Londinium by tim harris

SUMMATION & PRODUCTION TIM HARRIS / 0707322

TABLE OF CONTENTS. Introduction...........................................................................4 Proposal..................................................................................6 Timeplan..................................................................................8 Initial Research..................................................................10 Crime Data........................................................................16 Londinium............................................................................20 Burglaries..................................................................22 Gun Crimes.............................................................24 Homicides................................................................26 Religion......................................................................28 Robberies.................................................................30 Book Comparisons / Review....................................34 Leaflet....................................................................................40 Poster Mock Up..............................................................42 Evaluation............................................................................44 Bibliography........................................................................46

INTRODUCTION. Following on from the previous semester where I put together a number of photography zines: looking into editorial design focusing on hierarchy of information and images through layout. For this project I wanted to take this further, creating a body of work that has a greater meaning and purpose. For this I needed content. Looking into society; weighing up the pros and cons I noticed the negatives within society were always outweighing the positives, especially in the media. Crime figures alone were more than I had ever imagined with over 1.5 million crimes reported in London alone during 2010 and 2011. So I decided this was going to be my starting point. Using information graphics to reappropriate the data I collected using isotype and graphs simplifying the statistics making them easier to understand therefore making people more aware of what goes on through visualising data for public use. Hereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s what happened...

LONDON

PROPOSAL NUMBER ONE. Without being to vague or too precise with my proposal, allowing for experimentation and the potential for taking different routes for my FMP. The last semester has been a lot of thinking and not a lot of doing and I intend to not repeat this. I want to look further into publications and editorial design, both digital and handmade. Looking at the bookmaking processes for my work as well as documenting the development for a separate publication. The content is something I have been thinking about for a long time and I am still unclear about what it would be but as my independent practice is predominately photography and typography based I will begin with this. Another creative process that I am becoming increasingly interested in is sound production and want to play around with creating visuals.

PROPOSAL NUMBER TWO. I want to put together a book looking at the statistics gathered by the home office about our society in Britain and Wales from last year. I want to re-appropriate the information into information graphics through the mixed mediums of photography, collage and print making as I find their reports dreary and over complicated. I have considered making a series of books, one for murder rates, birth rates, etc. However, I feel one publication would be better than a series, simplifying the statistics, separating both the positives & negatives of society, starting at each end of the book and meeting in the middle. The scale and printing possibilities of the publication is something I will be looking into this week. I have already began photographing places and people relevant to the sub chapters of the positives & negatives. Negatives. .Homicide Rates .Firearm Incidents .Knife Crime .Intimate Violence .Drug Misuse .Car thefts .Abortions .Unemployment .Terrorism .Antisocial Behaviour .Burglary

Positives. .Birth rates .Graduations .Volunteers .Charities .Employment

12 2

FEBRUARY

MARCH

RESEARCH CRIME STATISTICS

DEADLINE FOR PR

PRODUCING CONTENT CREATING IMAGES USING DAT EXPERIMENTING COLLECTED LOOKING AT COMPARISONS/S

INFORMATION GRAPHICS BOOK PRINTING & COSTS

FIRST DRAFT SEN TIMEPLAN. Predictions made at the beginning of January taking into account what needed to be done in order to have my book ready before the printing deadline of March 12th. This deadline allowed for a re-send incase of any mistakes. The rest of the time line shows potential for more work as well as starting this portfolio. I finally had my book sent off to print on the 27th March missing my predicted deadline by 16 days. This was okay however as I had allowed for delays like this. I sent a second draft of Londinium off on the 10th April which arrived back on the 18th.

APRIL

20 23 4 MAY

RINTING DEADLINE POSTER DESIGNS TA INTEND TO BE FINISHED ALLOWING 2 WEEKS TO PUT

SIMILARITIES

PORTFOLIO TOGETHER

NT TO PRINT STARTED PORTFOLIO SECOND DRAFT SENT TO PRINT

INITIAL RESEARCH. I started my the process of researching by looking into the governments databaseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s holding statistics based on all crimes in every village, town and city in the UK. I had to narrow this down, only looking at the top 10 biggest cities within England. The pages within Directgov were endless pdfs of text explaining what constitutes as a crime, followed by mundane graphs and then more dreary text. I had to simplify this. Taking note of the number of crimes reported in each city from â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;motor vehicle crimesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to racism I had a huge set of data to start analysing and comparing, however, having a deadline meant there was not enough time to reappropriate this much data. The next page shows two mock up posters of Birmingham and London displaying statistics for all crimes committed during 2011 in each city, designed to be compared with one another. However they lacked any synthesis or purpose; just stating the obvious. Comparing one city with another is somewhat arbitrary in the sense it seems a bit pointless and no one can really relate to it. Therefore, I decided to focus on crimes committed within London.

