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ORIGINS - How did the safety pin originate? The safety pin as we know it to day was not produced until 1849, when American inventor Walter Hunt patented the first modern design.

Precursors were developed in Europe about 3,000 yearrs ago and became the standard device for fastening clothes. In the sixth century B.C., Greek and Roman women used a fibula, a pin with a coiled middle.

- When was the chair developed? The chair as we know it with 4 legs dates from the third and sixth dynasties of Egypt (c. 2686-2181 B.C.). These early chairs often had legs shaped like animal limbs, which as fellow animals, we make full use of. In 2013, Americans were sitting an average of 13 hours a day and sleeping an average of 8 hours resulting in a sedentary lifestyle of around 21 hours a day. Nevertheless, while knowing about the importance of exercise, only 31 percent of Americans then went to the gym, and 56 percent devoted less than $10 per month to staying active.

- How about the Piggy Bank? In the Middle ages, people stored money in a "pygg jar" made of a clay called pygg. By the eitheenth century in England, the name and shape of the receptacle had evolved to "pig bank" then the cute name piggy took off.

- The Bra New york socialtie Mary Phelps Jacobs patented the first brassiere in 1914. She had devised it for her own use as an alternative to the corset, which showed under her sheer gown. The first one was made from bibbon and handerchiefs which, by the way, has nothing to do with rubber bands which were patented by Stephen Perry of the rubber manufacturing firm Messrs. Perry & Co on March 17th, 1845... which, gosh and by golly, is St. Patty's Day whose first recorded St. Patrick's Day parade was held not in Ireland but in New York City in 1762.

- Ok, I digress, what about the Tooth Brush? The first toothbrush with bristles was developed in China in 1498.

Bristles were taken from hogs at first, and later from horses and even badgers. Not unitl 1938 were nylon bristles - more sanitary and less dangerous - developed by Dupont.

- Then there is the Elevator The first elevator, called the Flying Chair, was erected in King Louis XV's private apartments in the Palace of Versailles in 1743. It gave him ready access to his mistress Madamede Chatreauroux, on the floor above. The flying chair was operated by weights.

- Who introduced assembly line production? It was not Henry Ford. Ransom E. Olds, father of the Oldsmobile, introduced the assembly line technique to the United States in 1901.

In doing so , he increased automobile production from 425 vehicles in 1901 to 2500 in 1902. Ford contributed modifications, including the conveyor belt system, which reduced the time it took to build a Model T from 1 1/2 days to 90 minutes.

- Let's not forget the Computer 1n 1941 the theoretical physicist John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry built the first computer that successfully used vacuum tubes to do mathematical calculations. The system contained more than 300 vacuum tubes and weighed more than seven hundred pounds (320 kg). It eventually was called the Atanasoff Berry computer, or ABC. But wait, direct from me, the publisher. An astounding fact told to me back more than 10 years ago. Those little jingles we heard on greeeting cards, that first came out in 1982, took more computing power than existed on the face of the earth in 1950. Your cell phone has more computing power than NASA had circa 1969.

- Just so you know Unlike an air conditioner, a fan does not cool the air. It actually increases the air temperature because of the heat released by the motor.

What makes the room seem cooler is increased air circulation over the skin, which speeds evaporation of moisture, uh... perspiration. So, if you are cooling off with a fan on a hot day, drink lots of water, less ye dry up.

This Tidbitsยฎ is published by Falcon Prince Inc., a Minnesota Corporation, under licensing agreement with Tidbitsยฎ Media Inc., Montgomery, AL www.tidbitsmedia.com Tidbitsยฎ or the North Metro: Email: dean@realbits.com โ www.tidbitstwincities.com โ Phone: 763-218-0033

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book club and announces “The Deep End of the Ocean,” by Jacquelyn Mitchard, as her first selection. Since then, Oprah’s Book Club has catapulted dozens of little-known books onto bestseller lists.

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▲ On Sept. 21, 1780, during the American Revolution, American Gen. Benedict Arnold meets with British Major John Andre to discuss handing over West Point to the British, in return for money and a position in the British army. The plot was foiled and Arnold became synonymous with the word “traitor.” ▲ On Sept. 20, 1946, the inaugural Cannes Film Festival opens at the resort city of Cannes on the French Riviera. It was to make its debut in 1939, but the outbreak of World War II forced its cancellation. ▲ On Sept. 19, 1957, the United States detonates a 1.7 kiloton nuclear weapon in an underground tunnel at the Nevada Test Site, 65 miles north of Las Vegas. It was the first fully contained underground detonation and produced no radioactive fallout.

