Sustainable construction old

Sustainable Construction

Coal Combustion Products

A Primer for Architects

Produced by the American Coal Ash Association Educational Foundation

www.acaa-usa.org

Sustainable Construction with Coal Combustion Products What are Coal Combusiton Products?

When selecting materials for

technically equivalent

duced by coal-fueled power

and social impact of sustain-

construction, we have the

or superior to conventional

plants. They include fly ash,

able construction is profound.

choice of substituting recycled

materials. They can significant-

bottom ash, boiler slag, flue

Each year in the U.S. coal-

materials for conventional

ly increase profitability through

gas desulfurization materials,

fueled power plants generate

products to achieve sustain-

decreased energy, water,

and other products. Most CCPs

electricity along with more

able design and significantly

land, and other costs, as

can be recycled in place

than 125 million tons of CCPs

reduce a myriad of environ-

well as through quality

of conventional materials,

that can be used or recycled

mental impacts. In most cases

and longevity.

especially those that must be

in construction and in a wide

mined, using energy and other

variety of other commercial

resources that degrade the

or “beneficial” uses. About

quality of our environment

40 percent of CCPs are used,

and increase project costs.

while the remaining 60 percent

The economic, environmental

are disposed of.

Building foundations

Soil stabilization

Exterior and interior walls

Controlled low-strength

these materials cost less, are available locally, and are

Coal combustion products or “CCPs” are materials pro-

Fly Ash

Among the most common uses

ultra high strength load

of CCPs is the substitution of

bearing columns in high-rise

fly ash for portland cement in

buildings. Though the proper-

Pavements

concrete or the use of fly ash

ties of fly ash vary according

Sidewalks

as an admixture in concrete.

to coal composition and

More than half of the concrete

power plant operating condi-

produced in the United States

tions, experts can advise on

is blended with fly ash ­— a fine,

quality and determine the

powdery substance captured

best mix design for most any

in emission control systems at

condition and project need.

the power plant. Annual pro-

Builders routinely use 40 per-

duction is about 72 million tons,

cent fly ash in mixes, but that

with 44 percent of that amount

amount can reach 70 percent

used in various applications.

or more in massive walls,

Fly ash is used extensively in

girders, road bases, dams

concrete, from lightweight to

and foundations.

1.

A Primer for Architects

Floor slabs Bricks Concrete masonry units Fiber cement siding

materials (flowable fill) Carpet backing Floor underlayments Manufactured soils and composts Pervious concrete Mineral filler in asphalt, road

Ceramic tiles

base and pavement sub-base

Paints

Metal castings

Composite materials

Portland cement feedstock

(wood, plastic and stone)

Sustainable Construction with Coal Combustion Products Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum

Bottom Ash

Boiler Slag

The second most common

gypsum). This material is used

Boiler slag is formed in cyclone

use of CCPs is flue gas de-

in almost thirty percent of

or slag tap boilers, which

sulfurization (FGD) gypsum

the gypsum panel products

produce a molten ash that

in wallboard. This material is

(wallboard) manufactured in

is cooled with water. Boiler

produced by emission control

the United States. FGD gypsum

slag is generally a black,

systems that remove sulfur and

can be used in cement pro-

granular material.

oxides from power plant flue

duction and geotechnical

Roofing shingles

gas streams. Residues vary,

applications. It can also be

Blasting grit

but the most common uses in

used in self-leveling floor

Snow and ice control

construction applications are

applications. The agricultural

Portland cement production

FGD gypsum (or “synthetic�

industry also uses this material

Structural fills

to treat undesirable soil

Embankments

Bricks

conditions and to improve

Road base

Green roof growing media

crop performance.

Pavement sub-base Mineral fillers in asphalt

Aggregates Pervious pavements

CCP Production and Use Statistics*

Pavement sub-bases

Fly Ash

Concrete masonry units

Annual Production = 71,700,000 tons

Shingles

Annual Use = 31,626,037 tons

Bottom ash is a coarse, granu-

Manufactured soils and compost

Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum

lar material collected from the

Portland cement production

bottom of a coal furnace. It is

Snow and ice contro1

composed of a range of fine

Annual Production = 12,300,000 tons

Annual Use = 9,228,271 tons

Bottom Ash

to coarse angular particles

themselves as replacements

that are generally gray to

for aggregate in structural

black in color. Bottom ash and

concrete applications, includ-

boiler slag can be used as a

ing masonry products. These

Boiler Slag

raw feed for manufacturing

materials are also suitable for

Annual Production = 2,072,695 tons

portland cement clinker. The

geotechnical applications,

Annual Use = 1,663,980 tons

physical characteristics of bot-

such as structural fills and

tom ash and boiler slag lend

land reclamation.

