The Varsity Magazine: Futures

The Varsity Magazine Vol. XI No. 1 Fall 2017 Female leadership — from a spaceship page 10

What will society’s response to technological innovation be? page 16

Will a ban destroy a culture? page 32

U E

U F

F

T

R

S

A reflection of what the future holds for us page 54

An escape from school leads to pondering post-undergrad life page 8

What will tomorrow’s Toronto look like? page 49

An examination of the true value of a university degree page 62

Squirrel

Letters from us

Volume XI No. 1 The Futures Issue Kaitlyn Simpson

Copy Editors

Magazine Editor

Jovana Pajovic

Elham Numan

Designers

Creative Director

Darren Cheng, Sonali Gill, Judy Hu

Jacob Lorinc Editor-in-Chief Tom Yun Managing Online Editor Rachel Chen Managing Editor Blythe Hunter Senior Copy Editor Michael Teoh Deputy Senior Copy Editor Pearl Cao & Piyumi Konara Design Editors Steven Lee Photo Editor

Special Thanks to Keith Cheng and Josie Kao for hanging in there, Aubrey Graham for the future Hermès collection, Iris Robin, Pri Sharma for the Tim Hortons, Chichi Zhan, too many models to count, ABBA, AGM samosas, coffee, OG Grill, and Werther’s Original Caramel Hard Candies The Varsity Magazine has a circulation of 10,000 published

by Varsity Publications Inc. It is printed by Masterweb Inc. Content © 2017 by The Varsity. All rights reserved. Any editorial inquiries and/or letters should be directed to the associated editors. The Varsity Magazine reserves the right to edit

Shaq Hosein Video Editor Mohammed Durrani & Tamim Mansour Web Developers George Kell Associate Magazine Editor Keith Cheng & Josie Kao Magazine Assistants Min Ho Lee Associate Photo Editor Kary Cozens Business Manager Emma Findlay-White & Angela Lee Advertising Executives

representations of this uncertainty while simultaneously highlighting the exciting nature of the unknown.

The contributors of this magazine do just that. Teodora Pasca explores how our society is responding to technological advancements (page 16), Rachel Chen shares the stories of five students whose mental health struggles make it difficult to move forward (page 40), Nathan Chan photographs students and asks them to imagine what their future will entail (page 54), and Etiquette Squirrel (from the future) tells us the future of humankind (page 6).

Undoubtedly, the future comes in different shapes and sizes. When reading, I encourage you to ponder the unknown and question what comes next. I know I certainly did.

—Kaitlyn Simpson

I wish I were funny enough to write an interesting letter. I also wish I could have seen into the future about seven months ago to mentally prepare myself for the process of directing this magazine.

The designs featured through these pages are in response to their respective articles, much like how the future is shaped by the actions taken in the past. For instance, Sonali Gill’s piece on citizenship and immigration (page 12) incorporates the implied borders of the topic with illustrations dividing the text, while Tom Yun’s article plays on the chance, uncertainty, and fragility that I’m sure many people feel is in

store for the expensive fruit of our labour: the illustrious U of T degree (page 62).

The amalgamation of the magazine’s articles shape up the cover’s visual, which juxtaposes the journey of the missing key found in Rachel Chen’s piece on seeking help through hardship (page 40), except with some directional support provided by the inside pages.

If you were to ask me, the missing key looks like it’s got a great journey ahead. Who knows? The future is up in the air, after all.

—Elham Numan

all submissions.

Please recycle this issue after reading.

Mia Carnevale Illustrations Editor

I’ve quickly discovered that writing a letter from the editor is hard. It’s challenging to sum up countless hours of editing, email-sending, and coffee-drinking into a mere couple hundred words. Nonetheless, here’s my two cents on the Futures Issue.

We’re living in an interesting time. We’re experiencing a shifting political climate, evolving social norms, and unprecedented technological innovation. Global customs are being questioned, and seemingly stable institutions are increasingly scrutinized. Our future is murky.

Alongside this, we as students are living in an interesting time.

While school is comfortable, what happens post-grad can be foggy – I, for one, don’t know what I’ll be doing five years from now.

When creating this magazine, my goal was to showcase various

21 Sussex Ave, Suite 200 Toronto, ON M5S 1J6 (416) 946-7600 magazine.thevarsity.ca

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Inside

32

Etiquette Squirrel

A squirrel who gives advice — from the future

8

Doused darts

Will a ban destroy a culture?

38

Chasing cheesecakes

An escape from school leads to pondering post-undergrad life

A look back at Back to the Future

10

One student reflects on whether fixing mistakes is worth it

40

Captain Janeway

Female leadership — from a spaceship

Good days, bad days

How to seek help when there are more bad days than good

12

48

Ports of opportunity How immigration is evolving

15

After He had sculpted the moon and stars A poem exploring post-creation

Beyond the past

49

A comic reflecting on a student’s past and asking what’s to come

16

Tomorrow’s Toronto

What will the future of Toronto look like?

Change by design

What will society’s response to technological innovation be?

24

Future of student politicians

Former student politicians reflect on their time in office and how it has influenced them

28

Archiving social media

A museum of our everyday lives: how will historians view our social media?

Mirrors

54

A reflection of what the future holds for us

62

Value of a U of T degree

An examination of the true value of a university degree

Squirrel Squirrel

Etiquette Squirrel (from the future)

Dear Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), It has come to my attention that D does not stand for ‘degree.’ I thought I was doing well, but now I’m not too sure. Is it too late for me? Will I pass school? Please help.

— Failing?

Dear Failing?, Think about school like a game of Monopoly: you roll the dice, make a good go at it, and sometimes you win. What I’m trying to say is, you’re not going to pass ‘Go’ anytime soon. But no worries, you’ll eventually discover a love for board games, win the International Monopoly Championship, and gain a small fortune for yourself. Unfortunately, Monopoly money has no value. But hey, you can always join me up in a tree.

Hello Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), Will my mom ever love me?

— Neglected Child Dear Neglected Child, I would like to say that in the future, your mother will realize that you were the greatest thing that ever happened to her and she’ll stop criticizing your grades.

But let’s just say that a little squirrely told

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me it’s in your best interest to remember her birthday next year — and maybe don’t say that you liked Brenda’s pie better than your mom’s. Otherwise, she’ll always love your brother more than you.

Hey Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), I’ve been having a rough time balancing school, work, and sports recently and don’t know what to do. Will my future get better?

— Rough Time

Yo Future, When is your album dropping? What’s up with your new name? I don’t really dig this squirrel thing.

— Future’s Biggest Fan

Dear Rough Time, Like I always say: the world is your acorn.

Work your tail off, kiddo. It’s going to be okay.

Dear My Biggest Fan, You’ll have to talk to my manager about that.

Hi Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), Have you heard about the freshman fifteen? I’ve been so unhealthy since university started and want to get back in shape — my doctor gave me supplements to help, but I don’t think they’re working.

What should I do?

— Health Nut

Dear Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), What’s life like for squirrels in the future?

I read on a conspiracy site that the world will end with squirrels destroying the human race. Is it true?

— Doomsday Now Dear Doomsday Now, I wouldn’t call it destroying the human race so much as improving it. You cut down our homes, so we cut down your population. But don’t worry, life is pretty great, or at least it is for us squirrels.

Dear Health Nut, Have you been drinking your almond milk? You know what they say: ‘an almond a day keeps the doctor away.’ This is probably a good thing since your doctor is not properly licensed and is trying to rope you into a pyramid scheme. Those weren’t real nutritional supplements, Health Nut. Always check your doctor’s credentials.

Futures ‘Sup Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), Help! I have a paper due tomorrow night and no motivation to finish. Can you help me find some motivation — and also a topic?

— No Motivation, Mo’ Problems Dear No Motivation, Mo’ Problems, I can tell you that you end up writing about Plato’s view on the form and beauty of squirrels.

Hiya Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), I’ve been trying to cut down on my coffee intake. Could you suggest some alternatives?

— 2 Decaffeinated 2 Function Dear 2 Decaffeinated 2 Function, I’m personally a fan of a nice 1987 Margaux Red, or some 1963 Cheval Blanc. If you’re looking for a low-budget option, I suppose you could go for a 2013 Cabernet Sauvignon Napa Valley, but why would you do that to yourself? I would avoid any 2023 Piedmont Reds though.

They really doesn’t compare to the 2023 Pomeral Reds.

Bonjour Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), When do I marry a billionaire?

— Too Much Tuition (again) Dear Too Much Tuition (again), February 14, 2053, after you divorce the millionaire.

Dear Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), If a tree falls in a forest and nobody’s there to hear it, does it make a sound?

— Not a Lumberjack Dear Not a Lumberjack, Of course, silly human. Remember what I said would happen when you cut down our homes? The sound that is made when a tree is cut down is the scream of a mother squirrel watching her three children getting crushed under the weight of an oak branch and human folly.

Hi Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), Do we ever figure out the answer to life?

— PHL100 Student

Howdy Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), Will squirrels ever get equal rights? I’m rooting for you guys.

— Squirrel Whisperer Dear Squirrel Whisperer, Thank you for the support. Unfortunately, we don’t get equal rights until all humans do.

RAPID FIRE Will I ever find love???

I will always love you.

Will I ever get a dog?

Yes. Will I become Prime Minister?

Yes. Will I ever own a house?

In this market? Please.

Will Brangelina ever get back together?

No.

Dear PHL100 Student, It’s 42 nuts.

Bonjour Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), When will I marry a millionaire?

— Too Much Tuition Dear Too Much Tuition, July 17, 2028. You’ll have a nice destination wedding in Honolulu because although you are rich, you are still basic. You offer to fly in all your friends and family, which doesn’t really work out since your friend Michael decides to bring that girl from high school who always made fun of your eyebrows. But what do you care — you’re a millionaire.

Hi Etiquette Squirrel (from the future), Does Bernie Sanders ever become US President?

— Berned Out Dear Berned Out, YES, BERNIE 2020, GET OUT THE VOTE.* *Etiquette Squirrel (from the future) does not endorse any candidate

Fall 2017 —— 7

Cheesecake

Chasing cheesecakes A fourth-year student goes to

and inevitably starts thinking about their future

Article and illustrations by Priyanka Sharma

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Futures

The scene was Bloor Street, The sitch: “Escape from Robarts.”

I, walking briskly.

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verwhelmed with five papers, four midterms, and 472 pages of readings, I bolted from the 13th floor of Robarts. My seat on the far-right corner was taken, meaning I couldn’t possibly sentence myself to this brutalist concrete prison to work. The universe had already let me down, and it was only 10:28 am on a Friday.

Rattled, I ran. I ran away from my present and toward my future.

After a seven-minute near-sprint on the flat laneway that is Bloor Street, I felt my feet slow and the sun increase its glow as I ascended to the heavenly doors of Future Bistro.

To my left, an older grandmotherly type was scrolling away on the latest MacBook Pro, and in front of me was a younger couple making the most of their 20-per-cent-off student breakfast, soaking up every bit of hollandaise sauce with their last home fry.

To my right sat an unassuming and empty far-right corner seat.

At 10:49 am, I ordered myself a large coffee — for here. As I pulled out my credit card for its first tap of the day, I saw them: the cheesecakes.

The heavenly glow peeked out again. Three rows of five cheesecakes on one side, two rows of six on the other, each a different flavour. My view of the cakes was then abruptly clouded by a waiter who swooped in to take a slice of butter tart cheesecake, snapping me out of this daze

and reminding me to return to my seat.

At my table, in two swift motions, as if I was Neo preparing to battle Morpheus, I pulled out and opened my laptop. The first thing to greet me was Cheryl Blossom’s face right after she announced she was in the mood for chaos. Reluctantly, I closed the tab.

What greeted me next was nothing short of Morpheus himself: graduate school applications. Why not? Anything to procrastinate an essay that was due yesterday — why not start filling out my grad school apps due Monday instead?

Please attach your statement of intent and answer the following questions: 1. Why do you want to go to graduate school? Jeez, I guess because I can’t afford to live away from home and, after an hour-and-a-half commute, this is the best I can get.

2. Why should we pick you? I have been asking myself the same question for 21 years, my dude.

3. Which cheesecake would you pick if you could pick any cheesecake off this shelf? Aha! Finally, a question I full-heartedly know the answer to! Mango raspberry cheesecake, of course. My favourite Yogen Früz combo on my favourite slice of cake — the best of both worlds, beyond what Hannah Montana could have even imagined. That activation of enzymes and burst of raspberry sweetness when you bite into — my view was interrupted once again, this time

by a short girl with pink hair coming to pick up a slice for herself.