BIRMINGHAM

BIRMINGHAM IS THE SECOND LARGEST CITY IN ENGLAND ESTIMATED POPULATION OF - 3,683,000 in 2011

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.Weapons .Shoplifting .Damage & Arson .Theft .Drugs

.698 Burglaries .4353 Anti Social Behaviour Orders (ASBO) .556 Robberies .1142 Vehicle Crimes .1907 Violent Crimes .5847 ‘Other Crimes’ were recorded

These ‘Other Crimes’ fall under the categories of:

During the course of 2011 there was a total of:

LONDON

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During the course of 2011 there was a total of: .1787 Burglaries .12024 Anti Social Behaviour Orders (ASBO) .1419 Robberies .1552 Vehicle Crimes .4975 Violent Crimes .36338 ‘Other Crimes’ were recorded

These ‘Other Crimes’ fall under the categories of: .Weapons .Shoplifting .Damage & Arson .Theft .Drugs

BOROUGHS WITH A BELOW AVERAGE CRIME RATE IN EEN GR LEY

BRO

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An assortment of graphics outlining the best boroughs in terms of statistics and the worst boroughs based on public opinion.

STOKE NEWINGTON HACKNEY STRATFORD BOW ELEPHANT & CASTLE STOCKWELL BRIXTON PECKHAM

O OYD

ACCORDING TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC

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WORST AREAS INLONDON

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NORTH EAST(NE)

NORTH WEST (NW) SOUTH WEST(SW) SOUTH EAST(SE)

ENFIELD BARNET HARRINGEY ISLINGTON CAMDEN WESTMINSTER CITY

WALTHAM FOREST HACKNEY TOWER HAMLETS REDBRIGDE NEWHAM BARKING & DAGENHAM HAVERING

HILLINGDON HARROW BRENT EALING HOUNSLOW HAMMERSMITH KENSINGTON

LAMBETH WANDSWORTH MERTON SUTTON KINGSTON RICHMOND

SOUTHWARK LEWISHAM CROYDON BROMLEY GREENWICH BEXLEY

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CRIME DATA FOR LONDON. Instead of collating data for just 10 major cities I had to accumulate data on 32 boroughs for 9 different crimes resulting in a lot more data. I found this interesting yet mind-boggling resulting in a bit of shock at the level of crime that goes on in London alone. Once I had finally taken all this data in and had time to look at it I began reappropriating it, visualising the crime making it easier for people to understand, simplifying it with the intention of making it more accessible for the general public who do not have the time to scroll through complicated documents like that of the Directgov site.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;I think society suffers so much from too much freedom, too many rights that allow people to be irresponsible.â&#x20AC;? Boyd Rice

LONDINIUM. Focusing purely on London instead of 10 cities has meant I now have more data, something I tried to avoid, however; as all the data for each individual crime can be related to each borough it has meant grouping and reappropriating the data into graphic images easier.

Throughout Londinium I have 11 chapters: . Burglaries . Domestic Incidents . Gun Crimes . Homophobic Crimes . Homicides . Vehicle Crimes . Racism & Religious Hate Crimes .Religion .Crimes of a Sexual Nature .Robberies .The London Riots

1 CM SOFT COVER 114 PAGES 10 INCHES LONDINIUM ‘WILD‘ LONDON MAP OF LONDON TIM HARRIS

For all these categories I have taken the data collected and ‘refreshed’ it. Visualising the crimes through information graphics making it easier to understand.

