Pattern-dominant bending tectonic

Abstract: -

02

PATTERN-DOMINANT BENDING TECTONICS Exploring Multiscale Spatial Form in Physical Form-finding and Computational Design

emergence of a tectonic form. in architecture. This concept has two-fold: developing material systems and explor-

Tianqi Chu(MArch) Jingyao Zhang(MArch) Xinyi XIA(MArch) Studio Report

in design processes. Concurrent with developing material systems, students will

Research Studio|Fall 2018 Wood Proto-Architecture 2.0

Integra�ng Design Computa�on and Materializa�on

Studio Instructor: Assistant Professor

Ehsan Baharlou, Dr. -Ing

PATTERN-DOMINANT BENDING TECTONICS Exploring Multiscale Spatial Form in Physical Form-finding and Computational Design TIANQI CHU(MArch) JINGYAO ZHANG(MArch) XINYI XIA(MArch)

Research Studio|Fall 2019 Studio Report no.: 02 Wood Prot-Architeture 2.0

Integrating design computation and materialization Studio Instructor: Assistant Professor

Ehsan Baharlou, Dr. -Ing

Contents Chapter 01: Aim

Page 03

Chapter 02: Context

Page 05

Chapter 03: State-of-the-art

Page 25

Chapter 04: Method

Page 31

Chapter 05: Development

Page 33

Chapter 06: Outlook

Page 67

Chapter 07: Reference

Page 93

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03

Chapter 01 AIM

Our research is focusing on bending and buckling of thin wood plates as well as harnessing the idea of cross-connecting multiple layers, which taken by themselves may be too soft, but in their combination allow the construction of complex, self-standing, and strong structures.

Figure 1 Conic Assemblies, Ibanez Kim

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Chapter 02 CONTEXT

Figure 2 Torquing Spheres, Ibanez Kim

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TORQUING SPHERES Figure 3 Torquing Spheres, Ibanez Kim

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Figure 4 Torquing Spheres, Ibanez Kim

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Figure 5 Torquing Spheres, Ibanez Kim

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PAVILLION IN DESIGN MESUEM Figure 6 Pavillion In Design Mesuem

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Figure 7 Pavillion In Design Mesuem

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Figure 8 Pavillion In Design Mesuem

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"SHOP IN SHOP" Figure 9 "Shop In Shop"

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"SHOP IN SHOP" Figure 10 "Shop In Shop"

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Figure 11 "Shop In Shop"

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Chapter 03 STATE-OF-THE-ART

Figure 12: Etien Santiago, Intersective Laminates, Performative Wood Studio(Achim Menges), Harvard University Graduate School of Design (GSD), Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2009

TORQUING SPHERES

INTERSECTIVE LAMINATES

This project is a sequence of domes, or monocoques, split in half.

IK Studio’s folly is an exploration of formal geometries and material performance, seeking to discover what happens “when stable forms are given unusual rules.”It was inspired the strange corollary geometry called pendentives. They are the areas where a circular dome meets vaults. The core question was how to torque a sinusoidal line, or sine wave, through two straight lines.

This project based on integrative computational design processes, the anisotropic material behaviour of wood is employed in the construction of a morphologically adaptive veneer surface structure(Fig. 16).

A series of Maple veneer components were designed such that each one’s calibrated laminations prompt an approximate bending and twisting behavior(Fig. 17). The components were then aggregated in order to create a stiff, larger surface, whose macro-twists and curves arise from the accumulated behavior of each of its parts. (text credit: Etien Santiago, Intersective Laminates, Performative Wood)

The thickness of the material and the size of the hole that you must void out of the center(Fig. 13). The void size influences how much the wood will bend, so moving between crescent-shaped holes and stretched-out voids determines what the radius of the bent piece will be.The third variable was the direction of the wood grain. They broke a lot of pieces just because the grain put up a lot of resistance.

Figure 16: Etien Santiago, Intersective Laminates, Performative Wood

Figure 13: (2015) IK Studio, Torqueing Spheres

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Figure 14: (2015) IK Studio, conceptual study of surface-to-volum Spheres.

