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Most everyone has heard of the Nobel Prizes, but how much do you know about their origin and the winners? Tidbits brings you a history of the Prizes and a sampling of a few winners. • A Swedish inventor and businessman was the foundation for the five categories of Nobel Prizes awarded each year. Alfred Nobel, born in Stockholm in 1833, was 30 years old when he was working on developing nitroglycerine as an explosive for the mining industry. Unfortunately, Nobel’s own brother was killed in an explosion during their experiments. In 1864, Nobel was able to start massproducing nitroglycerine, meanwhile experimenting with mixing nitro with a fine sand to make a paste to shape into rods that could be inserted into drilling holes. In 1866, he received a patent for his new invention which he called “dynamite.” This was closely followed by the invention of a detonator in order to set off the dynamite by lighting a fuse. His innovation was so successful, Nobel set up 90 factories in more than 20 countries. • Nobel never married, living much of his life as a very wealthy recluse prone to depression. By the time he died at age 63, he had 355 patents. turn the page for more!
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NOBEL PRIZES
(continued): • Alfred Nobel’s will designated 94% of his vast fortune toward establishing five Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, and Peace to those who, “during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” His relatives vehemently contested the will, and it took four years for the executors to cut through the red tape necessary to adhere to Alfred Nobel’s wishes. In 1901, the prizes were awarded for the first time. • In 1968, a sixth Nobel Prize was added to the original list, a prize in Economics, established and funded by Sweden’s central bank in memory of Alfred Nobel.
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The “first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence” was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. At 33, Martin Luther King, Jr. became the youngest person to receive this honor for his work in America’s civil rights movement. King donated the prize money to the movement.
• Today’s Nobel Prize winners are awarded $1.26 million (U.S. Dollars) for their achievements.
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• One family has received five Nobel prizes. Marie Curie received the 1903 Physics prize and the 1911 prize in Chemistry. Her husband Pierre shared the 1903 prize with her. Their daughter Irene was awarded the Chemistry prize in 1935, along with her husband Frederic. The husband of Marie’s daughter Eve, Henry Labouisse, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 as the director of UNICEF. Marie Curie was the first to receive more than one Nobel Prize, and the first person known to die of radiation poisoning. Throughout all her work with radioactivity, it was not known that radiation was dangerous.
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NOBEL PRIZES (continued):
• Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand scientist, is considered the father of nuclear physics. He received the 1908 Chemistry prize for his work with the chemistry of radioactive substances, discovering the concept of radioactive half-life and alpha and beta radiation. Yet his most famous work was performed nine years after his prize, when he became the first to split the atom in a nuclear reaction. The chemical element rutherfordium (Element 104) is named after him. Fourteen of Rutherford’s students went on to become Nobel Prize winners themselves. • Albert Einstein was responsible for “the world’s most famous equation,” E=mc2, the formula for mass-energy equivalence. But that wasn’t the work for which he received his Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1921, this genius took the prize for discovering the cause of the photoelectric effect. • Following a vacation at his country home, Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming returned to his lab to find a fungus had developed in a stack of Petri dishes that contained a staphylococcus culture. The bacteria had died all around the area containing the mold, prompting him to perform experiments over the next 20 years showing that the mold prevented growth of staphylococci, even when diluted 800 times. Fleming named his “mold juice” penicillin, and it was produced as an antibiotic that could cure numerous serious infectious diseases. For his work in the field of Medicine, Fleming was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize.
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The average age of a Nobel Prize Laureate is 59 years. The youngest recipient is Lawrence Bragg, who at age 25, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915 jointly with his father “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.”
