Tidbits of Northern Johnson County, Ia by Russ Swart

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At 2.2 million acres, Yellowstone National Park is larger than states of Rhode Island and Delaware combined. If you set out to hike the boundary of the park, you’ll walk about 300 miles. Join Tidbits as we take a look at some of the unusual features of the park.

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• Yellowstone is actually the caldera of an ancient super-volcano that’s still active. The eruption of the Yellowstone volcano two million years ago left a hole in the ground larger than the state of Rhode Island.

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• Yellowstone is one of about 30 volcanic hotspots on the planet. At other places on the planet, as continental plates drift over the top of hotspots, they form chains of islands such as the Galapagos Islands, and Azores, the Aleutians, and the Hawaiian Islands. The Yellowstone hotspot is the only hotspot that’s located in the middle of a continent, possibly because there was a natural weakness in the crust or perhaps because a huge meteorite punched a hole through the crust like a pipeline. The hotspot stays in one place while the continent slides over the top of it, like a rug being dragged over a rock. • The crust of cold solid rock on top of the earth on the average continent is about 20 miles thick. Magma is usually found about 40 miles deep, but in Yellowstone, bulge of magma only two miles from the surface is restlessly pressing upwards. turn the page for more! WANT TO RUN YOUR OWN BUSINESS?

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• At Norris Geyser Basin, magma is nearer to the surface than any other place in the park. When you drill a deep hole in the crust of the earth, the temperature increases the farther down you go. Normally, this temperature increase is fairly constant: 1.4 F for every 100 feet down. However, a hole drilled in Norris Geyser Basin showed that the temperature increased 89 times faster, at the rate of 124 F for every 100 feet down. Therefore, water that trickles down heats up rapidly as it descends. • There are an estimated 10,000 thermal features in the park including hot pools, fumaroles, mud pots, and seeps. Only about three percent of Yellowstone’s thermal features are geysers, defined as hot water that spurts forcefully out of the ground. In fact, there are only six geysers that erupt 100 feet or higher on a regular daily basis. • Upper Geyser Basin (home of Old Faithful) contains the densest concentration of geysers in the world. About 25% of the world’s geysers are located in this two square mile area. One area of the basin has 140 geysers concentrated in a single square mile. In total, Yellowstone has about 300 active geysers, more than anywhere else on the planet.

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• About 85 percent of the more than 3 million visitors to Yellowstone annually will see Old Faithful erupt before they leave the park, about 25,000 people daily during summer. • Old Faithful is not the tallest geyser, nor the hottest, and it does not discharge the most water. It is not the most regular, but it does erupt on a predictable basis 20 to 23 times daily, about once every 74 minutes. • Old Faithful spews about 8,500 gallons of water every eruption. That’s enough water to supply a typical American with water for 85 days, at the rate of 100 gallons per day.

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TOOLS 4 LIFE BY DR. JIM COYLE The Power of Being Content As the New Year approaches, one of the things we can learn is the power of being content. Contentment isn’t something at the end of a journey. It is something to learn and practice along the journey. Rather than being tripped and suffocated by adversity and hardships, we can learn to stand and breathe under pressure. Contentment is the ability to enjoy life at every detour. Here are a few tools to help with cultivating contentment. • Want it: Simplifying your life will take the pressure off of wanting things you don’t have. The key is wanting what I have. • Choose it: “Contentment makes poor men rich, and discontent makes rich men poor” Benjamin Franklin. • Speak it: If I can learn to say, “I have enough” & “I am grateful for what I have,” it will help me see, smell, and enjoy the things around me. •