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▲ On Sept. 18, 1973, future president Jimmy Carter files a report with the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, claiming he had seen an UFO in October 1969. Carter and other witnesses described the object as “very bright [with] changing colors.” ▲ On Sept. 22, 1985, the first “Farm Aid” concert is held in Champaign, Illinois, started with an offhand remark made by Bob Dylan. The Farm Aid organization has since raised more than $33 million to support small-farm owners.

▲ On Sept. 27, 1540, in Rome, the Society of Jesus -- a Roman Catholic missionary organization -- receives its charter from Pope Paul III. The Jesuit order succeeded in converting millions around the world to Catholicism. ▲ On Sept. 24, 1941, the Japanese consul in Hawaii is instructed to divide Pearl Harbor into five zones and calculate the number of battleships in each zone. The United States had intercepted the message, but it was dismissed a month later as being of no great consequence. ▲ On Sept. 23, 1969, the trial for eight antiwar activists charged with sparking violent demonstrations at the August 1968 Democratic National Convention opens in Chicago. Most were convicted on criminal charges or contempt of court, but none served time after convictions eventually were overturned on appeal or charges dropped. ▲ On Sept. 25, 1970, ABC premieres “The Partridge Family,” which would become a smash hit. The group’s songs were not actually recorded by the five siblings and their mom in a garage, but were mostly the work professional musicians in Los Angeles. ▲ On Sept. 29, 1982, seven people die in Chicago after ingesting over-thecounter painkiller laced with cyanide.

No other contaminated capsules were found in a nationwide recall, but the mass murder led to new tamper-proof medicine containers.

▲ On Sept. 17, 1996, talk show host Oprah Winfrey launches a television c) 2019 Hearst Communications, Inc. All Rights Reserved

IF YOU ARE SEEING, THIS YOU'RE 1 OF OVER 40.000 Need Exposure? Call 763-218-0033 THE MAYFLOWER (Continued)

• Several of the Separatists had emigrated to the Netherlands ten years earlier, and another ship, the Speedwell, was hired to bring a group from there to board the Mayflower for the New World.

The plan was to take both ships on the voyage, but the Speedwell began leaking on its trip from Holland. After patching it up, the two ships set sail for America on August 21, but after just 300 miles (483 km), the Speedwell was leaking once again. The two ships returned to England and left the Speedwell behind. The cargo was transferred to the already crowded Mayflower, and on September 16, the ship sailed with 102 passengers plus a crew of 30 to 40.

• The ship was heavily armed for the voyage, with its largest gun a 1,200-lb.

(545 kg) brass cannon that could shoot a cannonball nearly a mile (1,600 m). There were about 12 cannons throughout the ship, as well as guns filled with musket balls stationed at the stern.

• The delay set the sailing back into the storm season, and the Atlantic crossing became much more dangerous due to rough seas. Seasickness was rampant, and one passenger drowned when swept overboard. The ship, bound for Virginia, had difficulties sailing against

Page 2

the Atlantic’s westerly winds, and was blown off course by more than 500 miles (804 km).

• Land was sighted on November 9, the present-day Cape Cod. Yet the group continued to try to sail south to their original destination of Virginia, where they had secured permission to settle.

However, strong winter seas nearly caused a shipwreck, and the ship turned back north. They anchored at what is now Provincetown Harbor after 66 days at sea.

• On November, 21, 1620, after dropping anchor in Massachusetts, and prior to leaving the ship, the colonists signed the Mayflower Compact, an agreement that set forth the rules of government and established legal order for the settlement.

• After docking, Captain Myles Standish led a party of armed men to explore the area and find a location for settling. A month was spent studying the region before settling on Plymouth, 77 miles (124 km) away. The Mayflower anchored in Plymouth on December 21, and on Christmas Day, construction of dwellings began.

• Eighteen men brought their wives on the arduous journey. Three of the wives were pregnant, and one baby was born while the ship was at sea. The baby, Oceanus Hopkins, was named such for the Latin word for “ocean,” since he was born on the Atlantic. While anchored in Provincetown Harbor, Susanna White

gave birth to a son, Peregrine, aboard the Mayflower, the first English child born to the Pilgrims in America.