It was hard to work on my future in Future, distracted by all these slices of cake and types of people. And man, people in here come in as many varieties as the cheesecakes. At 3:53 pm, I noticed two men beside me, armed with Steam Whistles, discussing robots taking over the world; I saw another student diagonal from me, engrossed in the latest Zadie Smith novel while slowly sipping their third cup of coffee; and I watched as a mother set down her groceries while her children ran to find forks for their own cakes.

Maybe the answers to questions one and two were right here in this moment. I am to attend graduate school because I want my future to be as vibrant as the beanie of the kid two seats down. Perhaps they ought to pick me because, out of the many chances I had to give in to my temptation, I knew my priorities and they included my desire to take the best of the present and maintain it in the future. And the best was right here, in the everyday interactions of grownups, children, families, and loners all running away from their own brutalist prisons to unite in a space where you could see everyone, and everyone could see you. In unison, we all raise a fork and dip into that first bite.

At 6:02 pm, I had a realization: I don’t know if I will be in grad school or not in the future — but I do know that Future will be here, and with it, its people.

Fall 2017 —— 9

Internet

Star Trek

What Captain Janeway taught me Star Trek, space, and the future of women Article by Gabrielle Warren Visual by Darren Cheng & Steven Lee

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Futures

Futures

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pace holds a futuristic perception in public imagination. The endlessness summons you to explore, and the vastness demands you to reach beyond your comfort zone. In the absence of matter, a dreamer can conjure up thoughts of what can be.

Star Trek encapsulated this mentality perfectly; from alien life to the potential for multi-species equality, anything was possible. That possibility provided a lens of what could be to the viewer.

At age 12, I was a viewer peering through the lens of possibility. I watched a lot of television as a child. One of the many shows I watched was Star Trek: Voyager, the fifth show of the Star Trek franchise and the first to feature a female captain as a main character: Kathryn Janeway, the commanding officer of the USS Voyager.

In the first episode, Janeway’s crew is lost in space and unable to return home — power struggles ensue and tensions run high. Throughout the episode, Janeway encounters hardships such as alien encounters and crew disagreements, but she ultimately prevails. By the end of the seven-season series, she becomes the first Federation captain to survive the Delta Quadrant, an unexplored quarter of the Milky Way. Not only did she bring her crew home, but her encounters with dozens of new planets and civilizations expanded the knowledge of Starfleet for generations to come.

I have always been drawn to strong, complex female characters. Janeway was a woman who commanded hundreds of people in unfamiliar territory, all while rejecting traditional gender roles. She made the unconventional status quo and overcame hurdles women traditionally

face in leadership roles. She was assertive and respected, confident in her abilities and position, and used her voice without shame — Janeway was a woman of the future.

Being a leader requires a person to have a clear idea of what they want and where they want to go. Janeway did just this: she took risks, pushed away doubt, and charged for what she believed in.

Lack of confidence is often an inhibitor of women’s advancement in the workplace. While a voice draws people’s attention, confidence is what keeps them listening long enough for someone to make an impact. A sense of belonging is imperative in gaining and maintaining that confidence. Although men frequently rise to positions of power even when unqualified, it is common for women to remain silent and feel less effective in their roles.

Even in the middle of space, Janeway held strong. She remained confident in her ability to lead her crew back home and, although not immediately, she accomplished her goal. Without confidence, the outcome could have been much different.

To Janeway, being herself was not a political statement. It was ordinary. She existed in a world where being a woman and a leader was not novel. I often think of an imaginary daughter and wonder if she could live Janeway’s reality.

Today, there are still discussions surrounding if women can ‘have it all,’ if menstruation hinders work, and if child rearing is a distraction. If Janeway was inhibited by these discussions or these concerns, I do not believe she would have been so strong in her convictions.

She taught me that being a female leader

was normal. Women deserve to be ordinary. We deserve to not have people shocked when we are in positions of leadership.

Space is daunting because it is seemingly endless, and the future is daunting because it is seemingly uncertain. However, regardless of endlessness or uncertainty, when we have a finite goal to achieve we are empowered to complete it. A goal makes our journey more concrete. For Janeway and her crew, it was finding their way out of the Delta Quadrant.

For us, it is finding our way out of the clichés of popular rhetoric and finding the power within ourselves to break ancient insecurities and doubts that have plagued us.

Seeing Janeway made me feel that I could do, or be, anything I wanted. I didn’t have to worry about acting ‘like a man,’ or making myself seem more palatable. I could simply focus on getting the job done.

Nothing will change as long as we deem ourselves unworthy. It is time for us to teach ourselves that we deserve to be in those positions. Whether it is promoting female camaraderie or heightening personal expectations — I believe this can be the generation where we can make Janeway’s reality our own.

Janeway reflected the strong women in my life on a large, space-sized scale.

Her abilities were never questioned because of her gender, and she was instead seen by the content of her character. This is the future I hope my daughter would be able to see.

Fall 2017 —— 11 Fall 2017 —— 11

Citizenship

Ports of opportunity Exploring the dynamic relationship between citizenship, state, and individual in an evolving century Article by Sonali Gill Illustrations by Corals Zheng

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olitically, citizenship defines an individual’s place in a national hierarchy.

An international relations scholar would tell you that citizenship gives a person not only rights and responsibilities, but also obligations. In return, the issuing state agrees to protect the individual while having — to paraphrase Thomas Hobbes — power over them.

The time when an individual pledged allegiance to a single country has passed. Today, it is not unusual for people, including some University of Toronto students, to hold one or more citizenships. An incentive for having multiple citizenships is that people are entitled to different benefits, such as the ability to travel to different countries. In a world where jobs are mobile and opportunities are global, this is a powerful privilege.

Allowing an individual to travel is just the

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beginning. Passports also define where a person can work. The right passport can give an owner access to an ocean of opportunities, while the wrong one can condemn him or her to mountains of visa applications, often with uncertain outcomes.

In an increasingly complex political climate where borders are closely monitored, how is citizenship valued today and what does its evolving definition mean for immigrants across the world?

SHOPPING FOR CITIZENSHIPS Writing for the 1843 Economist magazine, Matthew Valencia argued that political instability encourages wealthy citizens of a given country to try and acquire different passports. He estimated that the demand for residency permits and citizenship papers is highest in emerging

Futures

economies, increasing at a rate of 15–20 per cent per annum. This suggests that the pursuit of multiple citizenships has a distinct economic dimension to it. As we have seen, this economic dimension is also applicable to the work-permit application process because it defines where a person can work and live.

Additionally, it is essential to understand that only one per cent of passport shoppers are involved in illegal activity, while the rest are simply hedging their political bets.

So, which countries offer residency permits and citizenships for cash? According to the Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index, Austria, Cyprus, Malta, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis, Grenada, and St. Lucia are the only countries that offer what are called citizenship-by-investment programs. The costs of these passports are astronomical, precluding

the average person from purchasing one.

In 2012, the government of Cyprus sold citizenship for €10 million. The price has since fallen to €2 million, but it highlights an interesting trend among countries. Some nations, such as Malta, sell citizenship to raise money for their governments or to stimulate the economy, adding yet another sociopolitical dimension to a complex phenomenon.

PASSPORT HIERARCHIES All this considered, one could say that there’s a hierarchy of passports operating in the world today. The Independent, a British newspaper, reported that the top 10 passports in the world are all European, with Sweden in first place. The firm Nomad Capitalist awarded the rankings based on the amount of visa-free travel guaranteed by the passport and the overseas

Fall 2017 —— 13

Citizenship

citizen taxation policies of the issuing country, among other considerations.

European pre-eminence in this field is possibly because all the countries listed are wealthy and stable, which reduces the possibility of illegal immigration or legal mass immigration for them. It is also no coincidence that most of these countries were colonial powers that had the opportunity to build their wealth over a lengthy period of time. Surprisingly, the United States does not appear on the list.

The least desirable passports come from countries that are witnessing drawn-out conflict.

A South Sudanese passport is the best of the worst, followed by Iran, Sudan, Yemen, Syria, Libya, Pakistan, Eritrea, Iraq, with Afghanistan at the bottom of the list. Such a reality supports the argument that wealthy people from these countries are most likely to passport shop for better alternatives. But where does that leave the relatively poorer section of migrants?

LOCKED BORDERS Unfortunately, it leaves them in a particularly unenviable position. With borders closing in, the global swing to the political right have witnessed the dominance of restrictive immigration policies, the most controversial of which is US President Donald Trump’s proposed travel ban on nationals from certain Muslim-majority countries.

Austria recently enacted legislation that allowed its government to declare a state of emergency if it believed the country could no longer host refugees. The new law allows the Austrian government to refuse migrants at the border if they deem the country from which they are directly entering is safe.

This suggests that immigration for those facing dire circumstances is becoming increasingly difficult and highlights the fine balance between national security and human rights, something that most countries in the world today struggle to manage. There is, however, a case to be made for countries seeking to protect their borders.

“Genuine national security concerns may warrant a higher scrutiny of individual mobility. In the past, governments have foiled

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terrorist plots partly through stricter controls on individual mobility,” said Valentin Pereda Aguado, a PhD student at U of T’s Centre for Criminology & Sociolegal Studies who researches organized crime.

“Unfortunately, narrow political interests that harness xenophobic rhetoric to advance private agendas often shape the regulation of global individual mobility. The efforts of President Donald Trump to ban refugees and immigrants from Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen illustrate how politicians misuse national security concerns for reasons that are unrelated to national security,” he concluded.

“Some people may be directly affected by new restrictive immigration policies,” said Professor Matthew Light, whose research at U of T’s criminology centre focuses on migration, corruption, policing, and criminal justice. He added that it is very difficult for individuals from ‘developing’ countries to visit ‘developed’ ones, particularly those in the west, a reality few people in developed countries understand.

Global mobility has always had a political dimension, and in cases where there is international conflict, individuals themselves may choose not to visit a certain country. Light cites the examples of Israelis being banned from visiting the Arab states and Indians refraining from visiting Pakistan because of the historical international conflict in the regions.

As borders constrict, we are likely to see immigration become increasingly difficult for many people. This is strangely ironic given the free flow of information that we now have access to because of the internet and communications technologies.

It is also evident that the world’s super wealthy have the power to access increasingly rare and expensive opportunities regarding citizenship.

Meanwhile, the ethics of cash-for-citizenship remain ambiguous, as there are benefits and drawbacks for both private individuals and the states making the offer. The balance between national security and free mobility is more precarious than ever.

Beyond the past

Futures

Comic by Mia Carnevale

Fall 2017 —— 15

Technology

Change by design How social, legal, and institutional responses to technological innovation will shape our futures Article by Teodora Pasca Illustrations by Elham Numan

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Futures

A

s much as I love my parents, I cannot fathom why they continue to pay for cable.

Coming from a generation whose pop culture preferences were at least partially facilitated by the rise and fall of LimeWire, I grew up surrounded by kids who knew how to torrent without incurring so much as a pop-up.

As of 2016, Netflix had accumulated more than 5.2 million consumers in Canada and was well on its way to infiltrating 50 per cent of households in the country. Today, alternative streaming services like HBO NOW and Amazon Prime continue to compete with Netflix on the Canadian market.

Meanwhile, I don’t have a TV, and my father continues to step outside after thunderstorms to adjust the satellite on the roof.

Technology is fascinatingly contextsensitive. What one person might consider useful, like paying $8.99 per month to watch Stranger Things on a smartphone, could be totally lost in the eyes of another. There are clear generational and cultural divisions between my preferred medium for consuming entertainment and the way my family is used to doing things. And it’s not difficult to imagine someone 10 years younger saying something similar about me.

More importantly, the ways in which people respond to technological innovation matter a great deal. While some might jump at the chance to testdrive the latest products, others are reluctant to embrace new innovation into their daily lives. Often, that reluctance is wholly justified in light of the associated risks.

On October 17, it was announced that Sidewalk Labs, a sister company to Google, would launch a project to completely redesign the eastern part of Toronto’s waterfront. This project will intertwine digital technologies with urban development to the point where

the community will be considered a “city of the future.”

Simultaneously, tech hopefuls are banking on the belief that Toronto will soon become an artificial intelligence hub for Canada, leading the country toward greener pastures. The University of Toronto’s research expertise will no doubt play a role in this process, meaning any developments that come about will likely affect students and staff as well as the community at large.

