THE PIONEER Covering the East Bay community since 1961
California State University, East Bay
News, Art, & Culture for the East Bay
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THURSDAY FEBRUARY 11, 2016
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Winter 2016 Issue 6
Students, staff push for all gender bathroom By Louis LaVenture
NEWS AND SPORTS EDITOR For the transgender community, bathroom selection can be tough. Most bathrooms are designated for either men or women; however, Cal State East Bay has started to buck the trend, somewhat. The Diversity and Inclusion Student Center will hold an informative session and play a documentary about the progress of converting bathrooms from men and women to all gender. The meeting is scheduled for 11 a.m. today at the DISC on the Hayward campus. Liam Hawkyard, a transfer student and psychology major who works in the DISC on the Hayward campus, recently surveyed all of the bathrooms on campus and found 16 all gender restrooms. Hawkyard said the fight to add more gender inclusive bathrooms has been going on for years and has been led by faculty like Luz Calvo and Dee Schull. “Most transgender people don’t have the option to use the bathroom safely,” Hawkyard said. “Anytime they use a public facility they are putting their life at risk.” Hawkyard referred to the problem many transgender people face on whether to use the men or women’s restrooms and the issues it can cause with others. According to Hawkyard, the 16 current gender inclusive bathrooms are in “difficult to find areas.” Two bathrooms on the first floor of Meiklejohn Hall were the most recently converted into all gender bathrooms.
SEE NEWS PAGE 3
CSU faculty set strike dates
By Louis LaVenture
NEWS AND SPORTS EDITOR For the first time in school history, Cal State East Bay will guarantee admission to any Oakland student that meets the minimum CSU requirements. This comes in collaboration with the Oakland Promise initiative created by Oakland officials, the mayor’s office and Oakland Unified School District. On Jan. 28 CSUEB President Leroy M. Morishita, along with 22 other colleges, signed a declaration of support to the project. Berkeley City College, College of Alameda, Laney College, Merritt College, Mills College, San Francisco State University, University of California Berkeley and the University of San Francisco have also all signed on to guarantee admission spots to qualified Oakland students. “At Cal State East Bay, what we want to do in this promise is we want to offer the opportunity for every student who has worked hard and become eligible to enter our university that we will admit them whether they come directly from the high schools or via the community colleges,” Morishita said. The project has been titled “The Oakland Promise: Cradle to Career” and they mean it literally. Part of the promise is “Brilliant Baby” which will give babies born into poverty in Oakland a $500 college savings account in their name and their parents will be rewarded financially based on their child reaching development milestones. “Brilliant
By Louis LaVenture
Baby” will launch as a pilot in fall 2016 and serve 250 families in the first year. Kindergarten to College is another part of the promise, which by 2020, will provide every Oakland student that enters kindergarten with a college savings account of $100 in their name. The program will begin in the fall of 2016 through a phased approach over three years and expand to charter school in fall 2017. According to multiple city and OUSD officials, the promise program has been in the works for years but recent funding and partnerships like those with CSUEB have allowed it to finally be put into action. According to OUSD,
children of college graduates are three times more likely to go to college. Out of the Oakland students that begin ninth grade in the OUSD, 67 percent graduate high school, 45 percent start college and 10 percent graduate college — something the program is aiming to change. “Too many Oakland students grow up without the hope of going to college,” Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf said. “But
GRAPHIC BY TAM DUONG JR./THE PIONEER
if you grow up knowing that your city has already invested in your education, it provides incredible motivation and shows that college is possible. It’s giving them the resources to go to college and allow every family to know that all of their children can be college bound and
SEE NEWS PAGE 4
NEWS AND SPORTS EDITOR America’s largest public university system could come to a standstill if negotiations fall through before April of this year. The California Faculty Association’s board of directors voted Friday to set strike dates for April 13 to 15, 18 and 19. According to President Jennifer Eagan, all 26,000 plus union members will go on strike and picket if the five percent salary increase for 2015-2016 is not met. The CSU’s most recent offer for salary increase to the union was two percent in their budget. According to CSUEB CFA Chapter President Nicholas Baham, “We are still in the fact finding phase. If a deal has not been reached by the time the fact-finding report is issued we will be legally authorized to strike.” The strike would not only include instructors, it would also include counselors, librarians and coaches. This is the second year of a three year contract for union members that includes a 1.6 percent increase in pay system wide. Baham referred to a fact finding panel provided by the union that is scheduled to release its findings in March, however, no matter what the panel finds the union is still authorized to strike. This would be just the second system wide strike for the CSU system and the first since the 1980s. However, in 2011, CSUEB and CSU Dominguez Hills staged a one day work stoppage and strike to protest faculty and staff wages.
SEE NEWS PAGE 3
California suspends high school exit exam By Jesse Castro STAFF WRITER
informed faculty that Dance History, an African dance class, beginning and intermediate classes for ballet, as well as Hip Hop Dance and Jazz Dance, would be cut from the Spring Quarter course rotation. The theatre & dance department began to discuss what actions could be taken to bring back the cut courses. “There’s a problem with the value system at the university that’s chipping away
For the last 12 years, California high school students were required to pass all three parts of the California High School Exit Exam to obtain their diploma. That came to an end when Governor Jerry Brown signed Senate Bill 172 this past October to suspend the exam for three or more years and allow a new exam to be designed that aligns with the Common Core State Standards adopted by California in 2010. The State Board of Education initially administered the exam in 2003 to ensure students’ competency in reading, writing and mathematics. By 2010, more than 70 percent of students who took the exam passed on their first try. Students answered multiple-choice questions for the math section, which covered algebra, geometry, probability and statistics. The first part of the English section required students to answer multiple-choice questions and the second part required them to write a multi-paragraph essay based on a short prompt. The high school exit exam was initially developed to reflect the academic state standards of that
SEE NEWS PAGE 11
SEE NEWS PAGE 4
PHOTO BY MELODY PLATT/THE PIONEER
CSUEB students dance in protest of classes being cut on Feb. 4 on the Hayward campus.