Figure 17: Etien Santiago, Intersective Laminates, Performative Wood Studio

Figure 15: (2015) IK Studio, The final scale model for Torquing Spheres.

Figure 18: Etien Santiago, Intersective Laminates, Performative Wood Studio

BENDING-ACTIVE CHAISE LOUNGE

PINCH

This project was inspired by Plücker’s conoid as reference geometry enabled the team to formulate a methodology for achieving similar shapes out of planar surfaces and examine their structural performance (Fig. 19).

Pinch is a modular building system made from pliable plastic sheets and 3D-printed joints (Fig. 23).

SOFiSTiK was used to generate finite element models with defined material characteristics (Fig. 20). The model was then deformed using the ultra-elastic cable approach. Consulting this slightly more time-consuming method at this stage of the design process had multiple benefits. It allowed us to calculate the exact geometry of the highly deformed structure and assess the stresses within.

Thus, this simulation is a much more complete description of the mechanical behavior and structural capacity of the bending-active system. (text credit: La Magna, Bending-active Plates Schleicher).

A wide range of cut patterns for the pinched shape was digitally simulated , optimizing for strength and stability(text credit: Sean Ostro, PINCH).

Figure 23: pinch modules Figure 19: Angle study of precedent designs

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Figure 20: Final pieces of the prototype

Figure 21: Digital simulation in FEA software SOFiSTiK

Figure 24: simulations aided form finding for 2-, 3-, and 4-lobed shapes

Figure 22: Prototype chaise lounge built out of 1:16” thickness HDPE sheets

Figure 25: aggregating modules in terms of mirrored and overlaped

Chapter 04 METHOD PATTERN DESIGNATION Explore how form[3D] and the graphic[2D] engaged in a constant feedback loop.

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PATTERN-DOMINANT BENDING Exploring Mul�scale Spa�al Form in Physical Form-finding and Computa�onal Design

FABRICATION & JOIN SYSTEM 1. Cu�ng layout pa�ern by CNC, Laser cu�er.

2. Stabilize bending and connect modules: Self-locking, Bol�ng and Cable �es.

COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION Ra�onalize geometry by analysis the deforma�on of digital model in rhino grasshopper.

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Chapter 05 DEVELOPMENT

EXP. 1: DEFORMATION EXPLORATION 1.1 Geometry: Rectangle

Slit Length

Angle Overlap

Material: bristol board Method: control variables Aim: figure out influences of different varibales on the deformation

Folding Orientation

Deformation I

35

II

III

Table 1.1.1 Slit Length

Table 1.1.2 Angle Overlap

In the first phase, we want to test it on paper (Isotropic material) first. We chose to change different variables to study their effects on shape. The first thing we changed was slit length. When slit length increases, the curvature of the whole shape would also increases.

The second factor we choose is angle overlap. Obviously we can see, when the angle overlap increases, the curvature of the whole shape would also increases. What’s more, when a slide has 3 holes, the curvature would also larger than slide which has two holes.

Variable

Variable

75mm

20°

75mm

15° 45°

175mm

60°

175mm

135mm

230mm

230mm

Angle overlap: 15° Angle cut-out: 0°

25mm

Hole radius: 2.5mm

25mm

Side size: 300mmx70mm

Side size: 300mmx70mm

Slit Length: 30mm

Hole radius: 2.5mm

Angle cut-out: 0°

45°

50mm

Angle overlap: 15°, 30°, 45°

Slit Length: 50mm, 75mm, 100mm One Slit

Two Slits

Three Slits

Two Slits

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Table 1.1.2 Angle Overlap

Table 1.1.3 Folding Orientation

65mm

The third factor we change is folding orientation. If a slide has two holes, and fold in the same direction, we can get a synclastic shape. When we fold a slide in two different direction, the slide would be a anticlastic shape.

Variable

40° 60mm

140mm

60mm

260mm

Variable

Synclastic curvature is pricipal curvatures of the some sign; i.e the centres or curvature are on the same side of the surface.

