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TIDBITS® TAKES

MEASURE

by Janet Spencer On July 14, 1868, Alvin Fellows of Connecticut patented the retractable measuring tape which had a button that would lock the measuring tape in place and allow it to roll up inside the case when released, a design still used today. Fellows’ measuring tape made it easier to measure things, so come along with Tidbits as we look at ways things are measured.

QUICK QUIZ:

How many feet in a mile? How many ounces in a gallon? How many acres in a square mile? How much does a quart of water weigh? (Answers at the end of next page)

RULE OF THUMB

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• Long ago, the width of the thumb equaled one inch, a handy measurement for carpenters and tailors. A rule of thumb came to mean any simple method that was based on practicality.

• The Romans decreed the width of the thumb was one inch, and that 12 thumbs equaled one foot-length. The Latin word ‘uncia’ meaning one-twelfth was shortened to ‘unch’ and gave us our inch.

An English law decreed the inch should equal the length of 3 barleycorns.

• One Sunday in the year 1120, King Henry I of England lined up the first 12 men leaving church and measured the total length of their feet. He divided that by 12, and called the result the official foot.

(cont’d next page)

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RULE OF THUMB, cont’d • The Anglo-Saxon word for a man’s waist measurement or girth was ‘gyrd,’ which became our yard. In the 1600s Queen Elizabeth I decreed it should equal the length of her arm.

• The Romans noted that a two-step pace of a marching man was about five feet.

1,000 paces, or 5,000 feet, became their mile, which they called ‘milia passuum’ meaning 1,000 paces. However, farms in England were measured in furrow-longs, or furlongs, which equaled 660 feet. In 1575 Elizabeth I proclaimed that the mile should henceforth be 5,280 feet, so that it could easily be divided into 8 furlongs.

• The Latin word for pound, ‘libra,’ gave us our abbreviation ‘lb.’ The Italian ounce was called an ‘onzia,’ leaving us with ‘oz.’

• Tun’ was the early Anglo-Saxon word for tub or vat, giving us our ton.

• The short ton is 2,000 lbs. The long ton is 2,240 lbs. The metric ton is 1,000 kilograms, or 2,204.6 lbs. Why is a long ton 2,240 lbs? Because when London merchants sold 2,000 lbs. of wine, the 8 oak barrels the wine was kept in weighed 30 lbs each, so the total weight of wine and barrels was 2,240 lbs.

MORE MEASUREMENT ORIGINS

• The Egyptians called 200 paces a ‘stade.’

Greeks revised it to ‘stadion,’ which became a standard length for Olympic foot races. Today races are held in a stadium.

• An early English system for measuring grains used the ‘measure-full.’ Eight measures equaled a peck, and 16 pecks equaled a ‘hlot.’ Eventually the ‘hlot’ became ‘a lot’, so when you say you have ‘a lot’ of peaches, you’re talking about 16 pecks!

• The tuffet Miss Muffett sat on was used to measure corn.

• Answer: There are 5,280 feet in a mile; 128 ounces in a gallon; 640 acres in a square mile; and water weighs 2.0825 lbs. per quart.

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July 20th is National Lollipop Day!! George Smith declared to be the first to originate the modern lollipop in 1908. While in 1916 Samuel Born was the first to automate the lollipopmaking process. The fact remains whether traditional or novel, the lollipop is a favorite among everyone of all ages. The Tootsie Pop does not contain fats and only has 60 calories per pop.

NAUTICAL MEASUREMENTS

• A knot is one nautical mile per hour. A nautical mile is 1/60th of 1 degree of the Earth’s surface, or 1.150779 land miles.

Ships carried a line wound on a reel. A chip of wood on the end of the line was allowed to drag in the water behind the ship, causing the line to unreel. The line was knotted at intervals of 47’3” and the line was allowed to drag for exactly 28 seconds. (47’3” are to 1.150779 miles what 28 seconds are to one hour.) If the line unwound to the 5th knot in 28 seconds, the ship was moving at 5 knots per hour.

• A fathom (measuring depth) was fingertip to outstretched fingertip, and now equals 6 feet.

