Towards a Nation of Integrity by Transparency International Sri Lanka

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^osjhsk brsod ix.%yh 2003 fkdjeïn¾16&

tka'mS'ciaáka mkaksmsáh

iqm< s m s kak foaYhla lrd TOWARDS A NATION OF INTEGRITY

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kS;{ s " ta'fla' pkaøldka; ysgmq ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj Ñ;% ^mqj;am;a ldgQka yer&

lms, iïm;a m;srK

mß.Kl h;=re ,shkh

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OkqIl a úfcafldaka

Building a Nation of Integrity

m%:u uqøKh - 2006 fkdjeïn¾* fojk uqøKh ^ixfYdaê;& 2008 wfm%a,a

Transparency International Sri Lanka 28/1, Bullers Lane, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka Tel : (094) 011 2501474 Fax : (094) 0112592287 E-mail : tisl@sltnet.lk Web :www.tisrilanka.org

Printed By : Kapila

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* m%:u uqøKh cd;Hka;r ixj¾Okh ms<sn`o weursldkq ksfhdað;dh;kh ^USAID& úiska ARD wdh;kh u.ska 2005$2006 ld,fha§ fufyh jQ Y%S ,xld ¥IK u¾ok jevigyk hgf;a m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o nj ia;+;s mQ¾jlj i|yka lruq'

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g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld 28$1" nq,¾ia mgqu." fld<U 07" Y%S ,xld fg,s ( 94-11-2501474 *elaia ( 94-11-2592287 B-fï,a ( tisl@sltnet.lk fjí wvúh ( http://www.tisrilanka.org

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iqmÍlaIlhska

iajdëk yd w§k nj" n,d;aul l< yels iy n,d;aul l, kS;s

rdcH fiajh

p¾hd moaO;sh

ckudOH

ks o yia yd ia j dëk udOH wdh;k" f;dr;= r e ±k.ekSfï whs;sh

isú,a iudch

woyia m%ldY lsÍfï whs;h s

fm!oa.,sl wxYh

wdh;ksl j.ùï;djh" idOdrK ;rÕldÍ;ajh'

wka;¾cd;sl l%shdldrSka

wka ; ¾cd;s l iyfhda . S ; djh ^ffk;s l yd wëlrKuh& ,nd§u

by; olajd we;s .=Kdx.u ;sìh hq;= njg kshuhla ke;' tA tA rfÜ foaYmd,ksl" iudc yd wd¾Ól jd;djrKh u; tA tA .=Kdx. fjkiaúh yel'

fuu l=¿Kq u; ;sria w;g hy md,kh keue;s mshiai /§ mj;S' tu ;sria mshiai u; ;sridr ixj¾Okh" kS;sfha wdêm;Hh yd ck;djf.a Wiia Ôjk uÜgu hk f.da, ;=k iu;=,s;j mj;S'

hï fyhlska l=¿Kq Yla;su;aj ;snqKo w;a;sjdru ^iudc idrO¾u yd ck;dj wjÈfhka isàu& ÿ¾j, jkafka kï l=¿Kq weo ù mshiai we, jkq we;'

tfukau w;a;sjdru iúu;a jQj;a l=¿Kq ÿ¾j, jQjfyd;a mshiai weo ù we, jkq we;' tfiau mshiai ;sriaj msysàug kï l=¿Kq ish,a,u tl yd iudk Wilska ;sìh hq;=h' tlla mrhd wfklla keÕS isàug ;e;al<fyd;a mshiai we, jkq we;' 12

l=¿Kq Yla;su;a ke;skï isÿjkafka l=ulao@

iú s ,a i udch

ck udOH

rcH fiajh

wëCIK vk dhï iqmÍlalKa Ilhs a

TïnQâiauka

ú.Kldêm;s

wêlrKh

úOdhlh

jHjia:dÿhlh

hy md, kh

l=¿Kq Yla;su;a ke;skï mshiai u; we;s f.da, fmr,S ìug jeà iqkqúiqKq ù hduhs' m%;sM,h foaYh úkdY ùuhs' f,dalfha ÈhqKq hehs iïu; lsisu rgl iEu ld,hl§u fuu l=¿Kq iïmQ¾K jYfhka Yla;su;aj msysgkafka ke;' l,ska l,g úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a whq;= l%shdldrlï ta ta l=ˆKq ksfhdackh lrk wdh;khkays olakg ,efí' tkuq;a jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka iEuúgu iudc idrO¾u yd ck;dj wjÈfhka isàu keue;s w;a;sjdru b;d Yla;su;aj mej;Suhs' tneúka l=¿Kq lsysmhla ÿ¾j, jQj;a mshiai iudka;rj ;nd .ekSug yelshdj ,eî we;s w;r whq;= mqoa.,hka bj;a lrùu u.ska l=ˆKq h:d ;;ajhg m;a lsrSug uyck u;h m%n,h' tfia fyhska idrO¾u imsß iudchl wjÈfhka hq;= ck;djla we;s lr .ekSfuka iqms,smkak foaYhla f.dvke.Sug iúu;a w;a;sjdrula fjuq' ´kEu rgl ´kEu ld,hl ck;djf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j Wiia Ôjk uÜgulska hq;=j iu.sfhka yd iudodkfhka Ôj;a ùuhs' ksùiekis,af,a Ôj;a jkjd f,i wm iudcfha mjikafka fuh h' rgl ck;djf.a Ôjk uÜgu ukskq ,nkafka udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh u.sks' udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylhg mdol lr.kq ,nkafka Wmf;a§ wdhq wfmalI a dj" jeäysá idlaIr;djh" tAl mqo. a , o< foaYh S ksIm a dokh" wdhq wfmalI a dj" wOHdmksl uÜgu hkd§ lreKqh' 13

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ixj¾Ok jevigyk u.ska rgj,a 170 la i|yd 2002 j¾Ih mdol fldg ms<sfh, lrk ,o 2004 udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh wdY%fhka f;dard .;a rgj,a lsym s hl udkj ixj¾Okh my; mßÈ fõ'

ia:dkh

Wmf;a§ tAl mqoa., wdhq jeäysá udkj wdhq wOHdmksl ixj¾Ok o< foaYsh wfmalI a dfõ idlaIr;dj wfmalI a dj o¾Ylh o¾Ylh ksIm a dokh o¾Ylh ^]& wjq( ^PPP USS)

by, udkj ixj¾ê; rgj,a fkd¾fõ

78'9

99'0

36"600

0'90

0'99

0'956

iaùvkh

80'6

99'0

26"050

0'92

0'99

0'946

´iafÜ%,shdj

79'1

99'0

28"260

0'90

0'99

0'946

we't'c'

77'0

99'0

35"750

0'87

0'97

0'939

cmdkh

81'5

99'0

26"940

0'94

0'938

fydxfldx

79'9

93'5

26"910

0'91

0'86

0'903

isx.mamr Q ej

78'0

92'5

24"040

0'88

0'91

0'902

ol=Kq fldßhdj

75'4

97'9

16"950

0'84

0'97

0'888

fulaisfldaj

73'3

90'5

8"970

0'81

0'85

0'802

uef,aishdj

73'0

88'7

9"120

0'80

0'83

0'793

refïkshdj

70'5

97'3

6"560

0'76

0'88

0'778

;dhs,ka;h

69'1

92'6

7"010

0'74

0'86

0'768

ms,m s k S h

69'8

92'6

4"170

0'75

0'89

0'753

Y%S ,xldj

72'5

92'1

3"570

0'79

0'83

0'740

bkaÿkSih s dj

111

66'6

87'9

3"230

0'69

0'80

0'692

nx.,dfoaYh

138

61'1

41'1

1"700

0'60

0'45

0'509

khsÔßhdj

151

51'6

66'8

860

0'44

0'59

0'466

wekaf.da,dj

166

40'1

42'0

2"730

0'25

0'38

0'381

b;sfhdamh s dj

170

45'5

41'5

780

0'34

0'39

0'359

uOHu udkj ixj¾ê; rgj,a

my, udkj ixj¾ê; rgj,a

iqm< s m s kak foaYhla lrd hk .ukg ndOd fudkjdo@ iqms<smkak foaYhla ìyslr.ekSug we;s ndOl w;ßka m%Odk;u ndOlh jkafka ÿießhhs ^¥IKhhs&'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ uqo,a fjk;a Èidjkag fhduq lsÍu u.ska ck;djf.a uQ , s l

wjYH;djhka

iemhS u g

rch

wfmdfydi;a ùu" widOdrKhg bv ,eîu yd úfoaY wdfhdack iy wdOdr ,eîug ndOd meñKùu u.s k a ÿma m ;a ck;dj ±ä f,i widOdrKhg ,la lrhs ’ ' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uy f,alï fld*S wkka úiska tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,fha§ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾Ok m%{ma;sh bÈßm;a lrñka lrk ,o m%ldYh' by< uÜgfï foaYmd,lfhda;a Tjqkf a .a i.fhda;a ,efnk iEu wjia : djls k a u jdis w;a l r .ekS u fkdlvjd lrf.k h;s' ÿieß ^¥Is;& jHdmdßlhka yd tlaj Tjqyq ish¨u cd;Ska ÿ.S nfjys ysrlr ;nñka tu rgj, mj;ajd .; yels ixj¾Okhg wjysr lr;s' ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dalfha ÿ.S rgj, muKla fkdj ÈhqKj q k rgj, wdfhdackh lrk iud.ï ysñ rgj,o b;d wk;=reodhl f,i wêlj mj;S'

mSg¾ whs.ka g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha wdrïNl iNdm;s' 2002 ÿieß ^¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylh t<s±laùfï Wf<f,a§'

¥IKh rgg foaj fldamh ,nd foa' Wmam;a;s 6 (5-6 “Corruption brings God’s Wrath”. Genesis 6:5-6 15

ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq mejÍ we;s n,;, wksis f,i ;u fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack i|yd fhdod .ekSuhs' tu.ska"

uyck iqN isoaêh fkdj fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack .ek is;d n,d ;SrK .ekSu isÿ lrhs'

m%cd;dka;%sl wdh;k ÿ¾j, lrñka wksis n, jHdma;sh we;s lrhs' tu.ska tu wdh;k flfrys ck;d úYajdih iy iyfhda.h ì| jefÜ'

ñ," .=Kd;aul Ndjh jeks idOl u; mokï jk idOdrK ;rÕldÍ;ajh mfil oud" f.jkq ,nk fldñia uqo, u; ;SrKh jk fj<| ;rÕldÍ;ajhg u. mdoñka idOdrK jHdmdßlhd mfilg weo ouhs'

iajNdúl mßirhg ;¾ck we;s lrhs' mßirh iq/lSfï ixúOdk ÿieß ^¥Is;& jQ úg udkj ixj¾Okfha uQ,sl moku lvd jefÜ'

udkj whs;j s dislï W,a,x.khùï nyq, fõ' ÿieß ^¥IK& l%h s d jeäùu;a iu. rdcHhl ryia l%shdldrlï jeä fõ' tu.ska uQ,sl iudc yd wd¾Ól whs;k S a ;¾ckhg ,la lrhs'

úfYaIfhkau ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj,ays ,laI ixLHd; ck;djf.a wdydr" wOHdmkh" fi!LH yd hqla;sh mis|,Su wdoS uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï j,g ndOd lrñka hym;a Èú meje;aulg we;s whs;sh ke;slr ouhs' uQ,dY%h-g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha m;%sldj 2003 ÿießh ^¥IKh& msgo q elSfuka f;drj iqm< s m s kak foaYhla Wodlr.; fkdyel'

jxpdj hkq /jàfuka" fndre lSfuka iy lreKq jrojd fmkaùfuka wkqkaf.a fohla ;u jdishg .ekSuhs' fndreldrh jekfikq we;' - ysf;damfoaYh 19 ( 9 Y=oaO nhsn,h "Fraud is decepption, lying and misrepresenting facts in order to take from others gain for self and he who tells lies will perish" - Proverbs 19:9 16

ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd ixj¾Okh rgj,a lsysmhl rdcH kdhlhska úiska isÿlr we;s uyck uqo,a jxpdjkays weia;fïka;= .; lrk ,o uqo,a jákdlu tu rfgys tal mqoa., wdodhu iu. ixikaokh lsÍfuka ÿießh ^¥IKh& ksid rgl ixj¾Okhg isÿjk ydksh ms,sn| wjfndaO lr.; yels fõ' rg

* *

tAl mqo. a , jxpdlr we;s uqo, wdodhu ^2001& we't'c' fvd,¾ we't'c' fvd,¾

rdcH kdhlhd

bkaÿkSishdj

fudfyduâ iqy¾f;dackdêm;s- 1967-98

ì,shk 15-35

ms,m s k S h

1' m¾äkka ä ud¾flda i a ckdêm;s -1972-86 2' fcdaYma tiag%dvd-ckdêm;s 1998-2001

ì,shk 5-10

695

912 ñ,shk 78-80

ì,shk 5

iekS wndpd-ckdêm;s1993-98

ì,shk 2-5

319

i ¾ ì h d $ hqf.diaf,daúhd

ia f ,dfndvdka ñf,da f iúla ckdêm;s 1989-2000

ì,shk 1

yhsÜ

Ôk a l a f , da â vq ~ je,s h ¾ckdêm;s 1971-86

ñ,shk 300-800

460

fmare

we,an¾fgda mshqcsfudßckdêm;s 1990-2000

ñ,shk 600

2051

hqlaf¾kh

meúfhda ,ei/kafldaw.ue;s 1996-97

ñ,shk 114-200

766

ksl.=rejd

wd¾fkda,â a w,sudkackdêm;s 1997-2002

ñ,shk 100

490

ihf¾

fudnqgq fiiS fifldackdêm;s 1965-97

khsÔßhdj

okS$fkdokS

fudnqgq úiska fidrlï lrk ,o uqo, ihf¾ rdcHfha iïmQ¾K úfoaY Kh m%udKhg jvd jeäh' yhsÜ rdcHfha vqje,sh¾ úiska fidrlï lrk ,o uqo, rfÜ jd¾Isl whjefhka 87] ls'

uQ,dY%h (-

úYaj ÿießh ^¥IK& jd¾;dj 2004' g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a

• ,xldj o uE; b;sydih ;=, § rg ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd úúO jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lrk ,o w;r fndfyda úg tajd foaYmd,k igka mdG f,i o Ndú;d lrk ,§'

tfy;a " wm rgg ;sridr ixj¾Okhla ,nd.; fkdyels jQfha wehs@ mia wjqreÿ ie,eiau ^1972-1977& wid¾:l jqfka wehs@ ksjy,a O¾ñIag iudchla ^1977-1989& ìys fkdjqfka wehs@ ke;sneß wh" we;s yels wh ^1989-1993& lsru S g fkdyels jqfka wehs@ 1994 ka miq rg fmrg fkd.sfha wehs@ 2002 § rg msìoùug fkdyels jQfha wehs@ 2005 ka miq w¿;a • ,xldjla ìys jqkdo@ fï ish,a,gu mss<s;=re wmf.a m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI fofla kdhlhskaf.a u;= oelafjk m%ldY j,ska wmg fkd,efnkafka o@

¥IKh jQ l,S ixj¾Okh iy wd¾Ól ÈhqKj Q wvd, lrjk m%Odk idOlhls' th M,odhs;j a h fjkqfjka lrkq ,nk wdfhdack ÿ¾j, lrhs' tu.ska fmdÿ m%;m s ;a;s W,a,x>Kh lrkq ,nhs' ¥IKh iudc yd foaYmd,k Ôú;fha we;s ish¨ idOdrK foa ksYM a , ld¾hhka njg m;a lrhs' tu ksid wms ¥IKhg tfrysj cd;sl jHdmdrhla Èh;a lruq' wmf.a foaYmd,ksl yd wd¾Ól l%h s dldÍ;ajh jeäfofkl=f.a hym;g fya;=jk wdldrhg mq¿,a lsÍfï m%;m s ;a;h s g wj;S¾K fjuq' ish¨fokdu úiska ms<s.;a Í;Ska wkqj lghq;= lsÍfï jd;djrKhla we;s lsÍfuka Yla;su;a m%cd;ka;%jdohla iys; hym;a iudchla f.dvk.uq' ckdêm;s uyskao rdcmlaI

w,a,i iy ¥IKh hkq iuia; rdcH foayfhau we;s ms<s,hls' rdcH fukau fm!oa.,sl wdh;khkays jeo.;au .=Kdx. tu.ska úkdY lrñka tu wdh;kj, j¾Okh yd rfÜ ixj¾Okh wvd, lr m%cd;ka;j % d§ rdcH md,kh ÿ¾j, lrhs' rdcH md,k ;ka;%fha fyda foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha ljr kï fyda uÜgul isákakka jQjo w,a,ia fokakka fukau .kakka o iyuq,skau ;=rka l< hq;=hs' kS;h s yd iduh rlsk hym;a mqrjeishkaf.ka hq;a iudchl wd¾Ól j¾Okfha hym;a m%;M s , ±lsh yelafla túghs' rks,a úl%uisxy - úmlaI kdhl 2005'08'26 Èk nKavdrkdhl cd;Hka;r iïuka;%K Yd,dfõ§ mej;s tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyk hgf;a w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj n, .ekaùfï jHdmD;sh t<s±laùfï Wf<f,a§ tjlg .re w.%dud;H;=udf.a l:dfjka iy .re úmlaI kdhl;=udf.a mKsúvfhka Wmqgd .kakd ,§'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& i|yd mdrsNdIsl jpk iudcfha jvd;au m%p,s; f,i olakg ,efnk ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& m%fNaoh w,a,ihs' w,a,i hkak ’w;a,i¶ hk jpkfhka ìoS wd jpkhls'

f,dalh mqrd w,a,i i|yd Ndú;d jk kï úúOdldrh

,xldj

m.dj, ……………

ol=Kq bkaoshdj

ikaf;daiï

ngysr wm%l s dj

Dash - vEIa

b;d,sh

‘La bustarella’ (a little envelope) - mqxÑ ,shï q ljrhla

kjiS,ka;h

Graft - §ukdjla

hqfrdamh$weursldj

“Oil the palm” - w;a,g f;,a ±óu' “Grease Money” - .%i S a uqo,a

w,a,i bx.%Sis NdIdfjka Bribe f,i fhfoa' Bribe hk jpkh merKs m%xY NdIdfjka bx.%Sis NdIdjg tlajQ jpkhls' merKs m%xY NdIdjg wkqj ’Bribe¶ hk jpkfha w¾:h ysÕkakdg fok mdka lene,a,ls' m.dj hk jpkh mD;=.Sis NdIdfjka ,oaols' mD;=.Sis NdIdfjka mef.dajd ^pagova& hkqfjka yÿkajkafka ,enqfõ kS;Hdkql, + fkdjk fohla lr .ekSug i|yd fokq ,enk uqo,ls' m.dj Y%S ,dxlsl ck iudch ms<sl=,a iy.; fohla f,i i,lk nj idudkH jHjydrfha§ ’crdj¶ f,i yeÈkaùfukau fmfka'

w,a,i jYfhka fok foa yrï neúka wms th Ndr fkd.kafkuq' - u,sla 458 Y=oaO nhsn,h "What you have offered as bribe is haram and we do not accept it" - Malik 458

"ñksfil=f.ka w;a,ila .ekSu .jfhl= lKqjl neo Wf.a msg fldkaog ;shqKq ie;lska weg ñÿ¨ ydrd .kakjd jeksh'" Oïumo wgqjdj

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj úiska 2002 j¾Ifha§ m%pdrh lrk ,o ±kaùuls' 21

fojk mßÉfþoh wms ÿießh ^¥IKh& yÿkd .ksuq ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq l=ulao@ ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq mejÍ we;s n,;, fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdackh i|yd wh:d f,i mßyrKh lsÍuhs' (Corruption means abuse of entrusted power for personal gain.)

ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& úúO wdldr w,a,i ^Bribery& hï ld¾hhla lsÍu ms<sn|j fyda hï ;SrKhla .ekSu ms<Sn|j whq;= f,i n,mEï lsÍu i|yd hï jdishla ,nd§u" ,nd §ug fmdfrdkaÿ ùu fyda ,nd§ug leue;a; m%ldY lsÍu w,a,ihs' w,a,i u.ska jdish ,nkafka rcfha fiajlfhl=" fjk;a hï ;eke;af;l= fyda hï wdh;khla úh yelsh'

foam< jxpd lsÍu ^Embezzlement& ñka woyia jkafka iïm;a iy foam< ndrj isák ;eke;a;ka tu foam< ;u fm!oa.,sl jdis i|yd fidrlï lsÍuhs' WodyrKh (- .nvd Ndrlrefjl= ;ud Ndrfha we;s foam< úl=Kd uqo,a ,nd .ekSu'

jxpdj ^Fraud& jxpksl l%u Ndú;d lrñka ;udg ysñ fkdjk fohla ysñ f,i wkHhkag fmkajd th jerÈ iy.; f,i ,nd .ekSu ke;fyd;a lreKq iÕjd ,nd.ekSu' WodyrKh (- wdOdr fnod §fï§ fndre kï bÈßm;a fldg tu wdOdr ;ud i;= lr.ekSu'

n,y;aldrfhka w;am;alr .ekSu ^Extrotion& ;u ks,n,h kS;s úfrdaë f,i Ndú;d lrñka n,y;aldrh mEfuka ;ud fj; jdishla ,nd .ekSu' WodyrKh(- ;udg hï jdishla i,iajkafka ke;skï" uyck fi!LHhg wys;lr h hk moku u;" fydag,hla mj;ajdf.k hdu ;ykï lsÍug lghq;= lrk nj" uyck fi!Lh mÍlaIljrfhl= úiska fydag,fha whs;slreg mejiSu u.ska udia m;d hï uqo,la ,nd §ug fm<Uùu'

n,;, whq;= f,i Ndú;d lsÍu ^Abuse of Power& hï ;eke;af;l=g whq;= iy.; jdishla ^fyda whq;= iy.; mdvqjla& isÿ lsÍfï woyiska ;udg ysñ n,;, wh:d mßÈ Ndú;d lsÍu' WodyrKh(- fgkav¾ m%odk l%h s dj,sfha§" fgkavrh m%odkh lsÍug fmr" hï ksYÑ a ; fgkav¾lrefjl= yg fgkavrh ,nd §ug yelshdj we;a±hs fidhdn,k f,i wud;Hjrfhl= úiska fgkav¾ uKav,hg fl,skau lSu fyda weÕùu'

wNsu;d¾: ms<. s egqu ^Conflict of Interest& ;udg fm!oa.,slj iïnkaO;djhla we;s ;eke;a;ka fyda wdh;k fj; jdisodhl jk mßÈ ks, ;SrK .ekSu' WodyrKh(- ;udf.a Nd¾hdj wOHlaIjßhla jk iud.ul fgkavrh ms,s.ekSu'

we;=,; fj,odu$ryis.; f;dr;=re wh:d mßyrKh ^Insider trading/abuse of privileged information& ;udf.a rdcldrS iajNdjh wkqj oek .ekSug ,efnkakdjQ hï ryis.; f;dr;=rla ;udg fyda fjka wfhl=g ,dN m%fhdack ,nd.ekSu i|yd jxpd iy.; f,i fhdod .ekSu' WodyrKh (- hï NdKavhla i|yd bosrs oskl wdkhk noaola mekùug rch ;SrKh lr we;s nj tu NdKav wdkhkh lrk iud.ï lsym s hla w;=frka tla iud.ulg l,a;nd oekqï §u' 23

wksis mlaImd;S;j a h ^Favouritism& hï lreKla u; hï ;eke;af;l=g fyda lKavdhulg whq;= iy.;

f,i

wkq.%yh oelaùu' fufia mlaI.%dyS ùfï§ i,ld n,kafka wd.u" cd;sh" Wmka m%foaYh" foaYmd,k mlaImd;S;ajh wd§ ldrKd úh yel'

{d;s ix.%yh ^Nepotism& ;k;=re ,nd §fï§ fyda ;SrK .ekSfï§ ;udf.a {d;s ñ;%d§kag whq;= iy.; jdis ie,fi mßÈ lghq;= lsÍu'

ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrKh ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrK

ÿießh ^¥IKh& uev,Sfï§ iqúfYaIS jYfhka jeo.;ajk ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& úúO j¾.SlrKhka mßmd,k úoaj;=ka úiska y÷kdf.k we;' tu j¾.SlrKhkaf.ka lsym s hla my;ska olajd we;'

uyd mßudK

iy iq¿ mßudK ÿießh ^¥IKh& (

uyd mßudK ÿießh ^¥IKh& fkdfyd;a foaYmd,kuh ¥IKh ^Grand corruption/Political corruption& hkakg rcfha by< uÜgfï isÿjk ÿießh ^¥IKh& we;=<;a jk w;r ck;djf.a kdufhka kS;s iïmdokhg iy ilia lsÍug n,h mjrk ,o foaYmd,kuh ;SrK .kakka Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k n,h" Tjqkf.a m%;s,dN fjkqfjka kS;s ilialr .ekSug fhdÞ hkakd wjia:djka fuhska woyia fõ' fuu.ska hy md,kh,

kS;f s ha wdêm;Hh iy wd¾Ól ia:djr;ajh iïnkaOfhka jQ

úYajdikSh;ajh úYd, jYfhka ì| jeàulg ,la lrhs' kso¾Ykh remsh,a ì,shk 1000 l úhoñka wêfõ.S uyd ud¾.hla bÈlsÍug rch ;SrKh lrhs' cd;Hka;r ñ< .Kka leojk ,o w;r m%ùKhkaf.a lKavdhula úiska ;dlaI‚l we.ehqu isÿlrk ,§' jeäu ñ< .Kka bÈßm;a l< X keue;s iud.ug wud;Hjrhdf.a ±kqu we;sj w;rueÈhl= m%fõY jQ w;r w;rueoshd yryd wud;Hjrhdg fldka;d% ;a jákdlfuka 10] la ,nd fokafka kï fldka;d% ;a;j = Tjqkg ,ndfok njg iy;sl úh' by<u ñ< .Kka bÈßm;a lrk ,o wh tlS uqo,a Y%S ,xldfjka msg;§ f.ùug tlÕ úh' bka miq ±kqï§ulska f;drj ;dlaI‚l we.ehqï lñgqj úiqrejd yer kj lñgqjla m;a lrk ,§' fuu lñgqj ish¿u wvq ñ< .Kka m%;l s f a Iam lrk ,o w;r X keue;s iud.u úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o w¾mKh ^offer& ms<. s kakd ,§' m%Þkh lrk ,o fldka;d% ;alrejka jákdlfuka 10] l uqo, w;rueÈhd yryd fjk;a rgl§ wud;Hjrhd fj; ,nd fok ,§'

iq¿ mßudKfha ÿießh ^¥IK& fkdfyd;a ks<OdÍkaf.a ÿießh ^¥IKh& (Petty corruption/Bureucratric corruption) ( m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lrk wjêfha§ mßmd,k l%shdÞuh ;=< mj;sk ÿießhhs ^¥IKhhs&' mqrjeishka rdcH mßmd,kh iy fiajdjkaf.ka ^wdfrda.H Yd,d" mdi,a" m%dfoaYh S ì,am;a ld¾hd," fmd,Sih s " nÿf.ùï wêldßka& Tjqkf.a ffoksl jev rdcldÍ bgq lr .ekSfï§ fuu j¾.fha ¥IK w;a ú£ug isÿjk w;r idudkHfhka iq¿ mßudKfha uqo,a m%udKhka yqjudre ùfï§ ;uka leue;s ie<ls,, a olajk njg fmdfrdkaÿjkakkag iq¿ jdis ie<iSu fï hgf;a isÿ fõ'

kso¾Ykh frda.Sfhl=f.a ×;sfhl=g frda.Ska n,k fõ,djka msg fõ,djl§ frda.shd ne,Sug frday,g we;=<;a ùug wjYH fõ' fÞrgqj Ndrlre iy wdrlaIl ks,Odßhd Tyqg we;=¿ ùug bv fkdfoa' túg Tyq fÞrgqNdrlreg iy wdrlaIl ks<Odßhdg re' 20 ne.ska ,ndfok w;r tAjd ,ndf.k Tjqka Tyqg frday,g we;=¿ ùug bv i,ihs'

iafjÉPdfjka isÿlrk iy n,y;aldrfhka isÿjk ÿießh ^¥IKh&' (Voluntary/Extortion) a hla wfmalI a dfjka iy jdishla ,nd .ekSfï wruqfKka mqo. a ,hka mlaImd;S;j ks<OdÍka fj; m%fõY jk w;r Tjqkf.a lsiÿs n,mEulska f;drj iafõÉpdfjka ;E.s m%Þkh lsÍu isÿfõ' iuyr wjia:djkay§s w,a,ia ,ndfokakka f.a mSvkhg ks<Odßhd k;= jk w;r tjeks wjia:djka iafõÉpdfjka isÿ flfrk w,a,ila jYfhka ie<fla' iuyr wjia:djkay§s kS;Hdkql, + fyda rdcldÍuh lghq;; a bgq lsÍug ,nd Èh hq;= NdKav fyda fjk;a oE ks<Odßhd úiska b,a,d isà' tjeks b,a,u S la mokï jQ ÿießh ^¥IKh& n,y;aldrfhka isÿjk ÿießhls ^¥IKhls&' úfYaIfhkau ÿieß ^¥IK& úfrdaê wdh;khka f;dr;=re tla/ia lr .ekaug fndfyda úg wfmdfydi;a ùu ksid iafjÉPdfjka isÿ lrkq ,nk ÿießh ^¥IKh& uev,Sug ÿIalr nj fndfyda úg fmkS f.dia we;'

kso¾Ykh <ufhl= mdi,g we;=<;a lsÍfï§ wÞ< kS;j S ,g msáka lsiÿs ;Hd.hla fyda uqo,la ms<. s ekSug cd;sl mdi,l úÿy,am;sjrfhla m%;l s f a Iam lrhs' fuf,i uqo,a ,nd.ekSu m%;slafIam lrk úÿy,am;sjrhd wÞ, fouõmshka úiska fmd<Ujd.kakd w;r wjidkfha§ fouõmshkaf.a n,lsÍu fya;f = jka iy úÿy,am;sjrhdg iïnkaO Tyqf.a ×;sfhla fyda hy¿fjla ud¾.fhka Tyqf.a ksji ioyd f.dvke.s,s øjH ms<. s kS' <uhd mdi,g we;=<;a lr .ekSu ioyd úÿy,am;sjrhd f.dvke.s,s øjH b,a,d isáfha kï fuu ;;a;j a h fjkia fõ' ÿießh ^¥IKh& iïnkaOj ks;r kef.k m%YaK j,g ms<s;=re i|yd Wm .%ka:h 2 n,kak 26

ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,ays ¥IKfha fmdÿ .=Kdx. 01'

my< ;,fha muKla fkdj by< ;,fha o l%h s d;aul fõ' tneúka ixj¾Ok m%uqL;d m%;sm;a;s iy jHdmD;s j,g wod< uQ,sl ;SrK u; úkdYldrS n,mEula we;s lrhs'

02'

¥IK uqo,a frdao fkdj ;gq ,nd we;' oshqKQ rgl ¥IKfhkA Wmhk uqo,a fndfyda wjia:d j,oS wdfhdackh jkafka tu rg ;=,uh' tkuq;a ol=Kq wdishdfõ ¥IKfhka Wmhk uqo,a fndfyda úg wdfhdackh jkafka oshqKq rgj,a j,h'

03'

isrf.h fkdj Wiiaùï ,nhs' fndfyda úg ¥IK oe,g yiqjkafka f;dareka fudareka fkdj yd,aueiaikah' boysg f;dare fudare yiq jQj;a l=uk fyda l%uhlska ovqjulska f;drj wjidkfhaoS ksoyi ,nhs'

04'

ñ,shk 515 lska iukaú; ÿmam;a ck.ykhla ;=< l%h s d;aul fõ' • ,xldfõ ÿmam;alfï f¾Ldfjka my," tkï osklg weurslka fvd,¾ follg jvd wdodhula fkd,nk mjq,a 25] la we;'

¥IKh ukqIH;ajhg tfrys idmrdë jrols' ol=Kq wdishdfõ ¥IK uev,Su hkq fmdÿ ckd;jf.a cSú; fírd.ekSuhs'

;=kj a k mßÉfþoh ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& m%;ú s mdl ÿießh ^¥IKh&

iudc" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,ksl w¾nqo we;s lrhs' ,laI ixLHd; ck;dj ÿlaÅ; ;;ajhg m;a lr id.skaorfhka ;nhs' kS;sh yd iudc ixysÈhdj ì| ouhs' udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lrhs' iudc widOdrKh we;s lrhs' rfÜ ixj¾Okh i|yd fhdojk uqo,a mqo. a , ixj¾Okhg fhoùu u.ska rfÜ ixj¾Okh mud lrhs' ck;djf.a uQ,l s wjYH;djka jk wdydrmdk" bÿï ysgï q yd /lS rlaId iemhSug rch wfmdfydi;a lrjhs' rcfha wdodhu wysñ lsÍu iy rdcH úhou jeä lsÍu u.ska NdKav ñ, by, hdug i,iajhs' rfÜ Woaoukh jeä lrjhs' wmrdOlrejkag .e,ùug bvlv ie,eiaùu u.ska wmrdO jeä lrhs' úfoaY wdfhdack yd úfoaY wdOdr ,eîu j<lajhs'

kS;h s g .re lsÍu ìojeà rg wrdðl ;;ajhg m;alrhs'

rch flfrys uyck úYajdih ì|jeàu ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& M,úmdlhla f,i rch flf¾ uyck úYajdih ìojeàfuka iuia: iudchu wk;=rg m;aùfï wjodku lS¾;sOr jHdmdßlfhl= jk yegka keIk,a nexl=fõ iNdm;s ßhkais úfÊ;s,l uy;d olsk whqre (’ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& yd n,h whq;= f,i fhoùfï úmdl wmf.a foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh fkdmudj f;areï .ekSu rfÜ hym;g fya;=fõ' tfia fkdjkafka kï jerÈ ud¾.hg fhduq l,d jQo" wkaOdkqldrfhka lghq;= l<djQ o ;reKhska úiska fkdj" hym;a mqrjeishka jYfhka iemj;a Ôú;hla .; lsÍfï whs;h s meyer .kakd ,o" W.;a" nqoaêu;a iy ksjerÈ ±laula iys; ;reK le,la úiska Èh;a lrkq ,nk le/ ,a,lg kqÿre wkd.;fha§u uqyK q §ug wmg isÿjkq we;¶ ßhkais úfÊ;s,l- ,xld uka;a,s vhsfÊiaÜ - 2003 cQks l,dmh

" The sooner our political leadership realizes the consequences of corruption and abuse of power, the better it is for our country. If not, Sri Lanka, in the near future, is likely to find itself on the brink of another insurgency - led not by some misguided group blindly following and ideology, but by right - thinking educated young people who have been deprived of the opportunity of leading decent lives as lawabiding citizen." -Reinzie Wijethileke- LMD June 2003

ÿießh ^¥IKh& ñksia Ôú; ì,s.kakd whqre ;=¾ls fÄojdplh

1. The costs of corruption

by; oelafjkafka 1999 j¾Ifha ;=¾lsfha isÿ jq N+ñlïmdj ksid úkdY jQ uy,a ksjdi ixlS¾Khls' ta wi,skau we;s uy,a f.dvke.s,a,g ydks ù ke;af;a N+ñlïmdj,g Tfrd;a;= fok ksis m%ñ;sfhka th ;kd we;s ksidh' kuq;a ydkshg m;a jQ uy,a ksjdi ixlS¾Kh ÿieß ^¥IK& l%shdjkaf.a m%;sM,hla f,i ksis m%ñ;sfhka bÈlrk ,oaola fkdjk nj ;yjqre ù we;' ^uQ,dY%h - g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a úYaj ¥IK jd¾;dj- 2005&

ñksii a q N+ñlïmd ksid fkduefrk kuq;a lvdjefgk f.dvke.s,s ksid ñh h;s' 30

ck wjOdkhg t;rï ,la fkdjqKQ › ,xldfõ fÄojdplhla'

Èjhsk 2005'08'09

Èjhsk 2005'10'01

Èjhs k

ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd ixj¾Okh ÿießh ^¥IKh& rgl ixj¾Okh wvd, lrkjd muKla fkdj iuyr úgl§ ixj¾Ok wdmiq yrjd mßydksh lrd .uka lrùug fya;= ldrl fõ' f,dalfha rgj,a ixj¾ê;" ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk yd W!k ixj¾ê; rgj,a f,i j¾. ;=klg fnod we;s w;r fuu rgj,a j, ÿießh ^¥IKh& mej;Sfï uÜgu" rfÜ ixj¾Ok uÜgu iu. ixikaokh lsÍfuka ÿießh ^¥IKh& u¾okh lr we;s m%udKhg rg ixj¾Okh ù we;snj fydodldrju ±lsh yel' rg

udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh 2002

tal mqo. a , ksIm a dokh we't'c' fvd,¾ 2002 2002

¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylh 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

24,806

ixj¾ê; rgj,a fkda¾fõ

36,600 8.5(12) 8.8(8) 8.9(8) 8.9(8)

8.8(8)

8.7(9)

iaùvkh

26,050 9.3(5)

9.3(6) 9.2(6) 9.2(6)

9.2(6)

9.3(4)