I chose to stick to a neutral consistently simple style of graphic to assist in complementing and communicating the data in its most simple form. I chose a variety of soft yet This book highlights the rise bright colours to bring and fall of each individual light to the ‘dark’ subject of crime category. Comparing crime. The term Information crimes committed in 2010 Graphics has, from what I’ve and 2011 using information seen across newspapers, graphics, through a series of magazines, etc; is that modern graphs, isotype and diagrams. day Information Graphics tends to hold a persistent approach in terms of its visuals.

Maps with lines pointing to places of relevance supported by captions and statistics. I’m guilty of this generic approach in places but after looking into the work of Tufte and his visual approach of explaining statistics I decided to include graphs into my interpretations of the data collected as well. Now I was beginnning to create a series of different images. I also wanted to include Isotype into my book as it is one of the earliest modern forms of visualising information.

8 INCHES RED COVER WHITE SPINE

BURGLARIES. Using line graphs without a line. Separate graphs to show the number of burglaries reported in 2010 and 2011 using a hexagon for each borough. Red represents burglaries committed in 2010 and blue represents burglaries committed in each borough during 2011. With the bottom graph showing the comparison between the two. From looking at Tufte’s use of graphs as an inspiration, I didn’t want to over complicate this data. Like I mentioned before about relating the image to the crime, I couldn’t find a method of visualising without over complicating. Tufte uses the term “Chartjunk“ referring to useless, uninformative information displays. Data display in its simplest form; why say more than you need to?

WALTHAM FOREST HILLINGDON HARROW BRENT EALING HOUNSLOW HAMMERSMITH KENSINGTON HACKNEY TOWER HAMLETS REDBRIDGE NEWHAM BARKING & DAGENHAM HAVERING SOUTHARK LEWISHAM CROYDON BROMLEY GREENWICH BEXLEY LAMBETH WANDSWORTH MERTON SUTTON KINGSTON RICHMOND

-8.3 +11 +2.4 -13.8 +8.1 +18.5 +17.7 +9.7 +5.4 +5.3 +11.4 +3 +2.4 +3.5 -0.4 +9.3 +4.3 -9.8 -23.8 +16 -0.2 +12.9 +0.9 +10.7 +1.8

HILLINGDON

HARROW

BRENT

EALING

HOUNSLOW

HAMMERSMITH

KENSINGTON

HACKNEY

TOWER HAMLETS

REDBRIDGE

NEWHAM

BARKING & DAGENHAM

HAVERING

SOUTHARK

LEWISHAM

CROYDON

BROMLEY

GREENWICH

BEXLEY

LAMBETH

WANDSWORTH

MERTON

SUTTON

KINGSTON

RICHMOND

WESTMINSTER -7.7

+4.2

CAMDEN

WALTHAM FOREST

+8.5

ISLINGTON

WESTMINSTER

HARRINGEY

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GUN CRIMES. I wanted to try and capture or replicate as much of the crime in the graphics. In an attempt to communicate the crime through the image as much as the data communicates the crimes this was an attempt to recreate a gun. The shotgun is most commonly associated with London’s gun crime and stereotypical gritty criminal underworld. The barrel affect sees the boroughs separated by postcode areas within London along with the crimes reported and the incline or decline between 2010 and 2011. The overall aim of the book is to simplify the data as much as possible. The simplicity is consistant throughout the book with the short captions accompanying each graphic being set in large text as well as the introduction to each chapter so the reader doesn’t have to struggle or even not bother reading. Short and sweet.

HAMM EALING HOUNSLOW ERSMITH KENSI NG SO T U O T HAR K LEW I

21.6 4.9 26 2 . 1 1 2 . .7 21 46 4 . 16 65 98 37 223 86 .9 6 64 .9 1.4 171 31 9 43 35 87 29212 63 50 29 27 31 71

DON Y O CR M SHA

N NW LINGDON .5 20.6 1.8 35.1 45.9 45.7 4 3 HIL 5 4 57 3 1 .2 8 1 7 5 4 6 35. 33 107 2 19 84 29 111 37 46 2 1 5 1 1 5 4 4 ROW BRENT HAR