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• Next to Old Faithful, Morning Glory Pool may be the single thermal feature most often visited by tourists. Long ago, the hot spring was so hot that no algae grew in it, and so the clear water reflected the blue sky. Then people began throwing things into the water, partially clogging the vent and causing the water temperature to drop. This allowed algae to grow, spoiling the reflective effect. In 1950 rangers decided to clean the crater. They lowered the water level, which induced the spring to erupt as a geyser. Items regurgitated by the spring included $86.27 in pennies, logs, bottles, tin cans, 76 hankies, towels, socks, shirts, and underwear. In all, 112 items were removed from the throat of the spring, which improved the color of the pool considerably. • Yellowstone produces 3.3 million acre-feet of water every year, making it one of the richest sources of water in the West. Because a single acre-foot is enough to serve the needs of a typical family of four, that’s enough to supply the needs of 13 million people, or about the population of Illinois. The four trillion gallons of water that pour out of Yellowstone each year would be enough to fill Lake Superior 12 times. Twelve major rivers originate in the Greater Yellowstone area, including four very large ones: the Snake River, the Missouri River, the Yellowstone River, and the Green River.

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Like all other hydrothermal features geysers are heated by molten rock called magma far beneath the earth’s surface.

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YELLOWSTONE (continued):

Unusual Features • Twin Lakes are two lakes connected by a small inlet near a geyser basin. One lake is blue; the other is green. One lake is cool and other is hot, so their varied kinds of algae make them different colors. In the autumn, one lake freezes before the other one. • Two Ocean Creek splits in half in the middle of a meadow, with one half of the creek running into the Yellowstone River and going down the eastern side of the Continental Divide into the Gulf of Mexico, and the other half running into the Snake River on the west side, ending up in the Pacific Ocean. One is called Atlantic Creek; the other is called Pacific Creek. There are no other places on earth where a single creek drains into two oceans. • Yellowstone Lake has an underwater geyser. Once every 25 minutes, the water roils and boils when this submerged geyser erupts about 20 feet below the surface. Researchers sent an underwater video camera into this spot to see what was happening. They found that trout regularly patrol the area, feeding on clouds of tiny crustaceans and aquatic insects stirred up by the eruptions. The feature was dubbed The Trout Jacuzzi. • The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone is 20 miles long, 1,500 to 4,000 feet wide, and up to 1,500 feet deep. If you hike all the way to the bottom of the canyon and all the way back up again, it would be equal to taking the stairs to the top of the Willis Tower in Chicago (formerly known as the Sears Tower) which is the tallest building in North America, and then back down again. The hike has been described as “five miles in and 35 miles out.” • In Norris Geyser Basin you’ll find Geezer Geyser, named by smart-alecks in 1974. • Constant Geyser in Norris was named by some sarcastic wit because it erupts at completely irregular and unpredictable intervals, and the eruption lasts all of five seconds.

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Hawkeye Publishing, L.L.C. www.tidbitpapers.com For Advertising E-mail: updates@tidbitpapers.com or Call (319) 360-3936 Overcoming the Odds:

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Clinton Odell was an attorney in Minneapolis in the 1920s. His father spent his time mixing up batches of a healing liniment called BurmaVita; Burma because that’s where most of the ingredients came from, and Vita for the Latin word for life. One day Clinton’s aunt burned herself badly. She spread Burma-Vita on the wound. It healed so well without scarring that Clinton decided to drop law and go into the Burma-Vita business instead.