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NOBEL PRIZES (continued):
• In the field of Literature, you’ll most likely recognize the names of Rudyard Kipling (1907), George Bernard Shaw (1925), Eugene O’Neill (1936), Pearl S. Buck (1938), Ernest Hemingway (1954), and John Steinbeck (1962). Although British statesman Sir Winston Churchill would normally be thought of as a candidate in the area of peace, he was actually awarded the Literature prize in 1953 for his works The Second World War and A History of the English Speaking Peoples. • American pathologist Francis Peyton Rous discovered a carcinogenic virus in 1911, observing that a malignant tumor could be transferred via a virus. His work was widely discredited by experts at the time, and it was not until 1966 that his work was deemed worthy of a Nobel Prize. Rous was 87 years old when he accepted his long-delayed award, and continued working until his death at age 91. • French surgeon Alexis Carrel received the 1912 Nobel Prize in Medicine as a pioneer in blood vessel suturing. Twenty years later he teamed up with famed pilot Charles Lindbergh to invent a “perfusion pump,” a device that allowed living organs to exist outside of the body during surgery, opening the door to the development of open heart surgery, organ transplants, and the artificial heart.
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STRANGE BUT TRUE by Samantha Weaver
● It was historian Barbara Tuchman who made the following sage observation: “War is the unfolding of miscalculations.” ● You might be surprised to learn that a polar bear’s skin is black and its fur is colorless. The transparent strands are so dense, though, that the fur takes on the color of the light around it. ● Unless you’re a literary scholar, you’ve probably never heard of the novel “Cup of Gold.” It was American author John Steinbeck’s first novel, and it was a flop. He was issued a $250 advance to write the book, and the sales didn’t even make that much money for the publishing house. Of course, early failure was no indication of talent; Steinbeck continued writing and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. (c) 2012 King Features Synd., Inc.
● You might think of glaciers as lifeless places, but that’s not true. In addition to the polar creatures that live on and around these sheets of ice, there is one that actually lives in the ice. Though they’re only found in glaciers in certain areas of North America, the ice worm actually spends its entire life within the ice. In fact, the worms are so well-adjusted to the cold that when they are exposed to temperatures even slightly above 40 degrees Fahrenheit, they will liquefy. ● The banana and the telephone were introduced to North America at the same time, at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. ● Domestic diva Martha Stewart once dated actor Sir Anthony Hopkins. After seeing “The Silence of the Lambs,” though, Stewart broke it off. She just couldn’t get past the image of him as Hannibal Lecter.
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FAMOUS CANADIANS:
NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS
In keeping with our theme of Nobel Prizes this week, Tidbits focuses on a few of the many Canadians who have been awarded various prizes. • There were no Canadian-born Chemistry prize winners until 1983, when Henry Taube became the first chemist to receive the award for his “work in the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions.” Since that time, Canadians have been awarded the Chemistry prize in 1986, 1992, and 1993. • The career of Alice Munro has stretched over 45 years and in 2013, the 82-yearold Ontario author was finally rewarded for her efforts with the Nobel Prize in Literature, only the 13th woman to win the Literature prize since it was founded in 1902. Quebec-born Saul Bellow won in Literature in 1976, but because he moved to Chicago as a young child, he is considered an American writer, so Munro is largely deemed to be the first Canadian to win. Her first collection of stories wasn’t published until she was 37 years old. • Nova Scotia native Charles Brenton Huggins was a pioneer in cancer research, discovering that hormones could be used to control the spread of some cancers. His research demonstrated that cancer growth was dependent on specific hormones and that by removing the source of those hormones, significant reversal resulted, a discovery that gave tremendous hope to those with prostate and breast cancer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1966. • Since the Nobel Prize in Economics was instituted in 1969, Canadians have taken this award three times, in 1996, 1997, and 1999. • Diabetics across the world can be grateful for the tremendous research of Sir Frederick Grant Banting and John James Rickard Macleod. Banting was a scientist, doctor, and painter who was the primary discoverer of insulin. Macleod worked alongside Banting and spent much of his career researching carbohydrate metabolism. Banting was just 32 years old when he was awarded the prize and received a lifetime annuity from the Canadian government to continue his research. King George V knighted Banting in 1934. In 2004, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation program The Greatest Canadian declared Banting as fourth on their list of the greatest Canadians of all time. • Lester Bowles Pearson was sixth on The Greatest Canadian list. This Torontoborn professor, historian, statesman, diplomat, and politician won the Peace prize in 1957 for his efforts in organizing the United Nations Emergency Force to resolve the Suez Canal Crisis. The Suez Canal, completed in 1869, was the shortest link between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, and immediately became strategically important in the trade industry. In 1956, the Egyptian government seized control of the canal from the British and French-owned company that managed it, which threated to cut off Europe’s oil supply. A conflict erupted between Israeli and Egyptian forces. The United Nations resolution called for a cease-fire and evacuation of troops. In 1963, Pearson was elected as the 14th Prime Minister of Canada and served until 1968. He is considered one of the 20th century’s most influential Canadians.