• Although construction was under way, the passengers remained on board the Mayflower for the winter. Disease – scurvy, pneumonia, and tuberculosis – struck the new colonists, and by the time it had run its course, only 53 passengers out of the original 102 remained, and half the crew had perished. They exited the ship on March 21, 1621.

• The first woman to die accidentally fell from the deck of the ship into the freezing waters of Provincetown Harbor.

Only 5 women survived the first winter, falling victim to disease. The men’s mortality rate was lower, probably due to being outdoors in the fresh air and drinking fresh water while constructing shelters. Women stayed in the damp and dirty quarters of the ship. By the time of the first Thanksgiving in November of 1621, only four women remained to care for the 50 survivors.

• The Mayflower departed the colony on April 5, 1621 and arrived back in England on May 6, a journey that took less than half the time of the trip to the New World, with strong winds blowing it toward its destination. The ship was used for a few more trade runs, but when the captain died in 1622, it was appraised for probate purchases. By that time, it was “in ruins,” and was probably sold as scrap.

• One enterprising passenger,

shoemaker and businessman William Mullins, brought 126 pairs of shoes, 13 pairs of boots, oiled leather and canvas suits, breeches, shirts, hats, stockings, and various other clothing items in his luggage to set up business. Although he died during the first winter in the colonies, his estate left his daughter Priscilla and her new husband John Alden quite prosperous.

• John Alden was the ship’s barrel maker, who decided not to return to England with the Mayflower’s crew, staying behind and marrying Priscilla Mullins. The couple had 10 children, and their descendants included President John Adams, poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Vice-President Dan Quayle, Marilyn Monroe, and Orson Welles.

Other notables who could trace their lineage back to Mayflower passengers include Franklin D. Roosevelt, George W. Bush, Bing Crosby, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.

• By the mid-1640s, Plymouth’s population was around 3,000. It’s estimated that about 35 million Americans can trace their ancestry to the original 102 Mayflower passengers. Horror movie actor Vincent Price is a direct descendant of the first child Peregrine White.

• The year 2020 will mark the 400th anniversary of the Mayflower sailing.

Plans are in the making for construction of a replica of the ship in Harwich, England.

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There’s a good chance that you’ve never heard of Anne Dudley Bradstreet, but there’s a reason that September 16 is commemorated in her honor. Follow along and discover why. • Bradstreet holds the honor of being the first published writer in the English colonies after settling in Massachusetts.

Her childhood was privileged, growing up in a wealthy Puritan family. Anne was highly educated for that time, tutored in literature and several foreign languages. At 16, she married, and at 18, the entire family emigrated to the colonies, landing at what is now Salem, Massachusetts in 1630. • Over the next two years, the family moved three times, first to Charlestown, then to participate in the founding of Boston, followed by a move to Cambridge, then called Newe Towne. By the early 1640s, when Anne was around 30 and pregnant with her sixth child, the Bradstreets moved again, which was by now the sixth move. Her husband had advanced in the political world, and served as a public affairs commissioner, a judge, and eventually governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Bradstreets were founding settlers of Andover. • Anne’s health was fragile, having been stricken with smallpox while still in England. Yet she had eight children, had a prominent social standing, and found time to engage in her writing. During her husband’s long absences for his political activity, she studied religion, science, history, the arts, and medicine, as well as schooling her children in these subjects and writing essays. • Yet it was Anne’s love of poetry that led her to pen the verses she became famous for. She wrote in private, since women were discouraged from engaging in “intellectual enlightenment.â€? • Missing her husband fiercely, Anne wrote sonnets of love to him, expressing her loneliness and deep attachment to him. She composed verse about her family, intending it only for their enjoyment and that of her small circle of educated friends. • What Anne didn’t know was that her brother-inlaw secretly copied her work and took it to England seeking a publisher. In 1650, when Anne was 38, her first collection of work The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, By a Gentlewoman of Those Parts, was published. Because she believed she was writing only for her own enjoyment and not the eyes of others, she was very open and honest about her life, her marriage, the role of women, and her hope of heaven. • Although the publication was popular in England, it was met with criticism in the colonies. A prominent political figure spoke out regarding women’s roles, stating that women should leave writing and reading to men, “whose minds are stronger.â€? • Tragedy struck in 1666 when the family home burned, destroying all of their personal belongings and her library of some 9,000 books, and leaving them homeless.

