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Minnesota is experiencing a beer boom, thanks in part to the "Surly Bill" that passed in 2011, making it possible for smaller breweries to sell their beer on site. But during the drought before this boom it could have been easy to forget that brewing has long been an important presence in the state. The first "commercial" brewery was started by Anthony Yoerg, a Bavarian native, on November 1st of 1850, near where the parking ramp for the Science Museum of Minnesota is today. He soon had competition both in the neighborhood and around the state. The first heyday of Minnesota brewing came in the 1870s, when the largest number of breweries were producing beer. There were many small family businesses that provided beer for a small area or town. Some early independent brewers such as Yoerg, John Orth in Minneapolis,

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August Schell of New Ulm and others did very well. Within a few years of starting, they were able to expand and build themselves showplace homes. Several of these breweries were among the first brick buildings in their towns— seen as a mark of wealth and progress. In the 1890s breweries began to consolidate. When it was organized in 1890, the Minneapolis Brewing and Malting Company consisted of four breweries – the Orth plant, The Heinrich Brewing Association, the Noerenburg Brewery, and the Germania Brewing Association. In 1893 the consolidated business was reorganized and incorporated under the name of the Minneapolis Brewing Company. Other early Minnesota breweries of distinction in the late 1800s include the William Bierbauer Brewery in Mankato (circa 1850), Gluek Brewing Company in Minneapolis (est. 1857), August Schell Brewing Company in New Ulm (est. 1860), Theodor Hamm Brewing Company in St. Paul (est. 1865), and Jacob Schmidt Brewing Company in St. Paul (est. 1884). Eventually, smaller breweries could not compete against these larger concerns, nor with the Milwaukee and St. Louis breweries that were shipping into their territories. Also, some smaller brewing families simply ran out of children willing to take over the business. Of course, breweries began to close even more dramatically as the temperance movement of 1914 started to take hold. Little known is that a number of Minnesota counties actually went dry before federal prohibition started in 1920, causing many local breweries to close. These, (such as Bemidji) could technically still haved brewed, but they would have had to ship their beer so far it wasn't worth it. Prohibition, was it necessary or not? There's not enough space here to address that but consider this. Then, as now, there was a substantial portion of the population that seldom drank. A rural farmer who was drunk all the time would lose his farm. In the city it

This Tidbits® is published by Falcon Prince Inc., a Minnesota Corporation, under licensing agreement with Tidbits® Media Inc., Montgomery, AL www.tidbitsmedia.com Tidbits® or the North Metro: Email: dean@realbits.com ● www.tidbitstwincities.com ● Phone: 763-218-0033

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was often true that drinking at the tavern was the only recreation available for some men, especially if they shared a tenement and really had no place to go home and relax. The newspapers of the time were full of stories of drunken brawls, but, of course, they also didn't publish many stories about men who went home sober to their families. Interestingly, the most impressive stories of consumption published were about some of the old brewery workers themselves. One heard or read about workers who had 20-30 beers a day and still managed to do their jobs safely. Oh well, every side has the other side. The second heyday of Minnesota beer occurred in the 1940s and '50s when brewers like Hamm's, Schmitt, Grain Belt and others had developed a major regional influence. But even so, as breweries continued to consolidate nationally, it became harder for even these large Minnesota brewers to keep up. The refreshing simplicity of Blue Moon, the vanilla smoothness of Boddingtons, the classic brightness of a Pilsner Urquell, the bourbon-barrel stouts of Goose Island just to name a few, all are owned by two companies: Anheuser-Busch InBev and MillerCoors. As recently as 2012, this duopoly controlled nearly 90 percent of beer production. These behemoths stamped out innovation and hurt workers. Indeed, between 2002 and 2007, employment at breweries actually declined in the midst of an economic expansion. By the late-1970s the history of earlier craft brewing became almost extinct and America’s brewing landscape started to change. The traditions and styles brought over by immigrants from all over the world were disappearing. Only light lager appeared on shelves and in bars, and imported beer was not a significant player in the marketplace. Highly effective marketing campaigns had changed America’s beer preference and light lager beers soon began driving and shaping the growth and nature of the American beer industry, even to the present day. Eventually, the industry had consolidated to only 44 brewing companies and industry experts predicted that soon there would only be five brewing companies in the United States.