TiafÜ%,shdj

28,260 8.6(11) 8.8(8) 8.8(9) 8.8(9)

cmdkh

26,940 7.1(20) 7.0(21) 6.9(24) 7.3(21) 7.6(17) 7.5(17)

mska,ka;h

26,190 9.7(1)

fydxfldx

26,910 8.2(14) 8.0(14) 8.0(16) 8.3(15) 8.3(15) 8.3(14)

isx.mamQrej

24,040 9.3(5)

ol=Kq fldrshdj

16,950 4.5(40) 4.3(50) 4.5(47) 5.0(40) 5.1(42) 5.1(43)

fulaisfldaj

8,970 3.6(57) 3.6(64) 3.6(64) 3.5(65) 3.3(70) 3.5(72)

uef,aishdj

9,120 4.9(33) 5.2(37) 5.0(39) 5.1(39) 5.0(44) 5.1(43)

refïkshdj

6,560 2.6(74) 2.8(83) 2.9(87) 3.0(85) 3.1(84) 3.7(69)

;dhs,ka;h

7,010 3.2(64) 3.3(70) 3.6(64) 3.8(59) 3.6(63) 3.3(84)

ms,smSkh

4,170 2.6(77) 2.5(92) 2.6(102) 2.5(117) 2.5(121) 2.5(131)

• ,xldj

3,570 3.7(52) 3.4(66) 3.5(67) 3.2(78) 3.1(84) 3.2(94)

bkaÿkSishdj

111

3,230 1.9(96) 1.9(122) 2.0(133) 2.2(137) 2.4(130) 2.3(143)

nx.a,dfoaYh

138

1,700 1.2(102) 1.3(133) 1.5(145) 1.7(158) 2.0(156) 2.0(162)

khsÔßhdj

151

860 1.6(101) 1.4(132) 1.5(144) 1.9(152) 2.2(142) 2.2(147)

wekaf.da,dj

166

2,730 1.7(98) 1.8(124) 2.0(133) 2.0(151) 2.2(142) 2.2(147)

rgj,a ixLHdj

170

9.7(1) 9.7(1) 9.6(2)

9.4(5) 9.3(5) 9.4(5)

8.7(9) 8.6(11)

9.6(1)

9.4(5)

9.4(1)

9.3(4)

ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;s k rgj,a

W!k ixj¾ê; rgj,a

102

133

145

158

163

179

^¥IK ixLHd; o¾Ylhg wod,&

uQ,dY%h (- • ,xldfõ iudc yd wd¾Ól o;a; 2004- • ,xld uy nexl=j' ÿieß ^¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Yl-g%dkaif a markais bkagkeIk,a

rgl }ie]h ^¥IK& uÜgu ukskf a ka flfiao@ hï rgl mj;sk ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& uÜgu uek ne,Su i|yd we;s o¾Ylh g%dkaifa markais bkagkeIk,a ys ÿieß ^¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylhhs' ^Corruption Perception Index&' iólaIK l%u 10 la weiqfrka tla tla rfÜ ÿießh ^¥IKh& mej;Su ms<Sn| o;a; /ialr tla tla rg ysñ ,l=Kq m%udKh ;SrKh lrkq ,efí' ,l=KQ mrdih ìkaÿfõ ^0& isg oyh ^10& olajd jk w;r wka; ¥Is; kï ,l=Kq 0 la ,efnk w;r ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka& iïmQ¾Kfhkau f;dr kï ,l=Kq 10 la ,efí' jryka ;=, olajd we;af;a tla tla j¾Ifha§ ,enQ ,l=Kq m%udKh wkqj tA tA rg ,nd.;a ia:dkhhs' ÿießh ^¥IKh& ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï§ jeo.;a jkafka ,l=Kq m%udKh jk w;r ia:dkh fkdfõ' ukao tla tla j¾Ihg mdol jk rgj,a ixLHdj wkqj ia:dkh fjkia jk neúks' wdishd;sl rgj,ays wd¾Ól o¾Ylhka yd ÿieß ^¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylh w;r ixikaokh ^we't'c' fvd,¾& 2001 rg

o< foaYh S tal mqoa., talmqo. a , l%hYla;h s ^we't'c' ^wdodhu we't'c' 2002 fvd,¾& 2002 fvd,¾& 2001

¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylh 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

isx.mamQrej

21,500

22,850

9.3

9.4

9.3

9.4

fydxfldx

25,330

25,550

8.2

8.0

8.3

cmdkh

25,610

25,560

7.1

7.0

6.9

7.3

7.6

7.5

uef,aishdj

9,120

9,068

4.9

5.2

5.0

5.1

5.0

5.1

o'fldßhdj

16,950

17,380

4.5

4.3

4.5

5.0

5.1

• ,xldj

880

3,260

3.7

3.4

3.5

3.2

3.1

3.2

Ökh

890

3,976

3.5

3.4

3.2

3.3

3.5

1,940

6,230

3.2

3.3

3.6

3.8

3.6

3.3

bkaÈhdj

480

2,820

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.3

3.5

ms,smSkh

1,030

4,070

2.6

2.5

2.6

2.5

mdlsia:dkh

420

1,860

2.1

2.5

2.1

2.2

2.4

bkaÿkSishdj

690

2,830

1.9

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.3

nx.,dfoaYh

360

1,600

1.2

1.3

1.5

1.7

2.0

;dhs,ka;h

ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& Y%S ,xld uqyK q j q r ^2002$2003 ú.Kldêm;s jd¾;dj& ud¾. ixj¾Okh wêldßh

weia;fïka;= .; lrk ,o m%udKh blaujd jeh lrk ,o remsh,a 143"914"306 la Khlrejka hg;g we;=,;a lr ;snqKo wdmiq ,nd .ekSug yelsfõo hkak iel iys;h'

uQ,H m%ldYk j, yd wod, Wmf,aLk w;r remsh,a 14"674"037 l fjki meyeÈ,s lr fkdue;'

Khlrejka 444 fofkl=f.ka remsh,a 15"777"354 la jir mylg jeä ld,hla ;siafia whlrf.k fkdue;'

f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;j =

2000 jir i|yd jk remsh,a 15"079"115 msßjegqï noao iy remsh,a 22"903"444 jk cd;sl wdrlaIl noao l¿;r yd .d,a, m%dfoaYSh ld¾hd, u.ska tl;= lr ke;'

cd;sl rlaIK ixia:dj

2002 jir ;=,§ cd;sl rlaIK ixia:dfõ fldgia m%d.aOkfha 39] úlsKsfï§ remsh,a ñ,shk 56'6 l mdvqjla lr we;'

kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh

1996 isg 2000 olajd ld,h ;=, remsh,a 429"450"000 uqo,la iud.ï 4 l wdfhdackh lr ;snqKo 2003-02-31 olajd ta i|yd ,dNdxY lsisjla ,eî fkd;snqKs'

› ,xld uyje,s wêldßh

iel lghq;= yd y÷kdfkd.;a yr yd ner fYaIhkaf.a uq¿ tl;=j ms<fs j,ska remsh,a ñ,shk 3'424"889 la yd remsh,a ñ,shk 3'75 ls'

.sKqï 8 l ;snQ meyeÈ,s lsÍula fkdlrk ,o fjki remsh,a ñ,shk 276'880 úh'

remsh,a ñ,shk 11"079'883 la jQ lreKq 13 la iïnkaOfhka ú.Kkh lsÍu i|yd idlaIs fkdùh'

lsisÿ m%;s,dNhla fkdue;sj lr ;snQ wdfhdackhkaf. m%udKh remsh,a ñ,shk 21"133 la úh'

wdodhï tl;=j wi;=gqodhl jQ w;r tl;= lrk ,o remsh,a ñ,shk 39'397 l uqo,la wêldßh fj; hjd fkd;snqKs'

.KqfoKq 6 la iïnkaOj y÷kd.;a mdvqj re' ñ,shk 172'56 ls' Wmqgd .ekSu • ,xldfõ w,a,i yd ¥IKh - kS;sh yd kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh - udkj ysñlï iy ixj¾Okh ms<sn| kS;sfõ§ ixúOdkfha wOHhk jd¾;dj - 2005 fkdjeïn¾' 75-79 msgq

y;rjk mßÉfþoh ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& fya;= ÿießh ^¥IKh& isÿjkafka wehs@ ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& md¾Yj folls' b,a¨u yd iemhqu kHdh u; md¾Yjhka l%shd;aul fõ'

b,a¨u Demand

iemhqu Supply

rdcH ks,OdrSka foaYmd,k n,OdrSka cd;Hka;r yd foaYh S ks, ;ka;h % ka

fmdÿ ck;dj fldka;d% ;alrejka$ jHdmdrslhka ish¨u wdldrfha ksfhdac; s fhda

fuu tla tla ;eke;a;ka ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& fldgialrejka ùu úúOdldr úh yelsh'

Ôj;a ùug iß,k jegqmla fkd,nk rdcH fiajlfhl= ;u wd¾Ól ÿIalr;dj ksidu fok fohla ndr .ekSug fm<ôh yel'

fldmuK ,enqK;a uÈ ksid ;udg ,efnk ´kEu wjia:djlska ;udf.a u,a, mqrjd .kakd wkaofï rdcH fiajlhska ´kE ;rï we;'

foaYmd,ksl lghq;= ^ue;sjrK jHdmdrh& i|yd w;s úYd, uqo,a iïNdrhla wjYH jk fyhska tu úhoï mshjd .ekSug" leue;af;ka úhoï lrk ;eke;a;kaf.ka uqo,a ,nd .ekSug" foaYmd,k n,OdrSka fm<ôh yel'

ch.%yKh lsÍug bv we;s foaYmd,k mlaI ish,a,gu ue;sjrK wruqo,a imhd tu.ska ljqre n,hg m;a jQj;a ;u lghq;= lrjd .kakd jHdmdßlhska isáh yel'

kS ; s úfrda ë lghq ; = ls Í fï§ we;s jk ndOd wju ls Í u i|yd ks¾f,daNj S úhoï lsÍug leu;s iy ta ksidu ìh iel fkdue;sj wiSñ; ,dN ,eîug lghq;= i,iajd .kakjqka isáh yel'

n,Odßhd b,a,k foa fkdÿkafkd;a ;udg lsisjla fkd,efnk ksidfjka iy l¿.,a j, T¿ ymamd .ekSug wlue;s fyhska w,a,ig wlue;af;ka fyda hg;a jk wysxil ÿmam;=ka isáh yel'

úúOdldr nÿ f.ùï j,oS" ks,Odßhdg ikaf;daiula §" wdKavqjg iq¿ .dKla f.jd" ;udg f,dl= ,dNhla ;nd .ekSug ie§ meye§ isák jHdmdßlhka isáh yel'

yefudau .kakd ksid .kakd wh fukau yefudau §fuka jevlr .kakd ksid fok who isáh yel'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd f,dal b;sydih

ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dal b;sydih mqrdu mej; tkakls'

udkj YsIG a dpdrfha wdrïNh iu.u" ÿießh ^¥IKh& mej;s nj fukau ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& úreoaOj igka l, njg idOl" udkj b;sydih mqrdu yuqfõ'

Ökfha .d´ ;d´ úiska idok ,o ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾Ok kS;s l%'s mQ' 46 isg 21 olajd ld,h ;=, Ökfha Ishd rdcjxYh úiska l%h s d;aul lrk ,§ ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& ovqju jQfha k,f,a yxjvq .eySuhs'

miq ld,Skj Ök rdcjxY OQrdj,sh ;=< ÿießhg ^¥IKhg&" jrfoa nrm;,lu wkqj urKSh oKavkh mekjqKq w;r j;auka Ökho ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& urKSh oKavKh l%shd;aul lrhs'

neìf,dakh s dfõ yuqrdì rc ^l%'s mQ'1792-1750& úiska ÿieß; ^¥Is;& rdcH ks,OdÍkag ovqjï ,nd§u ms<n s | igyka ;enQ ueá M,l yuq ù we;'

l%s'mQ' 14 jk ishjfia§ Bðma;= mdrdfjda fydfrï yela ÿieß; ^¥Is;& rdcH ks,OdÍkag urKsh okavkh mekùh'

l%s'mQ' 70 § isfifrda frdaufha w.% úksYaphldr fyd.a yg tfrysj ÿieß ^¥IK& fpdaokd ms<n s |j kvq mjrd we;'

;u w¾: Ydia;%hh .%ka:fha§ fl!Ü,H ^pdKlH& ÿieß; ^¥Is;& rdcH ks,OdÍka ms<sn|j wk;=re wÕjkafka fufiah'

’uyck foam< ndrj isák rdcH ks,OdÍka tlS foam< ;u ,dN m%fhdack i|yd fhdod .kafka o hkak fiùu c,fha msyk s k ud¿fjl= tu c,h îug .kafka ±hs fiùu fuka ¥Ialrh¶

fuu ft;sydisl idOl wkqj fmr~mr foÈ.u f,dal ck;dj ;u YsIaGdpdrh wdrïNfha isgu ÿießh ^¥IKh& msgq ±lsh hq;= nrm;, jrola f,i i,lk ,o nj fmkS hhs' tfy;a ;ju;a wm w;ßka ÿießh ^¥IKh& ;=rka ù ke;af;a wehs@ ÿießh ^¥IKh& iudc ixisoaêhls' ÿießh ^¥IKh& mej;Sug fya;= my; i|yka mßÈ j¾. lr ±laúh yel' wd¾Ól fya;=

Ôjk úhoug iß,k jegqmla fkd,eîu lrkq ,nk fiajdjg iß,k jegqmla fkd,eîu wdodhï fn§hdfï úIu;djh oßø;dj ^ÿmam;alu&

foaYmd,k fya;= (

foaYmd,k taldêldrh rdcH wdh;k foaYmd,kSlrKh foaYmd,k wia:djrNdjh n,hg we;s lEorlu hqoO a h yd tys .kqfokq j, ryiHNdjh mgq foaYmd,k u;su;dka;r mj;akd ue;sjrK l%uh ;=, úhoï by,hdu úOdhlh" jHjia:dodhlh yd wêlrKh w;r wiunr in|;djh

mßmd,k fya;= (

rdcH fiajfha wld¾hlaIu nj Wkkaÿ lsÍï yd fm<Uùï j,ska f;dr rdcH mßmd,k rgdj rdcH fiajlhd ;u fiajh ms<sn|j ;Dma;shla fkdue;s ùu mßmd,kfha ixlS¾K l%shdoduh kqiqÿiaika by, ;k;=re j,g m;a lsÍu ks,OdÍka i;= n,;, wiuñ;sl ùu ks,OdÍka w;r n,h ksis mßÈ fn§ fkdhEu wiSñ; n,;, N+la;s ú§u ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& úreoaO ùug Yla;shla fkdue;s ùu wd;au .re;ajh fkdue;s ùu ;u ks,fha .re;ajh ms<sn| fkdis;Su

kS;u s h fya;= (

mj;sk kS;sfha wvqmdvq ;sîu kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh wld¾hlaIu ùu kS;sh ms<sn| .re;ajhla fkdue;s ùu kS;sh flfrys úYajdih fkdue;s ùu kS;sh l%shd;aul lrk wdh;k ÿ¾j, ùu kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkakka ¥Is; ùu

iudÔh fya;= (

iudc wdl,am iudc idrO¾u msry s u S ck;dj wjÈfhka fkdisàu ck;dj fj; f;dr;=re .,d tafï ksis l%ufõohla fkd;sîu ÿießh ^¥IKh& ms<sn| ;elSula fkdue;s ùu iudc yd wd.ñl kdhlhskaf.a ksis u.fmkaùula fkdue;s ùu ksis l%ufõofhkaa neyer ùug ck;d leue;a; isú,a iudch fNao ù ;sîu isú,a iudch Yla;su;a fkdùu

isú,a iudch wjos ùu yd ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾Okh fydxfld foaYfha úch.%yKfha l:dj ²

1970 oYlfha f,dAlfha ÿieß;u ^¥Is;u& fmd,Sish úh'

fmd,Sishg w,a,ia fkdoS lsisu wdldrhl jHdmdrhla l< fkdyels ;;ajhla mej;=Ks'

.Ksld ksjdi, iQÿ fmd<j,a ish,a,lau jl%dldrfhka fufyhjkq ,enqfõ fmd,Sish úiskauh'

Okj;au mqoa.,hska jQfha fmd,sia ks<OdrSkah'

kS;sh l%Shd;aul úu wl%Shj mej;=Ks'

Okj;a iellrejka lsiú s fgl w;awvx.=jg .ekSu fyda Tjqkg a tfrysj kvq mejrSula fkdúh'

mSg¾ f.dn¾ kï fmd,sia m%Odkshdf.a j;alï ms<n s o 1974 § mqj;a m;la u.ska fy<sorõ lrk ,§' uyck;dj úêu;a mßÈ ixúOdk .; ùulska f;drj ùÈ nei tA ms<n s |j mÍlaIK mj;ajk f,i n, lrk ,§'

wdKavqldrjrhd Bg m%;spdr olajñka fï iïnkaOj lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh ms,n s | ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍug we,iag¾ íf,hd¾ l¾ Alesteir Blair – Kerr lñgqj msyg s j q k ,oS' 40

lñgqj b;d blaukska mÍlaIKh iïmQ¾K l< w;r ks¾foaYh jQfha ÿieß ^¥IK& lghq;= fiùu i|yd fmd,Sifs hka mßndysrj iajdëk wdh;khla msyg s ù q ug lghq;= l< hq;= njh' ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys iajdëk fldñiu ^ICAC&1 ia:dms; lrk ,oS' tf;la

fmd,Sish i;=j ;snQ ÿieß ^¥IK& úu¾Yk n,;, fldñiug ,enqKs' fydxfldx fg,sfldï iud.fï by, ;k;=r w;ay< cela ldg¾ ^Jack Carter&

iajdëk fldñiug flduidßiajrhd f,i iïnkaO úh' ²

fmd,sia m%Odkshdg tfrysj lghq;= lsru S g fldñiug n,h ,enqKs'

fmd,sia m%Odkshd tx.,ka;hg m<dhk ,os'

Tyqj kej; f.kajd kS;s u.ska lghq;= lrk f,i uyck Woaf>daIK we;súh'

Tyqj tx.,ka;fhka fydxfldx fj; ndrfok ,oS

idOdrK mrSlI a Khla meje;ajK q .s bka fmd,sia m%Odkshd jeroslre jQ w;r ovqjï kshu úh' Tyqf.a Okh rdcika;l úh' wka fmd,sia ks<OdrSkaf.a j;alï msrslaiSugo lghq;= lrk ,oS. Bg tfrys jQ

fmd,Sih s jev j¾ckh l<y' ²

wdKavqldrjrhd" fmd,Sish yd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrysj iajdëk fldñiu (ICAC& w;r" fmd,Sishg tfrysj ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾Ok kS;sh wkd.;hg n,mdk mrsos muKla l%shd;aul lrk njg tl.;djhla we;s lr.kakd ,oS' fmd,Sisho w,a,iska yd ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka& f;drj kS;s.relj ;u rdcldÍ bgq lrk njg m%;s{d ÿkay'

fmd,Sish ish m%;s{dj u; lghq;= lrk ,o w;r tu.ska úYsIag fmd,sia fiajhla we;s úh'