The calamity inspired her poem “Upon the Burning of Our House July 10th, 1666.â€? • At age 60, suffering from joint paralysis and tuberculosis, Anne passed away on September 16, 1672. The bulk of her large legacy of poetry was published after her

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Steven Kempers, M.D. Minnesota Clinical Study Center 7205 University Ave. N.E. Fridley, MN 55432 death. • The family was prominent in the history of Harvard University, as Anne’s father Governor Thomas Dudley was one of the founders, her husband was an overseer there, and two of Anne’s sons were Harvard graduates. • U.S. President Herbert Hoover, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, and actor Humphrey Bogart are among the thousands who can trace their lineage back to Anne Dudley Bradstreet.

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To review the schedules, go online to www.benefits.va.gov/ WARMS/bookc.asp, the Schedule for Rating Disabilities. My concern is that the newest update shown in the Table of Amendments is 2018, even though it is the link given by the VA and even though they are for the body systems the VA says are now updated.

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It’s time to celebrate National Play-Doh Day! September 16 has been set aside to honor the world’s favorite modeling clay.

• Back in the 1930s, homes used coal furnaces for heat, but the major drawback was sooty stains on wallpaper. Kutol Products, a Cincinnati, Ohio, soap manufacturer owned by the McVicker family, introduced a doughy goop that was rolled over wallpaper to remove the soot.

• By the late 1940s, gas furnaces were the new thing, along with washable vinyl wallpaper. Sales of the company’s cleaner plunged and their future appeared grim. That is, until the sister-in-law of one of the owners came up with a solution. The woman, the proprietor of a nursery school, gave the dough to her students as an inexpensive way to make Christmas decorations. It was more pliable than ordinary clay, didn’t stain, and could be re-used.

• A new batch of dough was mixed, removing the detergents, and adding an almond scent. The sister-in-law suggested the name Play-Doh, along with a renaming of the company to Rainbow Crafts. The creamcolored dough was test-marketed for a year in schools, then introduced in the toy department of a Washington, D.C. department store in 1956.

• The Play-Doh expert at Rainbow Crafts was Dr. Tien Liu, who helped perfect the formula in 1956. He was still with the company when Hasbro took over in 1991.

• In 1956, blue, red, and yellow were added to the Play-Dough line, and in 1960, the Fun Factory extruder tool was introduced.

• As the company struggled in its transition, their advertising budget was zero.

Joe McVicker was able to set up a meeting with Bob Keeshan, better known as Captain Kangaroo, and cut a deal with the TV host to feature Play-Doh on his program once a week in exchange for 2% of the sales. Keeshan loved the goop so much, he featured it three times a week. By 1958, Play-Doh’s sales had reached nearly $3 million.

• It wasn’t until 1965 that the McVicker brothers received a patent for their invention.

Patent No. 3,167,440 was awarded for a

612-695-5390

“plastic modeling composition of a soft, pliable working consistency.” Its exact recipe is top secret and closely-guarded, although Hasbro does disclose a few ingredients – water, salt, and flour. Over the years, youngsters have ingested plenty of the compound, more than crayons, fingerpaint, and white paste combined.

• Rainbow Crafts sold Play-Doh to General Mills in 1965, which was then sold to Kenner in 1970, a company that in turn sold the product to Hasbro, who owns Play-Doh today.

• A newer patent protects that distinctive Play-Doh smell, which the company describes as “a unique scent formed through the combination of a sweet, slightly musky, vanilla-like fragrance, with slight overtones of cherry, and the natural smell of a salted, wheat-based dough.”

• Between 1955 and 2005, more than two billion cans of Play-Doh were sold. That number now tops 3 billion, enough to reach the moon and back three times. That’s about 700 million pounds of dough!

• In 1998, Play-Doh was inducted into the Toy Hall of Fame in Rochester, New York, along with other favorites, LEGO, Barbie, Crayola, and Monopoly • Until recent technology was improved, Play-Doh could create a fingerprint that could fool 90% of fingerprint scanners.

