

Figure 2. This Zap Map data illustrates the significant growth we are already seeing in on-street EV charging infrastructure

APPROPRIATE INFRASTRUCTURE

Apps such as Zap Map (figure 2) can help to provide a clearer picture of how this is working and evolving, and how providers and local authorities may need to respond.

‘You can see that the predominance of chargers on the street, at retail car parks and in public car parks. Many of those public car parks owned and operated by local authorities. What we begin to see is not only where institutions are putting electrical charging infrastructure, and therefore they need the power for that, but the type of charger they’re putting in.’

This will, in turn, lead to conversations www.theilp.org.uk

Figure 3. This shows some of the methodology to understanding how electric vehicles will charge on the street

JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

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Electric vehicle charging

Figure 4. Scenarios and considerations to take into account for streetlight-based EV charging

electric vehicle charging point to enable them to charge at home. Our conversations with local authorities start about, “these are the forecasts, this is where we think your customers will need to charge on-street”. Have you therefore begun to think about how you’re going to provide that charging infrastructure and how you want customers to access it? On the street?

On the pavement? In parking bays? In car parks? And, then, when and where?

‘They [these conversations] are becoming more mature but I think it is fair to say that, of the 116 local authorities in our area, there are some that are just starting the journey and need a lot of education. And there are some who have moved on in their maturity. But there is a significant number who still need to understand the difference between slow, fast and rapid charging and how long each takes. So there is still an education piece,’ Neil added.

CAPACITY CHALLENGE

Neil then turned to some of the practicalities of connecting different charge-points to the network, and the extra capacity demand this gradually brings with it. As he put it: ‘One of the challenges we have, and the point we’re trying to get across to stakeholders – and not exclusively local authorities – is the power demand this puts on our network. When we build a block of 50 flats, we don’t expect everyone in those flats to be having their kettle, their TV, their cooker on all the time. We apply something called “diversity” as to when the electrical power is going to be used.

‘We use a model of about 2kW max per flat. So when a developer comes to us and asks to build a block of 25 flats, say, they will typically be looking for something like 50kW of power. That is the same power requirement as one rapid charger. The business model for rapid charging is that those charge-point installers need to have those chargers working pretty hard. They need to be being used a lot of the time; in www.theilp.org.uk

fact the modelling shows they need to be utilised about 80% of the time.

‘So, when we look at that rapid charger we treat it in the same way as a block of flats. A large part of our questioning to stakeholders and local authorities is “do you really need that much power; do you really need rapid charging?”. Because it is an expensive thing, to provide you the cabling and the power for that charger.

What is it you are trying to do, who are you trying to serve, and what type of charger do you need? On the street, we see everything from 3kW charging up to 100kW; so a lot of power,’ Neil added.

Cabling, cabling infrastructure and distance from the sub-station (and the cost as a result) were other important factors in this equation, he said. When it came to in-column charging, most commonly via a slow 3kW charger, he highlighted six key considerations (and these are also outlined in figure 4 above).

1. The charging points must be metered using a measured central management system approved by Elexon.

2. These assets must be approved on an unmetered supply inventory.

3. All charge-points connected in the public highway must be connected to a TT earthing system.

4. The maximum power available will be determined by the DNO fuse size.

This can be upgraded dependent on the maximum earth fault loop impendence.

5. The G39 contractor should consult and comply with the UK Power Networks EV standard EDS 08-5050 before upgrading a fuse or retrofitting an EV charger.

6. If a contractor cannot comply with the UK Power Networks EV standard then the DNO will need to fit a new service to that column.

‘At the moment, there are an awful lot of

local authorities who are installing lamp column charging. Clearly, those 3kW chargers play a part in the energy mix,’ Neil said.

‘Not every streetlight is capable of providing the power for a 3kW charger and helping local authorities, as appropriate, make some of those decisions is part of the service we offer. Although most local authorities have approved electrical contractors who can make most of those decisions themselves.

‘We try to give our customers, from the perspective of a DNO, [a sense] of the cost – circa £5,000 to £10,000 – if we need to lay deep trenches or cabling off the network to get to the point of connection; the time to deliver and, again, the space requirement.

‘The space requirements are important because, if the customer is looking to install a significant amount of charging on-street, they might well need a substation to provide that charging, particularly if they are looking at rapid charging. In most local authorities, the stakeholders aren’t cognisant of that at all,’ Neil added.

LOOKING TO THE FUTURE

Finally, what of the future? ‘What is really important if we’re all going to work together to meet the demands of this net zero transition is that we make best use of the electrical infrastructure that we’ve got before we always reach for digging a hole or laying a new cable,’ Neil predicted.