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▲ On Oct. 6, 1683, encouraged by William Penn’s offer of 5,000 acres of land in Pennsylvania and the freedom to practice their religion, the first Mennonites arrive in America. The group founded Germantown, now part of the city of Philadelphia.

the average soldier could last about 200 days in combat before suffering serious psychiatric damage. ▲ On Oct. 2, 1968, St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Bob Gibson strikes out 17 Detroit Tigers in the first game of the World Series, breaking Sandy Koufax’s record.

▲ On Oct. 13, 1792, the cornerstone is laid for a presidential residence in the newly designated capital city of Washington. It was called the “White ▲ On Oct. 1, 1864, Confederate spy Rose House” because its white-gray Virginia O’Neal Greenhow drowns off the North freestone contrasted strikingly with the Carolina coast. Greenhow was carrying red brick of nearby buildings. Confederate dispatches and $2,000 in gold when captured. Insisting that she ▲ On Oct. 10, 1845, The United States be taken ashore, she boarded a small Naval Academy opens in Annapolis, lifeboat that overturned in the rough surf. Maryland, with 50 midshipmen students The weight of the gold pulled her under, and seven professors. and her body washed ashore the next morning. ▲ On Oct. 8, 1871, flames spark in the Chicago barn of Patrick and Catherine ▲ On Oct. 5, 1919, Enzo Ferrari makes O’Leary, igniting a two-day blaze that his debut as a race car driver. In the mid- kills up to 300 people and destroys 17,450 1920s, Ferrari retired from racing cars to buildings. Legend has it that a cow pursue his dream: building them. In 1947, kicked over a lantern and started the fire, the first Ferraris appeared on the market. but in 1997, the Chicago City Council In 1949, a Ferrari won the Le Mans 24- exonerated Mrs. O’Leary and her cow. hour race. ▲ On Oct. 14, 1913, over 400 workers ▲ On Oct. 3, 1932, with the admission of die in a massive coal-mine explosion near Iraq into the League of Nations, Britain Cardiff, Wales. Nearly 500 miners were terminates its mandate, making the Arab brought up safely, but with no further nation independent after 17 years of signs of life, mine officials decided to seal British rule and centuries of Ottoman the mine, entombing the bodies. rule. ▲ On Oct. 9, 1940, during the Battle of ▲ On Oct. 4, 1944, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower distributes to his combat Britain, the German Luftwaffe conducts a units a “shell shock” report by the heavy nighttime air raid on London. The U.S. Surgeon General that reveals dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral was pierced the hazards of prolonged exposure to by a Nazi bomb, leaving the high altar combat. U.S. commanders judged that in ruin. Otherwise, the cathedral survived the Blitz largely intact.

▲ On Oct. 12, 1997, songwriter and High” and “Take Me Home, Country performer John Denver dies when his Roads,” Denver sold more than 32 million experimental amateur aircraft crashes into albums in the U.S. alone. Monterey Bay on the California coast. (c) 2018 Hearst Communications, Inc. All Rights Reserved Known for hits like “Rocky Mountain

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IKEA (Continued) • Because use of electricity was expanding exponentially, Baekeland wanted to invent something that would act as an electrical insulator. At the time, shellac was used as an electrical insulator. Shellac comes from the sticky excretions of the female lac beetle, but it takes 15,000 beetles six months to make enough resin to create a single pound of shellac. The expansion of electricity outpaced the ability of beetles to produce shellac. • Baekeland worked with phenol, a derivative of coal tar, combining it with formaldehyde. Not only did the substance make an excellent electrical insulator, but its ability to be molded made it ideal for use in the manufacture of many items. Baekeland dubbed the substance “Bakelite” and called it “the material of a thousand uses” which was true. Because it could be molded quickly, it could be used in mass-production. Anything made out of it was smooth, scratch-resistant, heat resistant, lightweight, and impervious to solvents. It was the world’s first synthetic plastic. • Starting in 1907, Baekeland patented over 400 uses for it, including telephones, kitchenware, combs, ash trays, buttons, jewelry, and even billiard balls. It was