• The Play-Doh colors have evolved from that single cream color to the three primary colors to the more than 50 available these days. A consumer poll says that Rose Red, Purple Paradise, Garden Green, and Blue Lagoon are users’ favorites.

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REMARKABLE PEOPLE:

THE PICCARD FAMILY By: Janet Spencer

• Jules Piccard was a Swiss chemist born in 1840. He made contributions to food chemistry. Jules Piccard was the father of twin sons Auguste and Jean Piccard.

• Auguste Piccard was born in 1884.

In 1930, he and Paul Kipfer ascended to a height of 9.8 miles (16 k) in a balloon Auguste designed which had an airtight aluminum gondola so they would not pass out from lack of oxygen. They became the first humans to enter the stratosphere, and were the first to see the curvature of the Earth with their own eyes.

• Auguste made 27 high altitude flights. He then realized he could apply the same technology towards creating a vessel that could descend into the ocean’s depths.

He began building a bathyscaphe in 1937 but was interrupted by World War II. The work continued in 1945. After making a series of successful unmanned trips to great depths, he gave the craft to the French navy in 1950, where it was redesigned to carry a human. In 1954, it took a man safely down 13,701 ft. (4,176 m). Auguste and his son Jacques built a second bathyscaphe and together they dove to a record-breaking depth of 10,335 ft (3,150 m) in 1953.

• Jean Piccard worked to advance balloon technology along with his twin brother Auguste. Jean and his wife Jeanette made the first stratospheric flight through clouds in 1934, ascending to a height of 11 miles (18 km) in a pressurized gondola. He subsequently invented a window that that would not frost over during flights. Later he created an electronic system for emptying ballast bags.

• Jean Piccard’s wife Jeannette was the first licensed female balloon pilot in the U.S., and the first woman to fly to the stratosphere when she accompanied her husband in 1934. She piloted the balloon,

travelling 300 miles (482 km) in 8 hours.

• Donald Piccard was the son of Jean and Jeanette Piccard, born in 1926. As a child, he ascended with his parents to the edge of the stratosphere. He pioneered the use of Mylar and plastic in hot air balloons, and was the first to cross the English Channel in a balloon. Donald championed hot air ballooning as a hobby, and was a founding member of the Balloon Federation of America, the national organization for ballooning. He later set up a company to sell hot air balloons to the public.

• Auguste Piccard’s son was Jacque Piccard, born in 1922. Jacque and Auguste worked together to build several deep-sea bathyscaphes. With the help of funding from the U.S. Navy, they built the craft named “Trieste.” In 1960 Jacques Piccard and Lt. Don Walsh descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench at a spot called the Challenger Deep in the Trieste. It took them four hours to descend to the depth 35,814 ft (10,916 m), or almost 7 miles (11 km) below the surface of the sea. They spent 20 minutes at the bottom before returning to the surface. Jacques later spent four weeks in a five-man submersible he designed, which travelled from Florida to Canada following the Gulf Stream.

• Jacque’s son Bernard Piccard was born in 1958. He became a pilot, obtaining licenses to fly not only hot air balloons but also airplanes, gliders, and motorized gliders. He was one of the pioneers of hang gliding in the 1970s, and became the European hang-glider aerobatics champion in 1985. Along with co-pilot Brian Jones, Bernard was the first to complete a nonstop balloon flight around the globe, a trip that took 20 days. He was the initiator, chairman, and co-pilot of the first successful round-the-world flight in a solar-powered fixed-wing aircraft in 2016.

• Gene Roddenberry named Captain Jean-Luc Picard in “Star Trek” after the remarkable Piccard family.

SENIOR NEWS LINE

By Matilda Charles

Staying at Home as You Get Older Aging in place means that we remain in our home as we get older. Many of us want that ... to stay where we’re comfortable and things are familiar.

With enough advance planning and a few changes, it’s possible, but it means anticipating what our needs will be as we face the challenges of age.

For example, if you know you’ll be staying in your home, there are some things you’ll need to do in advance, basics like moving the master bedroom to the first floor, making the outside safe with better lighting and adding grab bars in the shower.

9

What about all the daily tasks you’ll no longer be able to handle -- driving and mowing, meals and shopping -- that you’ll need to hire others to do.

But what if you want to move first because your current environment isn’t what you’ll need? Many of us are moving to aging-in-place communities.