Alongside this, we’re going to see significant advances in battery technology, he argued, with batteries even over time being able to return power back to the Grid, so as to reduce peaks and make the network more efficient, technology that was ‘really exciting’, he argued. Another innovation coming through was the ability to curtail or turn up power usage from EV chargers at different times so as to, again, run a more efficient network.

‘These are all emerging technologies, emerging themes, and they have all got a part to play in helping us deliver, in our case over the next five years, those 2.6 million EVs that will need electrical infrastructure to support them over the next seven years,’ Neil argued in conclusion.

FIND OUT MORE

Neil Madgwick’s full webinar can be viewed via the ILP website, scan the QR code below.

JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

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High masts It stands to reason that how you anchor a high mast, and the anchor bolts you use to do so, is an absolutely critical safety decision. One manufacturer makes the case that using large-diameter, highstrength anchor bolts not only is good practice but also makes sense commercially

By Albert Lim

A

s lighting column and tower manufacturers’ capabilities advance in the twenty-first century, at Alupole we’re finding that higher-strength steel of class 8.8 and 10.9 is becoming more widespread in its usage.

Whereas the usual grade of anchor bolt used is 5.6, with yield strength of 300MPa, such higher-strength bolts offer much higher yield strength of 660MPa for 8.8 and 930MPa for 10.9 respectively.

Together with larger-sized diameter bolts, such bolts are, in our experience, becoming increasingly commonly used to anchor high mast columns or tower base flanges on to concrete foundations.

This article intends to consider what, in our experience, are the advantages of using such large-diameter, high-strength (LD-HS) anchor bolts (> M39) as opposed to more standard approaches, in other words anchor bolts that are typically of grade 5.6 and diameters of < M39. We’re not necessarily suggesting that any one approach is better than another – indeed, we recognise that LD-HS anchor bolts are,

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overall, much less commonly used within high masts.

This article is therefore not about challenging the use of 5.6 grade < M39 bolts. It is simply to highlight what we’ve learnt from taking this slightly different approach in the hope that this may spark further debate and conversation within the industry.

Of course, how you manufacture and then apply (LD-HS) anchor bolts is different to traditional low-strength, small-diameter bolts. So, this article also intends to draw attention to some of the challenges faced by engineers and manufacturers in the employment of such LD-HS anchor bolts for lighting columns, towers and structures – and to offer advice based on our experience.

THE CASE FOR LARGE-DIAMETER, HIGH-STRENGTH ANCHOR BOLTS

The prime reason in the trend towards LD-HS anchor bolts is to reduce the number of bolts on each mast by taking advantage of the increased capacity of these

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bolts to resist the maximum forces experienced at the base of the high mast.

Manufacturing costs of LD-HS bolts have also drastically reduced over time, meaning there can be further installation cost reductions on top of simply reducing the quantity of bolts per mast. These factors combined can make such bolts an increasingly attractive proposition for designers and installers.

However, current high mast standards and guides (for example PLG07 High masts for lighting and CCTV) in the lighting industry have largely been silent about the developments in LD-HS manufacture and usage [1].

Our work, we feel, has contributed to immense improvements to the quality and struc­tural integrity of these LD -HS anchor bolts. This, in turn, has led to significant improve­ments in the quality and structural integ­rity of the anchor bolts used for high-mast designs, especially in stadium high masts, which also tend to have a huge lighting headframe.

UNDERSTANDING LD-HS ANCHOR BOLTS

What then is the main difference in the production of LD-HS anchor bolts compared with traditional bolts?

First, because of their large size the heat treatment process takes much longer, as the core of the bolt takes more time to reach the same temperature as the external surfaces.

The surface temperature and the core temperature needs to be uniform in order to get a uniform distribution of strength throughout the bolt’s cross-section. Traditional methods tend to heat the bolt quickly. In most cases, this is fine in small-diameter bolts, as the distance from the surface to the core is relatively short.

During rapid cooling (quenching) to form the fine-grain crystals to conclude the heat treatment process, the crystals formed will be fairly uniform in size. However, for larger diameters, it is important not to heat the surface too rapidly or there will not be enough time for heat to get to the core.

This can result in a rather large temperature difference between the surface and the core, resulting in turn in an uneven crystalline structure or matrix. The outer surface will end up with the finer crystals, which give higher hardness, but the core will be left with large crystals that are much softer.