In light of the planned changes for the city, I wanted to explore the institutional frameworks and processes that facilitate technological developments, as well as the social responses associated with the emergence of new innovations.

THE INNOVATION LANDSCAPE U of T is renowned for its contributions to the technology industry in Canada and its excellence in this area of pedagogy. Aside from the impressive credentials associated with its various tech-focused faculties, numerous laboratories for technological innovation are located right on campus and contribute to spurring technological change in the city and beyond.

One such hub is the Entrepreneurship Hatchery, or ‘the Hatchery’ for short.

Hosted in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, the centre provides teams of students with tools and resources geared toward helping them establish successful startups.

I went to 222 College Street to speak with Joseph Orozco, Co-founder and Executive Director; Mimi Hao, Operations Lead; and Naveed Ahmed, Community Engagement Officer.

“The Hatchery is solely agnostic,” explains Orozco. “We believe that the tools we provide are needed by any type of startup that wants to [get into] business.”

The Hatchery caters to teams of three

to four students, with at least one student required to have an understanding of technology or engineering. Examples of projects that have come out of the Hatchery include TeleHex, the world’s lightest Allen key set for bicycles; PhysioPhriend, an app built to provide accessible physiotherapy data; and Kepler Communications, a satellite communications company.

Over the years, while engaging in community outreach, the number of entrepreneurship applications to the Hatchery has surged. The Hatchery has hosted a “Young Innovator Boot Camp” at Scarlett Heights Entrepreneurial Academy, where high school students were tasked with developing ideas for products to solve problems a thousand years into the future. The winning idea in 2015 was a ‘permanent doctor’ — a microchip that, when inserted into the patient’s body, could monitor their physical health, detect evidence of illness, and administer appropriate medicine.

Conversely, some other educational settings at U of T have opted to steer clear of digital technologies altogether.

A number of instructors have imposed technology bans in classroom settings, often based on studies positing that students learn better without the distractions posed by computers; the bans have prompted some students to voice concerns about accessibility in the classroom.

Thomas Gendron, a second-year Criminology and Ethics, Society and Law student, and Estee Katz, a third-year Ethics, Society and Law and Bioethics student, have both experienced tech bans in classrooms.

“I’ve had a couple profs that have tried to prevent the use of laptops or technology entirely,” Gendron tells me, “which is pretty laughable in situations like Convocation Hall, where class is like 1,500 [students] and they’re trying to implement a full cell phone ban.”

Fall 2017 —— 17

Technology

When instructors attempted to implement an electronics ban in Gendron’s first-year politics course, for example, students largely ignored it. Gendron refers to the policy as “extremely backwards,” alluding to the fact that many people could otherwise have made good use of the technology for educational purposes.

In one of Katz’s classes, students using laptops were asked to sit on a specific side of the class so as not to distract others. Though Katz believes this was a better solution than a fullon ban, she also feels there is a strange logic associated with attempting to regulate students’ behaviour in this way.

“At that point, I feel like you’re an adult, so if you feel like you’re going to learn better using your computer, then use your computer,” says Katz. “You should know how you learn best and if you’re going to spend the class online shopping, then that’s your deal.”

Gendron has been frustrated with slow rates of digitization in educational settings since he was younger. As a child who grew up with computing technologies, his experience apparently surpassed that of all the staff members at his elementary school.

“The moment anything went wrong they would call me, the sixth grader, in to try and fix the issue,” says Gendron.

I laugh uneasily when he tells me that adopting this de facto IT role meant being granted access to a wide range of sensitive information, from students’ grades to a teacher’s PayPal account.

It would be absurd to compare U of T to Gendron’s elementary school.

The university is home to one of the most reputable computer science departments in the world, and students have access to a wide range of technological resources. Libraries are well equipped with computer labs and rentable laptops. Gerstein Library

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even has a 3D printer and scanner.

At the same time, the persistence of tech bans reveals a tension between the traditional and the digital, which is unsurprising in light of its context.

History and pop culture are rife with images of institutions like U of T as places steeped in institutional memory, full of gothic architecture and curmudgeonly instructors.

In light of advancements in computing technologies and mathematical softwares, the chalkboard theorems in films like Good Will Hunting and A Beautiful Mind might now be perceived as anachronistic within certain modern educational settings.

It won’t be long before today’s ways of learning fall out of favour; anticipating what will take their place, and what rules will arise to regulate them, is easier said than done.

CHANGES ON THE BOOKS Giuseppina D’Agostino is a professor at Osgoode Hall Law School and Founder and Director of IP Osgoode, the school’s intellectual property and technology program. Evocative of the situation at U of T, D’Agostino refers to technology both as a “disruptor” and as a driver of change.

“The law always, immemorial, has reacted to new technologies: from the typewriter to the printing press before that,” says D’Agostino. “Every time there’s new technologies, there are disruptions in the market, new ways of dealing with change, and the law has to change.”

Part of this involves crafting the legal infrastructure in a way that accommodates technological innovations, which involves looking to areas of law such as copyright and patent. Much of the protection available for new inventions, D’Agostino tells me, depends on access to justice, which can be highly limited for parties like creators and law students.

“I can tell you that the innovators on the ground, the students, don’t have those resources,” says D’Agostino.

One of the reasons why D’Agostino founded IP Osgoode was because students had ideas for change but lacked the resources with which to see them through.

Slowly but surely, the legal profession has undergone substantial changes in the way of technological advancement. Legal research databases such as LexisNexis and Westlaw, as well as various forms of legal software, are automating work formerly completed through more traditional means.

Completely new innovations have also emerged. Avi Brudner is the Head of Strategy & Operations at Blue J Legal, a Toronto-based company that employs artificial intelligence strategies to predict legal outcomes. “We predict case outcomes by using data from previous cases, leveraging machine learning to do that accurately,” says Brudner.

Having officially gone to market as of January 2017, Blue J Legal’s venture into the world of predictive legal technology began with tax law.

Futures

At the same time, the persistence of tech bans reveals a tension between the traditional and the digital, which is unsurprising in light of its context.

The company’s first product, Tax Foresight, is designed to maximize the quality of legal advice professionals provide to their clients by making use of technology that can detect patterns in case databases.

“It’s just not realistic for a tax professional to go back and read all 500 cases in a given area of law, understand how all the factors in those 500 cases are related to each other, and then use that information to make a prediction about a new case,” explains Brudner.

In his view, Blue J Legal is granting tax professionals that very ability, allowing them to gain insights that would otherwise be impossible to reach.

The “superpowers” that come with

products like Tax Foresight, as Brudner puts it, exemplify some of the benefits associated with innovation. Moves toward digitization and incorporation of machine learning can free up time and cut costs for clients — something that could be especially useful in a profession often considered notoriously resistant to technological change.

D’Agostino refers to the legal profession as “one of the dinosaurs” in tech-related conversations. “The Copyright Board is now dealing with tariffs about technology that is probably 10 years old,” says D’Agostino. “They’re going to come up with decisions that are dated already and that really

have no resonance to current market practices and user behaviour.”

I see her point. Trials and appeals can take exorbitant amounts of time to resolve, and court systems in Ontario remain largely paper-based. More fundamentally, the law in Canada is grounded in the rule of precedent, which requires the outcomes of future decisions to be consistent with those in previous cases so long as their circumstances are sufficiently similar.

That inherent reliance on the past could throw a wrench into things when rapidly evolving technologies are at stake.

The impression I get from Brudner, however, is that Blue J Legal hasn’t

Fall 2017 —— 19

Technology

Given that technologically innovative strategies can be harnessed to address a wide variety of social issues, it is arguably in our best interest to not only figure out how to facilitate these solutions, but also how to do so responsibly.

20 —— The Varsity Magazine

Futures

suffered. He tells me that once professionals see the product, they appreciate how it can be integrated into their own practices. “We’ve been really excited by the uptake from the legal profession,” says Brudner. Maybe there is hope.

REASON FOR RESTRAINT When discussing the feasibility of innovations, it is crucial to consider the ways in which they might be received by the society that adopts them. Dr. Rebecca Woods is an assistant professor in the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology at U of T and a cultural historian of technology. She considers any type of technology “to be deeply embedded in the society and culture in which it operates.”

Accordingly, Woods believes that what might be perceived as “resistance to an innovation” may actually have to do with how compatible it is with a society’s culture. She uses the example of Uber, which, despite having become a ubiquitous method of transportation in cities like Toronto, has come up short when trying to appeal to consumers in other regions. Residents in Frankfurt, Germany, for instance, perceived Uber’s tactics as aggressive instead of innovative. The company eventually withdrew from the city after 18 months of operation.

I ask Woods to comment on attitudes toward technological innovation in the present day. “What I notice is a lot of hubris, frankly,” she replies. “A lot of rhetoric out there is public discourse that assumes that technological change is inherently for the good, that it is progressive in the sense that it is bringing us closer and closer to some sort of better society, better future.”

Part of the problem, of course, is that innovations almost always have unintended consequences. Despite

it being launched as a peer-to-peer housing share system, for instance, much of the market on Airbnb has been taken over by third-party actors in the hospitality industry. A report from the Urban Politics and Governance Lab at McGill University found that Airbnb has now removed 14,000 rental units from housing markets in Montréal, Toronto, and Vancouver. Housing prices in the latter two cities have continued to rise, much to the alarm of tenants.

“A technological solution… might solve the immediate problem,” says Woods, “but it’s almost always bound to produce new problems of its own.”

Not everyone I speak to shares Woods’ concerns. When I ask about drawbacks associated with Blue J Legal’s technology, Brudner says they have found none. In response to a similar question about the projects that come out of the Hatchery, Hao states it is important “to have the mindset of moving forward and not being afraid of all the complications things may cause.”

While Orozco acknowledges the importance of evaluating solutions for potential harm to others and to the environment, he feels technological innovation is fundamentally a good thing — something in our evolutionary nature that “we owe to ourselves” to continue pursuing.

Yet, as I speak with Woods, I find myself struggling to repress memories of various tech-related horror stories.

Social media sites like Facebook and Instagram have been linked to deteriorating mental health states in teens and young adults, which have included multiple reports of suicides.

Further, hackers routinely find ways to use their skills for sexually exploitative purposes; one of the most infamous naked photo leaks occurred in 2014, when nudes of over 100 A-list

celebrities were distributed online.

Recently, in a turn of events I expect will be parodied in the upcoming season of Black Mirror, a Wisconsin tech corporation threw a party for employees willing to have companyowned microchips implanted in their hands. The technology is made possible through the Swedish corporation Biohax International, which is scheduled to take a ‘chipping tour’ throughout Sweden in the near future. Thinking back to the ‘permanent doctor’ at Scarlett Heights, this makes me uneasy.

“There may be something to a little bit of hesitance or restraint when it comes to adopting innovations merely because they’re innovations,” advises Woods. It’s easy to understand where she’s coming from. Innovations like Uber and the smartphone have radically changed the societies that have adopted them, and many of their consequences have yet to be seen. How could we possibly anticipate them all?

One might also wonder how things will play out with what D’Agostino identifies as the next big “disruptor” — artificial intelligence (AI). AI technologies often seek to modify how we conceptualize human capital, or even to replace it altogether. As such, its increasing prevalence in society will have colossal effects for the nature of the workforce.

McKinsey Global Institute estimates that about half of all the activities that people are currently paid to do will be automated by 2055. Even more dramatically, Taiwanese venture capitalist and technology executive Kai-Fu Lee believes AI will replace half of all jobs within the next decade.

According to D’Agostino, repetitive jobs will be the first to go. Speaking to the legal profession, she says, “If you’re just drafting contracts, drafting patents, then you may have to change

Fall 2017 —— 21

Technology

“A technological solution… might solve the immediate problem,” says Woods, “but it’s almost always bound to produce new problems of its own.”

22 —— The Varsity Magazine

your skillset, diversify because just doing one thing is going to make you dispensable through technology.”

Given the current economic climate, students and recent graduates of all disciplines might be forced to stomach that advice.

And if technology is a social phenomenon, it undoubtedly affects how we interact with one another.

The smartphone, for instance, has fundamentally changed the way we communicate with others. Woods points out that we now text in advance to make sure people are available for phone conversations, which is substantially different from just calling someone up to chew the fat.

In general, communications technologies have facilitated radical shifts in the ways people relate to one another. The last time I had a conversation without referencing an internet meme was probably around the time LimeWire called it quits.

“Even if you feel like something is an innovation, you feel the loss of what it’s replacing,” says Woods.