• The film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea should have been called 20,000 Feet Under the Sea. A league equals 3 miles. 20,000 leagues would equal 60,000 miles, equal to nearly three times around the earth. At no place is the ocean deeper than 36,000 feet.

FULL MEASURE

• The English adopted this system for measuring liquids: a handful was a jigger, two jiggers were a jack, two jacks were a jill, two jills made a cup, two cups made a pint, two pints made a quart, two quarts made a pottle, two pottles made a gallon, two gallons made a peck, two pecks made a half bushel, two half bushels made a bushel, two bushels made a cask, and two casks made a barrel.

• In the 1600s King Charles I lived lavishly and spent the royal treasury. To raise money, he tried to increase taxes paid on liquids. Parliament vetoed him. So he reduced the size of the jack and jill, while leaving the taxes the same. To get around the tax, people stopped using the jack and jill as measurements, and they made up a rhyme: “Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water / Jack fell down and broke his crown and Jill came tumbling after.” The crown refers to the English unit of money.

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July 16th, 2014

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A DISASTER

In Baltimore in 1904, a store caught fire. When the fire spread, the fire chief telegrammed to Washington for help. Help arrived in record time and the people of Baltimore cheered as the fire crew got out their hoses—only to find that their hoses would not fit the hydrants. Help came from Philadelphia, New York, Wilmington, Annapolis, and Altoona, but every fire company discovered the same thing— there was water, but no way to make the connection from hose to hydrant. Most of the business district burned down. A subsequent study found that there were 600 different sizes of hoses and hydrants being used in the U.S. at that time.

Obviously, there was a need to standardize measurements.

THE LONG AND SHORT OF IT

7/17 Celebrate Peach Ice Cream Day

STRANGE BUT TRUE

by Samantha Weaver

● You may be among those people who think good deeds and selfless acts are on the decline. If so, consider this story: In 2010, an employee at a recycling company came across 23 U.S. savings bonds while sorting through a bin of discarded papers. Instead of trying to cash the $22,000 worth of bonds himself, Mike Rodgers decided to track down the owner. It turned out that the woman who had bought the bonds, Martha Dobbins, had been dead for almost two decades. Rodgers didn’t give up, though; he began a search for Robert Roberts, who was also named on the bonds. Though the name is common and Rodgers hit many dead ends, he eventually located the correct Robert Roberts, the son of Martha Dobbins. Roberts hadn’t even been aware of the bonds’ existence. Rodgers, his good deed finally being done, refused a reward.

● The next time you look out the window and see banks of freshly fallen snow, remember that only about 8 percent of that fluffy whiteness is actually water; the remaining 92 percent is air. ● During the course of filming all eight Harry Potter movies, actor Daniel Radcliffe went through 160 pairs of glasses and 70 magic wands. ● It was English poet Martin Farquhar Tupper who made the following sage observation: “Well-timed silence hath more eloquence than speech.” ● If you’re in the neighborhood of Bessemer, Alabama, you might want to stop in its Hall of History. Though the connection to local history isn’t clear, Hitler’s typewriter is on display to curious onlookers. (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

• 300 years ago, the pound was applied to 391 different weights across Europe, and the foot indicated 282 different lengths.

Thomas Jefferson, traveling across Europe, found that the mile from country “NATIONAL” WORDS (continued): countryChefs couldknow be aswhat shortitasmeans 3,600tofeet • toFrench: or“french” as longa as 36,000 feet.

Eventhattoday, food item. It’s a verb meansthe to cut into thin strips, like, well, french fries.

U.S. uses two kinds of miles, 56 different (And yes, that’s how the finger-friendly pobushels, eight types of tons, two pounds, tato dish took its name.) Green beans are and threeitem different ounces.

Corn sold another commonly prepared in isthis bymanner. the bushel, shipped in tons, and stored cubic feet. bushel of wheat doestonot • inMaltese: TheseA tiny spaniels are easy identify thanks to their long, silky coats. equal a bushel of potatoes or apples.The American Kennel Club groups • Our measurements evolved by them with other “Toy happenstance.

They have no simple Dogs” like Pugs and formulas, Yorkshire equations, Terriers. or relationships. For Feline aficionados instance, consider the acre. It’s defined use the term asalso an area that can be plowed in one day Maltese to describe with oxen.a To cats two that have si- figure acres, you must milarly silky, multiply the graywidth of the land by the blue coat. length and divide by 43,460. A one-acre • square Colombian: This term means different things lot measures 208 ft.