When this happens, and when tested, the overall strength performance of the bolt can become unexpectedly dismal. To

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anolislighting.com

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High masts

Examples of sample macroscopic shadowgraphs (all images on this page)

mitigate this, an inexperienced manufacturer might simply increase the heat input in order to achieve higher overall strength, meaning the core is heated to even higher temperatures.

The problem with this approach, however, is that the temperature difference will still exist. The result, again, is that the outer surface risks becoming over-heated, causing it to have too high a hardness when quenched which, in turn, makes it suspect to brittle facture.

The key, therefore, is to understand that the heating procedure of LD-HS anchor bolts cannot be done by traditional heat-treatment methods. The heating process has to be carefully controlled and time-monitored so as to even out the temperature gradient between the outer surface and the core at the conclusion of the heat treatment process.

TO THREAD OR NOT TO THREAD?

Many manufacturers tend to thread the bolts first and then perform the heat-treatment. This is because, while the bolts are in their original state of low hardness before heat-treatment, the threading machine tooling can last longer and not wear out as quickly. This helps tremendously in terms of saving the cost of having

www.theilp.org.uk

to replace the very expensive tooling frequently.

In small-diameter bolts, commonly heat-treating an already threaded bolt is not an issue, as the heated bolt in high temperature quickly dissipates in the small threads. Moreover, being smaller, the threads deform less during rapid cooling than larger threads.

However, should larger bolts be threaded first before heat-treatment, minute cracks can appear, which are invisible to the naked eye and which can pass through inspection of the bolt thread.

These cracks risk opening up in the rapid temperature changes that occur in the heat-treatment and galvanising processes.

Therefore, for us, threading of LD-HS anchor bolts is done after heat-treatment, even though this entails having to replace the tooling more often.

Also, as part of our quality checks for anchor bolts, we perform destructive sampling whereby the threads are cut out and undergo a macroscopic shadowgraph inspection to ensure no cracks are found, and that the thread is of a smooth and

uniform profile. Every anchor bolt thread is also non-destructively inspected using ultra-violet magnetic particle inspection.

UNDERSTANDING ‘HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT’

During the hot-dip galvanizing process, the anchor bolts are cleaned thoroughly using highly concentrated hydrochloric (HCl) or sulphuric (H2SO4) acids.

Both these acids are of course extremely corrosive and the chemical reaction actually increases the risk of dissipation of the hydrogen atoms (H) present in between the steel crystal structural matrix.

It should be noted that hydrogen is the first element of the Periodic Table and its atoms are the smallest of all the elements.

If the bolt’s outer surface is too hard, as in the earlier case of overheating it, these tiny hydrogen atoms can creep in between these hard crystals.

They will stay dormant within the crystal matrix until the bolt is pulled into a highly stressed tension state, for example when the bolt is tightened between nuts.

This high tension will open up the gaps between crystals and, as there is high tension, the gap becomes even larger, and the small hydrogen atoms move to fill the gaps.

When two hydrogen atoms meet, they immediately combine to form the more stable bi-molecule H2, which is hydrogen in its gaseous state. A byproduct from this formation of hydrogen gas is the release of energy.

Therefore, as more H-atoms meet, more H2 is formed and more energy is released.

It takes about two days or 48 hours for the H-atoms to move between the tight crystals releasing energy and gas, causing the crystal-separation to propagate until there are so many cracks that the bolt will eventually pop like a cork off a champagne bottle.

The resulting crack when viewed via an

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High masts electron microscope will reveal the failure surface as a rock-like surface, which is the contour of the crystals that had been separated. This phenomenon is called ‘hydrogen embrittlement’.

We have researched this phenomenon in LD-HS anchor bolts and found that bolts with surface hardness greater than 340 HV (or the ‘Vickers Hardness’ scale) are high-risk subjects for hydrogen embrittlement.

In our manufacturing quality-control process we therefore mitigate or eliminate this phenomenon by ensuring that all our anchor bolts’ surface hardness is not overly hard and of the correct HV range.

UNDERSTANDING ‘THERMAL DIFFUSION GALVANIZING’

Finally, to totally eliminate the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, we employ what is called a ‘zero hydrogen’ process in our manufacture.

This means to not use acid cleaning in the galvanizing process. This can be achieved by replacing the hot-dip process with the ‘thermal diffusion’ process. This was first developed in Britain at the turn of the twentieth century, and is also called ‘sherardising’.

Under this process, the threaded bolts are rotated in an enclosed drum filled with zinc powder and heated to 400°C-450°C for between six to 12 hours. Heating for this long a period of time also helps gradually to dissipate any hydrogen atoms trapped between the crystalline matrix.