¥IKh ke;s lsrf S uka fydxfldx foaYh oskd.;a foa ²

rdcH fiajfhA wjxlNdjh

kS;sh yd iduh ia:dms; ùu

jHdmdrsl f,dalfha wjxl;ajh

wdfhdack j¾Okh ùu

ish¨u wdh;k m%;sixúOdkh ùu

uyck uqo,a kdia;sh ke;sùu

wdpdrYS,S iudchla ìysùu 1970 oYlfhaoS f,dalfha ÿieß;u ^¥Is;u& iy ÿmam;au rgj,a j,ska tlla jQ

fydxfldx foaYh wo f,dalfha ÿießh ^¥IKh& wvqu iy fmdfydi;a rgj,a w;rg tlaù isà' fydxfldx foaYh f,dalfha wdfhdackhla lsru S g fyd|u rg njg kï lr we;' 1

ICAC - Independent Commission Againts Corruption.

miajk mrsÉfPaoh ÿießh ^¥IKh& ke;s lsru S

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ m%ldYkhlska Wmqgd .kakd ,È'

}ie]h ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï l%ufõoh • ,xldj ;=, ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùu i|yd l%ufõohla we;' tkï ÿieß ^¥IK& je<elaùu i|yd kS;s iy tu kS;s l%h s d;aul lsÍug úúO wdh;k we;'

ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾ok kS;s 1883 oKav kS;s ix.%yh w,a,ia" foam< jxl f,i idjoH mßyrKh" idmrdë úYajdih lv lsÍu" jxpdj wd§ ÿieß ^¥IK& l%shd isr ovqjï ,eìh yels jroj,a f,i olajd we;' 42

1982 fmdÿ foam< ms<sn| jerÈ mk; fmdÿ foam< tkï wdKavqfõ" jHjia:dms; uKav,hl" rdcH ixia:djl" nexl=jl" iuQmldr ix.uhl fyda iñ;shl foam< ms<n s | jxpksl l%h s d isroËqjï ,eìh yels jrola njg m;alr we;'

1954 w,a , ia mk; - 1994 w,a , ia yd ¥IK fpda o kd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNd mk; ish¨ wdldrfha w,a,ia §ï yd .ekSï" meyeÈ,s lsÍug fkdyels f,i j;alï whs;l s r .ekSï yd úhoï lsÍï yd ¥IKh isroËqjï ,eìh yels jrola njg olajd we;' Wmßu isr oËqju-w,a,i-wjq 07 - ¥IKh wjq 10 hs' ^¥IKh jro 1994 § w,a,ia mk;g f.ktk ,o ixfYdaOkhlska yÿkajd § we;'& ^w,a,ia mkf;a úêúOdk ir,j Wm.%ka: 1 ys i fldgfia olajd we;'&

1975 j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfï mk; mkf;a olajd we;s mqoa.,hka úiska jd¾Islj j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;a lr hq;= hehs kS;sh kshu lr we;s w;r ksYaÑ; uqo,la f.ùfuka tu jd¾;d mÍlaId lsÍug;a" iy;sl msgm;a ,nd .ekSug;a mqrjeishkag whs;j s dislu ,nd § we;' ^jeä úia;r i|yd Wm .%k: a h 1 ys ii fldgi n,kak&

2006 uqo,a úY=oê a lrKh je,elaùï mk; yd 2006 uqo,a .kqfokq jd¾;d lsÍï mk; kS;s úfrdaë l%shdldrlulska ^¥IKho we;=,;aj& Wmhd.;a uqo,a kS;Hdkql+, uqo,a njg m;a lsÍu je<elaùu fukau" widudkH uqo,a .kqfokq jd¾;d lsÍug fï u.ska kS;s mkjd we;s w;r tu mk;a j, úê úOdk lv lsÍu isrovqjï ,eìh yels jrola njg m;a lrhs' ^jeä úia;r i|yd Wm.ka: 1 ys iii fldgi n,kak&

wdh;k ix.%yh

rcfha udkj iïm; ksis mrsos yeisrùu uQ,l s wruqKfõ'

ÿießh ^¥IK& i|yd bv fkd,efnk mrsos rdcH fiajd m;a lsrSï" Wiiaùï" udrelsrï S yd úkh mrSlI a K iïnkaOfhka wjYH kS;s we;=<;a lr we;'

rcfha ks<OdrSka n,h whq;= f,i fhoùu md,kh isÿfõ'

ÿieß; ^¥Is;& ks<OdrSka ms<sn| mrSlaIK meje;aùug bvlv ie,fia' 43

uQ,H fr.=,dis

rcfha uqo,a yd wfkl=;a foam< ksim s rsos fhoùug wod, kS;s we;=<;ah'

rcfha ñ,oS .ekSï" rdcH ks<OdrSkfa .a úhoï" rcfha uqo,a fjka lsrï S ms<n S | kS;s we;=<;ah'

rcfha uqo,a ÿieß; ^¥Is;& f,i fhoùu je<elaùug oeä m%;smdok we;'

ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾ok wdh;k ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j

wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska msysgqjd we;s wdh;khls'

cd;sl uÜgfï" m<d;a uÜgfï yd m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï we;s rcfha wdh;k ú.Kkh lrhs'

ú.Kkfhka miq jd¾;d md¾,sfïka;=jg bosrsm;a lrhs'

m<d;a md,k wdh;khkays yd úYaj úoHd,hkays ÿieß ^¥IK& iïnkaOfhka wêNdr mekùfï n,h we;'

ú.Kldêm;s m;a lsrSu jHjia:dodhl uKAv,fha wkque;sh u; isÿ lrhs'

m%dfoaYh S ld¾hd, we;'

uyck meñKs,s o ú.KkfhaoS i,ld n,hs'

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj

1954 w,a,ia mk; u.ska ia:dms; lr ;snQ w,a,ia flduidrsia fomd¾;fïka;=j yd w,a,ia flduidrsia ;k;=r wj,x.= lr" 1994 wxl 19 orK w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNd mk; u.ska w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj msysgqùh'

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd Ndr .ekSu" ta .ek úu¾Yk lghq;= lsru S yd kvq mejrSu yd kvq fufyhùu fldñifï ld¾hNdrh fõ' fldñiu i;= iqúfYaI n,;, lSmhla

´kEu mqo. a ,fhl= fldñiu bosrh s g leoùug"

Tyqg tfrys fpdaokd mrslI a d lsru S g"

mrSlI a K wjika jk;=re úfoaY .uka n,m;% w;a ysgù q ug"

foam, ysñlï udrelr ,shdmosxÉh je<elaùug"

fpdaokd ;yjqre fõ kï kvq mejrSug iy fufyh ùug fldñiug n,h we;'

m%n,;u ÿ¾j,;djh jkafka fldñiug meñKs,a,la ,eîfuka f;drj w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokdjla úu¾Ykh lsrSug we;s fkdyelshdjhs'

cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu

17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska ia:dms; wdh;khls'

foaYmd,k n,mEï j,ska f;drj fmd,Sish mj;ajdf.k hdu uQ,sl wruqKhs'

fmd,sia ks,OdrSka udrelsru S " Wiia lsru S yd úkh mrSlI a K" foaYmd,k n,mEïj,ska f;drj isÿ lsrSug bv ie,fia'

fmd,Sih s g tfrysj t,a, jk fpdaokd i,ld ne,Sug n,h we;'

fmd,sia ks,OdrSkag wjxlj iy iajdëkj lghq;= lsrSug bvlv ie,fia'

ta ;=<k s a fmd,Sih s i;= n,;," fmdÿ foam<j,g tfrys wmrdO" fmdÿ wruqo,a wh:d mrsyrKh wdoS ÿieß ^¥IK& ÿr,Sfï ,d l%shd;aul lsrSug yelsjkq we;'

iajdëk ue;sjrK fldñiu

17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska ia:dms;h'

ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrKhla ;yjqre lsrSu uQ,sl wruqKhs'

ue;sjrK wh:d l%shd yd ¥IK u¾okh lsrSfï n,;, fldñiu i;=fõ'

foaYmd,k lghq;= j,g fmdÿ foaam< fhdod .ekSu je<elaùu'

ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrKhla Wfoid udOH wdh;k j,g ud¾f.damfoaY ,ndoSu'

ue;sjrK j,oS idOdrK f,i rdcH udOH fhoùu'

idOdrK ue;sjrKhla i|yd fmd,Sish yd wdrlaIl wxY fiajfha fhoùu iy rdcH ks,OdrSka fufyh ùu' hk n,;, fldñiu i;=h' 45

iajdëk rdcH fiajd fldñiu

17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska ia:dms; wdh;khls'

rdcH fiajfha iajdëk;ajh ;yjqre lsrSu uQ,sl wruqKh'

rdcH fiajfha m;a lsrSï" Wiia lsrSï iy úkh md,kh iïnkaO n,;, fuh i;=h'

rdcH fiajlhkaf.a úkh úfrdaë l%shd iïnkaOfhka l%shd lsrSug n,h we;'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& jro u; /lshdj wysñ lsrSfï n,h mjd ysñh'

m<d;a rdcH fiajd fldñiu ta ta m<d;a uÜgñka rcfha ks,OdrSkaf.a úkh úfrdaë l%shd ms<Sn| l%shdlrkq we;'

Tïnqäiauka jrhd ^mrsmd,kh i|yd jk md¾,sfïka;= flduidrsi&a

rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=" jHjia:dms; uKav," ixia:d" rcfha wêldÍka yd m<d;a md,k wdh;k j,g úreoaOj flfrk meñKs,s úu¾Ykh lrhs'

mqo. a ,fhl=g ;u b,a,u S Rcqju Tïnqâiauka jrhdg fhduq l< yels w;r úu¾Yk jd¾;dj, msgm;a wod, wdh;k m%Odkshd u.ska fm!oa.,sl ,sms f.dkqj,g we;=,;a lrhs'

tla cd;sl Tïnqâiauka jrfhl= yd ld¾hd,hla we;'

fmd,Sish iy wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j,g muKla fomd¾;fïka;= Tïnqâiauka jrfhl= yd ld¾hd,hla we;'

ckdêm;s jrhd úiska m;a lrhs'

wêlrKh

wêlrKhg wdldr follska ÿießh ^¥IKh& md,kh lsrSug yelshdj we;'

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ III jk mrsÉfPaofha i|yka uQ,l s whs;j s dislï ms<n s | m%;smdok u.ska rdcH fiajh ;=< m;aùï yd Wiiaùï ,ndoSu" fiajfhka bj;a lsru S iy nojd .ekSu wdoS wjia:dj,o widOdrKhla isÿ jqjfyd;a fyda ÿieß l%h s d lrk ^¥Is;& rdcH ks<Odrsfhl=f.a l%h s dfjka uyck;djf.a uQ,l s whs;j s dislï lv ùula isÿ jqjfyd;a wêlrKh u.ska iykhla ,nd .ekSu ;=,ska ÿießh ^¥IKh& wvq lsrSu isÿ fõ' 46

w,a,i" ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd fmdÿ foam< wh:d mrsyrKh ms<n s | wêlrK l%shdud¾.h ^fpdaokd úNd. lsrSu iy ovqjï meñKùu& ÿießh ^¥IKh& wvq lsru S g bjy,a fõ'

md¾,sfïka;j = ^jHjia:dÞhlh&

ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys kS;s iïmdokh'

ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾ok wdh;k msysgqùu yd tAjdg n,;, ,nd§u'

iNd .¾Nfha§ m%Yak ke.Su iy újdo meje;aùu u.ska úOdhl lghq;= wëlaIKh lsÍu'

rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj yryd rdcH wdh;k j, .sKQï mßlaId lsÍu'

rdcH jHjidh lñgqj yryd rdcH jHjidh j, .sKqï mÍlaId lsÍu'

rdcH wxYfha by, ;k;=re j,g m;ajkakka iïnkaOfhka by< ;k;=re ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= ldrl iNd u.ska mÍlaId lsÍu'

ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys kS;s moaO;shla ;sfí kï iy tu kS;s n,d;aul lsÍug wdh;k o we;s kï ÿießh ^¥IKh& ;jÿrg;a mj;skf a ka wehs@

ck;dj wjÈfhka fkdisàu'

ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& úreoaO uyck u;hla fkd;sîu'

ckudOH ÿieß ^¥IK& jd¾;dlrKfhka Tíng f.dia ÿieß ^¥IK& úfrdaë wdl,amhla we;s lrùug W;aidy fkd.ekSu'

ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& foaYmd,k wkqn,h yd wkq.y % h ,eîu - foaYmd,lhska úiska ÿießh ^¥IKh& lsÍu'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& je,elaúh fkdyels fohla hehs iïu;hla we;s lr.ekSu'

ÿieß ^¥Is;& ud¾.hlska fyda ;u lghq;a; blaukska iy myiqfjka lr .ekSug ck;dj fm<Uùu'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& idudkH fohela hehs is;Su'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& ms<sn| ñ;Hdjka ;=< we,S .e,S isàu'

ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾okhg uyck iyfhda.h m%udKj;a mßÈ fkd,eîu'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& u¾okhg ck;d iyfhda.h ,eìh hq;= whqre ’fuu mk; j,x.= jQ úg ¥IK l% s h d .ek jeros l drhs k a jk ish,a,kau w,a,d .ekSug wmg n,h ,efnkq we;' fï rfÜ iEu mqrjeisfhl=u iyfhda.h fkdolajf;d;a fuu mk; kS;s ix.% y hg we;= < ;a ls r S f uka jevla

isÿ

f k d f õ ' furg

uyckhd" hq;l = u ms<n s | fmdÿ yeÕSfuka hqla;j bosrshg ú;a w,a,ia ¥IK l%shd keje;aùu i|yd wmg wdOdr osh hq;h = '¶ ^tjlg .re wud;H •u;a fcdaka fld;,dj, 1954 wxl 11 ork mk; f,i iïu; jQ w,a,ia mk;a flgqïm; md¾,sfïka;=jg bosrsm;a lsrSfïoS&

rgl ¥IKh k;r lsÍug uyck;djg fyda md¾,s f ïka ; = j g fyda tfia ; a ke;s k ï fjk;a wdh;khlg muKla ;ksju l< yels l%shdjla fkdj iEu wfhl=f.au iduQyl s m%h;akhlska bgqúh hq;; a ls' tfukau rdcH wxYfha mj;sk wdh;khkays ld¾hlaIu;dj yd ukd l%h s dldÍ;ajh ;SrKh jkafka wdh;k msysgqjd we;s kS;s Í;s fyda fr.=,dis u;u muKla fkdj th fufyhjkq ,nk yd ks,;, ork ks,OdÍkaf.a yd ksfhdað;hkaf.a l=i,;djh yd lemùu u;h'

ckdêm;s kS;S{ úchodi rdcmlaI md¾,sfïka;= uka;%S yd rdcH jHjidh ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;s

ÿießh ^¥IKh& uevmeje;aùu iy kS;f s ha l%h s dldÍ;ajh kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh ul=¿ ±,la jeks hehs merKs .%Sl lshukla we;' fuh ul=¿ ±,a iy,laIKh ^Cob Web Syndrome& f,i yeÈkafõ' ul=¿ ±,la l=vd ueiaika w,a,d.kakd kuq;a úYd, nUre" foUre jeks lDókag th myiqfjka lvdf.k hdug bv i,id fohs' f,dalh mqrd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrysj kS;sh l%shd;aul jkafkao fuf,ih hkqfjka fmdÿ ueisú,a,la mj;S' Y%S ,xldfõo w,a,ia yd ÿieß ^¥IK& ±,g yd,a ueiaika yiqjk kuqÿ f;dare fudare yiqjkafka ke;s nj m%p,s; u;hls'

fuys§ nUreka yd foUreka fyda f;dareka yd fudareka f,i ck;dj olskafka n,.;= mqoa.,hskah' tkï n,j;a foaYmd,k{hska iy Tjqkaf.a i.fhdah'

n,.;= mqoa.,hskag úreoaOj kS;sh l%shd;aul jQ wjia:d Y%s ,xldfõ o ±lsh yel' bka iuyrla kS;sh yd foaYmd,ksl fyda wh;ksl iodpdrhg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu ksid kS;sfha yia;h ÈlajQ wjia:d jk w;r ;j;a iuyrla yqÿ foaYmd,ksl fya;+ka u; u muKla fõ' foaYmd,ksl wjYH;d i|yd kS;sh ovóud lr .ekSu kS;sh ms<n S | .re;ajh ì| jeàug fya;= jk w;r fndfyda úg bka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka fpdaokdj iïnkaO ksis mÍlaIKhla lsÍu fkdj úreoaOjdÈhd ksyv lsÍuhs' flfia kuqÿ fujeks foaYmd,ksl wjYH;d u; fukau mqoa.,hd fld;rï n,.;= jQjla jrola l,d kï kS;shg wkqj ovqjï ,eìh hq;=h hk iodpdrd;aul kHdh u; ÿieß ^¥IK& fpdaokd i|yd jerÈlre jQ rdcH kdhlhska yd by, ks,OdÍka ms<n s | WodyrK yuqfõ' j¾.SlrKhlska f;drj tjka isÿùï lsym s hla muKla fuys olajk w;r j¾.SlrKh lr .ekSu Tng ndr lrñ' tkuq;a n,h" n,mEï lsÍu yd ;;ajh u.ska kS;sh ;ukag ´kE wdldrhg l%shd;aul lrùu ^fujeks wjia:d kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkakka úiska kS;sh lvkafka ke;s jQj o kukq ,nk f,i ^not breaking but bending) ±lafjk w;r th m%cd;ka;%jd§ mrudo¾Yh ksfIaOkh lsÍula jkq we;' jdKsc n,h" ;dlaIKsl n,h yd hqouh n,h ;ks ;ksj fyda iyiïnkaê;j l%shd;aul jkq ±lsh yels jk w;r fndfyda úg n,.;= rdcHhkays fuh ks;r isÿjkakls'

1941 jHjia:dodhl uKav,fha idudðlhkag tfrys w,a,ia fpdaokd úNd. l, t,a'tï'ã' o is,ajd fldñIka iNdj ysgmq m<d;a md,k weu;sjrhd o we;=¿j iajfoaY lghq;= ms<sn| lñgqfõ idudðlhska 4 fofkl=" fi!LH lñgqfõ idudðlfhl= yd

hqfrdamh S uka;j S% re 03 fofkl= jerÈlrejka njg ;SrKh lsÍu yd tA u; iuyrla b,a,d wiaùu yd b,a,d wia fkdjQ wh fkrmd yeÍu'

1949 tï'ví'tÉ' o is,ajd fldñIka iNdj u.ska 1947fld<U uy k.r iNdfõ Pkaoh ms<n S | w,a,ia fpdaokdjg mqrm;s jrhd jerÈlre lsÍu'

