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How can you tell that an elephant has been in your refrigerator? Footprints in the butter. TIDBITS® LOOKS IN

THE  REFRIGERATOR

by Janet Spencer On December 7, 1926, the first U.S. patent for a household refrigerator which operated on gas was issued to The Electrolux Servel Corporation. The new concept was far safer than older model refrigerators which used toxic gases that killed people if they leaked. Come along with Tidbits as we look at refrigerators!

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• Before the invention of refrigerators, iceboxes were common. The first models didn’t work efficiently because the designers failed to understand how ice cools. The ice, placed in an airtight container on top, took a long time to melt but failed to impart its coolness to the food kept in a storage box below. After studying the principles of ice, a new model was designed that contained the crucial element of air flow: Ice in the top part of the icebox absorbed the heat from the warm air rising from the food storage box below. The cool air, now denser and heavier than the warm air, sank to the bottom of the ice box, allowing the warmer air to flow upward in a never-ending cycle. Drip pans below the icebox had to be emptied every day, and new ice blocks had to be purchased from the iceman at frequent intervals. (cont’d next page) Exit 93

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THE BIRTH OF THE FRIDGE • The death of the icebox began with the birth of refrigeration, and that began with a scientific principle and a bunch of feverish patients. • If you take a gas or liquid and compress it tightly and then allow it to expand, it absorbs heat from its surroundings as it is expanding. This is the basic principle behind refrigeration, air conditioning, and ice making. Various people experimented with the principle and managed to make small amounts of ice.

JOHN GORRIE

• In 1833 Dr. John Gorrie moved to Apalachicola, Florida. One of the main illnesses afflicting his patients was yellow fever. He noted that people who slept under mosquito netting tended to stay healthier than those who did not, but never realized that mosquito netting kept out the mosquitoes who carried the germs that caused yellow fever. • Gorrie noted that feverish patients recovered faster if they were kept cool, which was not easy to achieve in Florida. He tried hanging buckets of ice from the ceiling with fans to circulate the cool air. This helped, but ice had to be shipped from Boston and cost a lot. • Gorrie was familiar with the fact that compressed gasses absorb heat from their surroundings when they expand. He built a steam engine that drove a piston back and forth inside an airtight cylinder which was surrounded by water. First the piston would press down, compressing the air inside. Then it would pull back, and the compressed air expanded, pulling heat from the water. Then a valve would open at the end of the cylinder and the next time the piston pumped, it would push the cool air out and pull hot air in, to repeat the cycle over and over. The surrounding air became cool and the water became ice. Fever patients recovered. (cont’d)

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Tidbits® - It is OK to take this paper home with you to share with others when there are plenty available-

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JOHN GORRIE (cont’d)

• Gorrie announced his new discovery on July 14, 1850. The New York Globe reported, “There is a Dr. Gorrie, a crank down in Apalachicola, Florida, that thinks he can make ice by his machine as good as God Almighty.” • Gorrie quit the medical business, convinced that his fortune was made. However, he was never able to find financial backing, because investors were reluctant to back artificial ice when natural ice was delivered each year by ship. The natural ice business had a powerful lobby and discouraged potential investors. Gorrie died in 1853, broke and broken.

FERDINAND CARRE

• Three years later, Ferdinand Carré introduced his ice-making machine to widespread acclaim. Carré’s model used ammonia instead of air. Under pressure, the ammonia would be in liquid form, but when pressure was released, it would evaporate into gaseous form (thereby absorbing heat and cooling the surrounding area) and the gas would be collected and condensed into liquid once 1. True or false: The more items you have in again. When the Civil War your fridge, the more efficient it is.cut off the 2. What of is the ideal to keepCarré your supply ice to thetemperature southern states, refrigerator set to? shipped several of his ice-making machines 3. 90% of refrigerators in America are one of past the blockade and was in business. In these two colors. 1877 heis the designed first refrigerated 4. What averagethe life expectancy of a typical ship. refrigerator? However, his refrigerators were 5. In 2004, Olaf Diegel invented a pocketbulky and heavy and tended to kill people sized refrigerator. What is it used for? when the ammonia leaked. Still, Carré’s design remains the fundamental system of modern refrigeration. Why don't lobsters share? They're shellfish!