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Service Prices include: Trip, labor & parts in the metro area during standard business hours used extensively in many ways during both World Wars. By the 1920s his factory was turning out nearly 4,500 tons of Bakelite annually, and by 1944 production had increased to 175,000 tons. By then Bakelite was used in over 15,000 products. Union Carbide bought the rights to Bakelite in 1939. By the time Baekeland died at the age of 80 in 1944, new and better plastics were already being discovered. A PLASTIC FABRIC • Wallace Carothers was a chemist for DuPont before World War II. He studied polymers, synthetics, and polyesters, trying to come up with a replacement for silk. America’s silk came from Japan, and trade relations were breaking down. • One day a fellow researcher discovered that when he stirred a flask of warm soft synthetics with a rod, and then pulled the rod out of the flask, the material would stretch into long silky fibers. They decided to see how far these filaments would stretch. They took a blob into the hallway and stretched it out into strings the length of the hall. Amazingly, the fibers became stronger the longer they grew, the opposite of what they expected. They had accidentally discovered that the stress of being stretched causes the molecules to align in strong chains, a process called cold-drawing. • Using this process on other synthetic substances led to the discovery of a material that turned out to be not only a

substitute for silk, but also found a million other uses. The raw material consists of coal, petroleum products, air, and water, which is formulated and run through the cold-drawing process. It won’t mildew, decay, or absorb moisture, and it’s impervious to greases and cleansers. In certain forms it has an amazing elasticity, making it perfect for use in ropes, parachutes, and clothing. A rope made of this material holds 50% more weight than a steel cable of the same diameter. Other uses include toothbrushes, guitar strings, and ski boots. They called it nylon, a word they made up. A PLASTIC FILM • It was 1933 and college student Ralph Wiley took a job at Dow Chemical Company to pay his way through college in the middle of the Great Depression. It was his job to clean up after the scientists, which meant washing out a lot of bottles, test tubes, and flasks. • One day one of the flasks refused to come clean, no matter how hard Wiley scrubbed, and no matter what cleaning solutions he used. The flask had been used in an experiment searching for better dry cleaning solvents. Finally Wiley peeled a thin film of polymers away from the glass. He showed this film to his boss, John Reilly. Reilly saw potential in the material and put his best chemists on the project. The film needed a name, and Reilly thought of his wife, Sarah, and his daughter, Ann and named the product

after them: Saran. • During World War II Saran was sprayed onto airplanes to protect parts from salt sea spray and sand. After the war, it was revamped and used to protect car upholstery. In 1949, it became the first cling wrap designed for commercial use. Re-named Saran Wrap, it was first sold for household use in 1953. • Ralph Wiley continued his career at Dow Chemical, receiving many patents. Today the polyethylene film he discovered is the most abundant form of plastic made, with 80 million metric tons produced worldwide each year. Most is used in packaging. POLYETHYLENE • Ethylene is a gas which is a byproduct of refining crude oil. It used to be burned off and wasted, until 1933 when two British chemists started experimenting with it. One experiment resulted in their lab blowing up, but later they found that if they added benzaldehyde and oxygen under pressure, ethylene molecules hook together into long strong chains called polyethylene. Polyethylene is stronger than steel but soft as wax. Today there are two types: high-density polyethylene (HDPE) used for things such as milk jugs; and low density polyethylene (LDPE) used for plastic wraps and bags. Polyethylene was the first plastic to sell more than a billion pounds per year in the U.S.