Futures

PREPARING FOR THE NEXT BIG THING I ask D’Agostino whether there is an issue in the legal profession today that could be alleviated through the use of new technology. She responds that the answer will be the next legal tech startup — the next big thing. “That’s what we ask our students,” she says.

“Where’s the problem, what’s the problem?… And that’s a company.”

I also ask representatives at the Hatchery to speak to problems in the community they would personally want to prioritize in future projects. Orozco suggested that entrepreneurship tools could be used to address ‘us-andthem’ political divides currently taking place in countries around the world, including to a certain extent in Canada.

Ahmed wants to tackle the gender gap that exists in the world of entrepreneurship, especially with respect to small businesses and startups. The first- and second-place teams at this year’s Hatchery pitch competition were both led by women, and it would certainly be encouraging to see similar representation in the future.

Given that technologically innovative strategies can be harnessed to address a wide variety of social issues, it is arguably in our best interest to not only figure out how to facilitate these solutions, but also how to do so responsibly.

In this vein, D’Agostino identifies the need for long-term commitment to resource investment. “If we want Canada to be an innovative country and want to innovate our industries, then we need to be able to support them,” she says. That includes

paying attention to what she refers to as the “bedrock” components: namely, ensuring that our internet infrastructures are stable and secure.

At the same time, keeping in mind the situations currently unfolding within courtrooms, D’Agostino says it can be a good thing that the law is moving at its own pace. Harkening to the way she teaches her curriculum at Osgoode, “You also have to ensure you don’t jump, because you want to make sure everybody’s with you as you’re doing it so you can carry people along.”

Recalling Woods’ words of caution, part of that strategy should require sensitivity to how technological innovation will change us. As we’ve seen, anticipating these consequences can be analogous to trying to predict the future — absurdly difficult and sorely necessary at once.

“There’s a quote that we always overestimate the change in two years and underestimate the change in 10,” says Brudner. In light of the rate of change, he can’t tell me what law firms or legal technologies will look like years into the future, however he appears confident that whatever tools are developed will continue to improve.

I am confident too. It pays to be forward-thinking, so long as we are also careful to heed the lessons of the past. As students at the university, as members of a generation in which digital technologies shape our presents and our futures, it is easy to be frightened of the uncertainty that lies in wait. More exciting than fear, however, are the opportunities that might come hand in hand with the unknown.

More importantly, the ways in which people respond to technological innovation matter a great deal.

Fall 2017 —— 23

Student Politics

Life after student politics Reflections of four former campus representatives

Article by Josie Kao Photos by Min Ho Lee

24 —— The Varsity Magazine

Futures

E

Abdullah Shihipar

Jasmine Wong Denike

Ben Coleman

Ryan Gomes

very year, the student population — or at least enough of us to reach quorum — come together to exercise our collective power by electing representatives upon whom we place our dreams for lower tuition and free spaghetti. Those mysterious beings we call ‘student politicians’ are in the spotlight for a year — or two, or three — before falling off our radar forever, leaving behind only new bylaws and old Varsity articles.

What happens to these student politicians after they leave?

Do they fade back into the general populace, or are they so irreversibly consumed by their stint in the spotlight that they choose it as a career path?

Unsurprisingly, many of them do end up having careers in similar areas. Former University of Toronto Mississauga Students’ Union (UTMSU) President Nour Alideeb is now the Chairperson for the Canadian Federation of Students–Ontario (CFS–O). Many former University of Toronto Students’ Union (UTSU) presidents have also found themselves in relevant career paths after their tenures: 2013–2014 president Munib Sajjad is now the Executive Director at the UTMSU, 2008–2010 president

Sandra Hudson was hired as the union’s Executive Director following her presidency, and 2006–2007 president Jen Hassum worked for the Ontario New Democratic Party before moving onto the United Steelworkers, where she currently works.

While there appears to be a trend among previous highprofile student politicians continuing to work within unions or student organizations post-U of T, there are also those who move far away from it. A stint in student politics, like a stint in any career, doesn’t steer a person’s life so much as guide it; while researching the successes of four previous student politicians, this became increasingly clear.

Former UTSU President Ben Coleman left the world of student politics behind and now works in the Government Relations & Philanthropy department of the Toronto International Film Festival. While his line of work now has little to do with student unions, he credits his time in politics as opening him up to new career possibilities.

“It taught me that I like doing things that are exciting. Doing the UTSU… [and] finding so much enjoyment doing things that

Fall 2017 —— 25

Student Politics

A stint in student politics, like a stint in any career, doesn’t steer a person’s life so much as guide it are difficult and complicated and high-stress and exciting, I think I realized I wanted to do things that were more ambitious.”

Last year’s UTSU President Jasmine Wong Denike has also left student politics and currently works as the Operations Manager of Dropbike, a startup specializing in bike-sharing technology.

When asked whether she would consider getting involved in politics outside of university, Denike said, “I’m never getting into politics [again]. Ever.”

She said that her two years spent in student politics took a toll on her mental health. But despite what Denike described as the “toxicity” of student politics, she does not regret getting involved. “I learned so much and I got to experience so much.

The opportunity was fantastic and I would not trade that for a lot of things,” she said.

Coleman’s thoughts were similar: “To say I enjoyed my experience is the wrong word,” he said. “It wasn’t a vacation [but] it was a worthwhile experience.”

Coleman and Denike are not alone in that sentiment. Ryan Gomes, who served as the UTSU’s

26 —— The Varsity Magazine

2015–2016 Vice-President Internal & Services and as Vice-President Professional Faculties the following year, echoed their statements.

While Gomes has also left the realm of student politics and is now working as a consultant at Deloitte Canada, he is thankful for what he got to do, albeit happy he is no longer involved with student politics.

“I definitely don’t ever regret going into student politics. It gave me a lot of wonderful things in my life… but god I’m glad I’m done with it now. It’s such a toxic headspace. It’s 24/7 toxicity. My life is much better now.”

Indeed, being involved in student politics is not calm, to say the least. Each student who decides to take the job of representing students will invariably experience some hardships, whether those are issues that pop up during the year or are inherited.

Coleman’s year as UTSU President had the latter problem. Before his slate won the 2015 election, he described the UTSU as being stuck in a trend of incumbent slates running unopposed. Gomes, who was a part of Coleman’s slate, portrayed it

Futures

bluntly as “a students’ union that was essentially on fire.”

“That was the year they spent a lot of time fixing little things that weren’t as flashy or visible,” explained Denike. “I guess you could call it a foundational fixing year because the UTSU’s foundation wasn’t super solid [before that].”

During their time on the UTSU, the three of them worked alongside their team to update the proxy system, run surpluses, and reform the electoral system. Looking back on his time in the union, Coleman is proudest of the “little things, like the fact that after my year clubs could submit funding applications online.” Yet victories, even the small ones, are rarely achieved without some hardships.

Getting involved with the UTSU certainly immersed the three former executives deep into student politics. However, there is no single route for anything in life — other student politicians, like former Arts and Science Students’ Union (ASSU) President Abdullah Shihipar, have had very different experiences. Unlike Denike, Coleman, and Gomes, Shihipar did not get involved in student politics through the UTSU; he served as ASSU President from 2014–2016.

“I think that ASSU’s unique in the sense that it kind of does something that no other student union does on campus,” said Shihipar. “It does

academic advocacy… but it’s also very political and provides services just like the UTSU does.”

Shihipar now does communications work for a non-governmental organization and is a freelance writer. When he looks back on his tenure, he describes it in exceedingly positive terms compared to how the UTSU executives described their time in the spotlight. Implementing a fall reading week, advocating for student rights, and changing the university’s syllabus policies were all things that Shihipar looks back on as proud accomplishments. However, it was not all smooth sailing. Shihipar noted some disagreements with his team and circumstances he wishes he had handled differently.

But for the most part, he is satisfied with what he achieved and sees his experience as having a great impact on his life: “Your impact on an organization is minimal within that organization’s history,” he said. “My two years of being president, my four years of being an exec… is like a drop in the bucket. But ASSU’s effect on me as a person is much larger than my effect on it.”

Perhaps this is a truth that can be derived from a student’s time in politics; while their period in the public eye may be over for now, the time they spent working on behalf of students has opened them up to new ideas, experiences, and possibilities.

Fall 2017 —— 27

Internet

The web: a museum of our everyday lives How researchers might examine our digital data centuries from now Article by Sophia Savva Illustrations by Jing Tey

28 —— The Varsity Magazine

Futures

W

henever I make a post on social media, I wonder who it will reach — not just in the present, but in the future. Hundreds of years from now, will a researcher studying a hashtag on Instagram labelled ‘dog’ meticulously analyze the editing choices I made for a photo of my dog?

Will historians piecing together the lives of millennial university students investigate my tweets? Will my social media accounts exist at all?

I learned while writing this piece that my curiosity might not be as weird or narcissistic as it sounds: archives of our generation’s social media and web pages are currently being compiled, investigated, and utilized across U of T and the world.

Like cave paintings in France or clay tablets from Mesopotamia, our social media posts are artifacts that will offer future historians insights into our daily lives, our society, and our politics. Our social media accounts are museums of our everyday lives, self-curated time capsules for future researchers. Such a large — and constantly expanding — collection of the thoughts and behaviours of ordinary people has never been available to researchers before. While this wealth of data will be invaluable to future researchers and historians, it also presents unique problems that don’t have conclusive solutions.

PRESERVING OUR DIGITAL DATA Last December, volunteers gathered at U of T to archive climate change and environmental data that was at “high risk” of being deleted or of being made unavailable to the public under Donald Trump’s then-incoming presidency.

This “Guerrilla Archiving” event was done in collaboration with the Internet Archive’s “End of Term 2016” project. The Internet Archive is an online non-profit library that has recorded around 279 billion web pages for future historians to use. Its Canadian headquarters are located on the seventh floor of Robarts Library at UTSG. Matt Price, a sessional lecturer at U of T’s Department of History, was one of the organizers of the event.

Price explained it was important to copy these pages not just for historical reasons, but for the sake of documenting the truth: our understanding of climate and its relation to human health comes from these long stretches of data, which is why it’s imperative for them to stay publicly accessible.

Sam-chin Li is the Reference/ Government Publications Librarian at Robarts Library who assisted volunteers at the archiving event.

According to Li and Nich Worby, a Government Information and Statistics Librarian at Robarts Library, government information is now only available digitally and only on government websites. Without strong enforcement, this digital content could be at risk of being edited or deleted.

“That is why preserving government websites is not only essential for researchers, historians and scientists to do their work in the future, it is also critical for the opposition and public to keep government accountable,” wrote Li and Worby in an email.

According to Li and Worby, future historians and researchers can use archived web content to grasp a

better understanding of our “history and heritage.” Platforms like Twitter reveal valuable information about the lives of ordinary people and contains relevant interactions between governments and citizens.

Wendy Duff, a professor and dean in the Faculty of Information at U of T, thinks our social media archives will be “incredibly valuable” to future researchers trying to understand our societies, and that they will be able to exclusively provide information about certain demographics. Primary sources from the past, like letters and diaries, came from a small, specific group of people: those who were literate and had the free time to write.

Now, tons of different groups have access to the internet — and the ability to inadvertently share glimpses of their daily lives with future historians.

PIECING TOGETHER OUR LIVES Back in April 2010, the Library of Congress announced that it would preserve all public tweets — excluding private account information or deleted tweets, as well as pictures and links — for future generations and historians. In addition to tweets, the Library of Congress is also collecting online information about American and select international election candidates, select Facebook pages and news sites, and websites related to important historical events.

Price underscored that an archive of the lives of ordinary people has never been available to historians before. Historians of earlier centuries have a “scarcity of sources,” while historians of the early 21st century will be overwhelmed by sources.

“Their problem is going to be that

Fall 2017 —— 29

Internet

there’s so many documents that it’s going to be very difficult to sort them,” said Price.

“There will be a massive amount of records, and you will not be able to read them all,” agreed Duff.

For example, a researcher studying a president from the 1800s might have the ability to read every letter sent from the president’s office, but a researcher studying a president from the 21st century almost certainly could not read all the relevant emails and tweets sent out, Duff explained.

“So you will have to have electronic tools to be able to understand certain patterns.”

To sort through these sources, historians of the early 21st century will need to use computational methods — such as searching for keywords or more complex queries — as well as physical analyses of outside texts or sources, explained Price. For some media, like tweets, statistical analysis is the only way to interact with them. One tweet doesn’t reveal enough; historians would have to examine an aggregation of tweets and consult relevant Twitter threads in order to gauge enough context.