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THE FRIDGE DEVELOPS

• As electricity became common, electrical refrigerators began to rise in popularity. By 1920, there were over 200 types for the American consumer to choose from. Across the U.S., thousands cancelled their contracts This word means:Thiswith geniusthe alsoIce Man.

NEENITIS

invented an improved design for the refrigerator.

The world’s largest refrigerator is a 17 mile long (27 km) cryogenic distribution line on the Franco-Swiss border west of Geneva. It was built for use in the LHC tunnel (Large Hadron Collider project), a particle accelerator that enables scientists to recreate the conditions in the universe just after the Big Bang.

12/7/1869 Jesse James 1st bank robbery 12/8/1980 John Lennon shot 12/9/2008 Rod Blagojevich arrested for selling Obama’s senate seat 12/10/1817 Mississippi becomes 20th state 12/11/2008 Bernard Madoff arrested for securities fraud 12/12/1911 Delhi replaces Calcutta as the capital of India 12/13/1903 Italo Marcioni patents ice cream cone

Harry Chapin

12/7/1942

Mary Queen of Scots 12/8/1542 Clarence Birdseye

12/9/1886

Emily Dickinson

12/10/1830

Teri Garr

12/11/1947

Frank Sinatra

12/12/1915

Mary Todd Lincoln 12/13/1818

1. TRUE: The more items you have in your fridge, the more efficient it is. 2. The ideal temperature for a fridge is 40 f. (4.4 C). 3. 90% of refrigerators in America are either white or almond. 4. The average life expectancy of a fridge is 14 years. 5. The pocket-size fridge is used for carrying insulin on trips.

Homes in the U.S. contain about 44.5 million fridges that are over 10 years old. Many of these units serve as secondary units to a household. If each home replaced its old,

4th Quarter 2014 Week 50

inefficient fridge with a new Energy Star certified unit, consumers would save $2 billion a year in utility costs and enough energy to light up 9.2 million homes for a year.

EINSTEIN

1. About 1/3 of a refrigerator’s cold air escapes when the door is open. 2. The average opens on thepage refrigerator Look forAmerican puzzle answers 8. 22 times a day.

Page 4

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FRIGIDAIRE

BINGO!

• In June of 1918, General Motors bought out a small Detroit refrigerator company and renamed it Frigidaire. They set their engineers to work improving the fridge. One of the main problems was that the 4400 6th Street SW What did the mayo say when someone opened the various coolants used – ammonia, methyl choloride, sulfur dioxide –killed people refrigerator door? Cedar Rapids when the refrigerator leaked. They were 1. True or false: The more items you have in How can you tell if an elephant has b Close the door, I’m dressing! also corrosive and killing 319-365-8656 your fridge, the explosive, more efficient it is. refrigerator? There are footprints in people2. when theisfridge blewtemperature up. What wasto keep your What the ideal Friday & Saturday at 6:30pm setthat to? was non-toxic, neededrefrigerator was a coolant 3. 90% of refrigerators in America are one of non-corrosive, non-explosive, and cheap. Sunday at 12:30pm these two colors. 4. WhatFREON is the average life expectancy LARGEST of a SELECTION OF GREAT FOOD typical refrigerator? • Thomas Midgley was one of GM’s best 5. In 2004, Olaf Diegel invented a pocketresearchers and he went to iswork on for? sized refrigerator . What it used