Students protest removal of classes at CSUEB By Jesse Castro STAFF WRITER
Theatre and dance students from Cal State East Bay protested on campus after the announcement that several required courses were no longer going to be offered in the upcoming 2016 spring quarter. Shortly after the protest on Feb. 4, Eric Kupers, a tenure track dance pro-
fessor at CSUEB, received an email that stated due to an anonymous donation and approval from the Dean of the College of Letters and Social Sciences, the department could transfer funds from within another area of the department to the instructional budget; Beginning Ballet, Beginning Hip Hop and Dance History would be available for spring quarter. Kupers does not believe the email was directly related to the protest. The initial announcement on Jan. 12
2 OPINION
THURSDAY FEBRUARY 11, 2016
THE PIONEER
Anywhere but here for football
EDITORIAL STAFF
Raiders ignore fans, seek relocation
shannon.stroud@csueastbay.edu
By Louis LaVenture NEWS AND SPORTS EDITOR Since 1995, when the Oakland Raiders returned from their brief hiatus in Los Angeles, the silver and black have been looking for a new home. More than 20 years later, they are still seeking new facilities. Oakland currently has no lease to play in any stadium and fresh off of their recent Los Angeles relocation rejection, it seems like anywhere but Oakland is fine for the franchise. Owner Mark Davis recently visited officials from Las Vegas, San Antonio and San Diego to discuss the possibility of the team playing the upcoming season in one of those cities. All this despite fans at O. co Coliseum selling out every Raider home game for more than three consecutive seasons. The Raiders haven’t made the postseason since 2003 when they lost to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the Super Bowl. Yet, every home game since 2013 has been a sellout, full of rabid fans dressed in costumes only appropriate on Halloween. The Oakland home field advantage is one of the best in the NFL thanks in large part to thousands of fans that support the team no matter how bad they are. The thanks these fans get are relocation to another city. The silver and black are one of the most iconic franchises in all of professional sports, yet the city that has helped them become that, Oakland, is getting completely shunned by the franchise. The NFL has pledged $500 million
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Shannon Stroud COPY EDITOR
Wendy Medina
to cover half of the $1 billion necessary to build a new facility in Oakland. However, Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf and city officials have not been willing to put the rest of the money on the taxpayers, seeking private investors instead. Oakland taxpayers still owe roughly $80 million from the renovations done to the coliseum when the team returned in 1995. This leaves the city and the team at a standstill. Davis wants a new facility that will highlight his franchise and he doesn’t seem to care which part of the country provides it. While the city does seem interested in keeping the team in the East Bay, they still have yet to provide a proper financial plan to do so, making a move increasingly more likely for the Raiders. For fans that went through the relocation the first time, it is like a bad dream. It’s happening again, the team they love is on the verge of leaving. You would think that Davis would listen to the thousands of fans who have protested and started the “Stay in Oakland” movement, which has generated a ton of local support. However, with no plans in place and the season officially over, San Antonio, Las Vegas or San Diego could be the new home for the Raiders.
wendy.medina@csueastbay.edu
ONLINE AND SOCIAL MEDIA EDITOR
Lisette Torres
lisette.torres@csueastbay.edu
NEWS AND SPORTS EDITOR
Louis LaVenture
louis.laventure@csueastbay.edu
PHOTO AND VISUAL EDITOR
Tam Duong Jr.
tam.duong@csueastbay.edu
ILLUSTRATOR
Brittany England
brittany.england@csueastbay.edu
STAFF WRITERS
Elizabeth Avalos
elizabeth.avalos@csueastbay.edu
Jesse Castro
jesse.castro@csueastbay.edu
VISUAL JOURNALISTS
Kristiana Federe kristiana.federe@csueastbay.edu
Melody Platt melody.platt@csueastbay.edu ILLUSTRATION BY BRITTANY ENGLAND/THE PIONEER
SPANISH EDITOR
Pavel Radostev Pushina pavel.radostevpushina@csueastbay.edu
EDITORIAL PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Gilbert Antón
gilbert.anton@csueastbay.edu
FACULTY ADVISOR
Gary Moskowitz
Letter to the Editor Editors, The Pioneer, January 2016 marked the 11th birthday of CSU EB, i.e. the divorce of CSU Hayward and the marriage of CSU East Bay - a first and a last BEFORE or SINCE, in the history of the CSU. state-wide. All CSUs and their host communities, cities and counties, have had issues with each other. 1] But the CSU Hayward’s senior administration’s rejection of Hayward and embrace of East Bay is a first and a last in CSU state-wide history. 2] It is the first and last time that any CSU has initiated the amputation of its city/county campus place name and sutured a regional name in its place. There are a few cases of a CSU dropping a proposed name before the campus
admitted its first freshmen class or early in its history in favor of a city/county/local name. But never after 43 years as happened at CSU Hayward. CSU Hayward’ senior administration waited longer than any other CSU to build 1] student housing, 2] a dining commons, i.e., the foundations of campus student community. 3] It has yet to distinguish CSU in Hayward from nearby San Francisco State and San Jose State in terms of A] majors and minors, B] pedagogy, C] student evaluation/grading, D] faculty governance.- an incomplete list. These senior administration INactions limited Cal State Hayward’s growth, NOT the 43-year campus place name HAYWARD. Several CSUs bearing city campus names have smaller populations, 2010
gary.moskowitz@csueastbay.edu
FACULTY COORDINATOR
U.S. Census, than Hayward, 144, 365, California’s 37th. largest municipality: 1] Channel Islands, 0, 2] Northridge, 61,993, 3] San Marcos, 83,781, 4] Chico, 86,187, 5] Dominguez Hills/(Carson), 91,714, and one CSU bearing a county campus name, Humboldt, 134,623. Some of the above and other CSUs bearing city and/or county names have less favorable public safety statistics, socio-economic indices and budget histories than Hayward. Where is a] the balance, b] the common sense, c] the CSU’s decent respect for its own naming/re-naming history, d] the fair play, e] the honesty, f] the justice that these CSUs continue to carry their host city and/or county names, but that CSU in Hayward is not called CSU Hayward? And, this is just the tip of the iceberg.
The re-naming of CSU in Hayward, 2005, is without parallel in the CSU’s history, before or after January 2005, that I request that the Pioneer Editors it. THEN, call for the restoration of CSU Hayward, OR, call for all 23 CSUs to surrender their city/ county/local campus place names in favor of regional names. I suggest combinations of North, South, East, West, Upper, Middle, Lower, Central plus Bay, Coast, Desert, Inland, Valley. Peter D. Reimer Hayward Life Member, CSUH Alumni Association peterreimer@sbcglobal.net
Letters to the Editor The Pioneer encourages members of the University and community to submit letters to the editor. Please include your name and phone number. Keep submissions less than 500 words. E-mail us at pioneernewspaper@csueastbay.edu
Send your letter to: The Pioneer California State University East Bay 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd., Hayward, CA 94542.