‘FAKE NEWS’ AND SELF-CURATION Our social media accounts are near-shrines of our idealized versions of ourselves: we only post edited photos, we only tweet our wittiest thoughts, and we only share our most ‘likeable’ life events.

A more insidious issue is the spread of misinformation — popularly known as ‘fake news’ — on platforms like Facebook and Twitter. The proliferation of false news stories and even fake first-hand accounts has been a pressing concern, especially over the past year. How will researchers hundreds of years from now be able to navigate our social media posts, all of which have varying degrees of reliability and bias?

Fiorella Foscarini, an associate

30 —— The Varsity Magazine

professor and Director of Concurrent Registration Option at U of T’s Faculty of Information, says that fake news, forged records, and unreliable information has always been around, especially in the personal sphere or other environments with little outside control.

“What we are experiencing with social media, with the current proliferation of partial accounts or completely fabricated facts, is an interesting cultural phenomenon,” said Foscarini. “But it is also worrisome, because many people do not seem to have the critical instruments necessary to evaluate their sources.”

Archivists can prevent the spread of unreliable information by verifying the identity of the data at hand, providing resources for cross-examination, and monitoring the use of information to detect any modifications, Foscarini explained.

However, outside of official archival spaces, these best practices might not be implemented.

Price explained that, regardless of genre, every source historians deal with has an “agenda,” and that historians have to learn to “read between the lines” of people’s selfpresentations.

“Social media today are different in genre from the kinds of texts

produced 100 or 200 years ago, in part because they offer a very strange hybrid of public and private with highly curated visions of oneself,” said Price.

Instead of looking for answers about what people were “really like,” future researchers should turn to social media to see how people curated themselves and the conventions for this self-curation — or, in Price’s words, what “kind of cultural representations were dominant in a particular moment.”

Price also said it would be a good idea to use tweets as ways to learn about how events or ideas “travelled and became meaningful to the historical actors,” rather than to learn what was really happening during an event or crisis.

ARCHIVING SOCIAL MEDIA While trying to capture tweets about the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement as part of a school project, Alexander Herd and his fellow group members ran into a problem: some of these Twitter accounts were being blocked or shut down by authorities trying to censor the information and ideas being shared.

In order to prevent these deleted tweets from being lost forever, Herd — who completed a master’s degree in Library and Information Science at U of T in 2016 — and his group members placed them in a “dark archive.” Dark archives usually contain “sensitive information” about an ongoing event and can hold political tweets for 25–50 years.

Copyright was another issue for Herd’s group. Despite tweets being public record, “many users are not comfortable with their tweets being archived for eternity.”

“By extension, there has been discussion over who owns copyright of a tweet,” said Herd. According to Herd, there isn’t a clear resolution yet, but dark archiving tweets for a long period of time is a possible solution.

Futures

Herd and his group also consulted U of T librarians for their project, including Li and Worby.

According to Li and Worby, permanently sharing archived tweets is currently prohibited according to Twitter’s Developer Agreement. Researchers can only share ‘Tweet IDs’ with the public. Tweet IDs are unique, unsigned integers that contain a timestamp, worker number, and sequence number to help researchers gain the full content of tweets. However, deleted tweets are not available, which spurs yet another ethical issue when it comes to public figures and their ability to delete their tweets.

A ‘DIGITAL DARK AGE’ In grad school, Price was part of a digital preservation effort at Stanford University that involved lucrative restriction enzyme patents. The archives at the library were given a collection of all the emails sent between the researchers working on this project in the 1970s.

However, the data was on eight-inch floppy disks. Price watched as the researchers moved the data to 5.25-inch floppy disks, and then to 3.5-inch floppy disks, and then to disk drives, and then to small hard drives before printing out the emails.

It’s inevitable that researchers hundreds of years from now will run into the same technological problems. It’s possible that the technology of the future may not be able to support our current technology or read our files — and leave future researchers in a ‘digital dark age.’

Duff said it would be a “huge detriment” if we were to lose all records of our digital data. Data loss is already happening every time someone accidentally deletes a file or breaks a phone full of pictures, Duff pointed out.

Price said that there could be some “massive social upheavals” in the future, especially in the wake of global climate change, which might compromise digital sources — which are currently stored in

large buildings that depend on electricity to stay online.

“We know that paper can survive, sometimes for thousands of years, but there’s no evidence that digital data can survive in that way,” said Price.

PRESERVING DIGITAL DATA Unlike books, web pages change “unpredictably and continuously,” explained Price, which means that archivists need to frequently make copies of these pages in order to truly capture our history.

“Archiving dynamic, interactive, ubiquitous digital information is much more challenging than archiving stable, almost unchanging analog records,” said Foscarini.

Despite the difficulties posed by technological obsolescence, Foscarini said that preserving websites and social media is no longer perceived as completely “unsurmountable.” The problem lies in ensuring these digital materials will still “make sense” hundreds of years from now.

“What kind of metadata do we need to retain, or to add, in order to provide enough context that would allow future generations to understand what that tweet or that meme meant to communicate?” said Foscarini.

Emily Maemura is a fourth-year PhD candidate at U of T’s Faculty of Information whose research centres on archiving and preserving the web.

“Long-term preservation of digital media is perhaps less like letters or newspapers, and more like audio-visual collections, which requires monitoring and attention since software and hardware become obsolete over time,” said Maemura.

Maemura is researching another

challenge web archivers must face: deciding which social media posts to actually keep, since archiving the web takes time, money, and resources.

“I think there’s an assumption that it’s possible to capture ‘everything’ that’s out there,” said Maemura.

Maemura explained that this is an “impossible goal” because there is a finite amount of data that can be sustained and because technological limits make it difficult to capture certain kinds of dynamic data.

“So it’s important to be aware of, and be critical of, the kinds of selection processes that happen, who decides what is preserved, and who is responsible for the ongoing access and maintenance,” said Maemura.

So, next time you retweet a viral meme or make an online post, consider the possibility of researchers and archivists centuries from now studying it. What will it say about who we are today?

Fall 2017 —— 31

Cigarette

Doused darts Students, cigarettes, and the prospect of a smoking ban on campus Article and photos by Daniel Aykler

32 —— The Varsity Magazine

Futures

C

igarettes have always intrigued me. There’s a certain feeling that comes with holding one between your fingers, inhaling it softly and smoothly, and exhaling that striking, hazy cloud of smoke. It’s a habitual break that comes from a foregone necessity, a mid-day momentary high — all very romantic.

Of course, there’s much more than romance: health defects, a lasting stench, and a leaking bank account are just a few of the repercussions.

Yet cigarettes remain such an omnipresent facet of our lives, seemingly unavoidable and unforgettable.

The presence of cigarettes in the lives of students may be poised for a decline, though. The University of Toronto has recently announced it plans to eliminate smoking on campus.

Although the specifics of the policy remain unclear, this is a major move for the university. I believe it presents an important opportunity to re-examine how we see student smokers — to understand what smoking means to them, how it has impacted them, and how they see cigarettes in their lives moving forward.

Fall 2017 —— 33

Cigarette

Smoking is unavoidable in many social settings. Chances are you have at least one friend who smokes; you have probably had a cigarette offered to you as well. Maybe you tried it, maybe you didn’t. Most likely, you’ve made up your mind about cigarettes: yes, no, or every so often.

Many of those who seriously catch on to this epidemic speak fondly of smoking. The way some smokers tell the story of their first cigarette is akin to an artist’s story of their first brush stroke or a basketball player’s first jump shot. Stories range from the mundane to the sensational, from sharing a smoke at a high school party to an eighth-grader trying a cigarette with a cab driver in Beijing.

Smoking has established friendships and bonds between family members — something that someone who hasn’t partaken in it couldn’t understand. There is a subtle humour deeply embedded in the act of sharing a dart, an acknowledgement from all parties that they’re actively betraying a common knowledge of health consequences.

Students have also turned to cigarettes for relief in times of stress.

Smoking is not always a consistent habit, and in tumultuous times it can offer a highly needed escape. It isn’t a solution, but when exam season hits, when family troubles are mounting, or when a thread of difficulties strikes, everyone has a way to seek solace.

34 —— The Varsity Magazine

Futures

Fall 2017 —— 35

Cigarette

36 —— The Varsity Magazine

Futures

For most student smokers, a ban will not cause strife but marginal inconvenience.

Yet the advantages of smoking will only stretch as thin as the head rush they provide. The countless detrimental health implications and more than six million tobacco deaths by direct use per year globally, according to the World Health Organization, are very clear consequences. Despite this, many students still indulge. From the conversations I’ve had, stereotypes about academic procrastination extend to health as well.

A conscious theme of invincible youth plays a large part in the perspectives of many people I’ve spoken to. “Other people will get addicted,” they argue, “but I’ll be able to quit when I graduate.” This thought thread is far from uncommon, but I don’t think everyone who says it truly believes it. For most student smokers, a ban will not cause strife but marginal inconvenience. Some may have a hard time believing a policy change like this could be enforced well.

Nevertheless, others seem to be optimistic that the ban will dissuade the next wave of students from partaking in smoking.

Fall 2017 —— 37

DeLorean

A look back at Back to the Future What would you do if you could turn back time?

Article by Zeahaa Rehman Illustration by Riham Abu Affan

38 —— The Varsity Magazine

Futures

“W

here we’re going, we don’t need… roads.”

With those iconic words, Doc and Marty resume their time-traveling adventures in the sequel to the 1985 hit Back to the Future.

The Back to the Future franchise is now a classic time-travel film trilogy that follows Michael J. Fox as 17-year-old Marty McFly. In the original film, Marty accidentally travels 30 years into the past in a time-traveling DeLorean invented by his friend Emmett ‘Doc’ Brown, played by Christopher Lloyd.

Marty has musical ambitions, a girlfriend who loves him, and a nice house in the suburbs of Hill Valley, California. Yet his life still leaves a lot to be desired: his father’s supervisor is a bully, his mother has a drinking problem, and his school principal labels him a “slacker.”

Upon travelling to the year 1955, Marty accidentally interrupts his parents’ love story and must right it so he can return to a future where he still exists. Marty astutely reunites his parents in such a way that when he returns to the future, he finds things have changed for the better. He has little time to enjoy it, however, as Doc immediately beseeches Marty to travel to 2015 with him because “something has gotta be done” about Marty’s kids.

Living in 2017, two years past the ‘future’ in Back to the Future Part II, I was curious to see how accurate creators Bob Gale and Robert Zemeckis’ predictions of the future were and how the movie connected to my life. I also wanted an excuse to marathon the entire Back to the Future trilogy during midterm season without judgement from my family.

I was pleasantly surprised that the future Back to the Future Part II’s $40 million budget brought to life mirrored the actual future — my present — quite well. Though we have not been subjected to any more Jaws sequels after 1987’s Jaws: The Revenge, its hologram poster in the film brings to mind Tupac Shakur’s 2012 posthumous hologram performance at Coachella and the trend of virtual concerts and virtually created popstars.

Marty’s self-lacing Nike shoes exist, too, though they aren’t the most affordable choice of footwear. There is even a Kickstarter to make Marty’s self-drying jacket a reality, though the jacket’s speaking abilities remain to be seen.

The glasses Marty’s children wear at the dinner table are reminiscent of Google Glass — which admittedly failed to take hold — and virtual reality headsets. Marty’s video call with his boss on his TV is possible thanks to smart TVs and apps like Tellybean and Chromecast.

As the movie predicted, using thumbprints to pay for things is common today with touch identification phones. Using thumbprints to enter your house is less common, as is having a smart home, but both are realities. Hands-free gaming,

flat-screen TVs, and tablets are also widespread.

Hoverboards are real, too — they don’t actually hover, though companies like Lexus and Arx Pax are in the midst of fixing that. Drones that walk dogs seem more unaffordable than far-fetched, as do automated gas stations. A few misses aside, Back to the Future Part II predicted the future with jaw-dropping accuracy.

The only thing more fascinating than the series’ predictions is its plot: changing one’s past to create a nicer future, thanks to a time machine.

If only I had a time machine.

This thought crossed my mind as I took in the movie, following me throughout the entirety of the next day. The idea of going back to create change has an immense appeal to me. This is primarily because I despise the feeling of regret washing over me even more than I loathe wearing wet socks.

I can’t help but think about all the things that I would change if I had a time-travelling DeLorean.

Hell, I’d settle for a time-travelling Ford Pinto if it meant I could change my past.