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Coming In December Dinner Specials $6.00 the task working under the direction of Charles Kettering. It only took him MAKE YOUR NEXT BIRTHDAY PARTY three days of experimenting to solve the A HAWKEYE DOWNS BINGO! PARTY problem. As a result, on December 31, What did the mayo say when someone opened the 1928, Frigidaire received the first patent Birthday Packages Available! PIZZA! refrigeratorwhich door? they gave for chlorofluorocarbons Comparable Rates! the trade name of Freon. To demonstrate 1. and True or false: The more items you have in “If it weren’t for the fact that the TV set Ho Freon’s characteristics at dressing! theare meeting of someyour Closethe the refrigerator door, I’m so far apart, of us fridge,Back the more efficient it is. by popular the American Chemical Society, Midgley wouldn’t get any exercise at all.” 2. What is the ideal temperature to keep your Demand inhaled a lung full of –Joey FreonAdams gas, then This word Game means:This genius also refrigeratorGood set to?Night exhaled over a lit candle. The candle was invented an improved 3. 90% of refrigerators in America are design one of for the & Bonanza snuffed out by the gas, Midgley did not refrigerator. these two colors. keel over, and the assembled chemists 4. What is the average life expectancy of a hailed Freon as the perfect non-toxic nontypical refrigerator? flammable coolant. Soon refrigerators 5. In 2004, Olaf Diegel invented a pocketHarry Chapin containing Freon were standard issue. No 12/7/1942 sized refrigerator. What is it used for? Mary Queen of Scots 12/8/1542 one had even heard of the ozone layer. Bring this TIDBITS ad with you Birdseye 12/9/1886 1. How much of the cold air inClarence a fridge escapes 1. TRUE: more items you have in & receive a freeThe Dauber MODERN FRIDGES when you open the door? Emily Dickinson 12/10/1830 more efficient it is. to get you started playing BINGO! Teri Garr 12/11/1947 • Today a chemical tetrafluoroethane 2. How many times called a day does the average 2. The ideal temperature for a fridge is Frank Sinatra is used in modern refrigerators. It turns 12/12/1915 3. 90% of refrigerators in America are American open the refrigerator door? Mary Todd into a liquid when it is cooled to Lincoln -15.9f. 12/13/1818 almond. A motor and compressor squeezes the 4. The average life expectancy of a frid chemical. When it is compressed, the gas 5. The pocket-size fridge is used for ca heats up as it is pressurized. When the “If it weren’ttrips. for the fact that the TV set and compressed gas passes through the coils the refrigerator are so far apart, some of us on the back or bottom of the fridge, it wouldn’t get any exercise at all.” expands and the heat goes into the room, –Joey Adams Th leaving the interior of the fridge cool. inv

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Homeslargest in therefrigerator U.S. contain The world’s is a about 44.5 million are over 10 years old. Many 17 fridges mile longthat (27 km) cryogenic 4th Quarter 20 of these units serve as secondary units to a Harry Chapin 12/7/1942 distribution line on the Franco-Swiss Week 50 household. If each home replaced its old, Mary Queen of Scots 12/8/1542 border west of Geneva. It was built for Auto, Aluminum, Aluminum Cans, Clarence Birdseye 12/9/1886 inefficient fridge with a new Energy Star 1. T CopperEmily andDickinson Brass 12/10/1830 usecertified in the LHC tunnel (Large Hadron unit, consumers would save $2 m Garr 12/11/1947 Large selection ofTeri new & used auto parts Collider project), particle accelerator billion a yeara in utility costs and enough 2. T Frank Sinatra 12/12/1915 thatenergy enablesto scientists to recreate the homes for a light up 9.2 million 3. 9 Mary Todd Lincoln 12/13/1818 a year. in the universe just after the conditions 400 41st Ave. Dr. S.W., 4. T Big Bang.

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Homes in the U.S. contain about 44.5 million ●24 Hour a day viewing ●24 Hour a day Bidding 12/7/1869 Jesse James 1st bank robbery ●Bid from where ever they are when ever they ●E-mail receipt fridges that are over years old.coils Manyare where heat i What did thewant mayo say when someone opened the 12/8/1980 John Lennon shot Cleaning the condenser coils regularly is a simple thing you can do to keep your refrigerator running efficiently. The10 condenser 12/9/2008 Rodon Blagojevich arrested selling refrigerator door? Winning from Bidsthe arerefrigerator automatically charged Credit Card filecoils after the for auction to the outside air. to Look for the condenser either up and down the back your refrigerator or front to back of of these units serve as secondary units to abeneath it. Obama’s senate seat One time registration for ALL12/10/1817 company auctions 1. True or false: The more youitshave Mississippi becomes 20th state household. If each home items replaced old, in How

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Close the door, I’m dressing! 12/11/2008 Bernard Madoff arrested for securities fraud 12/12/1911 Delhi replaces Calcutta as the capital of India 12/13/1903 Italo Marcioni patents ice cream cone

WWW.WEARSAUC TIONEERING.COM 1. How much of the cold air in a fridge escapes when you open the door? 2. How many times a day does the average American open the refrigerator door?