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Tools 4 life By DR. Jim coyle
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Passion, Perseverance, Purpose Have you ever finished something because you knew you had someone in the shadows rooting you on? Have you ever gotten strength from a crowd of people who have been there and done that? Have you ever been all alone and all you have is what is in your gut? Have you ever felt deserted with nothing in the tank to keep you going? All of us will at sometime be strengthened by the faith that others have in us. All of us at sometime will have to face the lonely journey of having to gut-it-out. There is an eternal motivator that will keep your engine running on the coldest of nights. There is an eternal motivator that will move mountains. Jesus relied on it to get to the finish line and so must you and I. “Because of the joy awaiting Him he endured the cross.” Hebrews 12:2 If we can fix our eyes on Jesus, He will pioneer and perfect our faith. The catch to this is; “The joy of the Lord is my strength.” Nehemiah 8:10. His joy fuels my passion, perseverance, and purpose.
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Exercise Pays Off
Have you noticed that your muscles seem to get weaker as you get older? It’s thought that starting at age 40, we lose about 1 percent of muscle mass each year. Multiple studies have questioned whether that muscle loss is true aging or whether it’s from disuse. One particular study compared “master athletes” (recreational athletes who seriously exercised four to five times a week) who were 40 to 80 years old. Researchers measured leg strength, muscle mass and fat content of their muscles. They even took MRI scans of cross sections of the muscles of those at various ages who exercised versus those who didn’t. They discovered that the loss of muscle mass and strength was not due to aging alone. Senior athletes had almost as much leg muscle as the younger athletes. There was little fat in the muscles of senior athletes. There was little loss of strength. Which means there’s hope for the rest of us. Here’s my theory, after viewing the photos: We might not get back all the muscles and strength we had when we were very active and younger, but we can get back some of it, even if we’ve been sedentary for years. At the very least we can maintain what we have and avoid further loss of strength. Here’s what we get with regular exercise: ● Physical stability: Our core muscles and legs can hold us up, keeping us strong and agile. Without that strength, we’re more likely to suffer from falls and broken bones. ● Calcium remains in our bones, which gives them strength. ● Self-confidence: When we can continue to do things for ourselves; we keep our independence. Ask about classes at your local senior center. Even yoga or tai chi would be a good place to start. Matilda Charles regrets that she cannot personally answer reader questions, but will incorporate them into her column whenever possible. Send email to columnreply2@gmail.com. (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.
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idents who
mics winner utiful Mind.
discovered ? es awarded? number of
very has plained to ford, 1908
A physicist, biologist, and a chemist were going to the ocean for the first time. The physicist saw the ocean and was fascinated by the waves. He decided to do research on the fluid dynamics of the waves and walked into the ocean. He drowned and never returned. The biologist said he wanted to research seaweed and coral reefs and walked into the ocean, drowned, and never returned. The chemist waited for a long time, then wrote down his observation, “The physicist and the biologist are soluble in ocean water.”