I’d exercise more in the past, so I wouldn’t run out of breath after climbing one flight of stairs. I’d study better, so the soundtrack of a horror movie wouldn’t accompany me every time I opened the grades section on Portal. I’d learn how to stand up for myself rather than meekly accepting whatever mark a TA felt I deserved. I’d probably give my past self a sports almanac so I wouldn’t have to worry about the increasing numbers on my ACORN account or dread opening my bank statements. I’d voice all the things I left unsaid to my crushes, my friends, my family members, my teachers, and my enemies. I’d try everything I wanted to, unburdened by the weight of consequences, so I wouldn’t imagine all the ‘what-ifs’ whenever I couldn’t sleep.

Everyone, I think, must imagine things they would do differently in the past if were they given the chance. The idea of changing the past is exciting, but a continued obsession with it can be toxic and lead into the quicksand of self-pity.

As hard as it is to do, it would be better to make the most of today than live in the past or constantly fret about the future and how every decision might affect it. This is by no means an excuse to marathon movies or binge-watch a new TV series during midterm season. It is meant to serve as a reminder of sorts that it is okay to breathe once a while and not worry about the ripple effect of every single decision you make. It is also meant to prompt you to stop obsessing over mistakes made in the past and long to change them.

Like Doc says, “Time-traveling is just too dangerous! Better that I devote myself to study the other great mystery of the universe.” While in Doc’s case this mystery is women, in my version of the present, it’s probably how to use the printer-photocopier-scanner machines at U of T’s libraries.

CMC 203

Fall 2017 —— 39

Health

GOOD BAD Article by Illustrations by

In the driven environment of U of T, it is too easy to lose sight of just how much university students deal with. From utilizing therapy to finding their passions, five students share their stories of battling adversity and moving forward when doing so feels impossible.

40 —— The Varsity Magazine

DAYS, DAYS

Futures

Rachel Chen Elham Numan

“I

don’t think I should do this.”

“I don’t know if I should do this, but I’m stuck now.”

“Now I can’t do anything.”

“Maybe I’m just nervous.”

In Ryerson University’s journalism program, Nadia Ozzorluoglu used to wake up crying. Journalism was her purpose, her parents had helped pay for school, and everyone was counting on her. Once in the program, however, the idea of interviewwing strangers, writing about it, handing her work in, and doing it again and again terrified her.

“Now that I was facing the reality of what I should not be doing, I just couldn’t accept that,” said Ozzorluoglu. “The fact

that my purpose was completely obliterated in the matter of a day really kind of freaked me out.”

Today, Ozzorluoglu is in her third year at UTM, double-majoring in English and Theatre, Drama and Performance Studies.

After taking a gap year to relax and re-explore her interests, she has found her niche in theatre.

Whether it is stress, mental illness, or any other number of extraneous situations, what keeps people going when living feels impossible? When dealing with today is difficult, envisioning the future — from getting up tomorrow morning to post-graduate planning — becomes even harder.

The concept of resiliency, or

the ability to bounce back when life gets tough, comes to mind. As Ozzorluoglu said, a “sink or swim” mentality takes over. Stanley Zhou, a U of T PhD student studying cancer biology, called it ‘bend or break.’

But it is not always easy to swim or to bend.

RECOGNIZING WHEN SOMETHING IS WRONG Yin Kot is a fourth-year student at UTSG, about to finish a double major in Criminology and Ethics, Society, and Law and a minor in Philosophy. A bit of a perfectionist, Kot realized she had anxiety in her third year.

“It ended up being where I was

Fall 2017 —— 41

Health

just lying in bed and like, petrified of starting to the point where I would miss something,” said Kot. “I’d get out of bed but it’s like in a very begrudging way and beating myself up over this thing that I didn’t accomplish that I said I would. I sort of would carry that energy with me the whole day.”

Ozzorluoglu knew she had social anxiety and depression before she went to Ryerson, but it had been manageable. As she became worse and worse, she knew she needed help but didn’t know how to ask.

“I was crying all day, I was constantly wrapped in a blanket... I was constantly drinking tea, I was constantly around my mom and I was holding her hand... I reverted into childhood,” she said. “I couldn’t function and I was constantly having panic attacks. I knew I needed help because that was not normal and that’s not how I used to be.”

“I thought I couldn’t take the year off and think about what I wanted to do and talk and get help,” said Ozzorluoglu. “I thought this was the end. I’m going to get stuck doing something I hate for four years, and I don’t know how I’m going to get through it.”

Currently in her final year at U of T studying International Relations and Economics, Sarah Jevnikar was “unnaturally anxious,” according to her sister. Like Kot, she had difficulty getting out of bed in the morning.

She sought help when depression came later.

“If I started with thinking about the work I had to do, even if I enjoyed it, I’d get too overwhelmed and wouldn’t be able to move from the panic and depression,” said Jevnikar.

Jevnikar has blindness, and she pointed out that people rarely dis-

42 —— The Varsity Magazine

cuss the intersection of mental illness and disability.

“My first psychiatrist attributed every problem I had to my blindness. This wasn’t accurate for me — it comes with a package of issues: social isolation, misunderstandings, inaccessible course materials that take longer to produce and use, extra pressure to excel despite all of these things… But I know it in itself wasn’t the cause of my anxiety and depression,” said Jevnikar.

Emerson Daniele, a fourth-year student specializing in Neuroscience and minoring in Psychology, was diagnosed with social anxiety and depression in grade 11. Psychology is important, he said, because mental illness often makes thinking about the future difficult.

“One of the byproducts of anxiety is that you ruminate on things that are currently happening, or have happened in the past, but… the issue about social anxiety is that you also worry about things in the future, but they’re not realistic things,” explained Daniele. “I’m worried about things that would probably never happen, but I’m not actually thinking about my future in a productive way.”

He addressed the ability to think of a future as “dealing with whatever mess is the now.”

“When I was diagnosed, or even in the period of time leading up to my diagnosis, I couldn’t think about a future because my mental state was taking over,” said Daniele. “I couldn’t move past that.”

Futures

PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY Daniele brought up a concept of cognitive behavioural theory called ‘schemas,’ generalized knowledge structures that shape a person’s expectations for and perceptions of their environment. The theory goes that when a person has an experience, they filter it through schemas.

When a schema is “dysfunctional,” people can get stuck in a negative mindset because they are more likely to accept whatever is “schema consistent.” This means that people are more likely to ignore something if it is inconsistent with the schema, regardless of if it is realistic.

“My example would be my depression, right? And social anxiety,” said Daniele. He would think, “People don’t like me. They are saying yes to hanging out with me because they feel bad. So anytime someone would say yes to me, I would be like, ‘Okay, they feel bad.’ But if they said no, I’m like, ‘Okay, they don’t like me.’”

In cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which Daniele both attended and later learned about in his university courses, the main concept is that thoughts, emotions, and behaviour all affect each other in a sort of circle.

“The thought is that... if you intervene at the thought level or the behavioural level, you can change the emotional response and the cycle would continue on more positively,” said Daniele.

Daniele did not consider himself a naturally resilient person, but he found CBT fascinating because it gave him the skills to basically be his own therapist.

“Being able and learning the techniques to step back and kind of evaluate when you’re having one of

those dysfunctional thoughts was the sources of my resiliency going forward,” said Daniele. “At cognitive behavioural therapy, they really do teach you techniques on how to evaluate your thought processes and challenge them as they are happening. Which is really difficult to do in the moment because a lot of the times your thoughts are so automatic, they’re just gut reactions, right?”

Of course, while the ideas behind CBT make a lot of sense, Daniele made sure to point out that it does not work for everyone. For Jevnikar, those tools help, but she said that CBT is not a “catch-all.”

“I still struggle with being open

“Everyone should try to take care of their mental health just as they would maintain their physical health, whether they have a mental illness or not.” with those around me. I’d like to think I’m a bit better at coping with things because I recognize them — I know if I start to get a certain feeling that I need to get help before it worsens. I think the pre-therapy Sarah wouldn’t have known or thought to do that,” said Jevnikar.

Catching when that feeling happens is a major key to maintaining mental health, which Daniele em-

phasized is different from mental illness. Everyone should try to take care of their mental health just as they would maintain their physical health, whether they have a mental illness or not.

FINDING AND CREATING SUPPORT NETWORKS While therapy is often useful, its resources and the discussions surrounding it are not always accessible to all.

Kot, for instance, was hesitant to reach out for help herself, despite working on an initiative called Healthy Minds U of T and telling her students from mentorship program First in the Family to use all the resources available to them.

“I grew up in Hong Kong,” said Kot. “This isn’t a thing that you talk about. Even in my family especially, it was very much a ‘chin up buttercup, keep going.’ I remember even when I was a kid, if I was upset about something and crying about something, it was very much a ‘why are you displaying your emotions so much?… don’t do that.’”

With her parents in Hong Kong, Kot didn’t want to worry them.

She researched words to translate her anxiety into Chinese, but the only ones she could find ended in 病 which means ‘sickness’ or ‘disease.’ The word felt too permanent and too strong for her to breach the topic.

“You have to put up a brave face,” said Kot. “I remember they would Skype in every week, and even when it was at the worst of it I just would be like, ‘Yeah, everything is great’… It was like they sacrificed so much to send me here, so how could I tell them that I am unhappy? My mum never went to university, so I am literally living her dream, I feel.

Fall 2017 —— 43

Health

How could I tell them that I am not loving it here?”

Zhou, who has studied at U of T since beginning his undergrad in 2011, understands Kot’s situation all too well. Born in Guangzhou, he was his father’s sixth child under China’s one-child policy. For about five to six years, he lived without an official identity until his parents borrowed enough money from distant family members to be able to give him one.

Eventually, Zhou and his parents moved to Canada for his education, which his father had to sacrifice retirement to do. These experiences and hardships helped him truly appreciate the value of education and grow to enjoy learning for the sake of learning.

“Because we were not that welloff… we literally were trying to get money to put on the table — and my dad did the same thing in his younger days; during the Cultural Revolution, he would have to beg for

44 —— The Varsity Magazine

Perhaps most importantly, all the students implied that no one is ever as stuck as they might feel. Even with schoolwork, there is more help and flexibility than students realize. food,” said Zhou. “So when I grew up with the childhood of having to go through such difficulties that are basic human necessities, why would I be stressed out — which I still am —

why would I go crazy over a grade?”

Although Zhou was passionate about school, he and a friend realized that incoming students could use a little help and began mentoring students through the ‘Accepted U of T’ Facebook pages.

“What I’m very proud of here is that when I started mentoring the kids that I mentored — they’re not kids really, they’re 22, 23 — are now mentoring others, and the people they mentored are now mentoring other people,” said Zhou. “That also has to do with mental health as well — if you know there is someone there to help you, you feel much better about your chances to do stuff.”

One year, he took this a step further and wrote a post offering an ear to anyone who needed one, telling them to message him their stories.

“I got issues that are way more unfortunate than what I went through as a child and I was inspired by those stories,” said Zhou. “I realized everybody has their own chapter

Futures

and you just have to sort of push on through… Try to be good to people, try to be nice to people.”

People cannot do life alone, Zhou pointed out. He pressed on the importance of social interactions, encouraging students to indulge in simple activities like having a coffee with someone or going outside.

Without interaction, he said, “you get more depressed than what you started with.”

Kot and Jevnikar echoed the necessity of networks and community.

Kot thinks that much of the ability to cope comes from unpacking experiences and talking to someone: “I just feel like a lot of people helped me get to where I am,” said Kot. “Like, this was a group project, not an individual thing. So I think resilience comes from networks… I don’t think anyone can really be resilient on their own because no one can be ‘on’ all the time.”

For times when finding community is difficult, however, Jevnikar

brought up the many other resources available to students, such as Counseline, an in-person and online student counselling service.

“Having people to visit me or talk to me socially [is] critical, and that was tough when I was by myself so much while at U of T,” said Jevnikar. “In my lowest moments I made use of Good2Talk, a phone service for all Ontario post-secondary students, which was essential in keeping me together during the loneliest times.”

ASKING FOR HELP Perhaps most importantly, all the students implied that no one is ever as stuck as they might feel. Even with schoolwork, there is more help and flexibility than students realize. “[Your] registrar isn’t an automaton who will throw [you] out of university if [you’re] not doing well. I don’t mean to be flippant, but I was terrified of talking to my

registrar, so [I] was always playing catch-up during a crisis and almost always made a fool of myself by being over-emotional — which they completely understood for the most part,” said Jevnikar.