The ideas expressed in the editorials reflect the opinions of the author and not the staff of The Pioneer or the Department of Communication.
Dr. Katherine Bell kate.bell@csueastbay.edu
Questions? Comments? Contact us! t. 510.885.3175 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd. CSUEB - MI 1076 Hayward, CA 94542 pioneernewspaper@csueastbay.edu
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NEWS 3
THURSDAY FEBRUARY 11, 2016
THE PIONEER
Tips get ‘Sauced’ at East Bay restaurant BBQ eatery removes mandatory service charge By Erik Khan CONTRIBUTOR
Typically, restaurant tips go straight into the pockets of servers, bartenders, food runners and hostesses. Back of the house workers — cooks and dishwashers — don’t typically see a dime of this compensation, which is determined entirely by how customers feel about the service received. At the end of last year, owners of the Livermore restaurant, Sauced, decided they didn’t feel like the typical restaurant compensation model was sustainable for their business. They wanted to level the playing field for their employees and make a more fair compensation system. Their idea was to install a mandatory 20 percent service charge that would be automatically added to guests’ bills. Instead of tipping out only front of the house staff at the end of the night, the service charge would be distributed to all staff in their paychecks. A pay-grade was
ILLUSTRATION BY BRITTANY ENGLAND/THE PIONEER
established, based on years of experience and position held. The service charge enabled them to increase employee hourly rates and offer them full medical benefits as well as a 401K plan. Late in 2015, their plan went into
effect. Immediately, guests were livid, voicing their frustrations directly to Sauced and through Yelp reviews. These guests felt that forcing them to tip 20 percent is ludicrous and that the quality of service suffered as a result of the included charge.
Ultimately, Sauced made the decision to remove the service charge from their bills and revert to their original method of tipping because of feedback from their disgruntled customers and staff. “If I’m forced to pay what I deem to be the higher end of the tip scale with no choice of my own, what motivation do they [servers] have,” Sauced guest Jason E. said. “Nobody is going to go the extra mile without compensation. Period.” Sauced was not expecting a drop off in customer service and in a prior statement claimed that they expected their service to improve because they are creating careers and not just jobs. “Numerous studies have concluded that there is little to no correlation between quality of service and amount of tip. Studies have also found that women are tipped better than men, [and] that white servers are tipped better than black servers,” the statement read. Getting rid of this option would increase the morale of all employees, Sauced believed. “There were many factors that went into this decision,” Sauced Director of Brand Development Kristina Wulff said. “Primarily, we listened to the constructive comments of both our staff and our guests. There was quite the public outrage. So much so that one of our female managers was verbally assaulted by a man while
waiting in line at the grocery store. We were continuously receiving threatening phone calls to the point of having to call the police.” Sauced felt like they needed to take action to protect their employees. “Our main responsibility is to make sure our employees feel safe,” Wolff said. “ It didn’t make sense from our standpoint to subject them to this type of negativity and hostility.” Sauced wasn’t the first restaurant to add on this service charge to every guest’s bill though they were the first in the East Bay. Many restaurants in the Bay Area such as Toast in Oakland, Comal in Berkeley and Trau Normand in San Francisco have all adapted this business model. In a press release by Comal, they stated that they expect more restaurants to adopt this philosophy. “Although we may be one of the early adopters, we will not be the last restaurant trying to come up with a different business model to absorb additional costs associated with creating livable wages and benefits for our staff,” said Sauced owner Barrett Gomes. Wolff says they don’t regret the decision to add the charge. “Our intentions came from the heart. We never meant for anyone to feel like we had taken away their rights or forced them into a predetermined tip.”
OPINION
Bathroom From Page 1 According to the CSUEB website, there are 11 gender inclusive bathrooms on campus and the school, “will continue to create more gender inclusive bathrooms where it is possible in our current buildings. Moving forward, all new construction of buildings will include gender inclusive bathrooms.” Student involvement has been something that has been difficult to mount according to Hawkyard. “We are hopeful that this will get more students involved, this is a serious issue,” Hawkyard said. “The transgender population here is three percent compared to the national average of one percent.”
Strike From Page 1 The nearly 460,000 students that attend the 23 campus system would have to deal with cancelled classes and office hours by instructors to walk picket lines, according to Eagan. On Nov. 4, 2015 union members voted 95 percent in favor of a strike authorization. Staff and faculty from all 23 CSU campuses then attended a march and rally at the CSU Chancellor’s Office in Long Beach on Nov. 17, 2015. In October CSU Director of Public Affairs Toni Molle said, “Compensation remains a top priority,” for the CSU system. “Frankly if we don’t do this, I’m going to tell you something,” Baham said. “The students are going to take back the campus. The CSU is the people’s campus and the students know what’s up.”