Annual Production = 18,100,000 tons

Annual Use = 7,303,538 tons

*2007 survey results; additional CCP categories and data available at www.acaa-usa.org

A Primer for Architects

2.

Sustainable Construction with Coal Combustion Products

Programs Supporting CCPs in Sustainable Architecture U.S. Green Building Council’s LEED Certification

Green Building Initiative

Leadership in Energy and

As with LEED, the Green Build-

Environmental Design (LEED) is

ing Initiative (GBI) promotes

a suite of related, sustainable

the adoption of building

rating systems developed by

practices that result in energy-

the U.S. Green Building Coun-

Fly ash concrete contributed points toward LEED Silver Certification for EPA Region 8 Headquarters in Denver, Colorado.

cil. To become a LEED-certified project, a building must attain a specific number of credits to achieve certification or the advanced levels of Silver, Gold, or Platinum certification.

Using fly ash or bottom ash/

reducing a project’s carbon

When using concrete in con-

boiler slag in pervious pave-

footprint. Use of CCPs has

struction, the use of coal com-

ments, which reduces the rate

contributed to all six credit cat-

bustion products (CCPs) can

and quantity of stormwater

egories, including: 1. Sustain-

contribute to credits providing

runoff, can contribute to

able Sites, 2. Water Efficiency,

various benefits to many proj-

Stormwater Design: Quantity

3. Energy and Atmosphere,

ect types, including schools

Control. CCPs can also be

4. Materials and Resources, 5.

and university campuses, com-

used in brownfield redevelop-

Indoor Environmental Quality,

mericial interiors, and homes.

ment (Sustainable Sites) and in

and 6. Innovation and Design

concrete to reduce the heat

Process when they are in-

island effect.

cluded in a variety of bulidng

CCPs contribute under the Materials and Resources

materials and applications.

efficient, healthier and environmentally sustainable buildings by promoting credible and practical green building approaches for residential and commercial construction.

GBI uses the Green Globes management tool that includes an assessment protocol, rating system and guide for integrating environmentally friendly design into commercial buildings. Working with the American National Standards Institute, GBI has released for public comment a standard against which sustainability can be evaluat-

category, as well as the Green

The thermal mass effects of

Construction and Technology

concrete offer numerous

categories for their recycled

energy advantages, includ-

content and because they

ing reductions in energy use in

Similar to LEED, the BRE Envi-

and resources, and building

are locally available. Innova-

heating, air conditioning, and

ronmental Assessment Method

longevity. Please visit: www.

tion in Design credits can be

lighting. Even underground-

(BREEAM), is taking hold inter-

thegbi.org

attained for replacing portland

parking garages incorporat-

nationally. Please visit:

cement with fly ash mixes.

ing CCPs have contributed to

www.breeam.org

3.

A Primer for Architects

Please visit: www.usg www. usgbc.org/leed

ed. As in the LEED process, the use of CCPs contributes points to site development, materials

Sustainable Construction with Coal Combustion Products Build it Green - GreenPoint Checklist: California

Greenprint: Denver, Colorado The City and County of Denver

ing fly ash, and found them to

Build It Green is a non-profit

or “green” a home is. A home

partnered with the Univer-

be more durable than ordinary

membership organization

can be considered green if it

sity of Colorado at Denver’s

concrete. In May 2007, Green-

Sustainable Urban Infrastruc-

print Denver announced Den-

whose mission is to promote

fulfills the prerequisites, earns at

ture Program to develop a

ver’s Green Concrete Policy

healthy, energy- and resource-

least 50 points, and meets the

first-of-its-kind greenhouse gas

as a part of the city’s Climate

efficient building practices in

minimum points per category:

inventory at the city scale. The

Action Plan. In October that

California.

Energy (30), Indoor Air Quality/

inventory included the em-

year, Mayor John Hickenloop-

bodied energy of key urban

er signed an executive order

materials, including concrete,

outlining the city’s sustainability

and showed that cement in

policy, including a requirement

concrete contributed more

that construction projects use

program offered by Build It

than 2 percent of the city’s

concrete with at least 20 per-

Green. The program offers

For more information about

greenhouse gas footprint. The

cent fly ash. This requirement is

builders, homeowners and

GreenPoint Rated, visit www.

