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Minnesota Unbuilts Fruit of the Non-Existing Loop The Minneapolis "North Loop" was a proposed Interstate which would have created a full loop around downtown Minneapolis, connecting to I-94 and a proposed "Northwest Radial" freeway on the west, and I-35W on the east.

Planning on the "North Loop" began as early as the 1940s, with a proposed multilane divided expressway but with at-grade intersections. Planning changed in the early 1960s, when the route started being planned as a freeway and was given an Interstate designation of I-335 (think I-35 version for 494 and 694).

I-335 did receive some federal money in the 1970 highway bill to purchase right-of-ways and to begin construction. The project got as far as completing about 90% of its ROW acquisition, and even had some grading done for the interchange at I-35W (the reason for the funky north

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bound "Evil Knevil-type" ramp and the southbound lane drop just south of Johnson St). Pressure from public opposition began mounting in the mid '70s, and the route was eventually cancelled in 1978, with the Interstate money being used for other projects in the area, including parts of I-394, the MN 610 bridge, and the Central Ave/Broadway intersection.

Some folks have made comments in recent years that maybe perhaps it should have been built after all. The biggest reason behind their argument is that it would have helped reduce the pressure on the I-94 Lowry Hill Tunnel.

This has been in dispute, and one of the biggest reasons behind its cancellation was the perceived notion that it would NOT help matters at the Lowry Hill Tunnel because there were no direct connections between WB I-94 and I-335, or vice versa. Adding these connections to the design would have given I-394 to I-35W traffic an alternative to the Tunnel, which would have improved the overall system.

I-335, as planned, would have been a 6-lane Interstate-standard freeway with full or partial interchanges at I-94, Washington Ave, Marshall Ave/Main St NE, University Ave/4th St NE, Monroe St NE and I-35W. The highway would have been built to continue west of I-94 and is now known as the never-built "Northwest Radial" freeway.

Curiously, there were no connections planned between I-335 and MN 65/Central Ave. Oh well, I’m sure Twin Citians have enjoyed all the remedial road construction, since and continuing on, to do what may have been accomplished back then.

Dome it All Anyway…

The First Proposed Dome was a futuristic dome city proposed to be built over the swamps of north central Minnesota. It was proposed by Athelstan Spilhaus — a famous inventor, meteorologist and futurist, who ran the Institute of Technology at the University of Minnesota.

Spilhaus wanted to build an entire city designed for scientific advancement. It’s 60,000+ acres would house 250,000 people in ever-changing modular buildings. Only 1/6 of it would be paved. It would have been constructed as a public private partnership. In contrast with many of the model cities of the time, the MXC was to be experimental, trying new things rather than proposing to select from the best of the existing practice.

The city was supposed to be self-sustaining, so plans involved high-rise parking garages filled with beef cattle, and a power plant. There would be a pedestrian zone, cars were to be parked on the edge with a people-mover connecting them to the center. There would be monorail systems and moving walkways with an automated highway system to connect the town with the outside world. There would be no schools as the city itself would foster lifelong learning, with everyone both a student and teacher and there would also be waterless toilets….????

All of this would be built under a massive geodesic dome, under the influence of Buckminster Fuller (think buckyballs) who sat on the MXC's advisory board, It would contain a branch of the University of Minnesota and 3M Corporation. In fact, Ford, Boeing and Honeywell had all invested, as had the state Legislature. It was expected to cost $4 billion. It sounded like a sure thing and very nearly happened back in the early 1970s; however, it would also be built right on top of Terry Mejdrich's hometown of Swatara, Minn.

(Continued page 7)

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on to play 2,632 games in a row before voluntarily removing himself from a game on Sept. 19, 1998. ▲ On Sept. 8, 2003, the Recording Industry Association of America begins suing individual sharers of copyrighted mp3 songs, some of whom are children.

In the first 20 months, the RIAA sued ▲ On Sept. 7, 1776, during the over 11,000 people.

Revolutionary War, the American submersible craft Turtle attempts to ▲ On Sept. 11, 1857, Mormon guerillas, attach a time bomb to the hull of British stoked by religious zeal, murder 120 Admiral Richard Howe’s flagship Eagle emigrants at Mountain Meadows, Utah. in New York Harbor. The Turtle was an The conflict with the wagon train of 8-foot-long wooden submersible with emigrants apparently began when the lead ballast for balance.