8 in. per side. to different people, depending on how you There are 640 acres in a square mile. Easy get your “jones.” Narcotics dealers may refer totoremember? to calculate?

Nothe way! their productsEasy as Colombian, although What need is aunknown. systemLuckily, that makes actual we source is often the majority of us prefer a bit of legal Colommore sense. bian, as in the coffee grown in the South • Today more than 25,000 items are covered American nation. The prevalence of coffee byshops national standards, throughout America isfrom proof nuts enoughand that many of us just can’t along in the bolts to two-by-fours andget light bulbs. morning without a hot cup of Colombian.

• Chinese: The generic term “chinese” now represents types of food that are very different from the meals that are (or ever were) served in China. That said, the same argument could be made about what we consider “American” food. Hamburgers? Ice cream?

Hot dogs? Pizza? Our national favorites seem to have originated everywhere except in the United States!

Information in the Tidbits® Paper is gathered from sources considered to be reliable, but the accuracy of all information cannot be guaranteed.

Can’t Get Enough

TRILOGY III

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THE METRIC SYSTEM

• The Greek word ‘metron,’ from which we get meter and metric, means ‘a measure.’

Gram is French for ‘weight.’ The metric system is the only system deliberately designed to be easy to learn and simple to use. No other system of measurement links units of length, volume, and mass as the metric system does. The metric system has 7 base units that account for all measurements. Our Imperial system has over 20. Today, the only countries that do not use the metric system are the U.S. and the trend-setting nations of Liberia and Burma.

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• The metric system was invented in France in 1799. A meter was defined as one tenmillionth of the length of the imaginary line from the North Pole to the Equator as it passes through Paris. (39.37 inches.)

It has also been defined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red light from the isotope Krypton 86, as measured in a vacuum. Today one meter is more accurately measured as the distance travelled by light in a vacuum during 1/299,792,548 of a second.

• In 1866, the U.S. passed a law that said Americans could use the metric system if they liked. In 1900, Congress was close to adopting the metric system, but then the machinist’s lobby went to work. They painted a picture of complete chaos if the metric system went through. All factories would have to close!

Property deeds would be invalidated! All bottles, bushels, and boxes would have to be discarded! Grocery stores would have to shut down! The economy would collapse! None of this was true, but inertia prevailed, and prevails still.

SYSTEM SIMPLICITY

• With metrics, if you know how big an object is, then you can find out what its weight is just by moving the decimal point. Here’s how:

HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS

• A decimeter is 1/10th of a meter. A cubic decimeter equals one liter. A liter of water weighs 1,000 grams. Alexander Graham Bell, arguing for the adoption of the metric system, gave Congressmen an imaginary problem: You have a tank containing 123,456,789 cubic inches of water. You want to know the weight and volume of the water. First you must go to the library to find out how many cubic inches of water are in a gallon and how much a gallon of water weighs. Then you must complete difficult calculations. But if the tank contains 123,456,789 cubic centimeters of water, you need only to move the decimal point over to find out that it holds 123,456.789 liters and that it weighs 123,456.789 kilograms.

INCH BY INCH

• The Army and Marines use metrics. So does NASA. The Olympics have been metric since they began in 1896. The first country in the Western Hemisphere to adopt metrics was Columbia, which explains why cocaine is purchased in grams and kilograms. Your electricity is measured in metric kilowatt hours, and you buy skis in centimeters. The power of your motorcycle is expressed in cubic centimeters, and your medication is dispensed in milligrams.

• After one speech where a government official vowed that “The inch will never die!” a pro-metric man arose and asked the speaker to answer the questions that appeared at the beginning of this issue: How many feet in a mile? How many ounces in a gallon? How many acres in a square mile? How much does a quart of water weigh? The speaker was unable to answer any of these questions.

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Study: You Can Delay Alzheimer’s Disease

You can forestall dementia by many years by staying mentally engaged and challenged, according to a long-term Mayo Clinic study.