LAMBETH CH GREENWI BEXLEY WAND LEY SWOR MER M O R B TH TON

2010 2011 CHANGE BOROUGH

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ND N RICHMO O T GS KIN TON

BARNET HARRING EY ISLIN GTO CA N MD

NE FOREST CKNETYOWER HAMLETRSEDBRIDGE NEBWHAM A R THAM HA K I NG & WAL R D E A G ENH HAVE INST 5.9 1.5 9 31. A R 1 STM 1 9 WE 17.2 3 .4 M ING 4.3 151 128 66 67 183 10 14.9 69 5 82 65 73 126 8 3 47 3 4 72 12 0

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ENFIELD

HOMICIDES. I decided to represent homicides using Isotype style skulls. I chose Isotype for this chapter due to homicides not being as common as a burglary or robbery therefore the figures are smaller and it can be represented 100% visually; one skull for one homicide. Isotype evolved in Vienna in the 1920â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. It was a way of visualising pictorially historical, social and technological events. I like the consistency within Isotype, the rules of quantities that a pictogram is not altered due to size but merely duplicated.

Throughout the book each postcode area is seperated to one page like on the right. The data represented by these skulls takes into account: Murders, infanticides, manslaughter and corporate manslaughter.

LAMBETH WANDSWORTH MERTON SUTTON KINGSTON RICHMOND

SOUTH WEST(SW)

SOUTHWARK LEWISHAM CROYDON BROMLEY GREENWICH BEXLEY

SOUTH EAST(SE)

HILLINGDON HARROW BRENT EALING HOUNSLOW HAMMERSMITH KENSINGTON

NORTH WEST (NW)

WALTHAM FOREST HACKNEY TOWER HAMLETS REDBRIGDE NEWHAM BARKING & DAGENHAM HAVERING

NORTH EAST(NE)

ENFIELD BARNET HARRINGEY ISLINGTON CAMDEN WESTMINSTER CITY

NORTH (N) 2010

2011 LAMBETH WANDSWORTH MERTON SUTTON KINGSTON RICHMOND

SOUTH WEST(SW)

SOUTHWARK LEWISHAM CROYDON BROMLEY GREENWICH BEXLEY

SOUTH EAST(SE)

HILLINGDON HARROW BRENT EALING HOUNSLOW HAMMERSMITH KENSINGTON

NORTH WEST (NW)

WALTHAM FOREST HACKNEY TOWER HAMLETS REDBRIGDE NEWHAM BARKING & DAGENHAM HAVERING

NORTH EAST(NE)

ENFIELD BARNET HARRINGEY ISLINGTON CAMDEN WESTMINSTER CITY

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CHRISTIAN

HINDU

JEWISH

MUSLIM

SIKH

OTHER RELIGIONS

2% - 4.4% 1% - 2% 0.5% - 1%

70% - 81.8% 60% - 70% 50% - 60%

10% - 42.7% 5% - 10% 0.1% - 2.5%

5% - 37.7% 2% - 5% 1% - 2%

25% - 61.9% 10% - 25% 5% - 10%

3% - 39.6% 2% - 3% 1% - 2%

2% - 6.61% 1% - 2% 0.5% - 1%

BUDDHIST

RELIGION. This set of images was included into Londinium to support the racism and religious hate crimes chapter. I thought this was important to be included to highlight and explain correlations between cultural differences within London which results in such high levels of racism across the boroughs every year. I separated each major religious group in London using colours which highlight the greatest populations of each religion. The key below shows the percentage of, for instance; Buddhists living in that area. The denser the circle the more Buddhists living there. Highlighting the boroughs with the greater amount of each religion helps link trends in crime committed within the appropriate religious groups and assists in better understanding of the reasons that caused the crime.