UCD team investigated alter-

the first of its kind in a U.S. city.

municipalities a tool to assess

greenpointrated.org

native concrete mixes contain-

http://greenprintdenver.org.

The GreenPoint Checklist is the basis of GreenPoint Rated, a third-party home rating

Health (5), Resources (6), and Water (9). Coal combusition products may contribute in several categories.

how environmentally friendly

Sustainable specifications with fly ash concrete Wal-Mart recently issued

forefront of large retail cor-

company-wide specifications

porations. The company has

requiring fly ash and other supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in all construction. The company now has specifications for the use

Micheal Clark, a senior architect for Wal-Mart accepts a Coal Combuslong supported using CCPs, tion Products Partnership award but its past experience caused from Susan Bodine, Assistant some challenges. Many of Administrator for the EPA’s its consultants, contractors Office of Solid Waste and and construction managers Emergency Response.

of fly ash or CCPs for non-trow-

remembered past problems,

eled exterior sitework, struc-

such as delayed set times and

tural concrete, grout, concrete

poor finishes — largely caused

CCP use can result in lower

to see for itself the benefits and

masonry units, and troweled

by inexperience with CCPs.

costs (or no cost increase),

mitigate the concerns. Wal-

concrete floors in amounts

Wal-Mart did not allow hearsay

improved environmental

Mart’s dedication and innova-

ranging from 12 to 25 percent.

to sour them on CCPs. Con-

performance, and material

tive approach has now led

These innovative require-

tinued research and expert

benefits. Tests of its concrete

to its leadership role among

ments placed Wal-Mart in the

knowledge demonstrated that

placements allowed Wal-Mart

retailers in CCP use.

A Primer for Architects

4.

Sustainable Construction with Coal Combustion Products High Volume Fly Ash Concrete: Superior Sustainability & Technical Performance

Among the many examples of high volume fly ash concrete are... the US.Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters, Washington, D.C. ... Northern Arizona University’s Applied

Among the most significant

and other destructive chemi-

environmental aspects of

cal reactions that degrade

Research and Development Building (LEED Platinum) ...

using fly ash over conventional

and destroy structures over

Wurster Hall Seismic Upgrate, Stanford University ...

cement is that greenhouse gas

time. The pozzolanic properties

emissions can be exponentially

of fly ash produce long-term

Student Community Center (LEED) ... Montana State

reduced. For every ton of fly

strength gains and improve

University’s science building ... the Milwaukee Art Museum ...

ash used for a ton of port-

concrete durability by making

land cement approximately

it less permeable. Fly ash con-

one ton of carbon dioxide is

crete lowers the heat of hydra-

prevented from entering the

tion, and reduces shrinkage

earth’s atmosphere. Fly ash

and cracking. Fly ash affects

does not require the energy

the concrete’s plastic proper-

intensive kilning process

ties by improving workability,

required by portland cement.

reducing water demand,

This energy expense can also be calculated in terms of fuel

and reducing segregation and bleeding.

use. A single ton of cement

Economic gains are significant

requires approximately 55

from both technical and sus-

gallons of oil to produce. By

tainability perspectives, as well

using fly ash concrete instead,

as from an aesthetic point of

we prevent disposal, conserve

view. Projects that endure save

virgin resources - by using an

taxpayers maintenance and

industrial material instead

reconstruction costs, freeing

- and we prevent the energy

money to stimulate local econ-

consumption associated with

omies and enhance communi-

mining virgin materials.

ties. Fly ash typically costs less

Fly ash concrete is also technically superior to conventional concrete in that it has proven more resistant to acid, sulfates,

5.

The University of Texas – Houston’s School of Nursing and

the Utah state Capitol building ... Oakland-Bay Bridge ... and more...

This residence designed by Arizona architect, Michael Frerking utilizes 67 percent fly ash concrete.

than portland cement, making concrete competitive with other materials such as wood and asphalt.

A Primer for Architects

The Milwaukee Art Museum incorporated high volume fly ash concrete to achieve a variety of important design objectives.

Sustainable Construction with Coal Combustion Products Durability & strength make fly ash concrete ideal for high-rises, skyscrapers and other large structures.