Mattel responds to critics, diversifies Barbie By Elizabeth Avalos STAFF WRITER
Mattel has given Barbie the long-awaited makeover that many had screamed for and it is far more elaborate than a fresh new set of bangs or a lipstick color change. After years of scrutiny and criticism over the unrealistic body and beauty standards that Barbie dolls promote, owning-company Mattel has responded to the critics with a major game-changing campaign called #TheDollEvolves. Since her debut in 1959, Barbie has undergone subtle appearance changes that have helped her keep up with society’s ever-changing hair and fashion trends, but as of Jan. 28, Barbie experienced a total makeover. Barbie now features a total of four body sizes, seven skin tones, 22 different eye colors and a wider variety of hairstyles. Consumers can purchase Barbie in tall, petite, curvy and the original sizes as the new dolls make their official debut on the shelves of toy aisles on March 1. Since the initial announcement via Barbie’s official Twitter was made, mixed reactions to her makeover poured in. However, I believe that Barbie is on the right track. She may have arrived fashionably late, but it is nice to see that the Barbie has finally joined us in the 21st century. Her new look will finally allow her to portray a wider diversity of women of different body shapes, sizes and complexions. Independent from what the company’s motives for Barbie’s new makeover may be, Mattel’s recent move is a game-changer for several reasons. Not only does the newly expanded and diversified collection have potential to make millions of little girls around the world much happier than before, but it can also make a positive impact on body and beauty
standards for young girls and boys alike. Whether consciously or subconsciously, the images that children absorb during their childhood years influence their outlook on life and all things related as they grow older. Stacking the shelves with dolls that more accurately represent the diverse body shapes, sizes and skin complexions that exist in the world around them can have longterm effects on what they perceive the standard of beauty is. Positive reactions in support of the new Barbie have flooded social media platforms, but other users have been quick to voice that the makeover still falls short. Unsatisfied users have complained about how the new body sizes still lack more realistic body characteristics such as acne, cellulite, stretch marks or body hair. According to Time magazine, “92 percent of American girls ages 3 to 12 have owned a Barbie.” Most girls between the ages of three and 12 have not yet experienced acne, body hair, stretch marks, or cellulite, so must we depend on a doll to introduce these natural body traits? After all, Barbie is only a doll, and she is meant to be enjoyed by children who are playing make-believe. So, should we completely eliminate the “fantasy life” aspect of the Barbie doll, and throw in all the physical changes that will occur at a later stage
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of these children’s lives? Our minds are in the right place when we demand that companies like Mattel diversify their doll collections, but let us not forget that these dolls are not designed to teach our children every single thing there is to know and expect from their growing bodies. One of the most important moves that Barbie could have made, which includes embracing the different body shapes, sizes and colors of all women around the world, has just been made and they deserve recogni-
tion for it. As far as I am concerned, whether Mattel chose to diversify Barbie for profitable reasons or because they truly want to offer a better representation of women from different cultures is not what I wish to debate. Instead, imagining the joyful reaction of little girls when they see a Barbie that has her same hair texture, smaller stature, curvier tummy or darker complexion is the image I’m choosing to envision and run with while I hopingly await for an “evolution” from Ken.
4 FEATURES
THURSDAY FEBRUARY 11, 2016
THE PIONEER
Art a lifestyle for CSUEB students NEWS By Vanessa Pineda CONTRIBUTOR
The university’s Bachelor of Fine Arts is hosting its annual art exhibit. Two of the artists featured share their passion and the deeper meaning behind their work. Art is not just a school project for them, but a way to communicate important and challenging messages. The gallery is open Monday through Thursday from 11a.m to 4p.m. Students and community members are invited to walk through and explore the student artwork. The gallery started on Jan. 12 and will close on Feb. 18. There are three rooms that feature student art work on its white walls which adds a modern, chic feel. There is a mellow, groovy tune played in the background. There are drawings, paintings and graphic art along the walls; in the middle of each room there are 3-dimensional pieces. It is immediately noticeable that the gallery is very clean cut and elegant. For Diana Manriquez, a third year traditional art student at Cal State East Bay, art doesn’t only reflect her school work, but her life as well. Manriquez clothing style is goth-chic: big jackets, platform shoes, comfortable clothes — norm-core. She listens to groovy indie, modern music, classic punk and oldies metal. One of her favorite bands is Blood Orange, music that is influenced by the 80s. She paints scenes and portraits with watercolors. She made a 3-dimensional piece, a clear backpack which contains a collection of seeming-
PHOTO BY TAM DUONG JR./THE PIONEER
Diana Manriquez's water color hangs in the CSUEB art gallery until Feb. 18.
ly random white objects — a knife, a tampon, nail polish, a cigarette — with pink lines on them. Her intention was to make a statement on the limits of privacy, feminism and exposure. In the BFA program, Manriquez works closely with other students and faculty who have worked in the art world. “We are in a community where everyone is discovering themselves and surrounding yourself with these people is inspiring,” she said. One of her fellow students Abner Hauge is also featured in the gallery. Hauge is a traditional art student who uses ink and watercolors on white paper. His work includes a woman in a burqa, images of a couple about to kiss, a police car that seems to be running into a person, nude figures, fire and
guns. Lines of text, typically satirical or profanity, often run alongside his images, a similar format to punk rock artist Raymond Pettibon. “I am definitely trying to talk about a bigger picture socially and politically, but I do a lot of activist, research work,” he said. “There’s a lot of reasons you can’t say this or that directly in life. Censorship, burning bridges with other people, etc. But a lot of things worth saying are hard to say because language doesn’t describe the world perfectly. I feel like part of an artist and writer’s job is to try to expand our ability to describe things in the world.” As Hauge became more interested in activism, journalism and political science, it started to emerge in his work, mostly non-fiction comics. Hauge ex-
Promise
plained that he wrote a comic for Sierra Club at the end of the year called “Hot to Breathe Rocks in the East Bay” about pollution that was published in The Yodeler and then had his storybook-style pamphlet about land grabs published in the Oakland Institute called, “My Home, My Land.” He believes art is powerful and wants to use his work politically; he does what he thinks is the right thing to do. “To tell people ‘oh art is just about making us feel good and connected and creative’ is complete horse s---,” Hauge said. “If we think art is useless except as a diversion, then all the power to use art goes to advertisers and corporations and the people we’re fighting.” Art has consumed his life. “Art is terrible and I don’t like making it,” he said. “I smoke weed and play video games in my free time but art has to ruin that too. I like punk, post-punk, I’m super into Death Grips. I’m one of those horrible perpetually single dudes who has one pair of black jeans, one blue, doc martens and 100 punk band t-shirts.” The BFA program allows students to experiment with different styles and express themselves. It allows for more concentrated work within a specific discipline: digital graphics, multimedia, photography and traditional arts. BFA candidates must complete an additional ten classes versus the regular degree. “Art is how we manage perception, just look at how powerful advertising is,” Hauge said. “Art is how we control how other people think about the issues we talk about.”
From Page 1 pursue their dream careers.” Promise will provide financial support to address the costs that discourage many low-income students from pursuing a college education, something that is prominent in Oakland. Students who attend two year and technical colleges will receive up to $1,000 per year and students at four year colleges will receive up to $4,000 per year. In addition, every qualified Oakland student will receive a college scholarship between $1,000 and $16,000, with built-in support from colleges and local community organizations. Future Centers are one of the built-in support systems that will be offered at high schools and colleges. Every Oakland student will have access to technology, resources and staff for help when they for college, financial aid, scholarships and internships. The staff will also help students start a career and college plan, as well as collaborate with OUSD and the East Bay College Fund to launch and sustain the centers. By 2026, Promise’s goal is to have 55,000 college savings accounts opened, $100 million in college scholarships awarded, triple the number of college graduates from Oakland and serve nearly 200,000 students and families.