1959 ;,f.dvmsáh fldñIka iNdj u.ska md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjre 06 fofkla yd weu;sjrfhla w,a,ia fpdaokd i|yd jerÈlre lsÍu'

1971-1975 olajd l%h s d;aul jQ wmrdO hql; a s úksYp a h fldñIka iNdj u.ska úfoaY úksuh jxpd i|yd n,.;= mqo. a ,hska jerÈlrejka njg kï lsÍu'

1978 ckdêm;s mÍlaIK fldñIka iNdj u.ska ysgmq w.%ud;Hjßh yd ysgmq weu;sjrfhla n,h whq;= f,i fhoùu ms<n S | jerÈlre lsÍu yd tys m%;M s ,h f,i m%cd whs;sh ke;s lsÍu'

w,a,i yd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys kS;sh úúêldrfhka f,dj mqrd l%shd;aul fõ' Ökh w,a,i yd ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& m%;súmdlhka f,i iudchg jk ydksh i,ld n,d urKSh oKavkh kshu lrk wjia:d we;' ^Wod(- 2007 iema;eïn¾

udifha§

wdydrmdk yd fT!IO md,k wëldßfha ysgmq iNdm;sjrhd w,a,ia fpdaokd ksid urKSh oKavkhg ,la lsÍu&' cmdkfha wju jYfhka ysgmq w.ue;sjre 4 fofkl=j;a ÿieß ^¥IK& fpdaokd u; isr.; lr we;' fmare rdcHfha ysgmq ckdêm;s we,an¾fgda mshqðfudß ±kg 6 jirl nkaOkd.dr .; lsÍug ,la ù we;' ms,smSkfha udfldaia tfrysj kvq mejÍug fmr Tyq ñh .sh w;r tiagd% vd fï jk úg jerÈlre njg wêlrKh úiska m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' bkaÿkSishdfõ iqy¾f;dag úreoaOj kvq úNd.h wdrïN l< w;r kvq úNd.hg uqyK q §u i|yd Tyqf.a uy¿ nj ndOdjla nj úksYp a hldrjrekaf.a u;h jQ neúka kvq úNd.h fkdmeje;ajK q 's

Y%S ,xldfõ§ j;alï wh:d f,i Wmhd.;a njg ysgmq weu;sjre fofofkl=g úreoaOj kvq úNd. lrk ,o w;r wêlrKh úiska tla weu;sjrfhla ksfodia fldg ksoyia lrk ,o w;r wfkla weu;sjrhd kS;s m%Yk a hla u; ksoyia lrk ,§' ysgmq hqo yuqodm;sjrfhl=g tfrysj mjrd ;snQ j;alï ms<n s | kvqjlao fuf,i kS;s m%Yk a hla u; wjika lr we;'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùu i|yd M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& fhfokakjqkag ovqjï §fï kS;suh l%shdud¾.h u.ska isoao jkafka jro lrkakg bv yer jro wkdjrKh jqjfyd;a ovqjï §fï idïm%odhsl l%uhhs' fuu.ska je<elaùula ñi je<lSula isÿjkafka ke;' m%;sldrhg jvd je<elaùu jvd hym;ah hk merKs wdma;h ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<lSu i|yd id¾:lj f,djmqrd l%shd;aul lrñka mj;S'

f,djmqrd m<d;a md,k l%uhka wOHhkh lsrSfuka wk;=rej ÿießh ^¥IKh& rdcH wxYh ;=< mj;skafka iy ta flf¾ n,mdkafka flfiao hkak ms<snoj .Ks;uh iólrKhl wdldrhg wdpd¾h frdn¾Ü la,Ü s .dâ (Dr.Robbert Klitgaard) úiska b;du;a ir, meyeos,s lsru S la lr we;'

C=M+D-A ¥IKh

} tAldêldrh ¬ wNsu;dkqidrS n,h - j.ùu

Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion - Accountabillity fuu iólrKfhka woyia flfrkafka tAldêldÍ ;;ajhla mj;sk úfgl rcfha ks,Odßfhl=g ish n,;, l%shd;aul lsÍug wNsu;dkqidÍ n,hla mj;skafka kï iy tu wjia:dfõ§ tu ks,OdÍhd lsisÿ j.ùulg ,la fkdjkafkakï túg ÿießh ^¥IKh& mj;sk njhs' ld¾hlaIu iy M,odhS rdcH wxYhl md,kh lrk ,o wNsu;dkqidrS n,h iy j.ùu w;r b;d fyd| iunr;djhla wjYHfõ' rdcH fiajh ;=< úksúoNdjhlska hq;= úIh uQ,sl iy j.ùu ixia:dmkh lrk Í;s moaO;shla yÿkajd § tAjd w¾: ksrEmKh fldg l%h s d;aul lr .ekSug wjYH meyeÈ,s ia:djr iy Ñria:dhS l%ufõohla yÿkajd §u u.ska rdcH wxYh ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka& j<lajd .; yelsh' tjeks lreKq rdcH ks,OdrSka f.a md¾Yjfhka is¥jk wh:d lghq;= ioyd we;s wjia:djka wju lr we;' ÿieß ^¥IK& l%shdjkays kshef,k ´kEu ks,Odrsfhl= ffk;slj fyda foaYmd,kslj j.ùfï iïNdú;dj fuu.ska by< ouhs' fndfyda wjia:djka ysoS kS;s iy fr.=,dis ´kE;rï

;sfnk nj oelsh yelsh' jeo.;a jkafka ÿießh

^¥IKh& os.k s a os.gu meje;aùug je<elafjk mßÈ tlS rS;k S a yd fr.=,dis w¾:l:kh lsrSu iy n,d;aul lsrSuhs'

f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh kS;s.; lsÍu'

uyck uqo,a yd foam< n,OdÍka úiska mßyrKh lrk wdldrh ±k.ekSug uyck;djg we;s whs;sh kS;sh u.ska ms<s.ekSug ,la lsÍu yd tA whs;sh m%fhdackj;a f,i Ndú;d lsÍu i|yd fndfyda rgj,a f;dr;=re ±k .ekSfï whs;sh kS;sfhka ,nd § we;' ixj¾ê; rgj,a ish,a,lau mdfya fuu whs;sh kS;s.; lr we;s w;r wLKav uyck Woaf>daIKhl m%;sM,h jYfhka bkaÈhdj f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï whs;sh kS;s .; lr we;' bkaÈhdfõ ÿießh ^¥IKh& wvq ùug f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï whs;h s buy;a msgj q y,la ù we;'

mßmd,k ld¾hdj,sh i|yd ck;d iyNd.S;j a h ,nd.ekSu'

;SrK .ekSu" ;SrK l%h s d;aul lsÍu yd miqúmru hk mßmd,kfha ;%súO wjia:d j,§ ck;d iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .ekSu u.ska uyck uqo,a ksis mßÈ fhoùu fuu.ska iy;sl flf¾' fuu iyNd.S;aj l%shdj,sh b;d wE; w;S;fha isgu mej; tkakla jk w;r ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a j, uE; ld,Skj foaYmd,kfha isÿ jQ jHQjyd;aul fjkiaùï ksid wu;l fldg fyda mfilg ;,a¨ lrk ,oaols' ;ju;a l%shd;aul jk bkaÈhdfõ mxpdh;a l%uh yd ,xldfõ ;snQ .ïiNd óg fyd| ksoiqkah' uE;§ wdrïN lr we;s ckiNd l%ufha fujekakl Pdhdud;%hla we;' ±kg Ndú;d fkdlrk kuqÿ m%dfoaYh S iNdjkays lñgq j, idudðlhkaf.ka yß wvla m%foaYfha uyck;djf.ka iukaú; úh hq;= njg kS;sfhka kshu lr we;'

mßmd,khg ck;d iyNd.S;j a h ,nd .ekSfï wdldr lsym s hla we;' I.

iyNd.s;j a h whjeh

(Participatory Budgeting)

n%iS,fha fmda¾fgda we,af.%a k.rfhka wdrïN jQ fuu l%ufõoh ±ka f,dalh mqrd

II'

k.r úYd, m%udKhl l%shd;aul fõ'

iyNd.S;j a ú.Kkh (Participatory Auditing) W;=re ms,smSkfha wen%d m%foaYfha ck;dj úiska rdcH uqo,a úhoï

lr we;s wdldrh ms<n s | fidhd ne,Su u.ska hymd,khg odhl jQ wjia:djls' fuys úfYaI;ajh jkafka fuu ld¾hdj,sfha m%Odk l%shdldÍka jkafka .Dykshka" YsIH YsHdjka iy ;reK fldgia j,ska iukaú; idudkH uyck;dj ùuhs'

III'

iyNd.S;j a mßmd,kh (Participatory Administration) jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYh S iNdj u.ska id¾:l f,i w;ayod neÆ

l%uhls fuh' fuu jev ms<sn|j l%shd;aul ùfuka m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ nÿ wdodhu 300] lska by, .sh w;r m%dfoaYSh iNdj úiska bgq l, hq;=j ;snQ uyck ld¾hhka 80] la m%dfoaYSh iNdfõu uqo,a u.ska wod, j¾Ih ;=,§ ksu lsÍug yels úh' by; olajd we;s m%fõYhhkaf.a isoaê wOHhk i|yd Wm .%ka:h 3 n,kak'

iqms<smkak;d iïuq;shla (Integrity Pact)we;s lr.ekSu ñka woyia jkafka foaYmd,{hsk"a rdcH fiajlhska jHdmdrlhska iy

isú,a iudch rfÜ iqm< s m s kak;djh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd iduQyl s .súiqulg tlÕ ùuhs' ol=Kq fldßhdfõ§ w;ayod neÆ fuh wo jk úg b;d id¾:l m%;M s , ,ndfoñka mj;S' ol=Kq fldßhdfõ iqms<smkaNdjfha iïuq;sh f,dalfha úYd,;u wd¾Ólh ysñ fldßhdj" b;du;a lK.dgqodhl f,i g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a ÿieß ^¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylfha by, ia:dkhla ,nd .ekSfï ÿIalr;djfhka fmf<a' Wiia rgj, uÜgu lrd <.d ùfï fldßhdfõ wNs,dYhg ¥IKh úYd, ndOlhla ù we;' w;S; mrsmd,lhka ksrka;rfhkau Tjqkaf.a ks,fha rS;Ska ¥IK úfrdaë ,xPkh hgf;a m%isoaêhg m;a lr ;snqk kuq;a ksrka;rfhka ks,OdÍ me,eka;sh iy jHdmdßlhka w;r ino;dj iy {d;S ix.%y jeks ÿieß ^¥Is;& wmpdrhka ksid tu Í;s l%shd;aul ùula fkdùh' 1997 § úfoaY úksuh w¾nqohg mdol jQ

yeka fnda wmpdrhg ^Han Bo

Scandal& m%Odk jYfhka ÿießh ^¥IKh& fya;= úh' by, uÜgfï ÿießhka ^¥IKhka& ch.ekSug rdcH" foaYmd,ksl iy fm!oa.,sl wxYhka iy isú,a iudch w;r iduQysl iyfhda.hla wjYH fõ' tuksid" w;S;fha§ isÿjQ wid¾:l;ajhkaf.ka ñ§ug .;a jHdhduhla f,i rdcH" foaYmd,k iy fm!oa.,sl wxYhkays ksfhdað;hkaf.a fmruqKla yryd ¥IK úfrdaë l%uhla f.dvke.Sug isú,a

iudc ixúOdkhka fhdackdjla f.k tk ,§'

fldßhd iïuq;sh ^K. Pact& f,i yÿkajk fuu ÿieß ^¥IK& úfrdaë iy úksúoNdjh ms<sno fldßhdkq iïuq;sh ¥IKh ch.ekSug

by; i|yka wxYhka y;r w;r

iyNd.S;j a h iy tl.;djh yryd ixj¾ê; iudchla ,.d lr.ekSug úksúoNdjfhka hq;= ;sridr jHdmdrhla fõ'

mqrjeis m%{ma;s (Citizens' Charters) ;ukaf.a whs;j s dislï ms<n s |j ±kqj;a iy úYajdiS wdldrhg tAjd

;yjqre lr.kakd nqoê a u;a mqrjeis m%cdjla" rdcH wdh;khka ;=< iqm< s m s kakNdjh iy;sl lsÍug iy mj;ajdf.k hdug w;HjYH fõ' rcfha j.lsjhq;N = djh j¾Okh lsÍug n,iïmkak kjHlrKhla jkafka mqrjeis m%{ma;s j¾Okh lsÍuhs' fïjd ks,OdÍka iy fiajd ,dNSka hk fowxYh iu. lrk ,o idlÉcdjla yryd t<eô mßudksl fiajd ;;ajhka y÷kajd §ug b,lal lr we;' ksfhdað;dh;khkag m%io s O a fiajd m%ñ;Skg a fmdÿ jYfhka wkq.;j uyck;djg úfYaI; s fiajdjka fhdod .kakd w;r;=r Tjqkfa .a whs;j s dislï iy ysñlï ms<n s |j meyeÈ,s iy ixCIsm; a f;ddr;=re ,nd fohs' rdcH wxYfha ksfhdað; wdh;khkaf.a ieleiau" ld¾hNdrh iy fufyhqï ms<sn|j f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍug o m%{ma;s Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsh' ck udOH" fmdÿ mqia;ld, yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh wd§ ish¿ ud¾.hka Tiafia" f;dr;=re mq¿,A jYfhka ,nd .ekSug bv ie<ish hq;=h' WodyrKhla jYfhka bkaÈhdfõ mqrjeishkag fndfyda wjia:djka ys§ w,a,ia whlr .kq ,nk fiajdjka ms<n s |j f;dr;=re j,g m%fõYh ,nd §u u.ska mqrjeis m%{ma;k S a my< uÜgfï ÿießhkaf.a ^¥IKhkaf.a& uÕ weysßug lghq;= lrhs' fuu m%{ma;s rch u.ska imhkq ,eìh yels fiajdjka" tAu fiajdj i|yd ld, iSudjka" iïnkaO úh hq;= rcfha ks<Odßhd iy fiajdjka iemhSu isÿ fkdjk úfgl tA fjkqfjka .; yels ms<h s ï ms<n s |j úia;r lrhs' idudkHfhka m%{ma;Ska fiajh i<ik uyck;djg rcfha odhl;ajh ilia lrhs' rcfha tA tA ksfhdað;dh;k u.ska imhkq ,nk fiajdjka f.a úia;r fuu m%{ma;Ska u.ska idrdxY.; lrhs' tfiau tu fiajdjka ,nd .kafka flfia o iy fiajdjka u.ska wfmalaIs; m%;sM,hka fkd,efí kï l=ula l< hq;= o hkak o fuu.ska úia;r lrhs' fuu m%;smdokhka m%dfhda.sl jYfhka tAjd myiq f,i fhdod .ekSug iu;a jk wdldrhg ilia lr ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' w¾: ksrEmKhka jHdl+, iy.; iy mq¿,a tAjd kï uyck;dj tu.ska wmyiq;djhg m;a ù YS>% f,i wkjfndaOh j¾Okh úh yels w;r isú,a fiajlhkago Tjqka <Õd ùug wfmalI a d lrkq ,nk b,lalhka ms<n s |j wmeyeÈ,s;djhla we;s jkq we;' uyck;dj iu. .kqfokq lrk fomd¾;fïka;=jla fyda ksfhdað;dh;khla hk l=ul jqjo m%uqL;ajh ,nd foñka m%{ma;sfha msgm;a m%o¾Ykh l< hq;=h' Y%S ,xldfõo rdcH mßmd,k yd iajfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYh 2007 jif¾§ yÿkajd ÿka mqrjeis m%{ma;sh id¾:l m%;sM, fmkakqï lrhs'

uyck wOHdmk yd f;dr;=re jevigyka

WÞyrK ( fydxfldxys iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë fldñiu ^ICAC&

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ikaf;daiï u.ska rdcH fiajh ld¾hlaIu fõ' tneúka th rfÜ ÈhqKqjg fya;= fõ'

w,a,ia .kakd rdcH fiajlhd jev blauka fkdlrhs' Tyq lrkafka w,a,ia fok whf.a jev muKs' w,a,ia fkdÿkafkd;a jev fkdlrhs' tneúka w,a,i rdcH fiajh lvskï lrkjd fkdj thg ;srxs .hla f,i l%h s d lrhs'

.,k .Õlska Èhfoda;la .;a;dg mdvqjla osh ìxÿj ìxÿj tla ù uyd id.rhla iEfokjd isÿ fkdfõ' fukau ìxÿj ìxÿj ysia ùu ksid uyd id.rhla úh,S hEugo yelshdj we;'

w,a,ila u.ska kS;s úfrdaë fkdjk fohla tkï orefjl= ckm%h s mdi,lg we;=,;a lrjd .ekSu jekakla lr .ekSu ie,lsh hq;= jrola fkdfõ'

w,a,ia u.ska jdishla i,id .ekSu iudc iïu;h jQ l, n,mj;ajk idOlh jkafka w,a,iska bgq lrjd .kakd lghq;af;a hqla;s hqla; Ndjh fkdj w,a,ihs'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& iEfyk ld,hla ;=, l%ñlj i;H úh yelsh' fndfyda hqfrdamh S rgj,a fï j¾Okh jQjls' tneúka th u¾Okh lsÍug;a i|yd Y;j¾I folla ;=kla .; l<y' tjeksu ld,hla .;fõ ' cmdkhg wjqreÿ 50la .;úh' tfy;a isx.mamr Q ej wjqreÿ 10 la ;=,§ m%;M s , fmkajQ w;r fydxfldx foaYhg .;jQfha wjqreÿ 4 la muKs' foaYmd,k wkq.y % hla fkd,efí kï ÿieß foaYmd,k wkq.y % h ,efíkï th blauka ^¥IK& u¾Ok l%ufõoh id¾:l fkdfõ' id¾:l;ajh ,eîug fya;= fõ' tfy;a fndfyda hqfrdamh S rgj, ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾okhg fya;j = fQ ha uyck l%h s dldrlïh' tfukau fydxfldx foaYfha§ wúêu;a uyck Woafhda.h yd b,a¨u blauka m%;M s , f.k wdfõh'

is;d n,kakg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' úÿyf,a lS¾;skduh wkqj .e,fmk w,a,ila oS ckm%sh mdi,lg ;u orejd we;=,;a lr .kakd fouõmshka ta .ek Woï wkk w;r mdif,a úÿy,am;s;=ud w,a,ia .;af;a jQjo ;udg Wmldrhla l< wfhl= f,i i,lhs' tneúka ta ms<Sn| meñKs,s lsÍu fyda Tyqg úreoaOj idlaIs §ug foudmshka is;kafka ke;' wo rfÜ idudkH ;;ajh' fyfrdhska lsf,da 3 1$2 iu. w;awvx.=jg .;a ldka;djlg tfrysj kS;sh l%shd;aul fkdlr isàug remsh,a ,laI 5 l w,a,ila b,a,d" flaj,a lsÍfuka miq remsh,a ,laI 3 la ,ndf.k wod, ldka;dj ksoyia l< iqrdnÿ ks,OdÍka fofofkl= úiska tu u;al=vq f;d.h úl=Kd .kakd ,§'