The study began in 2004 with nearly 2,000 participants ranging in age from 70 to 89 years old. Most of them had no dementia, and nearly 300 had mild cognitive impairment. The study focused on the role of the subjects’ previous education, occupation and life enrichment.

After a baseline measurement was taken, participants in the study followed an “intellectual enrichment program” and were periodically re-evaluated for functioning, memory, cognitive skills and language.

Lifelong intellectual enrichment was seen as a protective strategy to delay cognitive impairment by nearly 9 years.

This was true even in those participants who carry the APOE4 gene, which is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease.

Specifically, cognitive impairment was delayed 8.7 years in those with high lifetime enrichment. Higher education alone brought a five-year delay. For those who carry the APOE4 gene, even beginning cognitive activity late in life brought three years of delay. Late beginning for those without the gene brought seven years of delay.

Staying mentally engaged and stretching our brains can even help those of us who didn’t have higher education or challenging occupations, or who carry the APOE4 gene.

Here are some suggestions: Take a few art classes, or try arts and crafts. Did you play a musical instrument as a child? Take lessons again. Read. Dip into authors and topics you haven’t explored before. Play games you enjoy, and learn new ones. Try video games!

Do a crossword puzzle every day. Sign up for classes at the senior center.

While there’s no sure-fire cure or treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, these studies show ways we can help ourselves.

Matilda Charles regrets that she cannot personally answer reader questions, but will incorporate them into her column whenever possible. Send email to columnreply2@gmail.com. (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc

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Page 8

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measurement

A city slicker came upon two lumbermen balancing a long log vertically on the ground, while a third fellow with a measuring tape climbed up on the lumber. “What are you doing?” asked the urbanite. “We are trying to measure this piece of wood,” replied the lumber jacks. “Why not lay it down and measure it?” asked the city fellow.

“Nope,” replied a lumber jack. “That won’t do it!

We want the height, not the length!”

n car designed

h more: at the

or water? itcher’s mound ix inches. Why

SHAGODEH

s not triumph ts, but rather e, and a new t is familiar ank

This word means: A unit of volume for liquids defined to hold 2 barrels or 63 gallons.

7/13/1940 14/1913 15/1606 acher

MOMENTS IN TIME

1. The cubit is the oldest known measurement, The History Channel appearing in the Raymond Bible whenChandler, God givescreator Noah of /17/1917 ● On July 23, 1888, instructions for the ark. It’s the length of the forearm elly 7/18/1895 detective from Philip Marlowe, is born in Chicago. During the ● On July 22, 1933, American aviator Wiley Post returns to elbow to fingertip.

7/19/1860 2. The first American carwriting designed on the metric Depression, Chandler turned to to support himself. New York, becoming the first aviator to fly solo around the do you call 2,000 pounds of Chinese soup? was the Ford Pinto. system He published his novel “The Big Sleep” in 1939, followed world. Post flew a Lockheed Vega monoplane, nicknamed 3. An object weighs less at the equator than at the Wonby ton! “Farewell MyPole.

Lovely” andis “The Goodbye.”

Winnie North It lessoldest atLong theknown top of a mountain A city the 1. weighs What the measurement slicker came Mae. upon two lumbermen in recorded history?away an object is from balancing a long log vertically on the ground, than at sea level.

The farther Which wasthe the less first American designedon while a third fellow with a measuring tape climbed the center of 2.the earth, the pull car of gravity on the ● On July 25, earth 1917, in metric Paris, exotic dancer Mata Hari ● lumber.

On July 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt seizes up on the “What26, are you doing?” asked it. (The bulges at thesystem?

Equator.)

3. Where does an object weigh more: at the the urbanite. “We are trying to measure this piece 4. Wine less water. is sentenced to weighs death by than French court for spying on all Japanese assets in the United States in retaliation for equator, orathe North Pole? of wood,” replied the lumber jacks. “Why not lay 5. Inbehalf 1893, a4. hand-drawn diagram used to plot the Which weighs more: wine, or water? it downthe and measure it?” asked the city fellow. of French Indo-China. Britain Germany’s during World War I. Since 1903, Japanese occupation dimensions of baseball noted the mound distance “Nope,” replied a lumber jack. “That won’t do it!