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FABULOUS FOOD

JELLY, JAM & JUICE • The quince tree grows in a variety of locations in the Mediterranean region, and it bears a fruit that looks like a cross between an apple and a pear. The quince fruit is hard and sour, but when it is peeled and then roasted, baked, or stewed, the flesh of the fruit becomes sweeter, though it remains pungent. It can be added to applesauce or turned into wine or brandy. Also, quinces that are slowly boiled for a long time with honey will gel into a thick, sticky substance due to the pectin in the peel. This quince jelly was popular during sea voyages because it kept well and supplied sailors with vitamin C. • According to legend, when a ship ran aground off the coast of Scotland near Dundee, its load of oranges was going to spoil, so the local residents had a heyday with the windfall. One enterprising woman named Janet Keiller, wanting to preserve the oranges before they rotted, experimented with making quince jelly with oranges instead of quince, dropping chunks of orange peel into the mix. • Whether or not the story is true, Dundee, Scotland became the headquarters for production of this type of orange jam when a factory was opened there in 1797. Since then, oranges have become associated with the jelly more than quinces, although it is also made with limes, grapefruit, and strawberries. • This jam-like treat got its name from the Portuguese word for quince, “marmelo” a word that derives from the Latin word “melimelum” meaning “honey apple.” Today it’s called marmalade. • The widespread mass marketing of jelly in the U.S. began with Thomas Welch, who was a dentist, a minister, and prohibitionist in the 1800s. He felt it was hypocritical for churches to oppose the consumption of alcohol while still offering real wine for communion. • In 1869 Thomas Welch discovered that pasteurizing grape juice would prevent it from fermenting while also giving it a long shelf life. He lived near Concord, Massachusetts, the birthplace of the Concord grape. He began

to bottle grape juice in his home, and he launched a campaign to have churches use ‘Dr. Welch's Unfermented Wine’ for communion, naming the product after himself. Churches generally felt it was sacrilegious to serve anything but real wine, and ignored him. His product flopped. • After Thomas died in 1903, his son Charles Welch followed in his footsteps, but instead of selling it to churches, he began to sell it to the general populace, hawking it as a healthy fruit drink. By 1909 Charles Welch was selling a million gallons a year. • When Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan served grape juice instead of wine at a high-toned diplomatic dinner in 1914, the newspapers had a field day and Welch’s juice got much free publicity. • In 1914, the U.S. Navy forbade the consumption of alcoholic beverages on board ships, and supplied the sailors with Charles’ grape juice instead. Charles added jellies and jams to his product line and the entire supply of “Grapelade” (grape marmalade) was purchased by the U.S. Army during World War I. When soldiers returned home, they asked their local stores to stock the products. • When Prohibition kicked in, sales of the grape juice really took off. Today Thomas and Charles Welch’s last name is synonymous with juice, jam, and jelly. • Welch’s Food Inc. is still located in Concord, Massachusetts, and has been owned and operated by the National Grape Cooperative Association since 1956. In addition to a variety of juices, jellies, and jams, they now also manufacture several kinds of soda pop as well as fruit snacks.

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million, will fund the Grant and Per Diem Program, which helps homeless veterans. That amount will provide 13,000 transitional housing beds during fiscal 2019. An additional amount, $2.7 million, will go to special needs to provide housing services for veterans with minor dependents, mental illness and women veterans. Programs include bridge housing (short-term stay in transitional housing when permanent housing is not yet available); low demand housing for veterans who have been unable to use traditional housing programs; hospital to housing for veterans who were hospitalized or seen in emergency rooms; clinical treatment for veterans who need mental-health or substance treatment and need housing and employment; service-intensive transitional housing to permanent housing; and transition-in-place support services as a veteran adjusts over time to permanent housing. Homeless veterans might be eligible for any number of benefits, such as insurance, home loans, education and training, vocational rehab and employment, pension and more. To learn more about the benefits, go online to www.benefits.va.gov/ PERSONA/veteran-homeless.asp.