The largest thermal diffusion facility in Australia (where Alupole is also headquartered) is located in Newcastle, New South Wales.

Our very first batch of 6m-long highstrength threaded rods were treated in this newly installed thermal diffusion oven (incidentally, the world’s longest). In 2019, we delivered almost 1,000 sets of LD-HS anchor bolts to TransGrid New South Wales, and which are all performing superbly to this day.

CONCLUSIONS

In sum, we’d argue we’ve found five key differences that need to be understood and factored into our processes if you’re going down the LD-HS anchor bolt route.

1. Heating rate. Compared to the standard approach of rapid heating (usually by way of high-frequency induction heating), we’ve found advantages

from taking a slow-heating approach, usually by way of gas heating. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to inspect the microstructure of the steel matrix, we’ve also evidenced excellent improvement to the uniformity of the martensitic microstructure.

2. Temperature gradient. Large diameter = high temperature gradient; small diameter = low temperature gradient.

As this article has shown, going down the LD-HS anchor bolt route requires a different heating method to the standard approach. There is, to emphasise, nothing wrong with either approach, used appropriately, it is just that you need to recognise that the heating procedure of LD-HS anchor bolts cannot be done by traditional heat-treatment methods.

3. Threading. Again, the point here is simply the need to recognise that, with LD-HS anchor bolts, a different threading approach will be needed, in other words after the heat treatment rather than before.

4. Thread inspection. The standard approach requires a visual inspection, whereas our approach with LD-HS anchor bolts is destructive testing with macroscopic shadowgraph inspection. Personally, we’ve found this leads to greater confidence in the integrity of the threading process when smooth profiles without cracks are observed. But, again, this is not to say that one approach is necessarily better than the other, when used in the right context.

5. Risk of hydrogen embrittlement.

With hot-dip galvanising there is a high hydrogen presence, whereas with sherardising there is zero hydrogen presence, plus the elimination of any embedded hydrogen by way of it emigrating out of the steel.

We hope this discussion has prompted some interesting food for thought around the use of the LD-HS anchor bolts within high masts.

We certainly don’t argue we have all the answers but, from our experience around the world and from the research we continuously undertake, we’ve found that understanding these critical differences between LD-HS anchor bolts and more standard anchor bolts makes, well, all the difference.

Albert Lim with a first batch of the then largest (at 6m long) sherardising drum in Australia [1] PLG07 High masts for lighting and CCTV, 2013, The ILP, https://theilp.org.uk/publication/plg07-high-masts-for-lighting-and-cctv-2013-edition/

www.theilp.org.uk

Albert Lim is CEO of the Alupole Group of Companies

JUNE 2022 LIGHTING JOURNAL

www.theilp.org.uk

Visit us at alupole.com

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As she prepares for this month’s Professional Lighting Summit, ILP President Fiona Horgan reflects on what lighting means for her – as a career and a community – and how the industry can continue to attract the widest possible talent

By Fiona Horgan

TELL US ABOUT YOURSELF

I’m Fiona Horgan, ILP President and lighting design manager at Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council.

I graduated from university to study planning and urban studies and originally got into lighting as a sideways move when I started to notice how much more hands-on the engineering team were to projects on the ground.

I wanted to be part of the decisions around design, so decided to go back and study engineering and worked my way up within lighting design. And the rest, as they say, is history.

My ‘day job’ covers all aspects of exterior lighting from highway through to new developments, major projects, public realm and even to exterior art installations.

We work on both internal and external client projects with the variety allowing the engineers to develop in both traditional highway skills but also in the more creative lighting skills.

WHO OR WHAT WAS YOUR INSPIRATION TO GET INTO LIGHTING?

My first step into lighting was to be part of a team creating designs, outlining solutions for projects and seeing the work through to build and completion.

I remember thinking ‘this looks interesting’ and then, from going to my first ILP event, I understood there was this whole community with knowledge, support, and connectedness that I wanted to be part of.

Many people along the way offered great support from my employer through to my

first involvement in what was then the ILE Northern Region committee, to the YLP (Young Lighting Professionals) team and not forgetting the team at Rugby, who have been a constant support.

I feel I have been very lucky to have many different people to inspire me across the field of lighting it would be so difficult to name one!

WHAT PROJECT OR WORK ARE YOU MOST PROUD OF, AND WHY?

In 2012 I was at the forefront of one of the largest multi-manufacturer LED trials, which set a precedent for continually look-

ing at new technology where possible.

Since then I have been involved in so many projects it would be difficult to select just one. That being said, my favourite type of work would be public realm projects collaborating with artists, local businesses and community groups to change the night-time economy of an area through lighting.