They’re loaded with amenities to keep us happy and healthy: libraries, grocery stores, buses and rides, lawn services and maintenance, meals in a dining room if desired, medical facilities, clubs, churches, classes -- and the ability to upgrade to an assisted-living situation should it become necessary.

If you’re just now at the thinking stage, consider signing up for AARP’s free e-newsletter, Livable Communities (www.aarp.org). While it’s aimed toward community leaders and residents, it will give you some ideas about things you might want or need.

Look at the National Association of Area Agencies on Aging website (www.n4a.org) and put in your ZIP code to find aging resources near you. Call one or two to get more information. Ask for any to-do lists they have for aging in place. Aging in place can work, but you need to plan for it.

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(c) 2019 King Features Synd., Inc.

Page 7

(c) 2019 King Features Synd., Inc.

â—? In 2006, an Illinois police officer was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol. This probably would not be noteworthy, except that it was the same police officer who received an award for making the most DUI arrests in his county.

â—? Those who keep track of such things say that about 15 percent of all Google searches are new -- that is, they have never been searched before on Google.

� Evidently, it’s not just humans who associate a deeper voice with maturity (and desirability) in males. It seems that male owls try to appear more macho and attract females by lowering the tone of their hoots.

â—? It may be hard to believe, but there is an official competition to see who can sit in a sauna for the longest period of time. The World Sauna Championships have taken place in Heinola, Finland, annually since 1999.

The starting temperature is 110 F, and a liter of water is poured on the stove every 30 seconds. The winner is the last person who is able to leave the sauna without assistance. Competitors participate at their own risk, and they are required to sign a waiver agreeing not to take legal action against the event organizers.

� Records show that in England in 1552, William Shakespeare’s father had to pay a fine for littering.

� If you know you have coronary issues, beware of extreme temperatures. Those who study such things say that you’re more likely to have a heart attack on a particularly hot or a particularly cold day.

� Famed actor Gary Cooper was offered the role of Rhett Butler in the film adaptation of Margaret Mitchell’s novel “Gone With the Wind,� but he turned down the part. He said he believed the movie would be “the biggest flop in Hollywood history.� The film went on to win 10 Academy Awards, including one for Best Actor, which was taken home by Clark Gable, who took the part that Cooper refused.

� It’s been reported that the last words of 19-century American author, essayist, biographer and historian Washington Irving were, “Well, I must arrange my pillows for another night. When will this end?�

� The longest word in the English language that can be typed using only one hand is “stewardesses.�

by: Samantha Weaver

� Golfers beware: Don’t chew on the tees. One golfer who was in the habit of gnawing while he played overdosed on pesticides after playing 36 holes in one day.

� It was British politician John Sweeney who made the following sage observation: “How can a society that exists on instant mashed potatoes, packaged cake mixes, frozen dinners and instant cameras teach patience to its young?�

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We usually associate the Mayflower with Thanksgiving, but September 16 has been named Mayflower Day in commemoration of the day this ship departed Plymouth, England, bound for America in 1620. Tidbits has the particulars on this vessel in honor of this historic voyage. • The Mayflower was purchased by Master Christopher Jones and his business partners around 1607. Prior to that record, the ship’s background is unknown. The first documented voyage of the 90-ft (27-m) ship was to Norway in 1609, followed by trips to France, returning to London with French wine, vinegar, and salt.

The capacity of the ship’s hold was about 180 tons. • In May, 1620, Captain Jones and the Mayflower were hired to transport settlers to the New World. Although we refer to those colonists as Pilgrims, that term wasn’t used to describe them until 1820, when statesman Daniel Webster called them the “Pilgrim Fathersâ€? while speaking at the bicentennial celebration of Plymouth’s founding. The word “Pilgrimâ€? means “people who journey to a sacred place for religious reasons.â€? Those colonists seeking that freedom, called themselves “saints,â€? and were Protestant Separatists who did not want to pledge allegiance to the Church of England, which they considered corrupt. • Out of the 102 passengers who set sail, only 35 of them were members of the Separatists.

The remainder were going to the New World for reasons that weren’t related to religious freedom.

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Champlin, Osseo, Maple Grove, Brooklyn Park, Crystal, New Hope Issue 850 Published by: Falcon Prince Publishing For Advertising Call: 763-218-0033

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