NEWS Exam
{
From Page 1 time, but over the 12 years it was administered, critics said the exam made clear the economic and racial disparities that exist throughout districts statewide. Brown’s bill suspended the exit exam from graduation requirements for the next three years and retroactively granted any student from the graduating class of 2004 or subsequent years to receive their diploma if they completed all other graduation requirements except passing the CAHSEE. At the beginning of the year, former students were expected to contact the last school they attended in twelfth grade or their local educational agency to determine their eligibility for a diploma. If the student is approved, the school Data Tech updates the transcripts and the Assessment Department orders the diploma. Then the transcripts and diploma are delivered to the transcript office to be distributed to the student upon presentation of valid identification. Although this appears to be benef icial for former students, many current students don’t see the significance of the suspension of the exit exam. “It doesn’t really affect us since they’ll probably replace it,” said Heidi Jacobson, a sophomore at Hayward High School. Jacobson seemed indifferent about the suspension of the exit exam, but Joseph Diwa, a senior at Hayward High, who had already taken and passed the exit exam, expressed a deep resentment for the change. “I stressed over nothing since it’s not even a requirement anymore,” said Diwa. According to Sabrina Aranda, communications coordinator for Hayward Unified School District, the Assessment Department and the School Sites Data Techs, “are continuing to work on flagging qualified students” and have identified 316 students so far who qualify to receive
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their diploma, even though they never passed the exit exam. Hayward Unified School District also held a “Keys to Success” diploma issuance ceremony in late September to award diplomas to 44 students who recently failed the exam but were still eligible to receive a diploma under Brown’s new law. Hayward Unified has sent letters to eligible students and posted information which explains the steps former students need to take to claim their diplomas on “Made in Hayward” social media websites and the HUSD main website. While some districts, like HUSD, work to identify and inform former students, Senate Bill 172 does not actually require any school or district to actively seek out former students to award these diplomas. Instead, eligible students must find the information for themselves and make the inquiries with their local education agencies.
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THE PIONEER Cubriendo noticias para el Este de la Bahía
Universidad Estetal de California, Bahia del Este
Noticias, Arte y Cultura
www.thepioneeronline.com
JUEVES 11 DE FEBRERO DE 2016 Edición invierno, volumen 6
La UECBE promete la admisión a los estudiantes de Oakland Por Louis LaVenture EDITOR DE NOTICIAS Y DEPORTES
Traducción por Pavel Radostev Pushina EDITOR DE COPIA EN ESPAÑOL
Por primera vez en la historia de la escuela, la Universidad Estatal Californiana en la Bahía del Este garantizará la admisión a cualquier estudiante de Oakland que cumpla con los requisitos mínimos de la UEC. Esto viene en colaboración con la iniciativa de Promesa de Oakland creada por los funcionarios de Oakland, la oficina del alcalde y el Distrito Escolar Unificado de Oakland. El Presidente de la universidad de la UECBE Leroy M. Morishita, durante el 28 de enero, junto con otros 22 colegios, firmó una declaración de apoyo al proyecto. El colegio de la ciudad de Berkeley, el colegio de Alameda, el colegio Laney, el colegio Merritt, el colegio Mills, la Universidad Estatal de San Francisco, la Universidad de California en Berkeley y la Universidad de San Francisco también han firmado para garantizar los puntos de ingreso a los estudiantes de Oakland cualificados. “En la UECBE lo que queremos hacer en esta promesa es ofrecer la oportunidad para que cada estudiante que ha trabajado mucho y es elegible para entrar en nuestra universidad sea admitido ya sea que provenga directamente de las escuela secundaria o a través de un colegio de la comunidad “, dijo Morishita. El proyecto ha sido titulado “La promesa de Oakland: la cuna a la carrera” que literalmente acuna su significado. Parte de la promesa es “bebé brillante” que dará a los bebés que nacen en la pobreza de Oakland una cuenta de ahorros por valor de $500 por la universidad en su nombre y sus padres serán recompensados económicamente en base a su hijo al alcanzar hitos de desarrollo. “Bebé Brillante” se lanzará como piloto en el otoño de 2016 y servirá a 250 familias en el primer año. “Desde el jardín de infancia hasta la universidad” es otra parte de la promesa que en 2020 proporcionará a cada
FOTO CORTESIA DE UECBE
Presidente de la Universidad, Leroy M. Morishita, y representantes universitales firman declaración de apoyo al proyecto. estudiante que entra en el jardín de infancia de Oakland con una cuenta de ahorros para la universidad de $100 en su nombre. El programa comenzará en el otoño de 2016 a través de un enfoque gradual de tres años y se extenderá a las actas constitutivas en el otoño de 2017. De acuerdo con varios funcionarios de la ciudad y de la OUSD, la promesa del programa ha estado en obras durante años, pero la financiación reciente y asociaciones como los que tienen la UECBE han permitido que se pusiera fin a la acción. De acuerdo con la OUSD, los hijos de los graduados universitarios tienen tres veces más probabilidades de ir a la universidad. De los estudiantes de Oakland que comienzan el noveno
grado en la OUSD, el 67 por ciento se gradúan de la escuela secundaria, el 45 por ciento de la universidad de inicio y el 10 por ciento de la universidad, algo que el programa tiene el objetivo de cambiar. “Demasiados estudiantes de Oakland crecen sin la esperanza de ir a la universidad”, dijo la Alcalde de Oakland Libby Schaaf. “Pero si uno crece sabiendo que su ciudad ya ha invertido en su educación le proporciona una motivación increíble y demostrará que la universidad es posible. Es darles los recursos para ir a la universidad y permitir que cada familia sepa que todos sus hijos pueden unirse a la universidad y continuar la carrera de sus sueños.”
La promesa proporcionará apoyo financiero para hacer frente a los costes que desalientan a muchos estudiantes de bajos ingresos de perseguir una educación universitaria, algo que es prominente en Oakland. Los estudiantes que asisten a colegios durante dos años y técnicos recibirán hasta $1.000 por año y los estudiantes de universidades de cuatro años recibirán hasta $4.000 por año. Además, todos los estudiantes de Oakland que califiquen recibirán una beca universitaria de entre $1.000 y $16.000 contando con el apoyo de las universidades y organizaciones de la comunidad local. “Futuros Centros” es uno de los apoyos incorporados en los sistemas
de apoyo que se ofrecen en las escuelas secundarias y universidades. Cada estudiante de Oakland tendrá acceso a la tecnología, los recursos y el personal de ayuda cuando apliquen a la universidad, ayuda financiera, becas y pasantías. El personal también ayudará a los estudiantes que comienzan un plan de carrera, así como colaborar con la OUSD y el fondo de la universidad de la Bahía del Este para iniciar y sostener los centros. Para 2026, la meta de la promesa es tener 55.000 cuentas abiertas en ahorros para la universidad, $100 millones en becas universitarias adjudicadas, el triple del número de graduados de la universidad de Oakland y atender a cerca de 200.000 estudiantes y familias.