This achieves the greatest visual impact, allowing businesses to flourish in the hours of darkness and for people to use a space that may not have been as appealing as it was before.

WHAT DO YOU FEEL IS THE BIGGEST CHALLENGE YOU HAVE HAD TO OVERCOME IN YOUR CAREER?

To be confident to believe in my own ideas, not only for lighting projects but also for developing a dynamic team; and to learn to share these ideas so others can grow from the challenges gone before them.

HOW DOES LIGHT INSPIRE YOU?

Light inspires me because I see the visual impact it can have on a community – from achieving improvement in concerns over safety to making artistic creativity visual in the hours of darkness.

Light is so diverse in the outcomes it can achieve and the joy it can bring to people.

WHAT DO YOU CONSIDER IS STILL A BARRIER, IF ANYTHING, FOR WOMEN IN LIGHTING?

Career and home-life balance is still difficult for many women with young families.

Although flexible working options are

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Light up your city with pride Lighting plays a vital role in the way people experience a city, its landmarks and architecture. Whether buildings and structures are lit naturally or artificially, lighting is the medium that can bring an emotional value to architecture.

Lighting is one of the most powerful means of breathing new life into these iconic structures that can herald a new era of urban design and beautification.

Getting it right Architectural lighting can create an appealing city identity, build civic pride, and attract tourists by illuminating buildings, monuments, and bridges.

These projects successfully create a balance between lighting and architecture while ensuring no compromise onaesthetics, function, and efficiency. If lighting can serve the right recipes with these critical aspects, consider the job half done.

What connected lighting can offer Connected systems can play a significant role in enabling lighting for landmarks and architectures At Signify, we have led the way to innovate systems and solutions that offer exactly that.

One such system is our Interact “connected lighting” system.

Intelligent drivers and sensors are embedded into the light fixtures to create either a wired or wireless infrastructure allowing for full remote control and management of the lighting. A remote cloud-based system can also allow multiple sites to be connected to one common platform/dashboard.

It then becomes much easy to take complete control of all the lighting across multisite and countries- making it easy to take advantage of IoT technology to suit the needs of every facility. But this is just the beginning.

Interact landmark, a solution for lighting up landmarks, using the power of data. Organisations can monitor, manage and program dynamic architectural lighting using the software,

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making it easy to create and trigger light shows from anywhere. When coupled with our best-in-class energyefficient LED lighting, it ensures maximum energy efficiency.

Another such technology is the Color Kinetics lighting solution that empowers lighting professionals to achieve their unique visions—and inspires new interactivity that can breathe life into landmarks – historic and modern –using of LED light. Whether you’re looking to replace failing, energyintensive lighting, increase safety with public garden lights, drive tourism with historical site lighting, using innovative architectural lighting on and in government buildings, or establish a more connected and sustainable city, Color Kinetics provides advanced, comprehensive LED lighting systems that attract visitors, make cities better places to live and work, and strengthen the identity of a region.

The connected solution – in action The Tradeston Bridge in Glasgow is a great example of how existing infrastructure can be improved with architectural lighting. As part of this regeneration, Tradeston Bridge has recently been enhanced by a vibrant new lighting project that complements its eye-catching, wave-like structure and form. The lighting project was facilitated by Glasgow City Council as part of the City Deal’ Clyde Waterfront and West End Innovation Quarter’ program, which will deliver £113.9M capital investment and regenerate the river corridor for regional economic growth. The bridge’s handrail has been fitted with custom stanchion lighting using Color Kinetics highperformance professional LED lighting products from Signify.

The system is connected to Signify’s Interact Landmark software application, which controls the lights from a central dashboard and offers the ability to monitor and manage performance and outages from a single, secure dashboard.

In conclusion Light is one of the most powerful means of breathing new life into leading cities heralding a new era of urban design and beautification. At Signify, we have lit bridges, monuments and landmarks around the world and seen first-hand the positive impact on transforming local communities and economies.

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Women in lighting

Fiona on becoming YLP Chair in 2013 (left) and (centre, back row) with the YLP Executive in 2016

lifelong friends. We spend so much of our lives working I feel very strongly that it is important to love what you do and have good people around you, and I can say I am very lucky to have both.

Furthermore, as the first Chair of the YLP to have gone on to become ILP President, I feel passionate about the importance of encouraging young people in our industry and in roles where they can inspire the next generation. Our current Executive Board has five ex-YLP members, highlighting the success of the YLP, and the progressive nature of our membership organisation.