Mormons refused to sell the train any supplies. ▲ On Sept. 3, 1783, the American Revolution officially comes to an end ▲ On Sept. 10, 1897, London taxi driver when representatives of the United States, George Smith, 25, becomes the first Great Britain, Spain and France sign the person ever arrested for drunk driving Treaty of Paris. The signing established after slamming his cab into a building. In the boundaries of America from Florida 1936, a professor of toxicology patented to the Great Lakes and the Atlantic coast the Drunkometer, a balloon-like device to the Mississippi River. into which people would breathe to determine whether they were inebriated. ▲ On Sept. 4, 1957, the Ford Motor Company unveils the Edsel. The car had ▲ On Sept. 15, 1931, the Philadelphia a distinctive look, but not in a good way Athletics beat the Cleveland Indians to many people. The big impact ring in to clinch their third-straight American the middle of its front grille looked (one League pennant under legendary manager reporter said) like “a Pontiac pushing a Connie Mack. Mack made a career of toilet seat.” developing star players and then, once the players’ talents had peaked, selling their ▲ On Sept. 9, 1967, Sgt. Duane D. contracts for a profit.

Hackney is presented with the Air Force Cross for bravery in rescuing a USAF ▲ On Sept. 16, 1940, President Franklin pilot in Vietnam. He was the first living D. Roosevelt signs the Selective Service Air Force enlisted man to receive the and Training Act, which required all male award. citizens between the ages of 26 and 35 to ▲ On Sept. 6, 1995, Baltimore Orioles register for the military draft. shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. plays in his 2,131st consecutive game. Ripken went ▲ On Sept. 12, 1972, William Boyd, best known for his role as Hopalong Cassidy,

dies at age 77. By 1950, American children had made Hopalong Cassidy (c) 2018 Hearst Communications, Inc. the seventh most popular TV show and All Rights Reserved were madly snapping up cowboy hats and six-shooters.

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IKEA (Continued) • The very first item of IKEA furniture sold as a flat-pack was a leaf-shaped side table, which first appeared in the 1956 catalog.

• Because Ingvar Kamprad is dyslexic, he found it easier to give products names rather than identify them through a set of numbers and letters. The names follow a system: living room furniture is named after towns in Sweden; bedroom furniture is named after cities in Norway; carpets are named after places in Denmark; and dining room items are named after places in Finland. Bookcases are named after occupations; bathroom items are named after lakes and rivers; chairs and desks are named after men; fabric items such as curtains are named after women; garden items are named after islands; and children’s items are named after animals.

• The single most popular IKEA product is the Billy bookcase, named after IKEA advertising manager Billy Liljedahl. One sells every ten seconds. They’ve sold over 60 million in the world, which works out to nearly one for every 100 people on the planet. In fact, they are so universal that market analyst Bloomberg uses them to compare purchasing power across the world: In Egypt a Billy bookcase costs

Page 2

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Service Prices include: Trip, labor & parts in the metro area during standard business hours over $100 but in Slovakia they can be purchased for less than $40.

• Many IKEA stores offer free daycare centers with playgrounds, giving parents beepers so they can be notified if their child requires attention while they are shopping.

• In 1994 IKEA was the first company to ever feature a gay couple in a commercial. The ad was pulled when the company started receiving death threats.

However, they later went on to become the first company to feature a transgender person in an ad.

• Each year, there are more copies of the IKEA catalog printed than the Bible.

Around 100 million copies of the Bible are sold or given away each year, but the IKEA catalog goes out to 180 million people in 27 different languages annually.

About 70% of the company’s marketing budget goes into the catalog, and they produce over 50 different editions each year.

• Kamprad first opened a restaurant in an IKEA shop in 1960, after he realized that shoppers would leave the store as soon as they got hungry. Today IKEA is famous for their Swedish meatballs.

The restaurants collectively bring in about $1.8 billion in revenue each year.

This subsequently led to an entirely new product line of Swedish foods.

• If you live in Scandinavia, certain European countries, or the United Kingdom, you can buy an IKEA home. In

1996 they started selling flat-pack homes called the BoKlok House (Swedish for “smart living”) for a fraction of the price of a regular home.