Chair A I T N H R A I U N& M A Ottoman also available. This word means: One who is committed to improving the lives of other people
MOMENTS IN TIME
driving down a country road spotted a farmer g in the middle of a huge field of oats. He pulled The History Channel over and watched●theOn farmer standing15, there,1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise ● On March 11, 1942, during World War II, Gen. Douglas March absolutely nothing. He approached the farmer 1. theName the four U.S. is Presidents who into MacArthur leaves the Philippines as the American defense thedoing?” North and South, Maine admitted A physicist, biologist, and a chemist were going to aid, “Excuse me, sir,between but what are you have wonWoodrow the Nobel Peace Prize.Jimmy 3/9/64 1. Theodore Roosevelt, Wilson, the ocean for theislands first time. against The physicistthe saw Japanese the the Union as the 23rd state. The entrance of Maine as a of the collapses. MacArthur 2. This 1994 Nobel Economics winner 10/58 mer replied, “I’m trying to win a NobelBarack Prize.” Obama Carter, ocean and was fascinated by the waves. He decided was the subject of the movie Beautiful Mind. free state was agreed to by Southern senators in exchange had received a message from President Franklin D. 3/11/34 Really? How?” asked the puzzled driver.F. Nash, Jr. 2. John to do research on the fluid dynamics of the waves Who1946 was as he? said the farmer, “Ifor heardthe they give the Nobelof /46 3.entrance Hermann Muller, winner in Medicine Missouri a slave state. Roosevelt on He Feb. 20 and ordering him to leave immediately. and walked into the ocean. drowned never 3. Which Nobel Prize winner discovered to people who are out standing their field.” /13/56 4. inStockholm, Sweden returned. biologist said he wanted research HeThe finally obeyed the topresident’s order on March 11. that X-rays can cause mutations? 5. Three /14/33 seaweed and coral reefs and walked into the ocean, 4. In what city are Nobel Prizes awarded? ● On March 12, 1888, the most severe winter storm ever to 15/75 drowned, and never returned. The chemist waited What is the maximum of hit the New York City5.region reaches blizzard number proportions. Jack Ruby, the Dallas nightclub for a ● longOn time,March then wrote 14, down 1964, his observation, winners per Nobel Prize? physicist andwho the biologist are soluble The 36-hour blizzard dumped some 40 inches of snow, and“The owner killed Leein ocean Harvey Oswald -- the accused water.”
for several weeks the city was virtually isolated from the rest of the country by the massive snowdrifts.
at 1962 Nobel Prize winners discovered DNA is shaped like a double helix?
● On March 10, 1927, Robert Kearns, who patented designforfor w many people areanominated eachthe intermittent windshield wiper, is born in bel Prize each year? Gary, Ind. Kearns later won a multi-million dollar judgments against Chrysler ($20 and 2014 Ford ($10 million) for 1stmillion) Quarter s 17 trees using his concept without permission. e. Did you Week 11
hat are not per, waxed r recycling oks, direct boxes, chip
“An alleged scientific discovery has no merit unless it can be explained to a barmaid.” -- Ernest Rutherford, 1908 Nobel Prize winner
ANSWERS
(c) 2012 King Features Synd., Inc.
hough he has never won the Nobel ce Prize, 23-year-old Gregory Smith1. Francis Crick and James Watson already been nominated four times, the Juliette Binoche 3/9/64 time at age 12. Smith is the founder2. Between 100 and 250 Sharon Stone 3/10/58 International Youth Advocates, an Sam Donaldson 3/11/34 anization that “promotes principles of Liza Minelli 3/12/46 ce and understanding among young Dana Delaney 3/13/56 ple throughout the world.”He has Michael Caine 3/14/33 with world leaders, Nobel Laureates, Eva Longoria 3/15/75 Differences: 1. Birdhouse is missing. 2. Hat is different. has spoken in front of the United 3. Purse is missing. 4. Cat is missing. ions. 5. Arms are switched. 6. Heart is different.
HOCUS-FOCUS
assassin of President John F. Kennedy -- is found guilty of murdering Oswald “with malice” and sentenced to die in the electric chair.
● On March 13, 1979, power pitcher Johan Santana is born in Tovar Merida, Venezuela. He went on to become the dominant left-handed pitcher in baseball from 2003 to 2006 and won the Cy Young Award as the American League’s top pitcher in 2004 and again in 2006.
AITNHRAIUNMA This word means: One who is committed to improving the lives of other people
1. Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Jimmy Carter, Barack Obama 2. John F. Nash, Jr. 3. Hermann Muller, 1946 winner in Medicine 4. Stockholm, Sweden 5. Three
lent resistance to injustice. The Indian national leader was 1948 -- yet was never awarded the prize.
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