‘The ILP, along with the YLP, is a dynamic and creative organisation at the forefront of lighting. Membership participation is fundamental to our success and is even more important in this ever-changing world.’

Doncaster’s St George Minster illuminated at night

improving, we still have some way to go to balance the scales fully.

One area I am passionate about is bringing more young women into the industry and linking them with the likes of the YLP for that early support I was lucky to have.

I think, if women can connect with other women, they will be more likely to stay within the industry.

WHAT WOULD BE YOUR MESSAGE TO YOUR YOUNGER SELF ABOUT WHAT IT’S POSSIBLE ACHIEVE IN LIGHTING? It would be to ask the questions sooner and not hold back because you can go as high and far as you dream.

HAVE YOU HAD ANY GREAT MENTORS, MALE OR FEMALE, WHO HAVE SUPPORTED AND INFLUENCED YOU?

Elizabeth Thomas (profiled in February) was the first female President of the ILP and I was very lucky to have experienced some time with her on the Executive Board.

She is an inspiration to show that a woman can break barriers; she always gives her time to help others like myself who were learning and developing.

I must say all of the Presidents I have www.theilp.org.uk

worked closely with since becoming YLP Chair and then on to Executive Board (as Treasurer initially) have all offered great advice and support. It has been a privilege to learn from so many great leaders, male and female, in lighting.

Today, I am supported on the Executive Board by another strong female in lighting, Rebecca Hatch, our current Senior Vice President (profiled in the May edition). Along with Perry Hazel, our current Junior Vice President, they bring a youthful drive to pushing the Institution further as we work to open back up in the ‘new normal’ post pandemic and grow the Institution.

HOW HAS THE ILP HELPED YOU IN YOUR LIGHTING ‘JOURNEY’?

The ILP is a great friend in the lighting community, a constant who you can turn to for advice, knowledge and support.

If the team at Rugby cannot answer your query direct, they will definitely know the person who can and put you in contact with them.

Without the ILP and YLP, lighting would have been just the day job; it would not have become such a huge part of my life, somewhere where I have made

WHAT WOULD BE YOUR MESSAGE TO OTHER WOMEN IN, OR WANTING TO GET INTO, LIGHTING?

Take the next step, ask all the questions and apply for the job or do the training.

The lighting industry is vast in options and opportunity and, by joining a body such as the ILP/YLP, you will find a community of people to support you and share your vision.

Fiona Horgan is ILP President and lighting design manager at Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council

WANT TO BE PROFILED?

Don’t forget, if you are a woman working within lighting and would like to have your story told, please do get in touch, either via Jess Gallacher on jess@theilp.org.uk or to Nic Paton on nic.cormorantmedia@outlook.com.

We’ll send you a Q&A form to fill in and return, with a photograph. Simple!

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WESTERN APPROACHES This month’s Professional Lighting Summit in Bristol is coming up fast (from 21-22 June). If you haven’t already, there is still time to register and immerse yourself in two days of top-quality CPD

By Jess Gallacher

T

he countdown is well and truly on.

This year’s face-to-face Professional Lighting Summit is now just days away – and is being held from Tuesday 21 June to Wednesday 22 June at The Watershed in Bristol.

There is still time, however, to block out the space in your diary, register and remind yourself just how valuable face-toface CPD, networking and exhibition showcasing really can be to you and your professional practice as a lighting professional. And, of course, just a lot of fun after what has been a pretty trying couple of years for many.

The programme of speakers has now been finalised – and you can check it out on the ILP website.

But to give you a further flavour beyond our preview in last month’s Lighting Journal, keynote speakers hitting the south west will include Richard Morris and Alison Gallagher of Arup, who will pick up and expand on one of the key themes of this month’s edition – how to design safer cities after dark. This will include Arup’s research into how lighting affects perceptions of safety.

VISUAL BIASES

Sharon Stammers and Martin Lupton of Light Collective will showcase the work of female artists working with light around the globe.

Dubai-based lighting designer Dipali Shirsat and David Gilbey of d-lighting will discuss the dominance of visual biases over other senses within design, and address how we can get better at designing more inclusive, multi-sensory spaces.

Hoare Lea’s Harriet Davis will bring topical local flavour by outlining how the practice went about relighting Bristol’s iconic Clifton Suspension Bridge.

However, this is very much just a snapshot of what promises to be a jam-packed, enthralling two days in Bristol. We’d love to see you there.

Jess Gallacher is the ILP’s Engagement and Communications Manager

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

What: The 2022 ILP Professional Lighting Summit Where: The Watershed, Bristol When: 21-22 June How to register: use the QR code below

CAN’T GET AWAY FROM THE OFFICE? If you really, really can’t get away from the office, the main-stage presentations of the Professional Lighting Summit will be available to stream online.