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj úiska lrk ,o úu¾YkhloS wkdjrKh jQ lreKq

fyfrdhska .%Eï 2 lg jvd jeä m%udKhla ,. ;nd .ekSu" fyda cdjdrï lsrSu urKSh okavkfhka ovqjï ,eìh yels jrols'

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b;sydi .; lreKq wkqj Y%S ,xldjdiS wmyg ÿieß ^¥IKhg& bv ke;' wkqrdOmqr hq.h

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wfma rcacqrejkaj frdnÜ fkdlaia ÿgq yeá fï rfÜ rgjeishka uyrcq fj; isr; s a mrsos mvqre mdlalv = ï fkdfyd;a whnÿ f.k tkafka w¨;a wjqreÿ ld,fhysh' uq,a wjosfhaoS rc;=ud fufia whnÿ ndr.ekSu ks;H ksrka;rfhkau lrkak mqreÿj isáho" wmrNd.fhys rdc NdKavd.drh msrS b;srS .sh fyhska" miq ld,fhys Tyq wh nÿ Ndr .;af;a b;d l,d;=rlsks' iaj,am jYfhks' fï rcf;fï rgjeis ck;djf.a wh .ekSu ms<sl=,a fldg ie,l=fõh' rfÜ ck;djo whnÿ f.ùu t;rï wjYH ke;s lreKla yeáhg is;y + ' tfia jQjo we;eï jeisfhda whnÿ f.ùu wjYH f,i i,ld rcq fj; mqo mvqre f.k .shy' wˆ;a wjqreÿ iufha fndfyda fihska fufia lrkqq ,enqfõ wêm;s ckhdh' tfy;a wjqreÿ lSmhlau uy rcq tnÿ mvqrej;a ms<Sfkd.;af;ah' ljr fyhskaoh;a @ f,dalfha lsiu s fohla t;rï w.h fldg fkdi,lkakg ;rï rcqf.a is; Wiia jQ neúks' ^tod fy< osj - frdanÜ fkdlaia - mrsj¾;kh - fâúâ lreKdr;ak&

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wms l=ula lruqo @

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whs;sjdislï bfí my, jkafka ke;' whs;sjdislï b,a,d isáh hq;=hs' túg ,efnkq we;'

w,a,i yd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& úreoaOj Tnf.a yv wjÈ lrkak' ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka& f;dr rdcH ;ka;%hla b,a,d isákak' th wfma whs;shhs'

uyck uqo,ska jegqma ,nk rcfha fiajlhdg;a" uyck uqo,ska hefmk foaYmd,lhdg;a uyck uqo,a jxpd lsÍug;a kdia;s lsÍug;a bv fkd;nkak' ukao ta wfma iy wfma orejkaf.a uqo,a neúks' 60

ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrysj ke.S isàu - ldf.a j.lSuo@ n¨ l=K* - wfcdald ;shg¾ l:dj tla;rd k.rhl k.rjdiSka Wfoa kskfa oka msìfokjd;a iu.u tys m%Odk ùosfha mdr ueo uereKq n,af,l=f.a u< l=Kla olakg ;sìKS' fuu o¾Ykfhka Tjqka yeufofkla u uú;hg fukau wm%ikak ;;a;j a hg m;aù fï lrorldrS ’n¨ l=K¶ .ek ish woyia m, l<y' tfia jQjo fuu m%Yk a h .ek lsiÿs l%h s d ud¾.hla .ekSug ;rï Tjqka Wkkaÿ fkdjQ w;r ish iqmr q eÿ rdcldrS j, ksr;jQy' Tyq tlsfkld iu. l,y lr.ksñka iy ;j;a iuyre ´md¥m m;=rjñka ish ffoksl ld¾hhkays ksr; fj;s' tu k.rjdiS wh w;r ish Wvq /jq, .ek ksrreju Wkkaÿjk fm,jka kï ri leú,s fjf<kaod o ish f¾irh .ek mqridrï fodvjk fukau .DyKshla jk wmd iu. ´md ¥m l:djg reisfhla jQ iq,c a a keue;s lrKjEñhd o ish nr wvqlr .ekSug ks;ru jHdhdufha ksr;jk kuq;a iqmr q eÿ ¥IK lghq;= j, fhfok rdcH ks,Odrsfhla jQ u,slao" cqïuka keue;s lïue,s li, fYdaOlhdo" ’n¨ m%Yakh¶ bosrm s ;a lr ;j ;j;a oSukd iy ,eîï tl;=lr .ekSug hqyi q ˆ q jk wd.ñl kdhlfhlao" ish¨u idOdrK iy widOdrK ud¾. j,ska ;u foaYmd,k wruqKq bgqlr .ekSfï ksr; jk iNdm;s o Tjqka w;r jQy' ta w;r fuu ’n¨ l=K¶ ksid tla Wu;= mqo. a ,fhl= muKla buy;a É;a; mSvdjg ,lajk kuq;a Tyq ldf.a;a úfõpkhg ,lafõ' fï ish¨fokdu rd;%S ksko a g .shuq;a bjish fkdyels ÿ.| ksid kskf a oka msìfoa' ÿ¾.kaoh uev,Su i|yd ’yÿkalr + e¶ fnodfoñka ’fuys t;rï ÿÕ|la keye - lreKdlr Tfí kdih .ek ie,ls,u s ;a jkak" fuu yÿkalr + e mdúÉÑ lrkak¶ hkqfjka mjihs' fuu ÿr.kaOhg fm%l a I a lhska o md¾Yjlrejka f,i ye.S hkfia Tjqka w;r o yÿkalr + e fnokq ,nhs' fuu lghq;= isÿùfïoS ’n¨ l=K¶ os.k s a os.gu t;k ;sfnk w;r th bj;a lsru S g fuf;la lsiu s wfhla Wkkaÿ fkdjQfha ukaoehs Wu;= ñksid fm%lI a lhskfa .ka m%Yak lrhs' iudcfha olakg we;s m%Yak iy ¥IK ;=rka lsrSug wmg M,odhS hula lsrSug fkdyelsùu ms<sn|j iuia; iudchu Wmydihg ,lalrk ydiHfhda;m a dol fuu kdgH wjika jkqfha iudc ÿisr; s a ;=rka lsru S i|yd ;u iSud udhsï bj;,d bosrm s ;a jk f,i fm%l a I a l ck;dj u.ska iuia; iudchgu wdrdOkd lrñks'

f;audj fuu kdgHfha n¨ l=K jQ l,S iudcfha olakg we;s ¥IK iy widOdrK l%shd ixfla;d;aulj fmkajd oSuhs' iudc ÿisr; s a ms<n s | uyckhd olajk WodiSk;ajho tajd ;=rka lsrf S ï ld¾hNdrh wfkfll= u; mjrñka fndfydafokd ;u j.lSu meyer yrsñka m%Yk a fhka uÕ yerSug .kakd W;aidyo ksrEmKh fõ' ÿ.| bjid.; fkdyels jQ úg tu ÿ.|g fya;j = ;ud wNshi ;sìhoS;a Tjqyq tlsfkldg fodia mjrd .ks;'s fuu fodia mejrSfï l%shdj W.% jQ úg Tjqkaf.a iodpdrh /lSfï j.lSu mejrS we;s uq,a,d kï wd.ñl kdhlhd meñK Bg ms<; s r = e f,i iqj| yuk yÿkalr + e ,ndfoa tfy;a ÿ.| yeóug fya;= jQ jia;j = ;jÿrg;a tu ia:dkfhau we;' fuu kdgH u.ska iudchg fokq ,nk mKsjv q h ilaio q la fia meyeos,h s ' iudc ms<s, uq,skqmqgd oeóug wm is,a,kau lghq;= l< hq;=fõ' *

mkacdí ys w.kqjr jk iajdNdúl fi!kao¾hfhka msrm s k q a Wiia ixialD;shlska wdNdIh ,enQ w.%.Kfha l,d ksmK q ;ajhla we;s hym;a ñksik q a isák ’,dfyda¾¶ k.rfhaoS mlsi: a dkfha cd;sl j.ùfï ld¾hxYh ^National Accountability Bureau& u.ska ixúOdkh lrk ,o ’ol=KQ wishdfõ ¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsrSu¶ ^Combating Corruption in South Asia& uefhka 2004 fkdjeïn¾ ui 25-27 olajd mj;ajk ,o iïuka;K % h wdrïNl oskfhaoS iudc idOdrK;ajh ms<n s | yvla k.k úYaj f.!rjhg md;%jQ ldka;djla jk ’wfcdald¶ úiska wOHlaIKh lrkq ,enQ ’n¨ l=K ^The Dead Dog&¶ kï by; ùos kdgHh fõosld .; lrk ,oS' fuu kdgHfha f;audj ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj, cSj;ajk iudcfha iEu ;rd;srlu ck;dj úiska wjfndaO lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

w,a,i yd ¥IKhg úreoaOj jkak th Tfí mru hq;l = uhs' 61

Wlg,S fkdjkak æ

±kqj;a jkak " wjÈjkak "" l%h s d;aul jkak """ wka whj;a ±kqj;a lr wjÈ lrkak """" ch.%yKh ksh;h """""

´kEu ÿr .ukl wdrïNh tla mqxÑ mshjrls' 62

wms f,dalh fjkia lruq æ "To put the world in order, we must first put the nation in order; to put the nation in order, we must first put the family in order; to put the family in order, we must first cultivate our personal life; and to cultivate our personal life, we must first set our hearts right" Confucius

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wjqreÿ oyila mqrd ldurhl msÍ we;s w÷r tl bá mykla ±,aùu u.ska ÿre l< yelsh' mer‚ Ök lshukla 63

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^iii&

wdKavf q õ hï ld¾hd,hhla iu. .kqfokq lrk ;eke;af;l= tf,i .kqfokq lsru S g fmr fyda miq wjqreoaol ld,hla ;=< tu ld¾hd,fha fiajlfhl=g ;=gq mvqrla fokafka kï fyda tjeks fiajlfhl= úiska tjeks ;eke;af;l=f.ka ;=gq mvqrla ,nd .kafka kï (

th w,a,ia mk; hgf;a jrols' s fyda rlaIdfõ tfia jQjo by; (ii) wjia:dfõoS tlS ;=gq mvqr ,nd.ekSug kS;h fldkafoais wkqj ysñlula we;s nj iy by; (iii) wjia:dfõoS tlS ;=gq m~qr oSu fyda .ekSu wod< .kqfokqjg lsif s ia;u a iïnkaO ke;s nj Tmamq lsru S g yelskï jroldrS;ajh mejfrkafka ke;'

^3&

m%(

ks, ld¾h bgq lsru S hkakg we;=<;a jkafka fudkjdo@

ks, ld¾hh bgq lsrSu hkakg th blauka lsrSu" m%udo lsrSu" bgq lsrSug ndOd lsru S " bgq lsru S je<elaùu" bgq lsrf S ïoS mlaI.%dySùu fukau ks, ld¾hhka bgq fkdlr isàula o we;=<;a fõ'

^4&

^5&

^6&

^7&

^8&

^9&

^10&

m%(

kS;h s fyda ;u rlaIdfõ fldkafoais wkqj rcfha fiajlfhl=g ,nd .ekSug n,h ,eî we;s mvqre ljrla úh yels o@ WodyrKhla fokak'

rcfha ffjoH ks,Odrsfhl=g hï hï fldkafoais j,g hg;aj fm!oa.,slj ;u jD;a;f s ha fhoSug wjir ;sîu'

m%(

w,a,ila yd ;E.a.la w;r fjkila ;sfí o@ tfia kï ta l= u la o @

^w&

w,a,i yd ;E.a. w;r meyeos,s fjkila we;'

^wd&

;E.a.la msrk s eófïoS fyda Ndr.ekSfïoS t;ek lsiu s whqrl jroldrS woyila ke;' w,a,ila § iEuúgu jroldrS woyila we;' fuu jroldrS woyi meyeos,j s fmfkkakg ;sfnk wjia:d fukau ie.jqkq wjia:do we;'

m%(

jroldrS woyi ie.jqkq wjia:d fudkjdo@

WodyrKhla f,i rcfha fiajlfhl=g lsishï nexl=jla úiska tu nexl= f õ .kqfokqlrejkag idudkHfhka n,mdk fldkafoais j,g jvd ,sys,a fldkafoais hgf;a Khla ,ndoSu'

m%(

rcfha fiajlhkag ;E.s ,nd.ekSug kS;suh ndOd we;so@

wdh;k ix.%yhg wkqj rcfha fiajlfhl=g kEoE ys;ñ;=rkaf.ka yqfolau fm!oa.,sl ld¾hhka j,g wod<j" ;ukag ,efnk idudkH ;E.s fNda. Ndr .ekSug wjirh ;sîu'

m%(

¥IKh hkq l=ulao@

b;du fláfhka mjif;d;a ¥IKh hkq hï rcfha fiajhl= úiska ;u OQrh fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack ,nd.ekSu i|yd fhdod .ekSuhs'

m%(

¥IKh jro lsru S i|yd tu jrolrkakd whq;= ,dNhla ,nd.ekSu w;HdjYH jkafkao@

ke;' rcfha fiajlfhl=f.a hï l%shdjla ksid wdKavqjg fyda fjk;a ;eke;af;l=g whq;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s úfrdaë f,i fyda mdvqjla isÿjkafka kï ¥IKh jro isÿfõ' tfukau rcfha fiajlhd fyda fjk;a ;eke;af;l= fyda whq;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s úfrdaë f,i fyda jdishla ,nd .kafka kï túg o ¥IKh jro isÿfõ'

m%(

w,a,i mk; hgf;a jeros l< yelafla ldgo@

^i&

^ii&

rcfha fiajlfhl= úiska ;udf.a fyda fjk;a rcfha fiajlfhl=f.a ks, ld¾hhka iïnkaOj w,a,ila b,a,SfïoS fyda Ndr.ekSfïoS fyda tu rcfha fiajlhd úiska ( rcfha fiajlfhl=f.a ks, ld¾hhka bgq lrjdoSu i|yd ueosy;ajk w;rueosfhl= úiska w,a,ila b,a,f S ïoS fyda Ndr .ekSfïoS fyda tu w;rueoshd úiska ( 69

^11&

^iii&

rcfha fiajlfhl=f.a ks, ld¾hhla bgq lrjd .ekSu i|yd tu rcfha fiajlhdg fyda fjk;a rcfha fiajlfhl=g ke;fyd;a w;rueosfhl=g w,a,ila msrk s eófïoS tf,i msrk s uk ;eke;a;d úsiska (

^iv&

by; jeros lsrSug ;e;a lrk" wkqn, fok iy l=uka;%Kh lrk ;eke;af;l= úiska (

m%(

w,a,ia mk;g wkqj rcfha fiajlhd hkafkka woyia lrkafka ljq r eka o @

w,a,ia mk;g wkqj my; i|yka wh rcfha fiajlhka fõ' wud;H uKav,fha wud;Hjrfhl=" wud;H uKav,fha idudcslfhl= fkdjk wud;Hjrfhl=" l:dkdhl$ksfhdacH l:dkdhl$ldrl iNd ksfhdacH iNdm;s" ksfhdacH wud;Hjrfhl=" m<d;a wdKavl q drjrfhl=" m<d;a wud;H uKav,fha wud;Hjrfhl=" md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrfhl=" rcfha iEu ks,Orfhl=" rcfha iEu fiajlfhl= fyda fiajd kshqla;slfhl=" mdrsYñ % lhla ,enqjo" fkd,enqjo¦ w' m<d;a iNdjl" wd' m<d;a md,k wdh;khl" wx' Wmf,aLk.; wdh;khl" wE' fldgia j,ska 50] lg jeä m%udKhla wdKavj q ork iud.ul" iNdm;s j rfhl= $ wOHla I jrfhl= $ wêm;s j rfhl= $ idudcslfhl=$ks,Orfhl=$fiajd kshqla;slfhl=' m<d;a rdcH fiajfha idudcslfhl= " cQrs iNslfhl= " n,h,;a ñkskafodarejrfhl= " hï wêlrKhla fyda ksis n,Orfhl= úiska fyda hï ldrKhla fíreï lsrSu msKsi fhduqlr we;s fíreïlrefjl= fyda fjk;a ;eke;af;l='

^12&

m%(

Wmf,aLk.; wdh;k hkafkka woyia jkafka l=ulao@

w,a,ia mkf;a Wmf,aLkfha i|yka hï uKav,hla" wdh;khla" ixia:djla fyda fjk;a uKav,hla iy hï kS;h s la hgf;a hï wdh;khla msyg s ù q fïoS w,a,ia mk;g we;=<;a úh hq;h = ehs úêúOdk i,iajd we;s wdh;khla woyia jk w;r tjeks hï wdh;khla 51] lg fkdwvq fldgia m%udKhla ork fjk;a uKav,hla fyda iud.ula o we;=<;a fõ' 70