• IKEA has also designed and marketed a $1000 flat-pack refugee shelter that is boxed and shipped with all tools needed for assembly.

• The costume designer for “Game of Thrones” revealed that he bought faux fur rugs at IKEA and re-purposed them as fur capes worn by members of the Night’s Watch.

• IKEA’s first shop was set up in Almhult, southern Sweden, and was 6,700 square meters. The average IKEA is now about 32,000 square meters. In 2014, IKEA opened a store in South Korea that’s nearly 60,000 square meters. For comparison, that’s nearly twelve times larger than the White House.

• There’s a website called IkeaHackers. net where people submit ideas on how to modify and improve IKEA furniture, such as turning a bookshelf into a room divider, a wine rack, or a baby-changing station.

• On Valentine’s Day in 2013, an Australian couple got married at an IKEA in Sydney, Australia, after winning a contest to have their wedding there.

• In 2010 the company released 100 privately owned cats into a store that was closed overnight, just to film their antics.

A team of five cameramen followed the cats around, and the cats were tended by

a bevy of wranglers.

• Today there’s an IKEA museum located on the site in Almhult, Sweden, where the very first IKEA store once stood. On display are many of the company’s famous designs and products, from meatballs to bookshelves. The 100th employee joined Ikea in 1959 and visitors can see uniforms from that period.

• In an interview on his 90th birthday, Ingvar Kamprad was wearing clothes he had purchased at a flea market and driving an old Volvo. Kamprad was once denied entry at a gala when he showed up to receive an award because he had arrived via bus.

• Today IKEA is the world’s largest furniture store, operating around 389 outlets in 43 countries, employing about 183,000 people, selling some 9,500 products. By the time Ingvar Kamprad died at the age of 91 in 2018, he was one of the world’s richest men.

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FABULOUS FOOD

FOOD FACTS • A century ago, Americans spent about 43% of each day working to earn enough money to buy food. Now, it's just 7%.

• The average American household spends about 10% of its total budget on food.

• Although “as American as apple pie” is a common phrase, apple pie isn’t particularly American. Pie was invented in Medieval England, and the modern recipe for apple pie with a lattice crust was created by the Dutch.

• Pound cake got its name from the original recipe which called for a pound of butter, a pound of eggs, a pound of sugar, and a pound of flour.

• During the average meal, you eat over 90,000 miles of DNA. • Chimichanga, a deep-fried burrito, is a Mexican word meaning “whatchamacallit” or “thingamajig.”

Chimichangas were reportedly invented at the El Charro Cafe in Tucson, Arizona in 1922 when the restaurant owner accidently flipped a burrito into a deep fryer.

• There are approximately 350 different pasta shapes around the world.

• Almost 70% of red meat eaten around the world is goat meat.

• People in Bangladesh and India eat the least meat per capita, averaging around 9 pounds (4 kg) each year, while Americans eat the most at about 265 lbs.

(120 kg) each year, followed by Kuwait, New Zealand, and Australia.

• There is no fruit in Froot Loops cereal, and every color is the same flavor.

• In 2002 Parkay released 15,000 Parkay tubs outfitted with motion-activated computer chips that automatically responded with “The label says Parkay, the flavor says butter” when anyone passed by.

• Kale is one of the most nutritious vegetables. A single cup has only 33 calories yet it has 684% of the daily requirement of vitamin K, 134% of vitamin C, 206% of Vitamin A, as well as iron, folate, omega-3s, magnesium,

calcium, iron, fiber, and two grams of protein. A serving of kale has more calcium than a small glass of milk, more vitamin C than an orange, and more vitamin A than any other leafy green.

Kale retains most of its nutritional value even when cooked.

• The origin of the name “onion” comes from Latin “unio” which is also the origin of the words “union” and “unity” referring to the many layers of an onion forming a single unit.

• Worldwide, there are over 7,500 varieties of apples. If you tried a new type per day, it would take you 20 years to taste them all. Apple seeds contain small traces of cyanide.

• Almonds are a seed rather than a true nut. Almonds are a member of the peach family.

• On August 10, 2015, NASA astronauts on the International Space Station ate food that had been grown in space for the first time: Romaine lettuce.

• If your in-flight airline meal tastes bland, remember that being at high altitudes affects both the sense of smell and the sense of taste.