35mm

90mm

100mm

20° 75mm

30°

75mm

275mm

115mm

Anticlastic surfaces are those in which centres of curvature are located on opposing sides of the surface.

90mm

90mm

125mm

165mm

Side size: 300mmx70mm

Slit Length: 30mm

Hole radius: 2.5mm

Angle cut-out: 0°

Folding orientation: same, opposite

45°

Two Slits

Angle overlap: 15°, 30°, 45°

Three Slits

Three Slits

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Synclastic Anticlastic

EXP. 1: DEFORMATION EXPLORATION 1.2 Geometry: Equilateral Triangle

Material: bristol board Method: control variables Aim: figure out influences of different varibales on the deformation

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1.2 Geometry: Equilateral Triangle 1.2.1 Prototype

1.2 Geometry: Equilateral Triangle 1.2.3 Aggregation: Cross

b

r

a

L

R

overall size: a = 135mm b = 55mm Hole radius: R = 40mm, r = 10mm Slit Length: 165mm

Îą

Angle overlap: ι = 15° Folding orientation: same

The prototype evolved from an equilateral triangle and was defined by several different parameters. These parameters influence each other and determine the shape of the prototye.

UNIT

UNIT

1.2.2 Combination

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CROSS

After determining the prototype, we designed the modules. By combining different Numbers of modules in different directions and different ways, we get several modules. Some of these modules are synclastic shape, while others are anticlastic shape.

After we get a series of modules we start to combine them to get complex aggregation.

The first possibility is composed of two synclastic module. Shape of the two together to form the anticlastic form. The horizontal chain and vertical chain intertwined makes the aggregation to be a double-layer structure.

1.2 Geometry: Equilateral Triangle 1.2.3 Aggregation: Hexagon + Single Layer

1.2 Geometry: Equilateral Triangle 1.2.3 Aggregation: Hexagon + Multi-layer

a r

R

GEOMETRY: HEXAGON

UNIT

overall size: a = 135mm b = 55mm

Slit Length: 165mm

Hole radius: R = 40mm, r = 10mm

Angle overlap: ι = 15° Folding orientation: same

MULTI-LAYER

The second type of aggregation picks only one type of module and takes a hexagonal shape. We both use point-to-point connection and face-to-face connection between modules, thus resulting in a three-layer structure with the possibility of standing on its own.

In the third type of aggregation, we modify the unit so that the vertex of the six units can intersect in one place. We combined each six units into a module to form three dom shapes. This aggregation can be self-stand, and the height can enable people to sit in it.

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EXP. 2: MATERIAL STUDY

EXP. 2: MATERIAL STUDY

2.1 Experiment Preparations

2.2 Material Characteristic

ACTIVATION

Face Veneer - Ply 1 Crossband - Ply2 Lumber Core - Ply3 Crossband - Ply4 Face Veneer - Ply 5 Steam Box

Soak

SPECIES

Oak

Grain Orientation

Birch

Cherry

Maple

Plywood Layers

Walnut Plywood core

DIMENSION

Tight butt joint in plywood core unless scarf joint required

Plywood upper skin

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Glue joint

1:1

2:1 Longitudinal

2:1 Lateral

2:2 Scarf joint in plywood gth Len

GEOMETRY Wid th

Plywood core set in to form groove Plywood core set out to form Lower plywood skin tongue of tongue & groove joint

Square

Circle

Triangle

GRAIN ORIENTATION

90°

45°

0°

Rectangle

Plywood Constitution

When we begin to use plywood to experiment. We found that plywood under natural state is not easy to bend, we consider the way in steam box or soaking to make wood moisture increase so that plywood an be easily bent. For tree species, through searching information, we chose the birch plywood. As a result of our unit the approximate equilateral triangle, so we chose the square of plywood. For the grain orientation experiment, we use 3 different kinds of grain orientation which were 0 °, 45 °, and 90 °.