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• What he soon found was that the only people who bought Burma-Vita were people who were sick or had wounds. Clinton decided what he needed was a product that people needed all the time. He considered a brushless shaving cream. In those days, shaving meant using a mug, a damp brush, and a razor. How do you keep a brush wet without it moldering? How do you pack a wet brush in a suitcase? Brushless shaving cream was the answer, but the only brushless shaving creams were sticky and gummy. • Then, a chemist of his acquaintance named Carl Norton got sick with what was thought to be a fatal illness. Clinton sent him money and wished him well. A year later, the recovered chemist walked through Clinton’s door to thank him, and to ask if he could do anything for him in return. Clinton asked, “Can you make a better brushless shaving cream?” and Carl went to work. • Two years later, after nearly 300 attempts and 300 failed recipes, Clinton happened to pick up a leftover jar of Recipe #43 and it worked. Burma-Shave was born. • Clinton’s sons became the company salesmen. One day his son was on his way to make a sales call when he passed a set of signs advertising a service station: Gas, Oil, Restrooms, Coffee, etc. Why couldn’t shaving cream be marketed the same way? The Burma-Shave sign idea was born. • With boards and paint, the first sets of Burma-Shave signs were made up. They mostly consisted of marketing claims: “Shave the modern way / Fine for the skin / Druggists have it / Burma-Shave.” With their first series of a dozen signs set up around the country, the company started getting their first repeat orders. It was 1926. But Clinton decided the signs needed to be snappy. • With rhyme and humor, Burma-Shave signs were soon sprouting across the country. Someone once commented that it was as difficult to read one Burma-Shave sign as it was to eat one salted peanut. When six signs were planted 100 paces apart, it took 18 seconds at 35 m.p.h. to read the series— far more time than print advertising could expect. Even cars travelling in the other direction posted someone to read the signs out the back window. • Clinton wrote the jingles himself for years. When he began to run dry of ideas, contests brought in entries, sometimes 50,000 at a time. With 7,000 sets of signs across the nation, business boomed. • In 1963, the company was sold to Philip Morris, Inc. The new owners decided to spend their advertising money in other areas, and across the country the signs were removed. Later, the Smithsonian Institute asked for a set. The Odell family sent this one: “Within this vale / Of toil and sin / Your head grows bald / But not your chin.”

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STRANGE BUT TRUE by Samantha Weaver

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Diet & Heart Health

A worldwide study has concluded that there really is a relationship between diet and the risk of cardiovascular disease for patients who are taking drugs for prevention of secondary events. More than 31,000 high-risk seniors in 40 countries were assessed for quality of diet. A higher-quality diet resulted in a lower risk of recurring cardiovascular events in people age 55 and older who are already taking medication for cardiovascular disease or who have diabetes. Here’s the big news: The risk of dying from a heart-related event was reduced by 35 percent. A healthy diet also meant a 14 percent lower risk for new heart attacks, a 28 percent reduction in risk for congestive heart failure and 19 percent cut in risk for stroke. In other words, taking medication for cholesterol and blood pressure isn’t enough. The same goes for beta blockers, aspirin and other medications commonly prescribed for cardiovascular disease. We have to eat right to promote heart health. Diet should emphasize vegetables, fruits and grains, and more fish than meat. Ask your doctor if the American Heart Association diet is appropriate for you. It includes: Fruits and vegetables: At least 4.5 cups/ day Oily fish: Two 3.5-ounce servings/week Whole grains: Three 1-ounce servings/ day Sodium: Less than 1,500 mg/day Nuts, legumes, seeds: At least four servings/week Sugared drinks: No more than 36 ounces/ week Processed meats: No more than two servings/week Saturated fat: Less than 7 percent of total intake. For more information, go online to www. heart.org.

“NATIONAL” WORDS (continued): • French: Chefs know what it means to “french” a food item. It’s a verb that means to cut into thin strips, like, well, french fries. (And yes, that’s how the finger-friendly potato dish its name.) Green beans are * E took another commonly prepared in this SAV item % manner.

• Maltese: These tiny spaniels are easy to identify thanks to their long, silky coats. The American Kennel Club groups them with other “Toy Dogs” like Pugs and Yorkshire Terriers. Feline aficionados also use the term Maltese to |describe anniversary | birthday just because cats that have a similarly silky, grayblue coat. Hurry! Flowers from $19.99 +s/h • Colombian: This term means different things Visit www.ProFlowers.com/always or call 888.483.7528 to different people, depending on how you “jones.” Narcotics Joinget Over your 12 Million People Who Have Found adealers Better Waymay to Sendrefer Flowers todiscount their products as Colombian, the *20% off will appear upon checkout. Minimum purchase of $29.00. Doesalthough not apply to gift cards or certificates, same-day or international delivery, shipping and handling, taxes, or third-party hosted products (e.g. wine) and actual source is often unknown. Luckily, cannot be combined with other offers or discounts. Discounts not valid on bulk or corporate purchases ofthe 10 units or more. Offer expires: 12/31/12. majority of us prefer a bit of legal Colombian, as in the coffee grown in the South American nation. The prevalence of coffee shops throughout America is proof enough that many of us just can’t get along in the morning without a hot cup of Colombian.