Trump International Hotel and Tower, Chicago

Freedom Tower, New York City The Freedom Tower will set

The Trump International Hotel

a record for strength with

and Tower in Chicago will

concrete including Class C fly

be the Western Hemisphere’s

ash in the foundation, core

tallest reinforced concrete

and support columns, and

building. The project includes

slabs. The building’s engineers

180,000 cubic yards of

required 14,000 pounds per

high performance (fly ash)

square inch of compressive

concrete and conventional

strength. More than 240,000

concrete. Outrigger beams

yards of concrete will be used

achieved 16,000-psi,

with mix designs of 40 percent

marking the highest design

fly ash. When complete the

strength to date for a

tower will be a 1,368-foot-tall

commercial application.

building, topped by a 408-foot spire, for a total of 1,776 feet.

CEMEX U.S. Headquarters, Houston

BAPS Hindu Temple, Chicago High volume fly ash was used for the reinforced foundations, beams, and shear walls of this Hindu Mandir, which is one of the largest constructed in the United States.

The new CEMEX USA head-

Much of the concrete will

quarters will be the largest

reflect more of the sun’s

green building of its kind in

energy during the day and

Houston, including concrete

does not radiate as much

mixes that contain fly ash.

stored heat at night.

A Primer for Architects

6.

Sustainable Construction with Coal Combustion Products Site Preparation

Flooring Applications

Carpet Backing

CCPs have many uses when

Many builders are using CCP-

Backing comprised of

preparing a project site for

based floor underlayments

recycled materials can take

development. Fly ash can be

in construction, to address a

years of abuse without sac-

used to stabilize and solidify

variety of flooring situations

rificing performance. The

soils at Brownfield sites or in

and challenges. Self-leveling

inherent “ball-bearing� effect

construction areas. If rains

underlayments may be placed

resulting from the spherical

have made work areas difficult

to aid in preparation of the

nature of the glass particles

to access by vehicular traffic,

floor prior to installation of the

of fly ash contribute to bet-

self-cementing fly ash or fly

finished floor systems. On the

ter packing factors in various

ash combined with portland

other hand over-layments are

polymer systems. For carpet

cement, cement kiln dust or

sometimes specified to correct

backing systems, this trans-

lime kiln dust can dry up these

defective flooring issues prior

lates to improved flammability

areas quickly and economi-

to installation of carpeting, tile,

ratings, better tuft binds, and

cally. Blending self cementing

wood or other surfaces. These

improved dimensional stabil-

fly ash with existing soils allows

applications also can provide

ity. As a bonus to the perfor-

for the stabilization of roads

sound deadening features.

mance characteristics fly ash

and parking areas prior to

For examples of these ap-

imparts to these engineered

paving. When embankments

plications see www.maxxon.

systems, carpet backings now

or structural fills are needed,

com/go_green. Fly ash and

qualify under the USGBC LEED

fly ash, bottom ash and boiler

FGD (or synthetic) gypsum are

section MR 4.1 and 4.2 for

slag can be combined with

used widely in commercial

recycled content and the NSF

earthen materials to meet

applications, and can be used

140 as contributing towards

engineering specifications

in single family and multi-fam-

silver, gold and platinum levels

for compaction, compressive

ily homes to support LEED

of sustainability.

strength, grain size distribu-

points for indoor environmental

tion and other geo-technical

quality, low emitting materi-

Wall-Form Products

considerations. Large quanti-

als, recycled content, regional

have hollow interiors and

ties of CCPs can be placed to

materials and innovation

are stacked or set in place

provide economically accept-

in design.

and can be filled with

Most of these products

able alternatives to importing

high volume fly ash steel-

barrow materials.

reinforced concrete.

7.

A Primer for Architects

CCP Building

Masonry Products Fly ash and bottom ash are also used extensively in grouts and masonry products, including concrete veneer stone, available in a wide range of color options.