EINSTEIN

your fridge, the more efficient it is. inefficient a new Energy Staryour 2. What is thefridge ideal with temperature to keep refrigerator set to? certified unit, consumers would save $2 3. 90% of refrigerators in America are one of billion year in utility costs and enough these two acolors. 4. What average expectancy of aa energyistothe light up 9.2life million homes for typical refrigerator? year. 5. In 2004, Olaf Diegel invented a pocketsized refrigerator. What is it used for?

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FROZEN FOODS: QUIZ

• Clarence went on an Arctic expedition in the 1920s. One day he went ice fishing when it was -20f. and the fish he caught froze instantly when he removed them from the water. Back at camp, he tossed a fish into a bucket of warm water and was amazed to see it come to life again. He concluded that it had survived because it had been frozen so quickly. This gave him an idea. He tried flashfreezing food. Freezing food quickly prevents large ice crystals from forming, preventing damage to the cells so that it tastes the same when thawed. In 1924 Clarence began marketing the first line of frozen food – fish. They didn’t sell well, because few people, including grocers, owned freezers. One day heiress Marjorie Post of Post cereals was on a yacht with her husband E. F. Hutton when their chef served a goose dinner, even though goose was out of season. She asked the chef where he’d gotten the goose and he introduced her to Clarence. She convinced her husband and the board of directors of Post to sign up Clarence and invest in this new technology. By 1930 they were selling 26 kinds of frozen foods. In the mid-1930s they introduced a freezer display case leased to grocers who couldn’t afford to buy one. By the time Clarence died in 1956, the company he started, named after himself, was one of the best known names in frozen foods. What was his last name? (Answer below)

JOHN’S MOM

• Edward Piszek worked in a bar making crab cakes in 1946. One night he made 172, but only sold 50. Not wanting to waste them, he packed them into a freezer. A week later, they were still good. He and his friend John decided to go into business selling frozen fish patties. ANSWER: Clarence’s last name was Birdseye. • Feeling their frozen fish patties needed a woman’s touch, they resolved to name their company after a woman. Edward Piszek’s mother pressured them to name it after her, but they named it after John’s mother because her name was easier to spell. Edward teamed up with his wife to sell grocers on his product. First, he would go in and give the sales pitch, then his wife would enter the store and exclaim over it. Next Edward would hire his friends to go into the store and buy up the product, creating artificial demand. He bought out John’s portion of the business but kept the name of John’s mother. What was her name? (Answer at bottom of page)

FROZEN MEALS

• In 1922 Abraham and his wife opened a lunch counter. It was successful, so they opened another one in 1923 with the help of their son Vernon. With the success of the second restaurant, they incorporated, naming the firm after themselves. They continued to open new restaurants. Customers kept asking for extra entrees that they could take home to eat. With the advent of refrigerators and freezers, Vernon decided to expand into the frozen food business. At first he just had the chefs cook extra food which was frozen and sold to retailers. Soon demand outstripped supply and the chefs couldn’t keep up. In 1954 Vernon founded a frozen food operation bearing the family name. In the 1960s he also opened a chain of hotels. Today that firm is the leading producer of premium frozen prepared foods, with over 150 varieties including frozen lasagna, French bread pizzas, and frozen dinners. What’s it called? (Answer below) John’s mom was Mrs. Paul The frozen food company is called Stouffer’s

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● One Washington state prison offers •inmates Maltese: These tiny spaniels are easy to cats to aid in their rehabilitation. identify thanks to their long, silky coats. The American Kennel Club groups ● You surprised themmight with be other “Toy to learn that the Earth experiences Dogs” like Pugs anda million earthquakes Yorkshire Terriers. most of them are so every year; however, Feline aficionados small that they aren’t even noticeable. also use the term Maltese to describe ● If you up all the McDonald’s, cats thatcounted have a siDunkin’ Pizza Hut, Burger King, milarly Donuts, silky, grayblue coat.Pizza, KFC, Wendy’s and Taco Domino’s

•Bell Colombian: This different things locations interm the means United States and to different depending on how you added them people, together, you still wouldn’t get your “jones.” Narcotics dealers may refer reach the number of pharmacy locations to their products as Colombian, although the across country. actualthe source is often unknown. Luckily, the majority of us prefer a bit of legal Colombian, as Streisand in the coffeeonce grown South ● Barbra hadinathe shopping American nation. The prevalence of coffee mall installed in the basement of her shops throughout America is proof enough Malibu, California, home. that many of us just can’t get along in the morning without a hot cup of Colombian.