“You are not the first student to have these problems, which isn’t to diminish your own experience as just ‘run-of-the-mill,’ but I say that to indicate that there are many people who have heard similar stories and who want to and can help. U of T can appear isolating, but I promise it doesn’t have to,” she added.

Similarly, following yet another all-nighter near the end of her third year, Kot realized that she could not function like that anymore, even though her essay was due the next day. The realization, she said, “terrified” her.

Kot reached out to the Dean’s office at her college, which referred her to her registrar and the Health and Wellness Centre. Today, her approach has changed such that she

Fall 2017 —— 45

Health

Whether it is stress, mental illness, or any other number of extraneous situations, what keeps people going when living feels impossible? does not have to reach a breaking point before taking action.

“I’ve been sitting down and having frank and open conversations with my professors, with my bosses, with everyone... who wants to talk about [my anxiety],” said Kot. “That really helps me because I think I was sort of terrified of failing… They’re like, ‘You know what? That happens to me too.’ And they totally get it and they talk me through it. It sort of helps me understand that even if I do mess up, it’s okay. It’s not like it is undoable or anything.”

Ozzorluoglu was fortunate her parents took mental illness seriously and assisted her in finding the help she needed. “I used to go to a therapist, and my mom forced me to go on antidepressants and anxiety medication, which is like the best thing my mom has ever done,” said Ozzorluoglu. “I went to therapy twice a week, started off twice a week, then once a week, eventually once a month. Now I don’t really see her anymore.” At times, Ozzorluoglu admits that she reverts to her old ways of coping, but even without regular therapy now, what she gained from it still helped greatly.

“I’m better at knowing myself,” said Ozzorluoglu. “I know my creative outlets. I have resources now.”

46 —— The Varsity Magazine

FINDING A PASSION When life becomes more manageable, or when we escape a negative mindset, it is interesting how much our perspectives can change. Daniele, for example, still cares about how and what other people think but approaches it from a completely different outlook.

“That used to be such a negative thing for me because I was worried about their negative feelings towards me, but I guess a big moment for me was realizing I could control those negative feelings towards me if they had them or if not,” said Daniele. “But I was worried about how they were feeling about themselves because I was just thinking about how crap I felt. That still gets me up in the morning — thinking that I can study psychiatric disorder.

“It’s funny because the thing that used to like, make me dread waking up in the morning was why I started to wake up in the morning, which I find is kind of oddly profound.”

Zhou pointed out that in university, undergraduates are caught up in the assignment-midterm-exam cycle, which prevents them from deciding whether they actually love what they do. His advice is to take time off and think.

“What I found was that a lot of my friends who did not get a job or

whatever after fourth year and took an extra year, or took fewer courses, and they finally had that time to think about what they want — that year, they found out that what they wanted was in contrast with what they thought they wanted in undergrad. Now they are much happier for it,” said Zhou.

For Ozzorluoglu, Zhou’s advice could not be truer. Realizing she was not trapped into one plan for the future changed her direction entirely.

However, she added that there is no rush to accomplish anything, or even to heal.

“I understand how some people are just too scared to do anything, which is totally fine,” said Ozzorluoglu. “Take as much time as you need to recover before diving into something if that is what you need.

However, if that thing that you need is part of your recovery, then find the aspect of it that suits you the most and try to flourish from that.”

Passion, gratitude, and perseverance — these are key, said Zhou.

“The world is a tough place. It’s not going to stop being tough. It only gets harder. Your responsibility as a student is to enjoy what you learn, try to do well at what you do, and try to grow an interest and passion in something you do.”

Futures

Zhou added that mental illness can hinder people from moving forward. In those cases, he asks people to seek help sooner rather than later.

“But in terms of just feeling lazy or uninspired, you cannot expect people to motivate you every day,” said Zhou. “You have to find that inner drive, that inner inspiration to say, ‘This is what I want to achieve today. Even if it is a bad day, this is what I want to achieve tomorrow.’

And so on and so on. Find the reason that you want to do that.”

TAKING CARE OF YOURSELF Regardless of how each of these students pulled themselves out of tough situations, Zhou tells the unfortunate truth: life can always get harder. However, there are ways to maintain our mental health so that when the inevitable future comes, we are more equipped to handle the unpredictable.

Ozzorluoglu’s therapist recommended she do things like taking a photo or writing a song. “[Those are] things that you don’t really want to do when you’re depressed, and you don’t think about it because you don’t want to do anything,” said Ozzorluoglu. “It sounds so obvious — I want to say when you’re neurotypical — to say ‘Why don’t you do this?

Why don’t you do that?’ But when

you are in that situation, you don’t want to think about anything, you don’t want to do anything.”

Similarly, Daniele noticed that he was withdrawing from people he cared about when he felt depressed, he urged keeping a good support network in those situations.

“It sounds a bit over-said, but it is important to take time for yourself and take stock of your mental health,” said Daniele. “If you don’t take the time to take stock of your own mental health, that’s when things start to go downhill and that could take you to the mental illness kind of area.”

Kot now makes sure to take the time to jot down notes so she can look back and evaluate her day for connections that otherwise would not have occurred to her.

“There are connections that you can’t really draw when you’re in the moment, but now at the end of the day I take a moment, like, ‘How did I feel today? What did I do today?

How did I do last week?’” said Kot. “In hindsight, I’ve connected like, ‘Okay. When I drink coffee, I feel ridiculously anxious for the rest of the day. I love my coffee, but this is not a thing that I can keep doing.’”

The students made sure to emphasize that their experiences will

not necessarily apply to everyone else. Some of them brought up their privileged stances in society, while others recognized they might just be more inherently resilient.

“It’s really tough because everyone is different,” said Ozzorluoglu. “You don’t want to influence someone if it is going to harm them but help you.

It’s kind of touchy... My way of healing is different than yours.”

“Listen to your body,” she said.

“How does your body feel? Just try to do whatever your body wants you to do. Make your body become your friend again and figure out what your body wants.”

The imperative for resiliency, for moving forward through the very worst, seems not to be the ability to merely keep trudging onward through difficulty, but the ability to take a step back, understand ourselves, change our negative schemas, and ask for help when we need it.

As Jevnikar said, “I don’t think of [resiliency] as ‘brushing the dirt off and carrying on’ but rather taking all that dirt with you to make better and more compassionate decisions for yourself and others.”

Fall 2017 —— 47

Poetry

After He had sculpted the moon and stars Following creation, a poet explores God’s future for earth Poem by Niall Sukar Visual by Darren Cheng

After He had sculpted the moon and stars, His gaze fell on the planet with blue scars — What colour should the day be? He thought, As He penned Earth’s future’s plot.

“I will shatter prejudice,” said Red as she drew her sword, “Pick me,” whispered Orange, “I’m success against all odds” “I’m hope,” Yellow smiled, and batted her eyes, Green smirked — “I’m truth in this world of lies.”

“I’ll bring mystery into the lives of humans,” voiced Black.

Grey sung: “And I’ll boost the self-confidence they lack.”

The meeting went on, arguing hour after hour, Adjourned only when the clouds grew dark; it began to shower.

He watched as the colours left one by one — The rain drops wet their shoulders turn by turn, Red battled the water with vain — Black waited for the clouds to drain.

Yellow and Green shivered under the drizzle, Blue, Grey, and Orange stood coldly, dismal.

Disappointed, He sighed as the last colour rose to her feet.

White hadn’t spoken, but she seemed whole and complete.

Gracefully she strode across the room and out onto the grass — “Poor girl, she’s going to shiver,” He thought at last.

But as White walked on unfazed, the droplets fell softly around her — Taken aback, He watched while they began to transform her: She shone through the wet prisms and across the sky, Until the blue was transformed into a rainbow up high!

White carried the spectrum of colours within her — All the emotions in perfect balance inside her.

“This should be the future of humans,” He said with satisfaction.

“Only then will negativity of the world be missing in action.”

Mesmerized, He stood in awe of White — That’s when He knew she’d be the colour of daylight!

48 —— The Varsity Magazine

Futures

Tomorrow’s Toronto From social inequality to suburban sprawl, three faculty members tackle the city’s problems of today Article by George Kell Photos by Steven Lee

M

uch of my life has been spent living in Caledon on the outskirts of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA).

Consequently, my experiences have largely been relegated to that of a semi-rural town. I grew up with large housing and open spaces — a stark contrast to the city I now live and learn in.

Until recently, I did not find the downtown core welcoming.

I was so intimidated by it that I was firmly opposed to attending the University of Toronto. I remember looking around at the tall, intimidating buildings during my first campus tour, feeling a sense of vertigo and questioning why anyone would ever want to live here.

Fall 2017 —— 49

Toronto

Over time, that sentiment slowly started to change. I would tour the campus by myself, taking the time to explore the small shops and the friendly environment and exploring where the tour guides did not. Eventually, I fell in love with the city.

In the next decade, most current U of T undergraduates will graduate and establish careers. Many of us will choose to stay in Toronto. In anticipation of our futures, we should consider now what our city will hold for us.

What steps can we take in this moment to ensure the best possible future for our city? I interviewed three U of T faculty members to get insight.

DIVERSITY: OUR STRENGTH Toronto is the largest city in Canada and is well known for its multiculturalism. This diversity will only grow in the years to come, and Toronto needs to be proactive in learning how to evolve with its changing demographics. The research of Urban Studies Program Assistant Professor David Roberts — the first person I interviewed about this subject — focuses on “geographies of race and racialization, urban infrastructure planning, and the politics of public participation in urban knowledge production and policymaking.” His views on the future of Toronto focus on how, as residents and members of civil society, we will deal with oncoming population growth.

“Toronto has people from every corner of the globe here, and is one of the most, if not the most, diverse cities in the world,”

he told me.

When asked about the future of Toronto for people of colour and other marginalized groups, Roberts stated that “that kind of promise of multiculturalism is built into our motto: ‘diversity is our strength.’” Roberts urges conversations surrounding issues of racial inequality to be had sooner rather than later for Torontonians to improve our relationships with one another.

He praised grassroots groups such as Black Lives Matter TO for addressing topics of systemic racism and racial inequality in an influential manner in the city. However, he criticized city leaders for a lack of action, and stressed that “addressing the systemic forms of racial inequality that exist in the city” requires a greater commitment by City Council to deal with future problems that may emerge. He mentioned the uprisings on Yonge Street in 1992 after the Rodney King verdict — where four Los Angeles police officers were acquitted of using excessive force in beating King, a Black man — and said that although race relations are not currently at that level of tension, it should not deteriorate to this for people to pursue urban social justice.

The current state of Toronto is, admittedly, manageable.

Toronto has a relatively low crime rate compared to other Canadian cities. While we do have plenty of issues of our own, relatively speaking, Toronto is safer than many other North American cities. This, ironically, is a problem of a different

50 —— The Varsity Magazine

Futures

sort: it breeds a complacency that presupposes that any emergent issues will be somebody else’s problem.

“I think there’s a real role for young people, too, who may be a bit less complacent about the state of affairs in the city, and so will continue to have an increasingly large voice in the city,” Roberts said.

Moving forward, the role that young people will play in bringing issues to the forefront requires us all to realize that our obligation in helping one another involves a system of reciprocity — promote the equal treatment of all and, in return, the potential of all will benefit the city. People learning from one another without restriction increases dialogue and will drastically improve relationships. In a city that is increasingly unaffordable to live in, we need as many people working together as possible.

FIGHTING SOCIAL INEQUALITY Matti Siemiatycki, an associate professor in the Department of Geography and Planning, argues that the city needs to begin addressing current problems now should it continue to grow.

“It’s an exciting time. I see the city becoming even more lively, even more diverse, being a bigger player on the global stage. But I think if we’re going to get this right we need to start now, putting in place the foundations for the next 50 years.”

Siemiatycki described other areas of the GTA, such as Milton and King City, as sites of rapid development in low-rise, single-use residential districts, which he said “is posing challenges on our infrastructure.”

He added that the congestion on our major highways in the region “is a drag on the economy.” While housing costs outside the downtown core are undeniably cheaper in compari-

Fall 2017 —— 51

Toronto

son, the lifestyle can be taxing on commuters and especially taxing on the environment. If the cost is pollution and environmental degradation, are the percieved financial benefits truly worth it?

With regard to the role of young people in the future planning of the city, Siemiatycki has advocated for new, evidence-based planning strategies in outlets like the Toronto Star. He argues that “universities and our student organizations play a really important role in advocating for measures that are going to help youth.” Much of this advocacy work derives from our innate, perennial need to be social and centralized.