YEAR

+17

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1210 3 45 1 0 201 11 1824 48 20 10 1 2 20 2011 1737 010 2 1754 N E STER D 2011 CAM ESTMIN T S 1184 E 10 W THAM FOR 0 2 WAL 1156 2011 HACKNEY TOWER HAMLETS 2010 1098 REDBR I D GE 2011 N 1443 B & EWHAM 2 0 10 D 986 2011 1170 2010 2 246 201 011 1 2421 201 0 1 880 107 9

ENFIELD BARNET HA ISLI RRINGEY NGT ON

CRIME

1333 2010 1114 2011 2010 977 2011 1143 2010 1059 2 201 011 1488 0 201 1 969 120 6

CHANGE

-2.4 +31.4

G ERIN HAV LINGDON HIL HARROW BRENT

414 474 0 201 1 850 201 10 922 20 2011 460 2010 674 2011 1980 2010 2233 2011

This double graph, shows the number of robberies committed during 2010 and 2011. This image just sort of happened, but; imagining most robberies occur at night, it depicts an owl and his big round eyes overlooking the crime from a branch in his tree. Or maybe not. Each side seems to flow from top to bottom, loop after loop of information to get lost in like the owls big eyes. The visual attraction from afar draws the viewer in making them realise and notice the figures.

+0.8

+22

+14. +8.5

+46.5

+12.8

ROBBERIES.

+18.7

YEAR

BOROUGH

8+ .5 +8.4

2 227 65 24 0 1 20 11 1556 20 10 686 1 0 2 2011 1668 2010 RK 1786 A H T 2011 SOU WISHAM 616 10 LE YDON 0 2 CRO 719 2011 BROMLEY GREENWICH 2010 895 BEXLEY 2011 LA 825 WA MBETH 2010 NDS 266 WO 2011 RTH 353 2010 2 2734 201 011 3121 201 0 1 128 128 2 4

+7.1

EALING HOUNS HAMM LOW KEN ERSM SIN GTO ITH N

CRIME

1641 2010 1484 2011 2010 636 2011 700 2010 2 877 201 011 0 811 201 1 530 596

+12.

-7.5

+10.1

-9.6

CHANGE

+16.7 -7.8

TON MER TTON SU KINGSTON RICHMOND

+32.7

570 644 0 201 1 317 201 302 2010 2011 236 2010 262 2011 177 2010 211 2011

+14.2

+0.

+13 -4.7

+11

+19.2

Visualising The London Riots of summer 2011. A spread from Londinium showing the areas most affected by rioting. Using bright colours and markers to seperate each location.

BOOK COMPARISONS / REVIEW Two copies of Londinium have been sent to print the white one being the first and the red being the final copy. The second copy is hugely improved on the first, with more content better communicated through layout and more detailed explanatory bodies of text. The next spread highlights the significant changes made in improving the book; from the cover right through to the last pages.

LONDINIUM DERIVED FROM THE WORD LOND MEANING ‘WILD’

FIRST DRAFT. This is the cover of the first draft for Londinium. Plain and simple with no suggestions to the content. Londinium in Tungsten uppercase, the font that is consistant throughout the book. The grey text on the white background was chosen to look subtle and calm contrasting against the subject of crime. Once receiving the book back from the printers however I found that by not communicating the disruptive subject matter of the book on the front page was quite dull and didn’t give the book any character.

“You can always judge a book by its cover”

SECOND DRAFT. So, the complete opposite of my initial idea of a subtle book cover resulted in a bright, angry, vibrant shade of red along with the addition of ‘WILD‘ London and the small London map thumbnail. This now gave some suggestion as to what the book was about. Keeping with the Tungsten typeface as that is a consistant feature throughout; the cover of the second draft now holds some element of character. Almost like it is wanting to be picked up and read, standing out from the rest. I as worried it would be too ‘in your face‘ but I’m happy with the outcome

In all honesty the first draft was rushed. Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d missed my predicted deadline for sending to print so a lot of silly mistakes were missed. For example; the text on the introduction alone contained spelling mistakes, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d also left out a chunk of text explaining the purpose behind the book.

Again; some spelling mistakes on the spread about London. Sending a second draft to print meant I had a second chance to adjust the layout and change a few of the images. These are all minor adjustments which have resulted in major improvements grammatically and visually.

One of the most important images in the book. Highlighting the total number of crimes for each borough. In the first draft the image had been cropped, losing important information for two boroughs. The second draft sees an uncropped image with enhanced colours making it jump out of the page. This design was also made into a poster.