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refrigerator door?

5. In 2004, Olaf Diegel invented a pocketsized refrigerator. What is it used for?

1. True or false: The more items you have in Page 10 E n t e r t h e w e e k l y d r a w i n g s a t w i n f r e e g i f your t c e rfridge, t i f i c a tthe e s ! more efficient it is. 10th, 2014 December Hawkeye Publishing, L.L.C. www.tidbitpapers.com For Advertising E-mail: russ@tidbitpapers.com Call (319) 2. What is the idealortemperature to 360-3936 keep your The Perfect Christmas Present refrigerator set to? 3. 90% of refrigerators in America are one of “If it weren’t for the fact that the TV set and the refrigerator are so far apart, some of us these two colors. NEENITIS wouldn’t get any exercise at all.” 4. What is the average life expectancy of a 319-270-1433 –Joey Adams This word means:This genius also typicalComputer refrigerator? invented an improved design for the Service Most Problems Repaired within 24 hrs refrigerator. Olaf Diegel invented a pocketOlive Oil for Heart 5. In 2004, Programs Not Loading? www.canteburykitchens.com Gift Certificates Available ComputerWhat Running sized refrigerator. is it usedSlow? for? You’ve heard of the Mediterranean diet. IT MAY BE INFECTED!!! 1. How muchlinked of the cold air in a occurrence fridge escapes of It’s been to lower Harry Chapin 12/7/1942 w w w. A L B E E D I G I TA L . c o m diseases as door? coronary heart disease, Mary Queen of Scots 12/8/1542 when yousuch open the as well as lowered blood pressure and Clarence Birdseye 12/9/1886 1. TRUE: Thetimes more aitems you the haveaverage in your fridge, the 2. How many day does arthritis. The primary source of dietary Emily Dickinson 12/10/1830 more efficient it is. follow the diet is olive fat for those who Teri Garr 12/11/1947 American open the refrigerator door?is 40 f. (4.4 C). 2. The ideal temperature for a fridge oil. Close the door, I’m dressing! w w w. t i d b i t papers. c o m for a chance to

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3. 90% of refrigerators America are either Researchers at theinUniversity of white or almond. saw big improvements in the Glasgow 4. Thescores averageof lifesubjects expectancy of a spent fridge issix 14 years. test who 5. The pocket-size used for carrying insulin on weeks on a dietfridge thatisincluded specific trips. amounts of olive oil. They concluded that it’s the phenolic compounds (polyphenols) that reduce the risk of heart disease. If your doctor thinks you should add olive oil to your diet, here are a few things to know: Check out our new 70” TV’s ● Shop for extra virgin olive oil, with Sunday for all the games Homes in Ticket the U.S. contain about 44.5 million a first cold press. The majority of the Happy Hour M-F 2-7 polyphenols are extracted during that fridges that are over 10 years old. Many 4thmore Quarter first press. The refined2014 the oil, the Lunch Specials M-F 11-2 of these units serve as secondary units to a The world’s largest refrigerator is fewer polyphenols contains. a Weekit50 Full Dinner Menu household. home replaced its old, ● Shop in a health-food store if you can, Follow us on Open 11amIf each - 2am s mileforlong (27 km)Letcryogenic and17 ask advice. them point out FaceBook inefficient fridgeVillage with a new Energy Star 1295 Jordan good oils that haven’t been mixed with of For save Live$2Music Nor th Liber IA would certified unit, ty, consumers distribution theoils Franco-Swiss other oils. Tryline to on find that have a Schedule 319-665-4800 e billion a year in utility costs and enough harvest date on them, ideally not more west of Geneva. It was built for thanborder one year. : Rick energy to light up 9.2 million homes By for a Struve ● Look for dark bottles. Store it in a year. in thecabinet LHC tunnel Hadron cool,use dark once(Large you get it home. I was getting Why did you ● Olive oil is high in calories. Don’t tired of our move the fridge long distance in here?! Collider project), particle accelerator go overboard. (Thea research used 4 relationship... teaspoons per day.) that toenables scientists recreateathesmall ● How use olive oil:toDrizzle 1. About 1/3 of a refrigerator’s cold air escapes amount over a salad. Use it as a dipping when the door is open. conditions in the universe justbread after the sauce for French or Italian with 2. The average American opens the refrigerator meals. Don’t cook or fry with it. 22 times a day. Big Bang. ● Check this site to learn about olive oil testing and research: olivecenter. ucdavis.edu. Don’t miss the research about some extra virgin olive oils failing international and U.S. standards. While the testing only covered olive oils sold in California, it will teach you a lot about is a simple thing you can do to keep your refrigerator running efficiently. The condenser coils are where heat is expelled olive oils and how to choose them. It was so cold... the winner of the ice sculpture contest Mary Todd Lincoln 12/13/1818