EDITORIAL JEFE EDITORIAL
EDITOR DE COPIA
shannon.stroud@csueastbay.edu
wendy.medina@csueastbay.edu
Shannon Stroud EDITOR DE LA RED
Lisette Torres lisette.torres@csueastbay.edu
Wendy Medina ILUSTRADORA
Brittany England
brittany.england@csueastbay.edu
EDITOR DE DEPORTES Y DEL NOTICIAS
EDITOR DE COPIA EN ESPAÑOL
Louis LaVenture
Pavel Radostev Pushina
louis.laventure@csueastbay.edu
pavel.radostevpushina@csueastbay.edu
EDITOR VISUAL Y FOTOGRAFÍA
EDITORIAL ASISTENTE DE PRODUCCIÓN
Tam Duong Jr.
tam.duong@csueastbay.edu
PERIODISTA VISUAL
Kristiana Federe kristiana.federe@csueastbay.edu
PERIODISTA VISUAL
Melody Platt melody.platt@csueastbay.edu
ESCRITOR PERSONAL
Gilbert Antón
gilbert.anton@csueastbay.edu
CONSEJERO DE FACULTAD
DISEÑO DE DISPOSICIÓN
Alejandro Arias Mario Bohanon Danisha Calderon
PUBLICIDAD EJECUTIVOS DE VENTAS
Dr. Katherine Bell
DISEÑADOR GRAFÍCO
kate.bell@csueastbay.edu
jesse.castro@csueastbay.edu
pioneernewspaper@csueastbay.edu
ESCRITOR PERSONAL
Eric Ronning
COORDINADORA DE FACULTAD
gary.moskowitz@csueastbay.edu
Jesse Castro
elizabeth.avalos@csueastbay.edu
ADMINISTRADOR DE PRODUCCIÓN
Jahvon Pierre Ken Parker Yesica Ibarra
Gary Moskowitz
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Itzamar Llamas Contacto t. 510.885.3526 f. 510.885.2584
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ESPAÑOL 7
JUEVES 11 DE FEBRERO DE 2016
THE PIONEER
California suspende el examen de graduación Estudiantes que no aprobaron ahora pueden recibir su diploma Por Jesse Castro CONTRIBUYENTE
Traducción por Pavel Radostev Pushina EDITOR DE COPIA EN ESPAÑOL
Durante los últimos 12 años, se requería que los estudiantes de las escuelas secundarias de California aprobaran las tres partes del Examen de Egreso de la Secundaria de California para obtener su diploma. Todo esto llegó a su fin cuando el gobernador Jerry Brown firmó el mandato número 172 del Senado durante el pasado octubre para suspender el examen durante tres o más años y permitir que un nuevo examen sea diseñado de forma que se alinee con los estándares estatales comunes adoptados por California en 2010. El consejo estatal de educación inicialmente administró el examen en 2003 para asegurar la competencia de los estudiantes en lectura, escritura y matemáticas. Para el año 2010, más del 70 por ciento de los estudiantes que tomaron el examen lo pasaron en su primer intento. Los estudiantes respondieron preguntas de opción múltiple en la sección de matemáticas que cubría álgebra,
geometría, probabilidad y estadística. La primera parte de la sección de inglés también requería que los estudiantes respondieran preguntas de elección múltiple, mientras que la segunda parte les obligaba a escribir un ensayo de varios párrafos sobre una corta redacción. El examen de egreso de la escuela fue desarrollado inicialmente para reflejar las normas estatales académicas de ese tiempo, pero en los 12 años que se administró, los críticos dicen que el examen no distingue las disparidades económicas y raciales que existen en los distritos de todo el estado. La ley de Brown suspendió el examen de egreso de constar como requisito de graduación para los próximos tres años y con carácter retroactivo concedió a cualquier estudiante de la clase de graduados de 2004 o posteriores años para recibir el diploma si completaron todos los otros requisitos de graduación, excepto que no aprobaron el examen. A principios del año, se espera que los antiguos alumnos se pongan en contacto con la última escuela que asistieron en el décimo grado o su agencia local de educación para determinar su elegibilidad para recibir un diploma. Si el estudiante es aprobado, la escuela de datos técnicos actualiza las transcripciones y el Departamento de Evaluación ordena el diploma. A continuación, las transcripciones y diploma son entregados a la oficina de transcripciones para ser distribuidos a los estudiantes con la presentación de una identificación válida de California. Aunque esto parece ser beneficioso
GRAPHIC BY TAM DUONG JR./THE PIONEER
para los ex alumnos, muchos estudiantes actuales no ven la importancia de la suspensión del examen de salida. “En realidad no nos afecta ya que probablemente lo reemplazará.” Dijo Heidi Jacobson, de segundo año en Hayward High School. Jacobson parecía indiferente acerca de la suspensión del examen de salida, pero José Diwa, un estudiante de último año en Hayward High que ya había tomado y aprobado el examen de egreso, expresó un profundo resentimiento por el cambio. “Me esforcé para nada, ya que ahora ni siquiera es un requisito.” Dijo Diwa. De acuerdo con Sabrina Aranda, coordinadora de comunicaciones para el
Distrito Escolar Unificado de Hayward, el Departamento de Evaluación y los técnicos de los planteles escolares de datos “siguen trabajando en marcar los estudiantes calificados” y se han identificado 316 estudiantes hasta el momento que califican para recibir su diploma, aunque nunca hayan pasado el examen de salida. Hayward Unificado también celebró una ceremonia para la emisión de diplomas “claves para el éxito” a finales de septiembre para entregar diplomas a 44 estudiantes, que recientemente pasaron el examen, pero aún eran elegibles para recibir un diploma bajo la nueva ley de Brown. Hayward Unificado ha enviado cartas a los estudiantes elegibles y publi-
cado información que explica los pasos que los antiguos estudiantes necesitan tomar para reclamar sus diplomas en sitios web diseñados en Hayward y el sitio web principal de Hayward Unificado. Mientras que algunos distritos, como Hayward Unificado, trabajan para identificar e informar a los antiguos alumnos, el mandato 172 del Senado en realidad no requiere ninguna escuela o distrito para buscar activamente a los antiguos alumnos para adjudicar estos diplomas. En cambio, los estudiantes elegibles deben encontrar la información por sí mismos y hacer las consultas necesarias con sus agencias locales de educación.