Special £20 digital day-tickets are available, again through the QR code.

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BEng(Hons) IEng MCIBSE MSLL MILP

PROJECT CENTRE

1 AMERICA SQUARE, LONDON, EC3N 2LS T: 0330 135 8950, 077954 75570 HERBIE.BARNIEH@PROJECTCENTRE.CO.UK

WWW.MARSTONHOLDINGS.CO.UK/PROJECTCENTRE Efficient, innovative, and bespoke lighting design services from an award winning consultancy.

Experienced in delivering exterior lighting projects from feasibility studies to post construction.

Whether it’s highway, street, or public realm lighting, let us assist you to realise your project goals.

19-23 MARY SEACOLE ROAD, THE MILLFIELDS, PLYMOUTH, PL1 3JY T: 01752 255900 E: INFO@SDSOLUTION.CO.UK SDS offer a range of lighting design services, combining creativity, technical and practical knowledge to deliver quality lighting designs and impact assessments. From feasibility, planning, through to post-construction, we are passionate about creating exceptional environments for living, work and wildlife.

BEng (Hons), CEng, MILP, MIET, MHEA -Managing Director WINCHESTER SO23 7TA T: +44 (0)1962 855080 M: +44 (0)7779 327413 E: ANDREW@DFL-UK.COM Professional lighting design consultancy offering technical advice, design and management services for exterior/interior applications for highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting.

Advisors on lighting and energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

STEVEN BIGGS

STEPHEN HALLIDAY

ANTHONY SMITH

MILESTONE INFRASTRUCTURE

WSP

STAINTON LIGHTING DESIGN SERVICES LTD

IEng MILP

PETERBOROUGH PE1 5XG T: 07834 506705 STEVEN.BIGGS@MILESTONEINFRA.CO.UK

MILESTONEINFRA.CO.UK

Award winning lighting design specialists, delivering innovative design, installation and maintenance solutions in highways, public realm, commercial and architectural environments.

Our HERS registered team provide design strategies, impact assessment, technical & certifier support.

BONNIE BROOKS

BA(Hons) BEng (Hons) MSc CEng MSLL MCIBSE MILP

EngTech AMILP

MANCHESTER M50 3SP T: 0161 886 2532 E: STEPHEN.HALLIDAY@WSPGROUP.COM

WWW.WSPGROUP.COM

Public and private sector professional services providing design, technical support, contract and policy development for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways applications.

PFI technical advisor and certifier support, HERS registered personnel.

STOCKTON ON TEES TS23 1PX T: 01642 565533, E: ENQUIRIES@STAINTONLDS.CO.UK

WWW.STAINTONLDS.CO.UK

Specialist in: motorway, highway schemes, illumination of buildings, major structures, public artworks, amenity area lighting, public spaces, car parks, sports lighting, asset management, reports, plans, assistance, maintenance management, electrical design and communication network design. Registered personnel.

STEPHEN HIGHAM

NICK SMITH

SHD LIGHTING CONSULTANCY LTD

NICK SMITH ASSOCIATES LIMITED

IEng MILP

ILLUME DESIGN LTD

IEng FILP

IEng FILP MIES

CHESTERFIELD, S40 3JR T: 01246 229444 E: MAIL@NICKSMITHASSOCIATES.COM

EXETER EX4 1NF T: 07840 054601, E: INFO@ILLUME-DESIGN.CO.UK

BOLTON BL2 6SE M: 07834 490 192 E: STEVE@SHDLIGHTING.CO.UK

WWW.ILLUME-DESIGN.CO.UK

WWW.SHDLIGHTING.CO.UK

WWW.NICKSMITHASSOCIATES.CO.UK

SIMON BUSHELL

ALLAN HOWARD

ALAN TULLA

ENERVEO

WSP

ALAN TULLA LIGHTING

Professional independent lighting design consultancy providing designs for all exterior applications, including street lighting. Specialists in assisting at the planning application stage with designs, strategies, lighting impact assessments, and expert witness, with a focus on mitigating ecological and environmental impacts.

MBA DMS IEng MILP

Outdoor lighting consultancy specialising in adoptable highway and private lighting designs.

Our services include Section 38, Section 278, Car Park lighting designs, Commercial floodlighting schemes and environmental impact lighting assessment reporting. Qualified design team with 24 years’ experience in exterior lighting.