More than $536 million in grants has been authorized for services to veterans and their families. One award, which will help low-income veteran families getting benefits from the Supportive Services for Veteran Families (SSVF) program, will give out $326 million. That money will go to 252 non-profit organizations around the country that help veterans and their families find stable housing situations. Services will include outreach and case management for health care, legal support, child care, a fiduciary, transportation and more. Last year this same fund provided housing services to more than 129,000 people, including nearly 84,000 veterans and over 27,000 children. The funding will begin in October 2018. To learn more about the services, go online to ww.va.gov and put SSVF in the search box. The other award, $200 (c) 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.

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SENIOR NEWS LINE by Matilda Charles

FLU SEASON IS COMING FAST Flu season is just around the corner ... again. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few things are new this year. Topping the list -- the vaccines have been adjusted to better match the viruses that are circulating. Fluzone HighDose is the one made for seniors over the age of 65. The vaccine contains four times the regular dose because we need help with developing a stronger immune response. What’s concerning is that the high dose for seniors contains only three vaccines, not four. The shot has vaccines for A/ Michigan, A/Singapore and B/Colorado. Regular quadrivalent (four-way) vaccines, also protect

against B/Phuket. However, even with the high-dose vaccine, we might not be completely covered. A 2014 study concluded that the high-dose was only 24 percent more effective than the regular dose. It’s curious that the study ran from March to August, which generally isn’t thought of as the flu season. Another curiosity: While the CDC says the high dose is approved for people age 65 and older, they have not specifically stated a preference for any vaccine for that age group. Here’s a tip: Don’t wait for your doctor’s office to call. Call them. Or get the vaccine at a chain drug store or community health clinic. Last year was a high-severity flu year for all age groups, and the last thing you want is for the vaccine to run out. The CDC suggests getting vaccinated before the end of October. Flu season, however, starts in October, and it takes a few weeks for the vaccine’s protection to set in. Last year’s flu season was especially long. Keep an eye on your state’s CDC website so you’ll know what’s going on around you. (c) 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.

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bag in a pan of medium-hot water. Soak for up to 10 minutes. Follow up with foot powder or deodorant.

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• In the early 1960s, Sten Thulin was working for the Celloplast company in Sweden when he developed a method of forming a one-piece bag by folding, welding and die-cutting a flat tube of plastic in order to turn out a simple plastic bag with handles. Patented in 1965, Celloplast had a monopoly on the iconic “T-shirt” plastic grocery bag. • In the U.S., Exxon Mobile challenged Celloplast’s U.S. patent, and it was overturned in 1977. The first plastic bags showed up in stores in 1979, and by the 1980s, many firms in the U.S. were manufacturing them. • Kroger began offering shoppers the choice between “paper or plastic” in 1982, followed by Safeway. Because 1,000 plastic bags cost $24, while the same number of paper bags cost $30, they caught on quickly. By the end of 1985, 75% of supermarkets were offering plastic bags to their customers. • Many customers still preferred paper bags because they would stand upright in the trunks of cars. Plastic held just 25% of the market, but within the next decade, the plastic bag had captured 80% of the market. Plastic bags were waterproof, able to contain up to 1,000 times their own weight, and easier to carry. • Today Americans use around 100 billion plastic bags each year, amounting to almost one bag per person per day. Laid end-to-end, they could circle the equator 1,330 times. Worldwide, it’s estimated that 1 trillion bags are used annually. • The bags are made from high-density polyethylene, or #2-type plastic, which is the same kind used to produce many types of plastic bottles. #2 plastic can be recycled and re-used, but it does not break down in the environment. • In 2007, San Francisco became the first U.S. city to ban plastic grocery bags, followed by the entire state of California in 2016.