• The flesh of wild salmon is pink due to the shrimp they eat, but farmraised salmon which are fed differently tend to be naturally white. They are fed plant pigments called carotenoids which are responsible for making carrots orange and tomatoes red. These carotenoids, when eaten by farmed salmon, mimic the pink color of wild salmon.

• The average American spends about $3,140 on food each year and eats 35 tons of food in their lifetime.

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The Veteran’s Post

by Freddy Groves

EDUCATION BENEFITS EXPANDED YET AGAIN

11, 2001 are eligible for benefits for 36 months. * The Department of Veterans Affairs is developing a pilot program for high-tech training and skills. * The Survivors’ and Dependents’ program is expanding from 36 to 45 months, and the monthly allowance is going up, starting in October. * In addition, there are changes to monthly housing based on ZIP code, and restoration of benefits when schools close or a course of study is canceled.

Found on the VA’s benefits Twitter page [@VAVetBenefits]: “For VA benefits eligibility purposes, the Gulf War period is still in effect, which means that Gulf War Veterans may be eligible for a wide variety of VA benefits.” If you have questions, call the Education Call Center at 888-442-4551. Also see the whole list of education benefits at www.benefits.va.gov/GIBILL/ FGIBSummaries.asp.

And in case you wondered, the Colmery in the bill’s name was a national commander of the American Legion who drafted the original GI Bill of Rights in 1944.

Legend says he wrote the draft on some hotel stationery. We have him to thank for a lot of things.

The Forever GI Bill has expanded again, this time by 15 provisions, adding to the 13 from last year. The bill, aka The Harry W. Colmery Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2017, provides an increasing number of education benefits to veterans, active duty, their families and survivors.

Here are some of the provisions that have just taken effect: * Veteran and military families who have lost a family member who was getting education benefits can reallocate those benefits. * Additional Guard and Reserve service now counts toward eligibility. * The Yellow Ribbon Program is expanded, making more funds available for more students. * Housing allowance is available for days not on active duty. * Purple Heart recipients after Sept. (c) 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.

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SENIOR NEWS LINE

by Matilda Charles

MEDICARE ADVANTAGE: CHANGES LOOM IN 2019 Every year from October to December, seniors need to sign up for the next year’s Medicare Advantage plan ... or stay with the same one. Sometimes the choices are difficult. This year it will be even harder, due to changes that have been made to the plans.

In the past, if you needed a wheelchair ramp to get in and out of your house, the expense for that was on you. Medicare would, of course, pay for surgery and a hospital stay if you fell down the stairs trying to get out

of the house because you had no ramp, but they wouldn’t pay for the ramp. What if a $200 window air conditioner could help you stay out of the hospital on badair days? You would have to pay for it.

In other words, many kinds of makes-sense help haven’t been allowed by Medicare. Now, in many cases, they will be.

But not for everyone. And not in all locations. And maybe only this year but not next year.

That’s where extra scrutiny will be required. When your Medicare plan information comes in the mail, don’t assume you’ll just stay with the same one. Compare and study the plans.

Look at the network you’re in, and find whether there have been significant changes, especially in the number of specialists. Make sure Medicare Advantage plans are even available for your area. In more than 100 parts of the U.S., they’re not.

If you have questions about how to choose an Advantage plan, or even switch to a Supplement plan, start with your State Health Insurance Assistance Programs (SHIP). Find that at the Seniors Resource Guide (seniorsresourceguide.com). Call early for an appointment, because there might be many more seniors this year looking for help. (c) 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.

IF YOU ARE SEEING THIS, YOU ARE 1 OF OVER 40,000 TIDBITS READERS EACH ISSUE

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Other Tips From Around the Net:

By JoAnn Derson ■ Getting ready to go back to school? Remember: Kids’ backpacks should weigh no more than 20 percent of their body weight, and the child should properly use both shoulder straps for the best fit and least stress on the back.

Keep your bathroom and toilet brush smelling lemony fresh by using a few splashes of Pine-Sol in the bottom of the brush container. Not only will it help to deodorize your bathroom, it will also help as a convenient disinfecting cleaner for your toilet brush.

(Tip courtesy of Smart School House)

■ What’s the best way to get a bloodstain out of clothing? Douse the stain with Your bathroom walls can get pretty dirty after a while. Use a Swifter or dust mop along hydrogen peroxide and then wash as usual. with your favorite cleaning solution to get those hard to reach places?