^13&

^14&

^15&

^16&

^17&

^18&

^19&

m%(

w;rueoshl= u.ska w,a,ia f.k fuu jroska .e,úh yelso@

fkdyel' hï ;eke;af;l=f.a oekqu fyda tlÕ;ajh fyda we;sj tlS ;eke;a;d fyda fjkhï ;eke;af;l= fjkqfjka fyda wka whqrlska fyda ´kEu flfkla w,a,ia jrola l<fyd;a tlS jro uq,a ;eke;a;d lrk ,o jrola f,i kS;sh i,lhs'

m%(

w,a,i fyda ¥IKh ms<n s | meyeos,s idlaIs fkdue;s jQ wjia:dj,oS tlS jro l<jqkg a tfrysj kS;h s l%h s d;aul lsru S g yelshdj we;s o @

yelshdj we;'

m%(

ta flfiao@

j;alï kS;sh hgf;ah'

m%(

j;alï kS;sh l%shd;aul jkafka flfiao@

hï ;eke;af;l= 1954 ud¾;= 01 osk fyda bka miqj wh;a lrf.k ;sfnk uqo,a fyda uqo,a fkdjk fyda foam< tu ;eke;a;df.a oek.;a wdodhï fyda ,eîï j, fldgilaj fkdúh yels fyda fkdúh yelsj ;snQ fyda úfgl tu uqo,a fyda uqo,a fkdjk fyda foam< w,a,ia u.ska w;alr.;a njg ^th tfia fkdjk njg tu ;eke;a;d úiska Tmamq lrkq ,nk f;la& kS;h s i,lkq ,nhs'

m%(

foam< w;am;a lr .ekSu Nd¾hdjf.a kñka fyda orefjl=f.a kñka fyda lsru S u.ska ñka .e,úh yelso@

fkdyel' hful=f.a Nd¾hdj fyda jhi wjqreÿ 18g wvq wújdyl orefjl=f.a fyda kug we;s uqo,a fyda uqo,a fkdjk fyda foam, ^mgyeksj lreKq Tmamq lrkf;la& tu ;eke;a;d úiska w;am;a lr .kakd f,i kS;sh i,lkq ,nhs'

m%(

j;alï kS;h s n,mdkq ,nkafka rcfha fiajlhskg a muKlao@

ke;' ´kEu ;eke;af;l= 1954 ud¾;= ui 01 jeks osfkka miq w;am;a lrf.k we;s foam, iïnkaOj fuu kS;h s n,mdkq ,nhs' tu ;eke;a;d rcfha fiajlfhla o ke;a o hkak jeo.;a fkdfõ'

m%(

w,a,ia .ekSu fukau w,a,ia oSuo jrola kï fkdoekqj;alñka fyda fkdoS isàug fkdyelsùu fya;f = jka w,a,ila oSfuka miq meñKs,s lsrSfuka meñKs,s lrkakdg ovqjï ,efío@

w,a,ia mk;g wkqj w,a,ia oSu o" w,a,ia .ekSu fukau tl yd iudkj ovqjï ,eìh hq;= jrols' kuq;a w,a,i ÿka ;eke;a;d meñKs,l s re jk wjia:djloS kS;h s tu ;eke;a;d jrolrefjl== f,i fkdj w,a,i b,a,kakdf.a f.dÿrg ,la jQ wysxil mqo. a ,fhl= f,i i,lkq ,nhs' flfia jQjo hful= w,a,ila b,a,d isákafka kï w,a,i oSug fmr ta ms<sn| meñKs,s lsrSu jvd;a iqÿiq l%shdud¾.hhs' 71

^20&

^21&

^22&

m%(

w,a,ila i|yd yqjudre úh hq;f a ;a uqo,a fyda uqo,ska w.h ueks h yels fjk;a foam,la fyda muKlao@

ke;' w,a,ila i|yd uqo,a" uqo,ska w.h ueksh yelsfohla fukau uqo,ska w.h ueksh fkdyels fohla o yqjudre úh yel'

m%(

th meyeos,s lrkak'

w,a,ila i|yd yqjudre úhyels foa .ek b;d mq¿,aj w¾:l:kh lr we;' mk;g wkqj w,a,ila" ^w& Khla" .dia;=jla fyda mdrsf;daIslhla fyda ,eîul wdldrfhka úh yelsh' ^wd&

hï OQrhla fyda rlaIdjla fyda ,ndoSul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'

^we&

hï Khla fyda ne|Sula fyda ksoyia lsru S l wdldrfhka úh yelsh'

^wE&

kvq mejrSulska fyda úkhuh l%shdud¾.hlska fyda wdrlaIdj ,eîul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'

^b&

hï whs;j s dislula fyda ks,n,hla fyda l%h s d;aul lsru S fyda bka je<lSulska úh yelsh'

^B&

ljr fyda j¾.hlg wh;a fjkhï fiajhla Wmldrhla fyda jdishla ,ndoSul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'

m%(

ljr j¾.hlg fyda wh;a fiajhla Wmldrhla fyda jdishla hkakg we;=<;a jkafka fudkjdo@

^w& ^wd& ^we&

^23&

,sx.sl ;Dma;shla ,nd.ekSu ;=,ska ldhslj ,nkakd jQ fiajhla w,a,ila úh yelsh' orefjl= ckm%h s mdie,lg we;=<;a lrjdoSu u.ska ,nkakd jQ Wmldrhla w,a,ila úh yelsh' úfoaY YsIH;ajhla ,nd.ekSu ;=,k s a udkislj ,ndkakd jQ jdishla w,a,ila úh yelsh'

m%(

w,a,ia yd ¥IK msgoq elSug Tnf.a iyfhda.h fldñIka iNdj fj; ,ndosh yelafla flfiao@

^1&

Tnf.ka hï ;eke;af;l= w,a,ila b,a,d isáhfyd;a jydu fldñIka iNdj fj; oekqï §fuka'

^2&

Tn fï jk úg;a w,a,ila oS we;skï ta ms<n s | úia;rhla fldñIka iNdj fj; bosrsm;a lsrSfuka

^3&

hï ;eke;af;l= uE;oS ;u wdodhug jvd jeä foam, w;am;a lr.ekSula fyda úhoï lsrSula fyda .ek f;dr;=re Tn okafka kï tu ;eke;a;d yd Tyq úiska w;am;a lrf.k we;s foam, fyda lr we;s úhoï ms<n s | ukd úia;rhla fldñIka iNdj fj; bosrsm;a lsrSfuka' 72

^24&

m%(

fldñIka iNdj fj; f;dr;=re ,ndosh yelafla flfiao@

^1& ^2&

^3&

^25&

^26&

ÿrl:k wxl 011-2586258 iy 011-2584872 weu;Sfuka ke;fydla laI‚l weu;=ï wxlh jk 1954 weu;Su wxl 36" u,,fialr udj;" fld<U 07 msyá s w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj fj; meñK fyda ;eme,a u.ska f;dr;=re bosrsm;a lsrSfuka' sccy@sltnet.lk hk úoHq;a ,smk s hg oekqï oSfuka'

m%(

fldñIka iNdj fj; f;dr;=re oekqï fokakdg ysrsyerhla fõo@

fldñIka iNdj fj; ,efnk yeu f;dr;=rlu ryiHNdjh wdrlaId lrk w;r kS;u s h l%h s dud¾.hla i|yd yer ,efnk f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsrSug wjldYhla fkdue;' tneúka f;dr;=re bosrsm;a lrkakd ms<sn| fy<sorõ lsrSula lsisfia;au isÿjkafka ke;'

m%(

w,a,ia mk; hgf;a jrolg jrolre ùfuka ,eìh yels ovqjï ljf¾o@

1' w,a,ila oSula" ,nd.ekSula" wheoSula fyda by; ljrla fyda lsru S g ;e;a lsrSfïoS" l=uka;%Kh lsrSfïoS fyda wkqn, oSfïoS fyda" w'

wjqreÿ 7 la fkdblaujk ld,hlg nrm;, jev we;sj nkaOkd.dr .;lsru S fyda re' 5000$- fkdblaujk ovhla kshu lsru S fyda by; ovqjï folu

wd'

by; ovqjï j,g wu;rj w,a,ig yqjudre jQ ;=gq mvqf¾ jákdlug iudk uqo,la oKavkhla jYfhka wh lsru S '

2' hï j;alula w,a,iska ,nd.;a njg Tmamq jQjfyd;a by; 1 ^w& ovqjug wu;rj foam< j, jákdlug wvq fkdjk iy ;=ka .=Kh fkdblaujk oKavkhla kshu lsru S fyda ta fjkqjg foam< rdcika;ll lsrSu' 3' ¥IKh jrog jrolre jqjfyd;a wjqreÿ 10 fkdblaujk ld,hlg nkaOkd.dr .; lsrSula fyda remsh,a ,laIh fkdblaujk ovhla fyda by; ovqjï folu fyda ,eìh yel'

^27&

m%(

by; ovqjïj,g wu;rj fjk;a wYlak; q djka j,g hg;aùug isÿfõ kï ta fudkjdo@

^1&

;udf.a /lshdj fyda OQrh wysñ ùu(

^2&

md¾,s f ïka ; = ue;s j rKhlg kï wjq ( 7lg iy m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKhlg kï wjq' 5lg Pkaoh oSug fyda f;arm S ;aùug kqiÿq iq ùu

^3&

rcfha fyda Wmf,aLk.; wdh;khl /lshdjla fyda OQrhla ,eîfï wjia:dj ioygu wysñ ùu' 73

fldgi

1975 wxl 1 ork j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfï mk; idrdxY.;j' 1'

j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY bÈßm;a l< hq;= ;eke;a;ka ^w& md¾,sfïka;= uka;j S% re iy m,d;a md,k wdh;k j, iNslhsk"a ^wd& ckdêm;s úiska m;a lrkq ,nk úksYaphldrjre ^tkï fY%aIaGdêlrK wNshdpkdêlrK yd uydêlrK úksYp a hldrjre& iy rdcH ks,OdÍka" ^we& wud;H uKav,h u.ska m;alrkq ,enQ rdcH ks,OdÍka" ^wE& wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj úiska m;alrkq ,enQ wêlrK ks,OdÍka ^Èia;%sla úksYaphldrjre" ufyaia;%d;ajre iy lïlre úksYaph iNd iNdm;sjre& iy wêlrKhkays Wmf,aLk.; ks,OdÍka" ^b& wud;HdxY yd fomd¾;fïka;j = , udKav,sl ks,OdÍka" ^B& m<d;a md,k wdh;k j, iNslhka iy udKav,sl ks,OdÍka" ^t& ms<. s ;a foaYmd,k mlaI j, ks,OdÍ uKav,h" ^tA& ,shdmÈxÑ jD;a;h S iñ;sj, úOdhl ks,OdÍka fyda ckdêm;sjrKhla md¾,sfïka;"= m,d;a iNd" m,d;amd,k ue;sjrK i|yd bÈßm;ajk Pkao wfmalaIlhska" ^T& mqj;am;a wd× mk; hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ mqj;am;a wdh;khkays ysñlrejka" mqj;am;a l;Djreka iy l;D uKav, idudðlhsk"a ^W& rdcH ixia:d iy jeä fldgia m%udKhla rch orK iud.ïys iNdm;sjre" wOHlaI uKav,h iy udKav,sl ks,OdÍka'

hï ;eke;af;la by; i|yka Oqrhlg m;aù udi 3 la bl=;a ùug fmr j;alï nerlï m%ldYh ,ndÈh hq;= w;r wk;=rej jd¾Isl m%ldY ,ndÈh hq;h = '

j;alï nerlï m%ldYfha§ ;udf.a" ;u l,;%hdf.a iy wjqreÿ 18 g wvq wújdyl orejkaf.a j;alï yd nerlï ±laúh hq;h = ' orejl= wjqreÿ 18g jeä jQj;a ;udf.ka hefmkafka kï tu orejd iïnkaOj o úia;r j;alï nerlï m%ldYhg tla l< hq;h = '

´kEu mqo. a ,fhl=g" ksYp a h lrkq ,nk uqo,la f.ùu u; ´kEu j;alï nerlï m%ldYhla mÍlaId lr ne,Sug wjia:dj we;s w;r ;jÿrg;a ksYÑ a ; .dia;j = la f.ùula u; tu m%ldYfha iy;sl msgm;la ,nd.ekSu whs;h s we;' ^1991'02'19 Èk orK wxl 650$7 .eiÜ m;%h wkqj fuu .dia;j = wkqm< s f s j,ska re' 500$- la yd 250$- f,i kshu lr we;'

idOdrK fya;j = la fkdue;sj j;alï nerlï m%ldYh bÈßm;a fkdlrk fyda j;alï nerlï m%ldYfha§ jerÈ f;dr;=rla imhk fyda hï j;alula m%ldY fkdlr isák fyda ;eke;af;la jrolg jrolre jk w;r" tu jro ´kElñkau j;alula m%ldY fkdlr isàu kï" jrolre ùu;a iu. tu jrog mdol jQ j;alu ish¿ ne§ï j,ska f;drj rchg wh;a fõ' 74

iii fldgi

2006 wxl 5 orK uqo,a úY+oaêlrKh je,elaùfï mk; idrdxY.;j hï foam<la Rcqj fyda jl%j hï kS;s úfrdaê l%shdldrlulska ,enqKq nj oksñkau fyda oek.ekSug fya;= we;sj tjeks foam<la .KqfoKq lsrSu" Ndr .ekSu" ika;lfha ;ne.ekSu" i.jd .ekSu" neyer lsrSu" wdfhdackh lsrSu" Y%s ,xldjg f.k tau fyda Y%S ,xldfjka f.k hdu fyda' jrola njg m;a lr we;'

mQ¾j ks.ukh m%lg wdodhï fyda Ok m%Nj j,ska ,eî fkdue;af;a kï tu foam, kS;s úfrdaë l%shdldrlulska ,enQ njg kS;sh úiska mQ¾j ks.ukh lrhs' bka woyia jkafka tu foam, kS;Hdkql+, ud¾.hlska ,enqK njg foam, ysñlre yg Tmamq lsÍug fkdyels kï tu foam, kS;s úfrdaë l%shdldrlulska ,enqkq njg i,lk njhs'

iv fldgi

2006 wxl 06 orK uqo,a .kqfokq jd¾;d lsrf S ï mk; idrdxY.;j •

wkqu; m%udKh blaujd uqo,a$.kqfokq l, yels idOk m;% YS% ,xldfjka f.khdu fyda YS% ,xldjg f.k tau" • mk;ska kshñ; jd¾;d bosrsm;a lsrSfïoS jeros fyda fkdu. hk iq¿ jd¾;d bosrsm;a lsrSu" • f;dr;=re fy,sorõ fkdlsrSu yd ksis fú,djg fy,s orõ fkdlsrSu" • jHdc f,aLk ieoSu$f,aLkhl i;H;djh jika lsrsu" • f,aLK úkdY lsrSu" • jHdc fyda fndre kulska .sKqula újD; lsrSu fyda ls%hd;aul lsrSu$ tf,i lsrSug n,h oSu" jrola njg mk; u.ska m%ldYhg m;alr we;' uQ , H .Kq f oKq is ÿ lrk iEu wdh;khla úis k a u wëla I K wêldßhla fyda ú.Kljrfhl= m;al< hq;= w;r tu wdh;kfha hï .kqfokqjla kS;s úfrdaë ls%hdjla yd iïnkaO njg iel lsrSug idOdrK fya;= we;súg ta ms<snoj uq,H nqoaê tallh fj; okqï§ug tu wëlaIljrhd fyda ú.Kljrhd fyda kS;sfhka ne§ we;' uq,H nqoaê tallh (fuu mkf;a úêúOdk ms<sno mrsmd,kh Ndr lsrSu ioyd wud;Hjrhd úiska .eiÜ m;%fha m< lrk ,enq kshuhka u.ska kï lrkq ,nk wdKavqfõ fomd¾;fïka;=jla" rdcH ixia:djla" jHjia:dms; uKav,hla" wdh;khla fyda wêldrshla woyia jk w;r" ta wdh;khlays hï tallhla o we;=<;a fõ¡

Wm .%ka:h 2 ks;r kef.k m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re'''' fuu m%Yk a yd W;a;r ilid we;af;a g%dkaif a markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh" Y%S ,xld ixj¾Ok mßmd,k wdh;kh yd m%;Y s G a dmk Odß;d m%j¾Ok jevigyk u.ska tlai;a cd;Skf a .a ixj¾Ok jevigyfka odhl;ajh u; rdcH fiajfha ¥IK uev,Su i|yd w;afmd;la ieliSfï l%h s dÞufha fldgila f,isk"a Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj, rdcH fiajlhskf a .a iyNd.S;j a fhka mej;s jevuq¿j,§ bÈßm;a jQ m%Yk a weiqfrks' fï i|yd wÞ, ms<; s r = e" ms<. s ;a f,aLk.; uQ,dY% wdY%fhka ilid we;s w;r by; jHdmD;sh hgf;a ms<f s h, lrk ,o w;afmdf;a fldgila jk ¥IK úfrdaë fuj,fuka Wmqgd .kakd ,§'

01&

—¥IKh˜ hkak ks¾jpkh lrkafka flfiao@

fï iïnkaOfhka f,dju ms<. s ;a ks¾jpkhla fkdue;s jQj;a b;du;a nyq,j fhdÞ.kakd m%dfhda.l s ks¾jpkh jkafka —mqo. a ,sl ,dN m%fhdack Wfoid" n,h fyda wêldÍ;ajh wh:d f,i Ndú;d lsÍu ¥IKh fõ˜ hkakhs'

02&

¥IKh hkq w,a,i muKlauo@

th tfia fkdfõ' idudkH jHjydrfha§ mqo. a ,hska w,a,i hkak ¥IKhg iudk f,iska i,lkq ,nk kuqÿ w,a,i hkq ¥IKfha wx. w;ßka tlla mu‚'

03&

tfiakï ¥IKfha wfkl=;a m%fNao fudkjdo@

¥IKfha úúO uqyK q jrhkag uqyK q mEug ck;djg isÿ ù ;sfí' w,a,i" whq;= f,i w;am;a lr .ekSu" n,y;aldrfhka ,nd .ekSu" rdcH uqo,a jxpdj" ×;s ix.%yh" wHNka;r .KqfoKq j, kshe,Su iy wNsu;d¾:hka ms<. s efgk mßÈ lghq;= lsÍu wdÈh nyq,j ±lsh yels ¥IKfha m%Odk wx.hka fõ'

04&

rdcldÍ lghq;= lrk w;r;=f¾ ;u ñ;=rkag ie<lSu fukau mlaI.%dyS iyhlhskg a úfYaI ie,lSï ±laùu ¥IKhlao @

×;s ix.%yh yd ñ;% ix.%yh uyck;dj ksr;=reju w;aolsk ;;ajhkah' fï ;;ajh ;=< jdis ,nkafka ÿIs; mqo. a ,hska yd tA yryd Tjqkf a .a ×;Sk"a ñ;%hk s a fyda iydhlhskh a ' fmdÿ lghq;= j,§ tla;rd fldgilg wksis mlaImd;S;j a h ±laùu meyeÈ,sju ¥IKhls'

05&

yeu úgu ¥IKh uQ,H .KqfoKqjla yd neÈ mj;So@

th iEu úgu tfia fkdfõ' iuyr ¥Is; l%h s dldrlï uqo,a iïnkaO fkdù jQjo isÿjk wjia:d we;' WÞyrKhla f,i" w,a,i mjd uqo,ska f;drj isÿjh yelsh' hï lsis f.ùula

isÿfkdjk wjia:do we;' ×;s ix.yh hkq" tfia lsiÿs uQ,H .KQfoKqjlska f;drj wksis ie,lSula fyda wkq.%yhla ±laùuhs'

06&

rdcldßh bgq lsÍu fjkqfjka ;Hd.hla ,nd.ekSu ¥IKhlao@

;Hd. §u yd ,nd .ekSu fndfyduhla iudc l%uhkays ms<. s ;a iïm%Þhls' tA flfia fj;;a rdcH ks,Odßfhl= úiska rdcldßuh lghq;a;la bgq lsÍu fjkqjka ;Hd.hla Ndr.ekSu wmlaImd;S;j a h" jD;a;u s h f.!rjh iy lS¾;skduhg wys;lr f,i n,mdk lreKls' wfkla w;g wm rfÜ kS;h s wkqj tjekakla Ndr.ekSu w,a,ila jk w;r kS;s u.ska lghq;= lr ovqjï meñKùugo yelsh'