Estudiantes protestan la eliminación de las clases en CSUEB Por Jesse Castro CONTRIBUYENTE
Traducción por Pavel Radostev Pushina EDITOR DE COPIA EN ESPAÑOL
Estudiantes de teatro y danza de la Universidad Estatal Californiana en la Bahía del Este protestaron en el campus después de la declaración hecha a principios de enero que varios cursos requeridos ya no iban a ser ofrecidos en el próximo trimestre de primavera. Aunque Kuper no cree que se relacione directamente con la protesta, recibió un correo electrónico poco después, que declaró que, debido a una donación anónima y la aprobación del Decano de la Facultad de Letras y Ciencias Sociales, el departamento podría transferir fondos de dentro de otra área del departamento para el presupuesto de instrucción; ballet para principiantes, Hip Hop para principiantes y la historia de la danza estarían disponibles para el trimestre de primavera. El anuncio inicial del 12 de enero informó a la facultad que las clases historia de la danza, danza africana, así como clases para principiantes e intermedios de ballet, danza hip hop y danza jazz, se verían cortadas de la supuesta rotación del trimestre de primavera. El departamento de teatro y danza comenzó a discutir qué acciones podran tomarse para traer de vuelta los cursos siendo cortados. “Hay un problema con el sistema de valores en la universidad que está alejando las artes.” Dijo Eric Kuper, un antiguo profesor de baile de la UECBE. Los cortes se realizaron debido a que la administración no pudo asignar las unidades solicitadas por el departamento para restaurar estas clases para la primavera. Estas clases, impartidas por profesores adjuntos, a menudo se quedan vulnerables a los recortes, porque los profesores no son garantizados a enseñar cada trimestre, a diferencia de los antiguos profesores de baile. “La administración dice que es sólo para un trimestre pero es difícil llevar
PHOTO BY MELODY PLATT/THE PIONEER
Estudiantes de baile coordenan un "flash mob" para protestar clases de danza cortadas por la escuela. una clase de nuevo una vez que se ha llevado a fuera de la rotación,” dijo Kuper. Desde 2009, varias clases de técnica como bailes de salón, el breakdance y la salsa latina, han sido incapaces de volver a la rotación de los cursos después de ser cortados. Se requiere que los estudiantes de teatro y danza tomen estas clases de técnica para graduarse, lo que plantea dificultades cuando no se ofrecen en el momento en que los estudiantes las necesitan. Muchos profesores también se ven preocupados con el nivel de educación integral que recibe cada estudi-
ante. “Sin estas clases, los estudiantes tendrán un hueco en su formación,” dijo Nina Haft, una profesora de baile en la UECBE. Estudiantes de Calidad de Educación, la facultad de danza y los estudiantes de danza coordinaron una protesta en respuesta a los peligros presentados por los recortes. El baile fue la coreografía de Michael Jackson “Beat It” y fue practicada por los estudiantes en dos días previos a la protesta el 4 de febrero. Los manifestantes levantaron pan-
cartas que decían “Alto a los recortes!” durante el momento que el destello de la multitud de estudiantes realizó el baile en el césped situado en las afueras del edificio de Servicios Estudiantiles y Administración. Mientras los manifestantes coreaban, “El baile salva vidas! La danza salva vidas!” Haft estaba feliz de ver a los estudiantes “llenos de energía y optimismo” a lo largo de la protesta. Después de la actuación, los estudiantes tuvieron la oportunidad de expresar sus opiniones sobre los recortes de curso antes de que procedieron a marchar a través del edificio de Servi-
cios Estudiantiles y Administración y cantar “Salven el baile!” Kuper dijo que los recortes a las clases de ballet en este trimestre eran “un error incluso permitir que sucediera.” Kuper señaló que el departamento tiene muchos pasos a seguir en su intento de mantener estas clases esenciales para los estudiantes en el futuro. De acuerdo con Kuper, el departamento de teatro y danza tiene la intención de llegar a otros departamentos que se enfrentan a luchas similares con la esperanza de que este evento “cree la chispa de un movimiento más amplio.”
EXTRAS 9
THURSDAY FEBRUARY 11, 2016
THE PIONEER
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10 SPORTS
THURSDAY FEBRUARY 11, 2016
THE PIONEER
Softball splits season opener on road Squad goes 1-1 against Dominican By Louis LaVenture NEWS AND SPORTS EDITOR A new season got underway for the Cal State East Bay softball team over the weekend with a new coach at the helm. The season started for the Pioneers and new coach Claire Sua Amundson with a road trip to San Rafael on Saturday to take on Dominican College at Penguin Field. The Pioneers left with a 1-1 split after they dominated the first game 9-3, and fell in the second contest 6-4. Senior pitcher Sierra Clark and most valuable player on last year’s team, picked up where she left off last season and dominated the Penguins on the hill. Clark pitched 6 innings and recorded 7 strikeouts for her first victory of the season after she held Dominican scoreless. It was a day of long balls for the offense as the Pioneers had three players blast home runs. Pioneer freshman outfielder Courtney Leyba blasted a homer over the center field wall for a quick 1-0 advantage. The score stayed that way until the fourth inning when junior catcher Ali Cerminara drove a home run over the left field wall for a 2-0 CSUEB advantage. Later that inning senior outfielder Mia Ramirez scored on a Penguins throwing
A CSUEB softball pitcher delivers a strike during a practice at Pioneer Softball Field last month.