(Tip courtesy of Life Should Cost Less) ■ Recipe substitutions: If you need 1 teaspoon of baking powder, use 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda plus 1/2 teaspoon of cream of tartar.

Use a lint roller to remove debris such as pet hair and cobwebs from your screen doors.

Try attaching the lint roller to a pole if the screen door or window is tall or hard to Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803. reach. (via Handyman Magazine) (c) 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.

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HUYGENS SPACE PROBE

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• Huygens was a probe that landed on Saturn’s moon Titan in 2005. Named after the Dutch 17th-century astronomer Christiaan Huygens who discovered Titan in 1655, the probe landed farther away from Earth than any previous spacecraft. It was the first landing on a moon other than our own.

• The Huygens probe, which measured about 9 feet wide (2.7 meters) and weighed roughly 700 pounds (318 kg), was attached to the Cassini spacecraft. Cassini weighed in at 2,600 pounds (5,700 kg). The mission was a joint effort by the European Space Agency with NASA and the Italian Black Dirt | Sand | Decorative Rock | Greenhouse | Landscape Supplies Space Agency.

• Cassini was named for Giovanni Cassini, a 17th-century astronomer who was the first to observe four of Saturn’s moons. The Cassini spacecraft was built to study Saturn and the surrounding system, while the Huygens probe was designed to detach and land on Titan.

• The combined Cassini–Huygens spacecraft launched on October 15, 1997 and remained dormant for the 6.7-year interplanetary cruise, except for semi-annual check-ups. The craft flew

by Venus and Jupiter on the way, settling into orbit around Saturn on July 1, 2004. It spent several months studying Jupiter, its rings, and its numerous moons.

Off any purchase of $100.00 or more • Huygens separated from the Cassini orbiter on December 25, 2004, and landed on Titan on January 14, 2005, while Cassini continued to orbit. ~ Must be present to redeem.

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Hottest New Game in the USA | Premium Quality Bean Bag Boards • Huygens parachuted to the surface, landing on a crusted clay-like shoreline with an impact speed similar to dropping a ball on Earth from a height of about one yard.

• The temperature at the landing site was −290.8 °F (−179.3°C) with a relative humidity (composed of methane) of 50%.

• Huygens landed at what counts as high noon on Titan, when the Sun is about 1/10th the size as seen from Earth, with light comparable to twilight as seen on Earth about ten minutes after sunset. The color of the sky on Titan is orange because of the thick haze.

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• Huygens operated for about 90 minutes after touchdown, sending the Methane rain circulates in hydrological cycle similar information from its robotic laboratory to Cassini, which relayed the data to Earth. to what happens on Earth with water. Scientists think that Titan’s weather probably On Sept. 15, 2017, Cassini made a suicidal plunge into Saturn, taking features torrential downpours of liquid methane causing flash floods, interspersed by • measurements for as long as its instruments could send communications back to decades or even centuries of drought.

• Titan has sand dunes made of hydrocarbons, mountains reaching 10,000 feet Earth. in height, and possible underground oceans of water and ammonia.

Minnesota Unbuilts (Cont'd)

build a dome a quarter mile in diameter and probably 400 or 500 feet high."

Mejdrich still lives on a piece of his family's homestead down the road from Swatara and sees the lack Mejdrich was a young math teacher when he started of domes and moving walkways as a victory for the local community. Not everyone agrees. hearing rumors about the Minnesota Experimental City, or MXC. "At first I didn't believe it," Mejdrich said. "It sounded crazy."

At just 26 years old, he led a group of friends and neighbors to fight the experimental city. Hundreds joined him. They rented buses and protested in St. Paul. Some of them even made signs, and marched 170 miles from Swatara to the state Capitol building. And they won. In 1973 the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency voted to abandon the project amid local opposition and concerns about cost and feasibility.

"It was totally impractical for the time," Mejdrich said. "I mean, they were going to dome the city, but dome it with what? The technology wasn't available to

The town was always small but these days, the unincorporated community is looking pretty sparse.

There are about a dozen homes. The general store, where a younger Mejdrich bought his groceries, went under the in the 1980s. The old church building is being auctioned off by the county, and the Swatara school is empty. Most of the windows are busted out and for awhile, somebody used it as a makeshift horse barn. The closest operating business to Swatara is a bar about four miles away, called the Corner Club.