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• Chinese: The generic term “chinese” now represents types of food that are very different from the meals that are (or ever were) served in China. That said, the same argument could be made about what we consider “American” food. Hamburgers? Ice cream? Hot dogs? Pizza? Our national favorites seem to have originated everywhere except in the United States! Information in the Tidbits® Paper is gathered from sources considered to be reliable, but the accuracy of all information cannot be guaranteed.

Can’t Get Enough

TRILOGY III

(Alabama residents LIMITED EDITION BOOK SET please add $1 sales tax.) Reprints of Books I, II & III WHILE THEY LAST!

The Tidbits® Paper is a division of Tidbits Media, Inc. · Montgomery, AL 36106

Matilda Charles regrets that she cannot personally answer reader questions, but will incorporate them into her column whenever possible. Write to her in care of King Features Weekly Service, P.O. Box 536475, Orlando, FL 32853-6475, or send e-mail to columnreply@gmail.com. (c) 2012 King Features Synd., Inc.

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Look for puzzle answers on page 8.

January 3rd 2013

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The class of birds known scientifically as corvidae includes crows, ravens, magpies, and jays. In each of these species, the brain to body ratio equals that of dolphins, and nearly matches our own. These are the brainiacs of the bird family, smarter than eagles, hawks, and owls. • A scientist put an animal carcass out where ravens could find it, then broadcast over a loudspeaker the typical call a raven will give to alert others that it has found a source of food. Twenty seconds later, a single raven flew to the carcass, inspected it, and left. Two minutes later, 29 ravens were gathered around. They also flew off, but the next morning 40 ravens gathered around the carcass and then they began to feed. Ravens prefer to feed in groups around carcasses to better protect them from coyotes and other carnivores that may also be feeding there. • Ravens that have found a complete carcass are unable to open it to reach the meat. They have been known to go in search of wolves, coyotes, or even a person, guiding it back to the meat by circling and calling so that it can have a chance to eat scraps. • Researchers watching crows drop snail shells on rocks to crack them open later determined that the height the crows dropped them from was exactly the height needed to crack them open. To drop them from a lesser distance would have meant wasted energy when they failed to open; to drop them from a greater height also wasted energy by extra flying and increased the chances the snail would roll into the water. The crows also dipped the snail into the water to wash away annoying bits of shell that clung to the meat. • Ravens seem to have “names” for each other and when separated will call out for each other. • One crow, unable to break open tasty acorns, solved the problem by dropping them on a street and waiting until a car ran over them. • A man once tossed crackers to a raven until the raven was full. The raven wanted to take more crackers back to its cache, but it could pick up only one cracker at a time in its beak. By the time it got back to collect the next cracker, other critters would have stolen the food. The man was astonished to see the raven solve the dilemma by tucking the crackers side by side into a snowbank. When several were lined up together, the raven was able to pick them all up at one time like a stack of nickels and fly off with them all. • A crow was watching ice fishermen. It saw the men bait the hooks, drop the line into the hole in the ice, then wait until a signal flag bobbed, indicating a fish was on the line. Then they’d haul up the line and collect the fish. While the fishermen were occupied at other holes, the crow watched the flag bob at another hole. It tried to pull the line up by grasping it in its beak, but it couldn’t pull the line up far enough. So it pulled the line as far onto the ice as it could, then stood on it to keep it from slipping back into the water. It walked on the line back to the fishing hole, where it grasped the line in its beak once again and backed up. It did this over and over until the fish flopped out onto the ice. • A crow being attacked by a falcon got away when it flew between two strands of barbed-wire fence. The falcon had a wider wing-span and was caught in the wire. • Researchers have identified about 300 crow “words,” yet one crow cannot understand the dialect of crows from a different area.