5. aThe distancediamond between the pitcher’s and home plate sixty feet, six inches.

Why0”.

Margueretha Gertruida Zelle hadisand performed inatParis as We a wantand the Dutch East Indies followed suit. The result: Japan between pitcher’s mound home plate 60’ the height, not the length!” this strange number?

Due tothe sloppy handwriting, the 0claiming was interpreted as a an lost access to three-fourths of its overseas trade and 88 dancer under name Mata Hari, she was unit of area derived its name from 6. an Old The odd measurement became official.

Indian priestess.

sh word meaning “a field.” It was originally ed as the area that could be plowed in a day

0yoke glass bottles, of oxen. derived Roman word s,measurement 1,800 plastic ● from Onthe July 21, 1925, John T. Scopes is convicted of ta,” which originally meant a pailful. board products violating Tennessee’s law against teaching evolution in

percent of its imported oil.

● On July 24, 1959, during the grand opening ceremony of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, Vice President public schools. The case was only for show, and the jury Richard Nixon and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev engage only conferred for a few“A moments.

The Civil in a heated debate in the middle of a model kitchen set up scientific truth does American not triumph 3rdby new Quarter 2014 S HtheAfair.

G OThe D E“kitchen H debate” became one of the most convincing itsteacher opponents, but rather Liberties Union had advertised for a who would let for because its opponents die, and a new This word means: A unit of volume for himself be arrested toWeek challenge the uplaw open it forliquids famous generation that and is familiar 29grows defined to holdepisodes 2 barrels or 63 of the Cold War. with it.” -Max Plank gallons. (c) 2012 King Features Synd., Inc. public debate.

ANSWERS

The cord, a measurement of wood high, 4 ft. wide, and 8 ft. long) is recognized as a legal measurement he U.S. Government. In the state of yland, this law specifies that a cord ood must be stacked “tight enough a chipmunk cannot run through it.” name apparently comes from an old od of measuring a stack of firewood g a cord or string.

Patrick Stewart 7/13/1940 Gerald Ford 7/14/1913 Rembrandt 7/15/1606 Orville Redenbacher 7/16/1907 1. An acre was the Old English word Diller to 7/17/1917 meaning “a field.” It’sPhyllis related the Machinewhich Gun Kelly Greek word “agros” from we7/18/1895 get Lizzie Borden 7/19/1860 “agriculture.”

2. “Gallon” comes from the Roman word for “pailful.”

HOCUS-FOCUS

Differences: 1. Hair is different. 2. Bowl is moved.

3. Bottle is missing. 4. Paper towels are missing.

5. Bib is smaller. 6. Spoon is missing.

1. The cubit is the oldest known measurement, appearing in the Bible when God gives Noah instructions for the ark. It’s the length of the forearm from elbow to fingertip.

2. The first American car designed on the metric system was the Ford Pinto.

The Greek word phetaless sliceatmeant turi pheta and 3. An object weighs the equator thanslice at the North Pole. It weighs less atThe theGreek top ofword a mountain pheta slice meant turi pheta slice and than at sea level. The farther away an object is from the center of the earth, the less the pull of gravity on it. (The earth bulges at the Equator.)

4. Wine weighs less than water.

5. In 1893, a hand-drawn diagram used to plot the dimensions of a baseball diamond noted the distance between pitcher’s mound and home plate at 60’ 0”.

Due to sloppy handwriting, the 0 was interpreted as a 6. The odd measurement became official.

The average family discards 500 glass bottles, 500 aluminum cans, 850 steel cans, 1,800 plastic andunscrupulous, 13,000 paper and cardboard products theyitems were they could each year.

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1925 Hollywood sign installed 1881 the on Kid their shot by Pat Gar-If nchesBilly apart counter.

n1799 the Rosetta two tacks. is why we “get down to the brass tacks.” stoneThis discovered

1935 World’s first parking meter ed, Oklahoma City 1955 Disneyland opens 1925 Hitler publishes Mein Kampf 64 A.D. Rome burns; Nero fiddles

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1. An acre was the Old English word meaning “a field.” It’s related to the Greek word “agros” from which we get “agriculture.”

2. “Gallon” comes from the Roman word for “pailful.”

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