BEng(Hons) CEng FILP FSLL

PORTSMOUTH PO6 1UJ M: +44 (0)7584 313990 T: +44 (0)121 387 9892 E: SIMON.BUSHELL@ENERVEO.COM

WWW.ENERVEO.COM

LONDON WC2A 1AF T: 07827 306483 E: ALLAN.HOWARD@WSPGROUP.COM

WWW.WSPGROUP.COM

Specialist exterior lighting consultant.

Private and adopted lighting and electrical design for highways, car parks, area and sports lighting.

Lighting Impact assessments, expert witness and CPD accredited Lighting design AutoCAD and Lighting Reality training courses.

IEng FILP FSLL

WINCHESTER, SO22 4DS T: 01962 855720 M:0771 364 8786 E: ALAN@ALANTULLALIGHTING.COM

Professional artificial and daylight lighting services covering design, technical support, contract and policy development including expert advice and analysis to develop and implement energy and carbon reduction strategies. Expert witness regarding obtrusive lighting, light nuisance and environmental impact investigations. registered personnel.

WWW.ALANTULLALIGHTING.COM

LORRAINE CALCOTT

ALAN JAQUES

MICHAEL WALKER

IT DOES LIGHTING LTD

ATKINS

MCCANN LTD

Professional consultancy from the UK’s and Irelands largest external lighting contractor.

From highways and tunnels, to architectural and public spaces our electrical and lighting designers also provide impact assessments, lighting and carbon reduction strategies along with whole installation packages.

IEng MILP IALD MSLL ILA BSS

IEng FILP

THE CUBE, 13 STONE HILL, TWO MILE ASH, MILTON KEYNES, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, MK8 8DN T: 01908 560110 E: INFORMATION@ITDOES.CO.UK

NOTTINGHAM, NG9 2HF T: +44 (0)115 9574900 M: 07834 507070 E: ALAN.JAQUES@ATKINSGLOBAL.COM

Site surveys of sports pitches, road lighting and offices.

Architectural lighting for both interior and exterior.

Visual Impact Assessments for planning applications.

Specialises in problem solving and out-of-the-ordinary projects.

IEng MILP CMS

NOTTINGHAM NG9 6DQ M: 07939 896887 E: M.WALKER@JMCCANN.CO.UK

WWW.ITDOES.CO.UK

WWW.ATKINSGLOBAL.COM

WWW.MCCANN-LTD.CO.UK

MARK CHANDLER

PATRICK REDMOND

PETER WILLIAMS

Award winning lighting design practice specialising in interior, exterior, flood and architectural lighting.

Emphasis on section 278/38, public realm, ecology receptor mitigation and supporting Councils with planning approvals, CDM2015 and SBD accredited.

Specialists in circadian spectrally specific lighting design.

EngTech AMILP

HDip Bus, EngTech AMILP, AMSLL, Tech IEI

MMA LIGHTING CONSULTANCY LTD

REDMOND ANALYTICAL MANAGEMENT SERVICES LTD.

READING RG10 9QN T: 0118 3215636 E: MARK@MMA-CONSULTANCY.CO.UK

WWW.MMA-CONSULTANCY.CO.UK

Professional consultancy providing technical advice, design and management services for exterior and interior applications including highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting.

Advisors on energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Exterior lighting consultant’s who specialise in all aspects of street lighting design, section 38’s, section 278’s, project management and maintenance assistance.

We also undertake lighting appraisals and environmental lighting studies

Design for all types of exterior lighting including street lighting, car parks, floodlighting, decorative lighting, and private lighting. Independent advice regarding light trespass, carbon reduction and invest to save strategies.

Asset management, data capture, inspection and testing services available.

EngTech AMILP

WILLIAMS LIGHTING CONSULTANTS LTD.

M: + 353 (0)86 2356356 E: PATRICK@REDMONDAMS.IE

BEDFORD, MK41 6AG T: 0 16 0 8 6 4 2 5 3 0 E: PETER.WILLIAMS@WLCLIGHTING.CO.UK

WWW.REDMONDAMS.IE

WWW.WLCLIGHTING.CO.UK

Independent expert lighting design services for all exterior and interior lighting applications. We provide sustainable lighting solutions and associated electrical designs. Our services include PSDP for lighting projects, network contractor auditing, and GPS site surveys for existing installations.

Specialists in the preparation of quality and effective street lighting design solutions for Section 38, Section 278 and other highway projects. We also prepare lighting designs for other exterior applications. Our focus is on delivering solutions that provide best value.

Neither Lighting Journal nor the ILP is responsible for any services supplied or agreements entered into as a result of this listing

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