January 3rd 2013

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Mountain man Jim Bridger reported that the Firehole River ﬂowed so fast through Yellowstone that the friction of the water against the riverbed heated up the water.

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1. The average elevation of the park is 8,000 feet above sea level. 1/3/1957 Locals boast that when the geysers freeze solid in 2. The Icelandic word “geysir” means gushing. /4/1785 the winter, they cut the into blocks and use them has a greater diversity of animals than 3.iceTrue: Yellowstone anywarmers. other region in the lower 48 state. as foot 1/5/1928 4. 90 percent of park visitors come June and August. 1. What is thebetween average elevation of the 5. About one-third of Americans will visit Yellowstone in their Mountain man Jim Bridger reported that park? lifetime the Firehole River ﬂowed so fast through

2. From what language does the word Yellowstone that the friction of the water against ‘geyser’ spring from? the riverbed heated up the water. 3. True or false: Yellowstone has a greater diversity of wild animals than any other MOMENTS IN TIME region in the lower 48 states. ● On Jan. 5, 1945, Japanese pilots receive The History Channel 4. What percent of Yellowstone’s 3 million the first order to become kamikaze, meaning visitors come in the summer? ● On Jan. 3, 1924, Britishwhatarchaeologist “divine wind” in Japanese. Most of Japan’s top 5. Approximately percent of AmeriHoward Carter and his workers cans will see Yellowstone in theirdiscover lifetime? pilots were dead, but youngsters needed little 1. Only eleven species ofsolid-gold tree live Yellowstone. coffin holding the mummy training to take planes full of explosives and the How manyof of thosethe are conifers? boy-king Pharaoh Tutankhamen, crash them into ships. At Okinawa, they sank toys” lately,

preserved for more than 3,000 years. 30 ships and killed almost 5,000 Americans. with outdated 2. If you drive every road in Yellowstone, how 4th Quarter 2012 at at least 25 much of the park will you have seen? cell phones, Week 53 dﬁlls? Many uch as lead, “A picture of wonder and horror, and drinking situated in a unique position between ing them on Heaven and Hell.” –unknown tourist, ated model, describing the park This word means: When a lava ﬂow cools rapidly by being immersedDEALS! in water or anization, or TEXT : 319-530-36948 FOR CURRENT glacial ice, this type of sharp shiny rock results y. www.atdnorthliberty.com

BOISIDNA

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The super-heated water in the park tends to dissolve underground minerals. Rudyard Kipling 12/30/1865 Public water supplies in some areas of John Denver 12/31/1943 the park are so high in ﬂuoride1.that8theout of 11 species of tree in the park Barry Goldwater 1/1/1906 arewater conifers. excess has to be removed from the 2. If you drive every road in YellowStephen Stills 1/2/1946 before it can be drunk. Some springs are you will have seen stone, 2% of the Patty Lovelace 1/3/1957 radioactive. Levels of mercury andpark. arsenic Jakob Grimm 1/4/1785 in the Firehole River are so high that the Walter Mondale 1/5/1928 trout that live there are unﬁt for human consumption. Water in Hot Springs Basin is so acidic that it’s been known to dissolve the pants off people who sat n could easily absorbed by a sponge. It was the smallest named on moistbeground there. his tiny geyser went dormant.

HOCUS-FOCUS

● On Jan. 4, 1965, in his State of the Union address, President Lyndon Johnson lays out for Congress a list of legislation needed to achieve his plan for a Great Society. His list included the creation of Medicare/Medicaid, Head Start, the Voting Rights Act and the Civil Rights Act. (c) 2012 King Features Synd., Inc.

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1. The average elevation of the park is 8,000 feet above sea level. 2. The Icelandic word “geysir” means gushing. 3. True: Yellowstone has a greater diversity of animals than any other region in the lower 48 state. 4. 90 percent of park visitors come between June and August. 5. About one-third of Americans will visit Yellowstone in their lifetime

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