Sustainable Construction with Coal Combustion Products

Applications Diagram courtesy U.S. EPA

Green Roofs Typically, green roofs are part

public and private benefits.

of a normal roof system which

They are normally longer last-

involves green space on top

ing than conventional roofs,

of a building. Green roofs are

reduce heat loss dramatically,

usually modular in design

require less maintenance,

allowing plants to be planted

absorb sound, and often pro-

in movable sections or con-

vide aesthetic spaces for peo-

tainers. A waterproof barrier

ple to meet or congregate.

separates the green roof from

Because of its lightweight,

the structural roof. The units

granular characteristics, bot-

containing plants have a

tom ash is an ideal material

drainage system, filter cloth

for part of the growing media.

and lightweight growing me-

For more information: www.

dia to allow the plants to es-

greenroofs.com and www.

tablish their roots. Green roofs

greenroofs.org

can provide a wide range of

Composites

Geotechnical applications

fill materials once the trench

include soil stabilization,

work is complete. Rapid setting

road base, structural fill, and

flowable fills made with fly ash,

embankments. The use of

bottom ash and cement

A wood alternative produced

CCPs in controlled low-strength

(if needed) can be used to

by Lifetime Lumber (www.

materials (CLSM), sometimes

efficiently close the exposed

ltlumber.com) can contain up

called flowable fills, provides

work areas. Workers are not

to 65 percent fly ash or more.

economic alternatives to

needed in the trench to tamp

Please see “The Buyer’s Guide

many backfill situations. When

or manually place fill materials

to Coal Ash Containing Prod-

utility trenches are constructed

and large quantities can be

ucts” under Resources (pg 10).

at a job site, often the dirt or

placed in a matter of minutes,

earthen materials excavated

allowing the surface to be

are removed immediately.

paved or finished quickly.

Fly ash also serves as filler in wood, plastic products, paints, and metal castings.

Ceiling Tiles & Panel Products Ceiling tiles and wall products made with fly ash and FGD gypsum can be textured and pigmented with a wide range of colors.

Geotechnical

This necessitates importing

A Primer for Architects

8.

Sustainable Construction with Coal Combustion Products Future of Coal Combustion Products in Sustainability Coal combustion products are

concrete design and is willing

quality sources of CCPs will

the chart below, production

expected to continue to play

to pay for this quality and per-

be available to the project

of CCPs will continue their

a major role in the concrete

formance. It is hard to general-

owner, designer and architect

upward trend.

market by replacing at least

ize where the sources of quality

well into the future. Producers

25 to 40 percent of portland

fly ash will be, but with power

and marketers are working

cement in most applications.

plants in 47 of the 50 states, the

together to ensure CCPs will

Their use in other building prod-

likelihood of adequate supplies

continue to comply with appli-

ucts is also expected to grow

is great.

cable standards and specifi-

will further enable the CCP

perception of fly ash and other CCPs, from waste to valuable

U.S. Coal Combustion Products Use Trend Chart

need to use virgin materials.

decreases, the prices for fly ash

These benefits result in signifi-

55

follow that movement.

cant positive impacts to the

50

environment.

45

some fly ash quality, the indus-

from Baltimore to Puerto Rico

try is working hard to meet this

to meet market needs. Like

and other challenges. Benefi-

slag, fly ash is going to be

ciation processes and emerg-

available to the specifier or

ing technologies are being de-

project owner who wants to in-

veloped and implemented to

corporate it into a sustainable

ensure that dependable, high

Fly Ash

25 20 15 10 5 0

Data Years

9.

A Primer for Architects

07

east coast, fly ash is shipped

Bottom Ash

30

20

trol systems threaten to affect

20 05

Texas and Oregon. On the

Boiler Slag

35

20 02

Though new air emission con-

Flue Gas Desulfurization

19 99

in from as far away as Arizona,

Fluidized Bed Combustion

40

19 66

In California, fly ash is shipped

Short Tons (Millions)

portland cement increases or

60

19 96

space, and eliminates the

19 93

price of portland cement. As

cal, economic, social, and

19 90

reduces the need for landfill

objectives ‑ aesthetic, techni-

19 87

is typically half to a third the

a way to meet a variety of

conditions. As is indicated in

19 84

green house gas emissions,

coal combustion products as

ing production and market

product. Using CCPs reduces

The price of fly ash per ton

sustainable buildings, choose

environmental.

industry to adapt to chang-

19 81

CCPs’ many benefits.

experience is transforming the

19 78

building owners understand

mance-based specifications

19 75

and more architects and

Education and practical

19 72

becomes more prominent,

ers who want to create more

cations. Adoption of perfor-

19 69

as sustainable construction

Architects and property own-

Sustainable Construction with Coal Combustion Products Resources The American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) advances the management and use of coal combustion products in ways that are environmentally responsible, technically sound, commercially competitive, and more supportive of a sustainable global environment.