EXP. 2: MATERIAL STUDY Curvature Radian W=60mm

2.3.1 Grain Orientation

α=0°

R=14.5mm

R=14.5mm

R=14.5mm

α=45° L=300mm

200mm

200mm

200mm

α=0°

α=45°

α=90°

α=90°

Curvature Radian

W=60mm

2.3.2 Slit Length

a=120mm

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R=14.5mm

a=160mm R=14.5mm

L=300mm

R=14.5mm 200mm

160mm

120mm

a=120mm

a=160mm

a=200mm

a=200mm Curvature Radian W=60mm

2.3.3 Hole Size

R=6.5mm

L=300mm

200mm

200mm

200mm

R=10.5mm

R=14.5mm

R=6.5mm

R=10.5mm

R=14.5mm

EXP. 3: WOOD MODULE STUDY 3.1 Module Definition

Unit Simulation

r c R d

b

A

a

A - Foot length a - Foot width b - edge width R - Central circle radius: r - Void circle radius: c - distance between center circle and void circle

Iterations of Units R - Central circle radius

r - Void circle radius

c - two circles' distance

A - Foot length 51

F

F H

F

Surface Curvature (m-1)

In this section, we designed a grasshopper definition and made the parameters that control unit shape changes adjustable. We changed the Central circle radius, Void circle radius, two circles’ distance, and Foot length to make 15 different types.

Maximum

Minimum

We simulated the scenario of unit bending in grasshopper to test the force and deformation of each part of the unit, to improve the shape of the unit according to the data.

EXP. 3: WOOD MODULE STUDY 3.2 Bending Test

A - Foot length a - Foot width b - edge width

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 15mm c = 60mm

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 10mm c = 60mm

R - Central circle radius r - Void circle radius c - distance between center circle and void circle

A = 180mm R= 42mm r = 10mm c = 60mm

A = 140mm R= 52mm r = 10mm c = 60mm

A = 140mm R= 32mm r = 10mm c = 60mm

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 10mm c = 60mm

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 12.5mm c = 60mm

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 10mm c = 80mm

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 10mm c = 70mm

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 10mm c = 60mm

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 10mm c = 60mm

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 12.5mm c = 60mm

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EXP. 3: WOOD MODULE STUDY

EXP. 3: WOOD MODULE STUDY

3.2 Bending Test: Central Circle Radius

R

A = 140mm R= 32mm r = 10mm c = 60mm

R

3.2 Bending Test: Void Circle Radius

R

r

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 10mm c = 60mm

A = 140mm R= 52mm r = 10mm c = 60mm

A = 140mm R= 32mm r = 10mm c = 60mm

r

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 12.5mm c = 60mm

r

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 15mm c = 60mm 55

Curvature Comparison First, we chose to change the center circle radius, The maximum deformation happens when R=32mm. But when R=42mm, the shape is more even.

Curvature Comparison Then we change the void circle radius, when r=10mm, the shape is under the best condition.

EXP. 3: WOOD MODULE STUDY

EXP. 3: WOOD MODULE STUDY

3.2 Bending Test: Distance Between Circles

c

A = 140mm R= 32mm r = 10mm c = 60mm

c

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 10mm c = 70mm

3.2 Bending Test: Grain Orientation

c

A = 140mm R= 42mm r = 10mm c = 80mm

grain orientation: α = 45°

grain orientation: α = 0°

grain orientation: α = 90° 57

Curvature Comparison 60mm is the best value of the distance between circles,because under that situation the shape can be more even.

Curvature Comparison As for the grain orietation, we found ou that α = 45° is the best situation because unit has three legs, when the we use α = 0°/90, one of the three legs would be so hard to bend.

EXP. 3: WOOD MODULE STUDY

EXP. 3: WOOD MODULE STUDY

3.2 Bending Test: Foot Length

3.2 Bending Test: Optimization

A

A A

A

foot length: A = 140mm

A

A

foot length: A' = 180mm A = 140mm

Curvature Comparison When the foot length increases, we can have a longer curvature, but when A=140mm, the shape is more even.

hole: Y/N

hole: Y/N 59

Curvature Comparison At last, we found that under several situations, the unit is hard to bend, so we add some holes on the units to make it bend more.