THE PLASTIC BAG

• Mumbai, India, banned plastic bags because they block storm drains and made monsoon flooding worse. Ireland put a 15¢ fee on every plastic bag, and use of the bags dropped by 94% within weeks. When China banned plastic bags altogether, it’s estimated that they saved 1.6 million tons of oil in the first year. • Only about 5% of plastic bags are recycled in the U.S. PLASTIC BOTTLES • The polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”) bottle was invented in 1973. Prior to 1973, soda pop and other liquid items were packaged in glass bottles, which were heavy and prone to breaking during transport. PET is a type of plastic that does not explode under the pressure of containing carbonated beverages. • Today about a third of beverage containers sold in the U.S. are made of PET, otherwise known as plastic type #1 at recycling centers. Recycled PET containers are used to make synthetic fleece clothing, straps, paintbrush bristles, sleeping bag filler, t-shirts, carpets, furniture, and new bottles. Still, only about 25% of PET bottles are recycled. • 55 billion PET bottles that could have been recycled end up in American landfills each year. The energy contained in those bottles would have been enough energy to heat and light 1.2 million homes for a year. They could have been made into enough polyester to knit three sweaters for every resident of the U.S. It takes only five recycled two-liter bottles to make enough fiberfill for one ski jacket. • Americans recycle 23% of their glass, 34% of metals, and 55% of paper, but only 7% of plastic. People in Japan recycle 77% of their plastic. States with bottle bills have recycling rates double the amount of states without them. Michigan charges 10¢ for every PET bottle sold, and 90% are returned. California recovers 75% of their bottles.

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Bewitching Brew (continued from page 2)

At the same time, as the American brewing landscape was shrinking in taste and size, a grassroots homebrewing culture emerged. The homebrewing hobby began to thrive because the only way a person in the United States could experience beer traditions and styles of other countries was to make the beer themselves. These homebrewing roots gave birth to what we now call the “craft brewing” industry. Several notable events took place during this period that helped inspire a change in American beer culture. Anchor Brewing Company was purchased by Fritz Maytag in 1965. Maytag maintained some of the original beer traditions of that brewery, brewing unique beers during a time when all of America’s unique beers and breweries were disappearing. Increased homebrewing activity inspired beer enthusiasts to start their own small brewing companies. Their

intent was always to reintroduce the public to more flavor and to the traditions of beer. In 1976, what some call the true renaissance of American craft brewing emerged with the founding of The New Albion Brewery in Sonoma, Calif., by a homebrew enthusiast. While this brewery went out of business after about six years, hundreds of homebrewers were inspired and started breweries in the early 1980s. The quality of beer from these early starters improved over the years, enabling a wider distribution and establishing popularity and choice. The 1980s marked the decade of the microbrewing pioneers. In a time when industry experts flat out refused to recognize their existence as anything serious, beer in America was simply that of a mass-produced commodity with little or no character, tradition or culture. The pioneering companies emerged with their passion and a vision, serving their local communities a taste of full-flavored beer and old world European traditions. Extraordinarily difficult market conditions existed, the microbreweries and brewpubs of the 1980s struggled to establish the foundation for what was to become the proliferation of craft beer in America. Momentum began to pick up for the microbrewing phenomenon in the early to mid 1990s, slowed between 1997 and 2003, but 2004 saw an acceleration of craft brewer sales, with annual growth percentages of between six and 12 percent each year from 2004 through 2008. Beer drinkers and retail shelves increasingly connected

with small and independent and local breweries all of which was to become a uniquely American character. In the last decade, something extraordinary has happened in the US. Between 2008 and 2016, brewery establishments expanded by a factor of six, and the number of brewery workers grew by 120 percent. A 200-year-old industry has sextupled its establishments and more than doubled its workforce in less than a decade, all during a time when U.S. beer consumption declined. Craft Brewers have succeeded in establishing high levels of quality, consistency and innovation, expanding the minds of the beer consumers and creating the most diverse brewing culture in the world. While craft brewers only had four percent of the U.S. beer sales in 2008, today there is a tremendous upside for beer drinkers and craft brewers. The number of craft brewers has gone from eight in 1980, to 537 in 1994, to over 6,000 in 2018. The number of breweries in planning is skyrocketing.. Minnesota was late to the game compared to some states. It wasn’t until 2011 that the Minnesota Legislature legalized taprooms by passing the “Surly Bill.” Colorado had more than 100 craft breweries licensed in 2011. Growth has been incredicble. There are now 150 craft microbreweries in Minnesota, and it is still growing with a current ranking at 16th in the US microbrew market. Truly craft brewers and craft beer drinkers are participants in a revolution. There has never been a better time or place to drink beer than in the U.S., particularly Minnesota.