Please visit: www.acaa-usa.org The quality and characteristics of fly ash as a component of concrete are defined in several standards, including ASTM C618 and ACI 232.2.

Marketers of fly ash will commit to the quality specified as they supply fly ash to ready mix producers, who in turn ensure the concrete will meet the designer’s needs through their own quality program. Please visit: www.astm.org/Standards/ C618.htm and www.concrete. org/bookstorenet (Search “ACI 232.2” and “ACI’s Sustainability Related Publications.”)

Specific guidance on the use of high volume fly ash can be found in a book recently published by Dr. P.K. Mehta and Dr. Mohan Malhotra titled, “High-Performance, High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete for Building Sustainable and Durable Structures.” This book contains mix designs, recommendations, precautions and examples of high volume fly ash concrete placement and applications. Please visit: www. acaa-usa.org/storeindex.cfm

Another document, “Optimizing the Use of Fly Ash in Concrete,” published by the Portland Cement Association (IS548) has detailed information on mix designs, placement and finishing techniques, performance characteristics and case studies that describe in technical detail the reasons to use fly ash in concrete to improve performance.

Please visit: www.acaa-usa. org/storeindex.cfm “Building Green with Concrete” published by the Portland Cement Association offers case studies and guidance on achieving LEED certification.

Please visit: www.pca.org Greener Buildings is a resource for green building and development. Please visit: www.greenerbuildings.com Green Globes sponsored by the Green Building Initiative is a green management tool that includes an assessment protocol, and a rating system and guide for integrating environmentally friendly design into both new and existing commercial buildings. Please visit: www.thegbi.org The National Association of Homebuilders Green Building Program offers several resources and tools to help builders, remodelers, home building associations, and homeowners learn how to build green, and the benefits of doing so. Please visit: www.nahbgreen.org/content/pdf/nahb_guidelines.pdf

The Buyer’s Guide to Coal Ash Containing Products compiled by the Energy and Environmental Research Center, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks is a catalog of products containing coal ash, including building materials, cement and concrete, and specialty products. Please visit: www.undeerc.org/carrc/BuyersGuide The BEES: Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability Software brings to your fingertips a powerful technique for selecting cost-effective, environmentally-preferable building products. Please visit: www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/ software/bees/bees.htm The Industrial Resources Council (IRC) comprises those whose mission is market development for high volume industrial materials, including coal combustion products.

Please visit: http://industrial resourcescouncil.org Sustainable Industries Journal Online focuses on green building, clean energy, and sustainable farming and food production. Please visit: www.sijournal.com Coal Combustion Products Partnership (C2P2) helps promote the beneficial use of coal combustion products and the environmental benefits that result from their use.

Please visit: www.epa.gov/ epawaste/partnerships/c2p2

The Greenbuilder Sourcebook offers fly ash concrete-related resources and information, including CSI numbers, considerations, commerical status, guidelines and other details.

Please visit: www.greenbuilder. com/sourcebook/Flyash ToolBase Resources combines product descriptions, design and construction guides, best practices, performance reports, case studies, and more. The NAHB Research Center provides this service with funding from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) through The Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH) program, and other industry sponsors. Please visit: www. toolbase.org/TechnologyInventory/Foundations/fly-ash concrete The National Ready Mix Concrete Association (NRMCA) has guidance documents available to its members and others that define the quality requirements for all concrete mix designs, including those using fly ash or slag. Please visit: www.nrmca.org Oikos is an online directory for green building products.

Please visit: www.oikos.com

A Primer for Architects

10.

Coal Combustion Products Build Sustainable...

Residences Office Buildings High Rise Structures University Facilities Bridges Concrete Pavements Airport Runways Dams and Reservoirs Stadiums and Arenas Outdoor Sports Complexes Tilt-up Buildings Tunnels Monuments Masonry Products Government Structures Pervious and Asphaltic Pavements Back-Fills Composite Products Manufactured Soils Stone Veneers Plastic and Mineral Fillers Wallboard Panel Products Composts Landscaping Applications

...and much more.

American Coal Ash Association Educational Foundation 15200 E. Girard Ave., #3050, Aurora, CO 80014-3955 P: 720-870-7897 F: 720-870-7889 info@acaa-usa.org Printed on recycled paper.