error and then junior infielder Marisa Lerma knocked in freshman Sierra Sabathia which made the score 4-0. CSUEB senior Rose Marston kept the homers coming in when she roped a homer
to left center field in the top of the sixth inning to make the score 5-0 in favor of the Pioneers. CSUEB added on three more runs in the seventh inning, which made the score 9-0 before the Penguins added three
PHOTO BY TAM DUONG JR./THE PIONEER
runs of their own in their last at bat to make the final 9-3. “I had good pitch selection, used the whole field, and I could feel that my coaches and teammates trusted that I was going
to get the job done,” Marston said. “We jumped right on their pitchers in the first game. Our bats were hot and we were hitting all through the lineup.” Dominican woke up in the second game of the double header despite giving up an early lead to CSUEB. Marston continued her hot start and knocked in 2 runs on a double to left center field in the first inning for a quick 2-0 lead. The Penguins got on the scoreboard in the third inning when they scored 3 runs on hits by senior outfielder Tori Johnson and junior Katelyn Harden that made the score 3-2. The Penguins added 2 more runs in the bottom of the fifth inning. Harden recorded her second RBI of the day after she drove in a run with a single and freshman Haley Cheek knocked in the other run after she singled off of CSUEB freshman pitcher Bailee Glover that made the final score 6-4. Glover picked up the loss for the Pioneers while Dominican sophomore pitcher Gaby Katafias got the win and sophomore Kelsey Goodner got the save. “We lost that game to our defense gave them a few runs they didn’t earn,” Marston said. “That’s definitely an area we will be focusing on at practice before going down to San Bernardino.” The Pioneers will play two doubleheaders this weekend when they travel to San Bernardino to take on the CSUSB Coyotes (5-2 overall). The games are scheduled for noon and 2 p.m. tomorrow and 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. on Saturday at CSUSB Softball Park.
CSUEB baseball sweeps Academy of Art
CSUEB junior outfielder Marcus Wise slides into second base during an 11-1 victory over the Academy of Art University at Pioneer Baseball Field.
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PHOTO BY TAM DUONG JR./THE PIONEER
SPORTS 11
THURSDAY FEBRUARY 11, 2016
THE PIONEER
Men's hoops split road games
Flash mob From Page 1
By Louis LaVenture NEWS AND SPORTS EDITOR Winning one of two games on the road is usually a good thing. However, for the Cal State East Bay men’s basketball team splitting games isn’t going to get them into the postseason. The Pioneers fell 64-56 on Friday to Chico State (18-3 overall, 12-2 conference) but bounced back with a victory over Cal State Stanislaus (5-14, 4-10) on Saturday, 73-53. CSUEB is now 8-14 overall and 4-11 in California Collegiate Athletic Association Conference with just five regular season games left on the schedule. The Pioneers trailed Chico by only one point at halftime, 27-26, but could not muster up enough offense to complete a second half comeback. Junior guard Jalen Richard had a great game for CSUEB in the loss as he accumulated 22 points in 34 minutes on the floor. “I was really impressed with our ball screen defense and our ability to take away the three-point line from Chico State,” CSUEB Head Coach Gus Argenal said. “We were also able to rebound them and be solid on the glass, and if you’re able to do that against Chico you have a chance to win. That game came down to winning plays at the end and getting a couple more stops.” Unfortunately for CSUEB they weren’t able to make those plays or get those stops and the Wildcats outscored the Pioneers 37-30 in the second half for an eight-point triumph. Senior guard Alex Carmon added in 10 points for CSUEB in the loss. That defeat didn’t dampen the spirits of the Pioneers and they were able to bounce back against Stanislaus the next day. CSUEB controlled the game from the tip off and amassed a huge 16-point lead going into halftime, 35-19. However, the Warriors came out with a renewed intensity in the second half and challenged the Pioneers, but they were just too much for Stanislaus and handed them a 20-point defeat on their home court. “In the second half we took our foot off the gas pedal when it comes to the defense and allowed Stanislaus to get confidence,” Argenal said. “I was extremely proud of our guys and the way they stepped up to the challenge and fought off their comeback. At this postseason no team is going to go away quietly, you have to put them away. I like the way we responded when they made the runs.” Richard once again led the way for CSUEB and scored a game-high 30 points in 37 minutes of playing time. Senior forward Jack Pasquini also played a great game in the win as he collected 15 points and 10 rebounds in 31
PHOTO BY MELODY PLATT/THE PIONEER
Senior Ana Krisna Rivera protests dance budget cuts on Feb. 4.
PHOTO BY MELODY PLATT/THE PIONEER
Jalen Richard defends his teammate Alex Manu while Head Coach Gus Argenal looks on Tuesday at Pioneer Gymnasium.
minutes. “For us to be successful we have to have seniors in our leaders step up a key moments,” Argenal said. “When we get those type of performances we are hard to beat.” The Pioneers will be on the road two more games be-
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fore they finish up the regular season at home. Next up for CSUEB is a trip to Arcata to take on the Humboldt State Lumberjacks (15-6, 9-6) today at 7:30 p.m. at Lumberjack Arena. Then on Saturday they will travel again to take on Cal Poly Pomona (18-4, 11-4) at 7:30 p.m. at Kellog Gym.
at the arts,” said Kupers. The cuts were made after the administration could not allocate the units requested by the department to restore these classes for spring. These classes, taught by adjunct professors, are often left vulnerable to cuts, because adjunct professors are not guaranteed to teach every quarter, unlike tenure track professors. “Administration say it’s just for a quarter but it’s difficult to bring a class back once it’s taken out of rotation,” said Kuper. Since 2009, several technique classes like ballroom dancing, breakdancing and Latin salsa, have been unable to return to the rotation of courses after being cut. Theatre and dance majors are required to take these technique classes to graduate, which poses difficulties when they are not offered in the time that students need them. Many professors are also concerned with the level of comprehensive education that each student receives. Students for Quality Education, the dance faculty and the dance students coordinated a dance protest in response to the dangers presented by the cuts. The number was choreographed to Michael Jackson’s “Beat It” and taught to students in the two days leading up to the protest on Feb. 4. Protesters raised signs that read “Stop The Budget Cuts!” as the flash mob of students performed the dance on the lawn outside the Student Services and Administration building. As protesters chanted, “Dance saves lives! Dance saves lives!” Haft was happy to see students “full of energy and optimism” throughout the protest. After the performance, students took the opportunity to voice their opinions about the course cuts before they proceeded to march through the Student Services and Administration building and chant “Save dance!” Kuper said the cuts to ballet classes this quarter were “a mistake to even allow that to happen.” Kuper noted that the department has many steps to take in their attempt to keep these essential classes for students in the future. According to Kuper, the theatre & dance department intends to reach out to other departments who face similar struggles in the hopes that this event will “spark a larger movement.”
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