Richard Fleming formerly of Detroit Lakes owns the old Swatara school now. He bought the place after reading about the 1970s experimental city dreams online.

He and his wife are homeschooling a few of their 10 kids in a pair of trailer houses out front, while they renovate. They were going to build a dome over the town," he said. "It was just the perfect sci-fi setting."

For Fleming, the idea of the dome city still resonates. “If they can't live under a dome”, he said, “living in a place where a dome was nearly built is the next best thing”.

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● Between Memorial Day and Labor Day, it’s estimated that Americans eat a whopping 818 hot dogs every second ● In 1938, Fortune magazine published a prediction that, in hindsight, turns out to have been rather egregiously off the mark: “Few scientists foresee any serious or practical use for atomic energy. They regard the atom-splitting experiments as useful steps in the attempt to describe the atom more accurately, not as the key to the unlocking of any new power.”

● There are those who feel that we should adopt the metric system of measurement, claiming that our current system is outdated and archaic. To go truly archaic, though, we could start measuring things in flags, baronies, falls, roods, townships and hides. Yes, those are actual terms of measurement. They equal, respectively, 25 square feet, 4,000 acres, 342 square feet, a quarter of an acre, 36 square miles and 10 acres.

● According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word that has the largest number of different meanings is “set”; it takes 26 pages to detail them all.

● For reasons that aren’t quite clear, in Sweden, it’s illegal to train a seal to balance a ball on the tip of its nose.

● You may be surprised to learn that the first Caesar salad was actually created in Tijuana, Mexico.

● Now that fall is approaching, here are a couple of interesting tidbits for parents: In the United States, the average K-12 student has $688 in back-to-school expenses. For the average college student, that goes up to $970.

● The country of South Africa has a grand total of 11 official languages.

● In the TV show “Charlie’s Angels,” it was a requirement that each of the stars had eight different outfits for each episode.

● Those who study such things say that Labor Day is Americans’ third most favorite holiday, ranking only after Christmas/Hanukkah and Memorial Day. Also, a quarter of Americans are expected to travel out of town over the holiday weekend, with the most popular destinations being New York City, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Orlando and Chicago.

● Records show that during the last seven months of Elvis Presley’s life, he had 5,300 different medications prescribed for him.

anyway.”

by: Samantha Weaver

● It was American author, journalist and psychoanalysis researcher Judith Viorst who made the following sage observation: “Infatuation is when you think that he’s as sexy as Robert Redford, as smart as Henry Kissinger, as noble as Ralph Nader, as funny as Woody Allen, and as athletic as Jimmy Connors.

Love is when you realize he’s as sexy as Woody Allen, as smart as Jimmy Connors, as funny as Ralph Nader, as athletic as Henry Kissinger and nothing like Robert Redford -- but you’ll take him

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OUR FOUNDER • Ingvar Kamprad was born in Sweden in 1926 and grew up on the family farm named Elmtaryd near the village Agunnaryd. He was an entrepreneur from the beginning. As a youth he bought matches in bulk and peddled them in smaller packages for a profit. He began a bicycle route selling matches, and then added pens and pencils, ornaments, seeds, and fish.

• At 17, his father rewarded him for getting good grades with a gift of cash, and Ingvar used the money to open a mail-order business.

He derived the name for the business from his initials, along with the initials for the family farm and the local town: IKEA. • He sold many items, such as wallets, watches, stockings, and jewelry, and later he added simple, functional furniture built by local craftsmen. Soon the furniture out-sold everything else. In the 1950s he dropped the entire product line except for stylish home furnishings.

• The first piece of flat-pack IKEA furniture was sold in 1956. The idea was born when Kamprad and an employee were loading furniture into a car to take to a photo shoot. A table wouldn’t fit, so the employee unscrewed the legs, and an idea was born. As a result, the furniture was redesigned so that it could be disassembled and shipped flat. This made it cheaper to ship, increased store inventory capacity, minimized transport damage, and made it easier for customers to carry the furniture home. This became a trademark.

People value products they assemble themselves nearly 63% higher than comparable pre-built furniture. This is known as the IKEA effect, and was discovered accidentally by a Swedish man named Ingvar Kamprad.

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