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Page 7

● According to not one, but two studies conducted on the subject, those who have a ring finger that is longer than their index finger tend to be better athletes.

● Arctic biologists say that polar bears can go weeks without eating -- which is certainly handy in an environment where food isn’t always easy to get. Evidently, if a polar bear goes a week to 10 days without eating, its metabolism will slow down and the animal will live off its fat reserves until it finds its next meal.

● Here’s a smart idea: Some fitness centers are now using the energy clients expend on its exercise bikes to help power the building’s lighting.

● Statistics show that for every 71,000 skydiving jumps made, there is only one fatality. That might not seem surprising until you put it in context: You have a one in 20,000 chance of dying from a regular fall right here on solid ground.

● It was Democratic governor and presidential hopeful Adlai Stevenson who made the following sage observation: “A free society is a place where it’s safe to be unpopular.”

● Farmers in Turkey marched on both the American and Soviet embassies in 1967, demanding reparations for crops that they lost to floods. Why were the Americans and Soviets to blame for floods in Turkey? The farmers claimed that the flights of spacecraft created “holes in the sky.”

● Between 1960 and 2006, the average American’s production of solid waste -- including everything from paper packaging to lawn clippings -- increased by 150 percent to 4.5 pounds every day.

● On at least one early map of the New World you’ll see the name “Codfish Country” on the area now known as the United States.

● Statisticians claim that the more money a man makes, the more likely he is to cheat on his spouse.

● In 1950, 70 percent of all the cars, buses and trucks in the world could be found in the United States.

● If you grew up with the Girl Scouts decades ago I did), you might be by: Samantha Weaver (as surprised to learn about a new badge they’re offering: cybersecurity. Yep, that’s right. The national organization worked with a security company to come up with a curriculum, and now Girl Scouts everywhere can earn a badge for learning about cyberattacks, online safety and computer networks.

● In Nazi Germany it was illegal to name a horse Adolph.

● It was 19th-century English naturalist and biologist Charles Darwin who made the following sage observation: “It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.”

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The word plastic comes from the Greek “plastikos” meaning “capable of being shaped.” THE HISTORY OF PLASTIC • Billiard balls used to be made out of elephant ivory. By the mid-1800s, elephants were in short supply. In the 1860s a billiards company in New York City offered a $10,000 prize for anyone who could invent a substitute. • John Wesley Hyatt began experimenting with a new material called celluloid in 1869, made from plant cellulose, camphor (a resin), and alcohol. Billiard balls made out of celluloid couldn’t match the rebound effect of ivory, so he never collected the prize money. • Celluloid did not make good billiard balls, but it had other benefits. It didn’t get slimy when wet like wood. It didn’t corrode like metal. It didn’t get brittle like rubber. It didn’t crack like ivory. One thing the celluloid did well was that it made great motion picture film. • The first silent films were made possible by celluloid, which had only one drawback: it was highly flammable. Celluloid was replaced by non-flammable safety film in the 1930s. • Celluloid was the first plastic-type of material produced on an industrial scale, and ushered in the age of plastics. Hyatt went on to patent over 200 other items, from water filters to sewing machines. PLASTIC, PHASE 2 • Leo Baekeland came to the U.S. from his native Belgium in 1863. He invented a type of photographic paper which he sold to George Eastman of Kodak for $1 million in 1899. He used that money to set up a lab in Yonkers, New York, where he continued to tinker.

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