These bar graphs were put together to visualise the number of domestic incidents reported in each borough. Each bar is a small house, the top point of each roof marks the total number of incidents. You wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know this from reading the first draft so I added small captions throughout the second draft for most of the graphics, explaining each of them. The first draft being too minimal resulting in unclear spreads throughout. A few of the images had strange markings and random pieces of information missing in the first draft. This was a problem with the original file so I had to go back and re link more images than I had liked for the second draft. This allowed for colour improvements as I now knew the quality of print caused some colour loss I was again able to improve them for the second draft.

Initially I assumed the scale of the book would allow for large double spread graphics but due to the number of pages exceeding 100 the bulk meant a lot of the image was lost in the inner joint. This meant I had to readjust some of the layout. The scale of the book being 8x10 inches allowed for the image to be scaled down and still be readable.

TOTAL CRIMES LEAFLET MOCK UP. As well as the Londinium publication I wanted to explore different ways and methods of communicating to the public; through the use of a leaflet you can get straight to the point and cut out the ‘boring stuff.‘ One of my initial ideas alongside doing the book was to create a leaflet for each borough highlighting all the statistics for each crime in that particular borough. The purpose; to be displayed in locations like: train stations, police stations and various public places where they can be taken for free. Unfortunately this would of been was even more time consuming than creating Londinium so I made this total crimes leaflet as a substitute. The problem with the Directgov website is it doesn’t communicate or even appeal to the whole public. Nobody wants to scroll through page after page of dribble hence the aim of this project, to simplify the data in an attempt to make it more accessible and be understood by the general public.

POSTER MOCK UP. Just like the leaflets being a free source of information to communicate a message. I wanted to put together posters that illustrated the level of crimes committed. I took all the chapters from the book and applied them to poster format. Visually striking, design to attract the attention of a passer by and draw them in creating interest. The desired result to make them aware of the specific crime the poster is communicating within society and hopefully the viewer will be drawn in. This project, if you will, is an awareness campaign. An opportunity to make the general public aware of the bigger picture of crime and to also highlight any progress in cutting down particular crimes in their boroughs. All the graphics have been developed to create thought and interest within the viewer. This particular poster is of the domestic violence chapter within londinium. It highlights the reported incidents from each and compares the incidents from 2010 and 2011. Unlike the first draft of Londinium this poster highlights what a domestic incident refers to and is clear in explaining the graphs.

EVALUATION. I spent the majority of last semester thinking rather than doing. I had a vague idea to follow along the lines of publication and editorial design but content ideas for this was nonexistent. I found rewriting the proposal assisted in my thought process making me realise this project had to contain more meaning and relevance to society; more purpose than the photography zines I put together in the previous semester. After looking into all positive and negative aspects of society I had to narrow the content down to crime as I found this most interesting. Becoming a victim of crime myself I began to explore the alarming statistics and found myself overwhelmed with the pages of information. With this in mind I decided to begin simplifying and reappropriating the data making it easier for the general public to understand. Collecting page after page of stats and figures paved the way for me to begin creating information graphics that were clear and precise, easy to follow and visually pleasing. Creating this body of work for Londinium took up most of my time, hence the delay in getting the first draft to the printers before my predicted deadline. Despite these minor hick ups I feel this project has evolved into far more than I had previously thought. It has become a sort of awareness campaign, communicating to the public via posters, flyers and Londinium itself. Successfully reappropriating and simplifying the data, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve become immersed in these crime figures, shocked, amazed, impressed; at the same time confused and overwhelmed. I am 100% happy with the final outcome of Londinium, the consistency throughout of subtle colours complementing the Tungsten typeface contrasting against the variety of different designs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Crime in Modern Britain - Eamonn Carrabine Crime and the Media: The Post-Modern Spectacle - Richard Osborne Data Flow: Visualising Information in Graphic Design - R. Klanten, N. Bourquin Envisioning Information - Edward R. Tufte Eye Magazine (no. 76 no 81) Facts are Sacred: The power of data - The Guardian Information Graphics: A comprehensiveIllustrated Refrence - Robert L. Harris Information Graphics - Sandra Rendgen The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects - Marshall McLuhan The Visual Display of Quantitative Information - Edward R. Tufte Understanding Media - Marshall McLuhan Various online articles from the Guardian and The Times about the London Riots Robert Montogomery / KK Outlet (Feb 12) Matthew Hawtin / Red Gallery (Feb 12)