EXP. 3: WOOD MODULE STUDY 3.2 Bending Test: Final Criterion

Unit Optimization

A

R C r

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Criterionďźš

r:c:R = 1:5:3 Hole: Y

After all these experiments, we concluded by observing the results. When r:c: r =1:5:3 and there are holes on the surface of the unit, the state of unit is most suitable for bending. Then we simulated the new version of unit in grasshopper to calculate the force and deformation. It can be seen from the figure that the force of the element with the hole is more uniform and the unit with holes is more stable.

Surface Curvature (m-1) Maximum

Minimum

EXP. 3: WOOD MODULE STUDY 3.3 Fabrication System

Material & Tools

Wood board 1

Laser Cut

2

Soak

3

Zip ties, screw and nuts

Drilling

63

Drill 4

Bending

5

Connection

In the whole process of fabrication, we first use a laser cutting machine to cut the plywood. Then soak the cut unit in the sink for a few minutes. When after testing the degree of bending plywood, we drill holes and bent with cable zip tie. At last, we connect units with screws and nuts.

Pliers and screwdrivers

EXP. 3: WOOD MODULE STUDY 3.3 Fabrication System: Joinery

Parameter

Before

After

Min./Max. Opr. Temp.

-40°F to 185°F Min. Instal Temp.

32°F

Bolt

L = 100mm

Loop Tensile Strength Min./Max. Bundle Dia: 0.08’’/ 0.87’’

L = 205mm

Cable zip ties

L = 25mm

Nut

L = 5mm Philips Flat Machine Screws Coarse Thread Zinc

L = 19mm

8-32 * 3/4 & 8-32 * 3/4

Cable zip ties

Min. Instal Temp.

32°F

L = 205mm

Min./Max. Opr. Temp.

-40°F to 185°F

L = 100mm

Loop Tensile Strength Min./Max. Bundle Dia: 0.08’’/ 0.87’’

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Chapter 06 OUTLOOK

DESIGN ENGINE

01 Design Free Form Surface

02 Circle Packing Along Surfaces

10 Connecting & Assembling

03 Design Modules Around Circles

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09 Bending modules

04 Double Layer Structure Design

05 Patterning Design

08 Drilling Wood

07 Soaking Wood

06 Laser Cutting

1. DESIGN SKETCH

71

2. CIRCLE PACKING

73

3. DISTRIBUTE MODULE ONTO SURFACE

Module Structure

73

3. FABRICATION SYSTEM Layer 1 Layer 1

StructureStructure

75

Layer 2 Layer 2

4. ASSEMBLY PROCESS

77

83

PERSPECTIVE IN NAUG

79

7ft

4.2ft

FRONT VIEW

81

TOP VIEW

91

85

87

89

REFERENCE 1. https://www.ibanezkim.com/work#/torquing-spheres/ 2.https://lemay.com/en/collective/lawrence-lek-designers-residence-2012 3. https://www.archdaily.com/804590/produce-workshop-debutsplywood-based-fabricwood-pavilion-for-herman-millers-shop-inshop/58934c42e58ece09930001f9-produce-workshop-debuts-plywood-based-fabricwood-pavilion-for-herman-millers-shop-in-shop-photo?next_ project=no 4. Dinwoodie, J. M., & Building Research Establishment (2000). Timber, Its Nature and Behaviour (Second ed.). London, New York: E & FN Spon.

5. Rowell, R. M. (2005). Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites.

Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press.

6. Ritter, M. A. (2005). Timber Bridges. Design, Construction, Inspection, and Maintenance. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific.

7. Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) (2010). Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material (Centennial ed.). Madison, Wis: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.

8. Canadian wood construction(1985). The Canadian Wood Council: the national federation of Canadas wood industry. Ottawa: Canadian Wood Council.

9. https://socratessculpturepark.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/WinningProposal_Folly-2015_IK-Studio.pdf 10. http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/ecaade2016_080.pdf 11. http://www.achimmenges.net/?p=4354 12. https://www.seanostro.com/pinch

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