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Matilda Charles regrets that she cannot personally answer reader questions, but will incorporate them into her column whenever possible. Send email to columnreply2@gmail.com. (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

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WE HAVE OVER 9,000 PROVEN CHILDREN’S APPAREL BUYERS READY TO BUY... How can you tell if an elephant has been in your refrigerator? There are footprints in the butter!

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cots 12/8/1542

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44.5 million● On Dec. 19, 1968, Warner Brothers Buffalo in 1969. releases the movie “Bullitt,” starring . Many 4thinQuarter 2014 Steve McQueen, Sweden, two months ● On Dec. 21, 1988, Pan Am Flight units to a it 50 weren’t fortheaters. the fact that the TV set and after its debutWeek in “IfU.S. Many 103 explodes in midair over Lockerbie, d its old, critics consider “Bullitt” the refrigerator are so far apart, some of to be one ofus the Scotland, killing all 243 passengers and wouldn’t get any exercise at all.” because 16 crew members aboard, as well as 11 ever made, rgy Star greatest action movies –Joey Adams of the seven-minute car chase through theThis wordLockerbie means:This genius alsoresidents on the ground. A bomb ave $2 an audio cassette player streets of San Francisco. inventedhidden an improved designinside for the enough detonated in the cargo area when the refrigerator. (c) 2012 King Features Synd., Inc. plane was at an altitude of 31,000 feet. mes for a The world’s largest refrigerator is a 17 mile long (27 km) cryogenic Harry Chapin 12/7/1942 distribution line on the Franco-Swiss Mary Queen of Scots 12/8/1542 border west of Geneva. It was built for Clarence Birdseye 12/9/1886 1. TRUE: TheThe more items you have in youryou fridge, the in 1. TRUE: more items have use in the LHC tunnel (Large Hadron Dickinson 12/10/1830 1. About 1/3 of a refrigerator’sEmilycold air escapes your fridge, the more efficient it is. more efficient it is. 2. The ideal temperature for a fridge is 12/11/1947 Collider project), a particle accelerator when the door is open. Teri Garr The Greek pheta slice 2. 40 The ideal temperature for ameant fridgeturi is 40pheta f. (4.4slice C). and f. word Frankthe Sinatra 12/12/1915 The Greek word pheta slice meant turi pheta slice and 2. the The average American opens refrigerator that enables scientists to recreate 3. 90% of refrigerators America 3. 90% of refrigerators in America areineither white or are Mary Todd Lincoln 12/13/1818 either white or almond. 22 times a day. almond.average life expectancy of a conditions in the universe just after the 4. The fridge is life 14expectancy years. of a fridge is 14 years. 4. The average Big Bang. 5. The pocket-size fridge is used for

ANSWERS

NEENITIS

HOCUS-FOCUS

Differences: 1. Collar is different. 2. Tassel is shorter. 3. Mitten is changed to glove. 4. Hat is missing. 5. Box is missing. 6. Shovel is missing.

5. The pocket-size fridge is used for carrying insulin on carrying insulin on trips. trips.

CONTRACTORS!

rator running efficiently. The condenser coils are where heat is expelled wn the back of your refrigerator or front to back beneath it.

GET ORGANIZED WITH A CONTRACTOR Homes in the U.S. contain about 44.5 million TOPPER! fridges that are over 10 years old. Many of these units serve as secondary units to a household. If each home replaced its old,

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