“It turns out that humans are a species that want to be around other people, that the idea of extreme isolation or being separated from others creates feelings of dislocation, and in some cases, can undermine efficiency.” The future of Toronto relies on the voices of those who will live with these changes the longest.

52 —— The Varsity Magazine

THE PROBLEM OF HOUSING It’s clear that the future of housing will be a problem for years to come; it’s already a serious problem we deal with today.

Because of this, many people are focusing on planning and policy changes required for more affordable city living.

Shauna Brail, the Director of Urban Studies Program and the Presidential Advisor on Urban Engagement at U of T, recommends people adjust their expectations about living in Toronto in the future, particularly with the increasing unaffordability of single-family homes. She believes there will be more career opportunities than residence options for young people in the city. Brail emphasized the meaningful prospects that will emerge in the future will allow Toronto to continue as a hub of activity.

Concerning how we ought to adjust to increased growth in the city, Brail points to how Toronto could respond to it: “We know that we’ve approved tens of thousands of new residen-

Futures

are that future policymakers might reverse the protections granted to the Greenbelt. The life of the Greenbelt relies upon advocates and academics like Brail.

Sustainability and urban planning in the future should rely upon the creation of jobs and the promotion of meaningful jobs outside of the city core. This would help reduce congestion and help with affordability issues, as well as increasing sustainability.

tial units… [what] do we need in terms of ensuring that we have not just a city of people living in it, but a city of people who have access to jobs?”

Though some seek to address the issue of housing through increased redistribution, others question how to address the scarcity itself. Brail refuted the idea of opening the Greenbelt — a permanently protected area surrounding parts of the GTA — to housing development.

“There are many benefits to maintaining that Greenbelt as it is, and most of the recommendations suggest maintaining the Greenbelt… [because] it’s really important for people’s wellbeing, it’s important for air quality reasons, it’s important for reasons related to managing urban form, and trying to encourage higher density living.” Brail called the propositions of degrading the surrounding environment a “false trade-off” that would decrease air quality and increase health and congestion costs instead.

Nonetheless, the concerns of environmental advocates

PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE Brail also recommended learning from other global cities to learn from their successes and determine how we can evaluate them. This includes projects like bike lanes, street vending, and other ways of creating more dynamic, lively cities.

According to Brail, the future of planning in Toronto “will be increasingly connected to partnerships… Our city is changing in ways… that really connect with people, with other organizations. The city can’t do everything themselves, the urban planners can’t do everything themselves. They really require partnerships and relationships.”

It seems evident that the problems and solutions of tomorrow begin today. Today’s issues are inextricably linked to what we will deal with, for better or worse, in the future.

This includes how we treat our fellow residents, countering complacency, and interacting with our concrete and natural environments. We need to be more pragmatic about where we choose to live in the future and how we choose to learn from our global neighbours. Rallying young people in support of evidence-based policy measures is a start — since those policies will affect us more than any other demographic — however, we need to emphasize that even if we are not directly affected by these issues, our communities need to be defended by every incursion against our livelihood. If we refuse to prepare now, what will the future hold for the people of Toronto?

Fall 2017 —— 53

Our

Mirrors

A photo essay on our futures Article and photos by Nathan Chan

54 —— The Varsity Magazine

Futures

W

hat is your future? I’m talking to you. The individual. The human. Think about your future, not the future in general. What do you see? Do you feel the oncoming existential crisis?

Fear not. Take a minute.

You’re probably wrong about your future anyways. Pygmalion or golem, the light of your future is infinite. We nest our dreams and fears into a vision that time steamrolls with poignant indifference.

According to many, predicting the future is futile.

Yet we claim our futures from the hands of time, seizing a subset of its infinity. We fill the immaterial future with our desires and despairs and carve our image into the present, defying time’s undisputable progression. Humanity does not strive or thrive; it simply survives in a tenuous vision. Perhaps, then, continued existence is future resistance.

Take the image of our futures as a reflection of humanity. Find solace not in the futility of prediction but in the aspirations that carve the future into the present. Seek the resiliency of continued existence and manifest from it the inspiration for your future.

Fall 2017 —— 55

“ Our

I am finishing up my final year of forestry and I am more excited than ever to start my career this spring. I love that forestry offers me a practical and fulfilling way to keep our forests healthy for future generations.

— Basil Southey

56 —— The Varsity Magazine

”

Futures

“

For the first time in my life, my future is up in the air - it’s kind of terrifying, but also so exhilarating!

It’s freeing not knowing what’s coming next, and I’m embracing the unknown.

However, I’m definitely getting a dog in the future.

That’s all I know!

— Kendra Dempsey

”

Fall 2017 —— 57

Our

“

Growing up in a generation where parents constantly push you to reach your full potential has led to some rather high expectations.

So maybe in response, a clichéd future involving a loving partner and modest sense of life fulfilment is all I really want.

— Darren Cheng

58 —— The Varsity Magazine

”

Futures

“

Returning the unconditional love I was born with.

My present and future is about being there and caring for my mom as she takes an impossible journey that I can only describe as horrible, tragic, and one that will take all her strength.

If anyone can conquer it, it’s her.

— Jasmine Wong Denike

”

Fall 2017 —— 59

Our

“

There’s something so thrilling watching yourself advance to levels you’ve thought to be unreachable. Pushing yourself to your limits to see what you can do. It’s almost like watching that little kid in you play the big playing field.

My future is advancement – it’s progress.

”

I just want to keep learning.

— Grace Manalili 60 —— The Varsity Magazine

Futures

“

My future holds an ability to reconcile all the parts of me that have felt conflicting in my past and present: tough and feminine, assertive despite anxieties, full of love for the journey that life has provided me.

— Amy Yvorchuk

”

Fall 2017 —— 61

Degree

The value of a U of T degree From employment outcomes to reputation, what is the U of T experience worth?

Article by Tom Yun Visuals by Keith Cheng & Steven Lee

62 —— The Varsity Magazine

E

ver since I was a high school freshman, there was little doubt in my mind that I would end up at U of T. The campus environment, international reputation, downtown Toronto location, and vast range of programs were just some of the factors I took into consideration when choosing a university. On top of that, I knew that it would give me the option to commute from home.

Everyone at U of T sees value in the school for different reasons, so it’s difficult to put a dollar amount on how much a U of T degree — and the U of T experience — is worth. The valuation of factors, such as the people you meet and how far away from home you are, are often personal, and the rewards relating to these factors are often intangible.

Nonetheless, I explored what students are receiving when they get a degree here, what it means to attend a highly ranked institution, and what a U of T education may look like under the province’s upcoming changes to its university funding formula.

FINANCIAL OUTCOMES Glen Jones, Professor of Higher Education and the Dean of the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, explained

Futures

that data collected from Statistics Canada comparing salary and income levels between secondary school graduates and university graduates from various programs have found that those with undergraduate degrees do better than those without. Long-term income is more debatable, he said, because people often switch professional fields during their lifetime.

“The question is: what happens to you after your first job?” said Jones. “There’s been some data that suggests that those in liberal arts actually catch up along their way, so their initial jobs may have lower incomes but they may catch up along the way as they move onto other careers.

The challenge is that the career structure keeps changing.”

A study published in July 2016 by the Education Policy Research Initiative at the University of Ottawa looked into the earnings of 2005 graduates over eight years. It found that between 2005 and 2013, graduates with bachelor’s degrees saw earnings increase by an average of 66 per cent, from $45,200 to $74,900. For humanities and social science graduates, the figure was 73.8 and 70.5 per cent respectively. Although people like to picture liberal arts graduates working as baristas, the data shows otherwise.

“If your undergraduate degree is in philosophy or classics, you’re not heading in a profession that involves classics or philosophy,” said Jones. “But you have a set of critical thinking skills and maybe a set of communications skills and other skillsets that are quite attractive in, whether it’s business or some other field.”

RANKINGS AND REPUTATION A major selling point for U of T is how highly the school ranks in various world rankings lists. In most major ranking lists, U of T has placed first in Canada and within the top 30 universities internationally. With each new ranking list released, the university’s communications department wastes no time showing off U of T’s position among fellow universities.

But aside from providing ego boosts for students and a steady supply of positive PR for the university, what do these rankings actually accomplish?

Jones noted that many of these rankings focus on research and reputation, rather than the quality of the education that students receive. “In terms of educational quality, I’m not sure it makes a big difference,” he said. “My

Fall 2017 —— 63

Degree

general sense is that all Canadian universities are quite good.”

He explained further that “sometimes, the most important decision is moving away from home, and that’s a life choice.

And maybe that’s more important than going to a university that’s number 12 or number 146.”

When it comes to choosing a school, Jones believes the rankings should only be a “modest factor” taken into account in comparison to other factors, such as relative program strengths and university location.

On the other hand, world rankings can make a huge difference when it comes to recruiting international students — who make up approximately 20 per cent of the student body at U of T. “The existence of international students on campus has a big impact on the university’s revenue and that must have a big impact on what the university is able to provide to students,” explained Jones. “If we didn’t have those

“ If your

undergraduate degree is in philosophy or classics, you’re not heading in a profession that involves classics or philosophy

”

international students and relied only on government money and domestic tuition, I think the university would look very different.”

The rankings, Jones argued, are fundamental to U of T’s ability to attract international students from around the world. “If the university was not in the rankings anywhere, our ability to attract international students from… other parts of the world would be highly diminished,” he said.

The day after Donald Trump was elected President of the United States, U of T’s admissions website reported a spike in traffic. Subsequently, the university saw a 24 per cent increase in international applicants with a 71 per cent increase in applications from American students for the 2017–2018 cycle.

Jones also said, however, that it is too early to tell what

64 —— The Varsity Magazine

Futures

ORGANIZATION

RANKING NAME

WORLD RANKING

NATIONAL RANKING

Times Higher Education

World University

=22

1

Times Higher Education

World Reputation

24

1

QS

World University

31

1

QS

Graduate Employability

=15

1

Shanghai Ranking

Academic

23

1

U.S. News & World Report

Best Global Universities

20

1

National Taiwan University

Overall

4

1

Reuters

Most Innovative Universities

46

1

Maclean’s

Reputation

-

1

Maclean’s

Medical/Doctoral

-

2

the effects of increased attention to U of T as a result of political shifts in the US could be.

“It’s just a question on how big a change... and how longlasting it is, and we just don’t know the answer to these questions,” he said. “That’s just the political reality. Whether that means that Canada will be advantaged by that, I’d like to think so, but we’ll see.”

A NEW FUNDING FORMULA The province of Ontario has been in negotiations with postsecondary institutions to modernize its funding formula for universities. Currently, funding is provided to universities on the basis of enrollment — with more funding allocated to schools with higher enrolment — but the province is considering adding outcome metrics such as graduation rates. These stipulations are laid out between the province and each university in what are called strategic mandate agreements.

“It’s part of the strategy that the province wants to create a university sector where there are more differences between institutions, and they want the universities to essentially say what they think they’re really good at and what their priorities are, and the provinces are using that as a foundation for trying to differentiate the system,” said Jones.

In addition, the university is considering cuts to admissions over the next five to seven years. Given the fact that tuition and government funding tied to enrolment make up about two-thirds of the university’s revenue, it raises the question of what effects a new funding formula could have on the kind of education students can come to expect in the future.

“The last thing the province wants is to have a huge change to the funding arrangements that will cause huge instability to the system. So the changes will be incremental,

and they will be relatively modest initially,” said Jones.

In an unpublished interview in April, The Varsity spoke to Andrew Thomson, U of T’s Chief of Government Relations, who weighed in on the prospects of a metric-based funding formula.

“We’ll each need to identify what [metrics] we think we need to be measured against and then, how does that fit our funding goals? We do have some unique pressures in the university because the way the funding formula recognizes each program as being relatively equal in weight,” he said.

Thomson also pointed out that some programs have smaller class sizes and more labs attached to them. With these distinctions, U of T would need to work with the province to make sure they can factor them in appropriately.

Jones does not believe there is a perfect funding formula; rather, he believes that the idea of a funding formula depends on what each university wishes to accomplish.

“My own sense is that it’s possible for governments to go overboard on using performance measures, and they sometimes end up with unintended consequences,” he continued. “If you suddenly decide that one thing is important — and there’s a lot of money of the table — universities will do all they can to do that one thing. But they may neglect a whole bunch of other things.”

— With files from Aidan Currie

Fall 2017 —— 65

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