07&

Y%S ,xldfõ uyck;dj fj; fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; fyda ¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsÍfï hq;=lula ;sfío@

th tfiah' iudch /l.ekSu iudch úisku a l<hq;= nj ms<. s ;a m%cd hq;l = uls' Y%s ,xld wdKAvq l%u jHjia:dfõ 28 ^wE& jHjia:dj —fmdÿ foafmd, iqrlaI; s fldg wdrlaId lsÍuo fmdÿ foafmd, wh:d mßÈ m%fhdackhg .ekSu iy kdia;s lsÍug tfrysj l%h s dlsÍuo Y%s ,xldjdiS iEu ;eke;af;l=f.au hq;l = u jkafkah˜ hkqfjka olajd we;' iEu rcfha ks,Odßfhlau wdKavl q u % jHjia:dj iy kS;h s wdrlaId lsÍug mshjr .; hq;h = ' fï ksid" ¥IKh hkak jrola f,i i,ld iEu rdcH ks,Odßfhl= úisku a Bg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍfï hq;=lula mj;S'

08&

úksúoNdjh ^^Transparency&& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao@

úksúoNdjh hkq ksrjoH;djh" wjxl;ajh iy újD;Ndjhhs' hï mßmd,kuh ;Skÿa jlska w;Dma;h s g m;a md¾Yjhlg tA ms<n s oj fya;= ldrKd ±kqï Èh hq;h = ' rdcH fiajlhsk"a l<ukdlrejka iy Ndrlrejka úiska újD; f,i;a" wfmalI a d l< yels f,i;a" wjfndaO lr.; yels f,i;a lghq;= l< hq;= ùu úksúoNdjh yd ineÈ uQ,O¾uhka h' fï wkqj úks ú oNdjh hka k iu. m% f õYùfï yels h dj" wÞ,;a j h" .= K d;a u lNdjh iy úYajikSh;ajh hk ,laIK ne`È mj;sk w;r" ld,Sk iy úYajdi lghq;= wd¾Ól iudÔh iy foaYmd,ksl f;dr;=re j, b;du;a mq¿,a m%jdyhla mej;Su hkdÈ ,laIK mj;S' úksúoNdjh mej;Su ;=<k s a uyck;djg iy fjk;a wdh;k j,g foaYmd,k ;SrK .ekSï ms<n s o f;dr;=re ,eîug;a wdKAvj q l j.ùfï uÜgu by< kexùug;a bv i,ik w;r" ¥IKhkag we;s bv m%i: a djka wju lrhs' iïm;a fn§hdu" ld¾hlaIu;djh m%j¾Okh iy ,dN wfmalI a djka m%j¾Okh jeks oE flfrys Okd;aul whqßka n,mdk ksid wd¾Óluh jYfhkao úksúoNdjh jeo.;a ixl,amhls'

09&

j.ùu ^^Accountabilty&& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao @

PkaoÞhlhska fj; rdcH ks<OdÍkaf.a fyda foaYmd,k{hskf a .a fyda l%h s dldrlï iïnkaOj iïndOl meKùu ms‚i ysñ n,h u; mkjkq ,nk" Tjqkf a .a ksoyi iSud lrkq ,nk m%;f s rdaOlhls' j.ùu hkafkys m%Odk;u wx. ;=kls' tkï úksúoNdjh" ms<; s r = e §ug ne§ isàu iy md,kh l< yels ùu hkakhs' ;ukag mejÍ we;s j.lSï bgq lsÍug;a mj;sk kS;s Í;s fr.=,disj,g wkql, + j ;uka úiska .kakd ,o ;Skÿa yd l%h s dldrlï idOdrŒlrKh lsÍug;a rdcH wdh;k" rdcH ks,OdÍka iy foaYmd,k{hska fj; mj;sk ne§u —j.ùu˜ f,i yÿkd.; yelsh' ck;d n,fhka m;alrkq ,enQ ksfhdað;hska ue;sjrK ;=<k s a Rcqju yd wêldßuh wdh;ksl rduq u.ska mkjkq ,nk ixjrK yd ;=,k l%u u.ska jHx.fhkao ck;dj fj; j.ùfuka ne§ isàu —m%cd;dka;l s% j.ùu˜ f,i yeÈkafõ' 10&

foaYmd,k mlaIj,g uQ,H wdOdr ,nd§u m%cd;ka;j % doh wdY%fhka i,lk l,ays whym;a l%ufõohlao@ th tfia fkdfõkï" foaYmd,k mlaI úiska iajlSh wruqo,a ms<n s oj uyck;djg fy<sorõ l< hq;f a ;a ukao@

uyck;djg ;ud leu;s foaYmd,k mlaIhlg uQ,H wdOdr §ug ysñlula mj;Sh hkak ms<s.;a u;hls' tkhskau th m%cd;ka;%jd§ rduqjla ;=<§ neyerl< hq;= l%uhla fkdjk nj m%lg lrhs' flfia fj;;a foaYmd,k mlaI úiska iajlSh wruqo,a ms<sno f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍu msßisÿ m%cd;ka;j % d§ mßphla mj;ajdf.k hEug jeo.;a jk nj o u;l ;nd .; hq;h = ' tfia ,ndfok uQ,H Þhl;ajhkaa kS;Hdkql, + lsÍug;a iy ±kg n,fha isák fyda n,h ,nd .ekSug wfmalI a ; s foaYmd,k{hskg a w,a,ia §u fyda n,mEï lsÍug ;e;a lsÍula fkdjk nj m%lg lsÍug kï foaYmd,k mlaI j,g ,efnk wruqo,a ms<n s o f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' 11&

rdcH ks,OdÍka fiajh lsÍug ne§ isákafka ld fj;o @

Y%S ,xldfõ wêlrK ;Skÿa u.ska ksis mßÈ ms<f s .k we;s mßÈ" rdcH ks,OdÍka fukau rcho ^wdKavj q & uyck;dj fjkqfjka uyck n,h Ndrhla f,iska orkq ,nhs' tfia fyhska rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a mru j.lSu jkafka uyck;djg fiajh ie,iSuhs' 12&

by< ks,Orfhl= ,ndfok ¥Is; ksfhda.hkag lSlre fkdùug rdcH fiajfhl=g yelso@

kS;s úfrdaë ksfhda.hkag lSlre fkdùug;a" ish¨u kS;Hdkql, + ksfhda. l%h s d;aul lsÍug;a iEu rdcH fiajlfhl=u ne§ isà' hï ks,Odßfhl= yg" ;ud ,o wK ¥Is; yd kS;s úfrdaë tlla nj ye.Shkafka kï tjeks wK jpkhlg lSlre fkdùu ks,Odßhdf.a hq;l = u jkafkah' tfia tjeks wK jpkhkag tfrys ùu ;=,k s a Tjqkg a hï hï ÿIalr;djhkag uqyK q §ug isÿùu m%dfhda.l s ;;ajh jQj;a" fndfyduhla úYsIg a .Kfha rdcH ks,OdÍka úiska ;uka ,o kS;s úfrdaë ksfhda.hkag wjk; fkdù rdcH fiajfha iqm< s m s ka;djh iqrlaI; s lsÍug mshjr .;a wjia:djka /ila mj;sk njo u;l ;nd .; hq;h = '

13&

¥IKhg tfrysj igkajeÈh yels tlu l%uh tjeks jerÈ j,g tfrysj kvq mejÍu muKlauo@

¥IKhg tfrysj M,ÞhS whqßka kvq mejÍu w;HdjYH jk kuq;a ¥IKhg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍfï tlu l%ufõoh th muKla fkdfõ' kvq mejÍula id¾:l ùug kï ld¾hlaIu úu¾Yk mámdáhla mej;sh hq;u = h' ksrka;r w;aolsk ;;ajhka ;=<k s a fmkS hkafka hï rgl iajdëk yd ksis n,;, j,ska msßmqka ld¾hlaIu ¥IK úfrdaë wêldÍ n,h ork wdh;khla fkdue;sj kvq mejÍfuka muKla ¥Khg tfrys igk id¾:l fkdjk njhs' 14&

fmd,Sish jeks wfkl=;a kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï wdh;k ;sìh§ ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khla wu;rj mej;sh hq;f a ;a ukao@

by< fmf<a ks,OdÍka mjd ¥IKhg k;=ù ;sfnk ;;ajhl ¥IKh fya;f = jka uq¿ rggu wys;lr ;;ajhla WÞfjk neúka" ¥IKhg tfrysj úu¾Yk meje;aùug yd kvq mejÍug miqng fkdjkafka;a Bg yelshdj we;af;a;a ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khlg mu‚' tfukau ¥IK lghq;= úu¾Ykh Wfoid muKlau fjkajQ wdh;khla mj;sk úg thg" wka wdh;khkag jvd ld¾hlaIu yd iQlI a u f,iska kQ;k ;dlaI‚l l%ufõohka Wmfhda.S lr.kakd jQ ¥IKhka mjd úu¾Ykh lsÍug ;rï iqúfYaI YlH;djhka ysñlr.; yelsh' ulaki s doh;a j¾;udkfha§ ¥IKfha fhfok wdldrhka muKla fkdj wÞ, .KQfoKq l%shd;aul lsÍï mjd b;du;a kQ;k ;dlaI‚l l%u Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka lrkq ,nhs' fndfyduhla wjia:dj,§ fujeks lghq;j = , kshef<kafka" ,sÅ;j kS;s u.ska n,hla ,nd § fkd;snk q o" n,y;aldrfhka f.dvk.d.;a n,;, orñka kS;h s wNsnjdhk by< fmf<a ks,OdÍka iy foaYmd,lhskh a ' tfia fyhska ¥IK lghq;= iïnkaOfhka úu¾Yk meje;aùug;a" tjeks lghq;= j, kshef<kakkag tfrysj kvq mejÍu;a ms‚i iqúfYaIS n,;, iys; iajdëk wdh;khla mej;Su w;HdjYH lreKls' tmuKla fkdj" kS;h s l%h s d;aul lrk wfkl=;a wdh;kj,g fuka fkdj fujeks ÿIK úfrdaë wdh;khla fj; b;du;a mq¿,a f,i uyck oekqj;aNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍfï jevigyka meje;aùfï j.lSulao mejf¾' kuq;a kS;sh ls%hd;aul lrk wfkl=;a wdh;khkag fujeks lghq;= ioyd wjYH ;dlaI‚l ±kqu tjeks ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khlg ;rï ysñ fkdfõ' 15&

tjeks ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khl iajdëk;ajh ;yjqre lrkafka flfiao @

fujeks wdh;khl iajdëk meje;au ;yjqre jkafka" Bg uQ,H iajdëk;ajh yd m%udKj;a mßÈ iïm;a ysñ kï mu‚' tfia iajdëk;ajh idlaId;a lr.ekSu ms‚i úúO rgj, fkdfhla l%ufõo Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' wÞ, wêldßfha ks, idudðlhskf a .a ks,ld,h ia:djr lsÍu" whjeh iïnkaO iajdëk;djh" úOdhlh u; hemSfuka f;drj m%udKj;a iïm;a m%udKhla iïmdokh lsÍu" lsiÿs ndOdjlska f;drj ´kEu ks,Odßfhl=g tfrysj úu¾Ykh lsÍug;a kvq mejÍug;a yelsjk mßÈ mßmQ¾K n,;, ,nd§u" jHjia:dms; fyda wdKavl q u % jHjia:dkql, + ffk;sl rduqj m%;m s dokh lsÍu wdÈh tjeks l%ufõohka w;ßka lsysmhls'

flfia jQjo kS;h s u.sku a muKla tjeks wdh;khla iajdëk l< fkdyel' iajdëk;ajh rÞ mj;skf a ka tjeks wdh;khla fufyh jk mqo. a ,hka u;h' 16&

¥IKh wju lsÍu ms‚i ú.Kldêm;sjrhdg l< yels ld¾hh l=ulao @

ú.Kldêm;s OQrh hkq" wdKAvl q u % jHjia:dkqlj + msyg s j q kq ,en we;s" ish¨u rdcH wdh;k ú.Kkh lsÍu ms‚i mj;ajkakd jQ rfÜ W;a;Í;r ú.Kk wdh;khhs' flfia fj;;a ú.Kldêm;s úiska jd¾;d l< hq;= jkafka md¾,sfïka;j = fj;hs' iqúfYaIS wjia:djka iSñ; m%udKhl§ yereKq fldg wêNdrhla whlsÍfï n,;, ú.Kldêm;sjrhdg ysñ fkdfõ' ú.Kldêm;sf.a rdcldÍ lghq;= l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ rdcH wdh;k ;=< hï hï isoê a uh fodaIhka fya;f = jka ¥IKhlg u.mdok nj fmkS hk úg fndfyduhla rgj, tA ms<n s oj md¾,sfïka;j = ;=< fukau ck;dj w;r wjOdkh ,la lsru S ms‚i th m%ios ê a hg m;a lrkq ,nkafka ú.Kldêm;sjrhd úiskauh' ¥IKhkag tfrysj md¾,sfïka;=j i;= iqmÍlaIK ld¾hNdrh m%Odk jYfhkau mejÍ we;af;a" iEu rdcH wdh;khlu jd¾;d msßlaiSfï n,;, ysñ ú.Kldêm;sjrhd fj;hs' tfia fyhska ¥IKh uev,Sfï§ ú.Kldêm;s OQrh iqúfYaIS fufyjrla bgq lrkq ,nk nj meyeÈ,sh' 17&

md¾,sfïka;=j ¥IKh uev,Sug lghq;= lrkafka flfiao@

¥IKhg tfrys igkl§ foaYmd,k kdhl;ajfha lemùu yd Wkkaÿj b;du;a jeo.;a jk nj wújdofhka ms<s.; hq;= w;r" md¾,sfïka;=j o ¥IKh uev,Su ms‚i l%shdl< hq;=h' cd;Hka;r ;,h i,ld n,k l,ays rg rgj, md¾,sfïka;= úiska ¥IKh uev,Su Wfoid úúO l%ufõo Ndú;d lrk w;r iajlSh iqmÍlaIK n,;, tys,d uq,a;ekla .kS' rdcH wdh;kj, .sKqï yd ld¾hNdrhka msßlaikq ,nk rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj ^COPA- Committee On Public Accounts& iy rdcH jHjidh lñgqj ^COPE - Committee on Public Enterprises& jeks ia:djr uQ,H lñgq mq¿,a ld¾hNdrka bgq lrhs' wfkla w;g ¥IKh yd iïnkaO iEu me;slvhkau wmrdOhla f,i olajd jHjia:d iïmdokh yd ¥IK u¾ok wdh;k fj; m%udKj;a ffk;sl n,;, m%;smdokh ms‚i lghq;= lsÍug;a md¾,sfïka;=jg n,h ;sfí' tfukau m%Yak ke.Su u.ska úOdhlfha lghq;= wëlaIKh lsÍu;a" .eg¨ldÍ ;;ajhka ms<n s o újdo lsÍu;a" ¥IKh wju lsÍu ms‚i md¾,sfïka;j = g .; yels mshjrhka fõ'

18&

rcfha wdh;kj,g iajlSh wdh;k rduqj ;=< mj;akd ¥IK uÜgu iy iajNdjh ms<n s o we.hqula l<yelso @

tfia lsÍug yelsjk w;r tA ioyd Ndú;d l<yels l%ufõo rdYshla mj;S' tA w;ßka iuyrla l%ufõohka l%shd;aul lsÍug uQ,H iïm;a wjYH jk kuqÿ fndfyduhla l%ufõohka l%shd;aul lsÍug wu;r úhoulska f;drj l<yelsh' fujeks lghq;a;lg leue;a;la olajk rcfha wdh;khlg ;u wdh;kh iu. .KqfoKq lrk uyck;dj yd

wfkl=;a wdh;k iu. idlÉPdjla meje;aúh yelsh' ^tjeks /iaùï wNsjDoaêÞhl /iaùï f,i yeÈkafõ& tjeks /iaùula ;u wdh;kfha mj;sk ¥IK uÜgu ms<n S o ksjerÈ we.hqula ,nd.ekSug WmldÍ fõ' tfukau wÞ, wd;kh úiska fuu o;a; /ialr .ekSu ms‚i iólaIKhla lsÍug o yelsh' tfukau mQ¾j ±kqï§ulska f;drj isÿflfrk kSÍlaIKhka u.ska wdh;khg;a" úfYaIfhkau l<ukdlrK uÜgfï ks,OdÍkag;a" iajlSh wdh;kfha ¥IK ;;ajfha i;H iajNdjh jgyd.ekSu;a rdcldÍ bgqlÍ s fï m%udKh w;aú§ug;a yelshdj ,efí' ;u wdh;kh ms<n S o m%;p s dr ±laùug uyck;dj Wkkaÿ lsÍu u.skoa wdh;kfha ¥IK uÜgu yd iajNdjh ms<n s o we.hSula l< yels fõ'

19&

wdh;kj, mj;sk ixlS¾K l%h s dmámdàka iu. ineÈ ¥IK ;;ajhka j<lajd .ekSfï ir, l%u fudkjdo@

wdh;khl mj;sk ixlS¾K l%h s dmámdàka wju lsÍu tjeks wdh;khl .=Kd;aul nj Wiia uÜgug m;alr.ekSug we;s m%Odk;u l%uhls' hï lghq;a;la bgqlr.ekSu ms‚i wkq.ukh l<hq;= l%h s dmámdáh ir, kï iy tA ioyd ks,OdÍka rdYshla iu. .kqfokq lsÍug wjYH fkdfjkafka kï ¥IKhg u.mdok bvlv b;du;a wju fõ' tfia fyhska ks,OdÍka úiska fyda wdh;ksl uÜgfuka fyda" wÞ, wdh;kj," wkjYH mßÈ ixlS¾K mßmd,kuh mámdàka mj;S o hkak jßkajr úuid ne,sh hq;h = '

20&

—la,Ü s .d¾â iólrKh˜ (Klitgaard Formula) hkq l=ulao@

rdcH fiajh ;=< ¥IKh mj;skf a ka flfia o hkak;a" tAldêldrh yd wNsu;h ;=,kh l<yels fydou wdldrh l=ula o hkak;a fuu iólrKfhka fmkajd fohs' f,djmqrd m<d;a md,k l%u .ek lrk ,o wOHhkhka mokï lr.ksñka uydpd¾ frdn¾Ü la,Ü s .d¾â ^Prof. Robert Klitgaard& úiska u;= ±lafjk iólrKh bÈßm;a lrk ,§' ¥IKh = tAldêldrh + wNsu;h - j.ùu Corruption= Monoply + Discretion - Accountability 21&

rcfha fiajlhskaf.a j;alï yd j.lSï fy<sorõ lsÍu jeo.;a jkafkao@

fuh m%d:ñl wjia:dfõ§u ¥IKh md,kh ms‚i mj;akd úksúoNdjh yd ineÈ b;du;a M,ÞhS l%uhls' fï u.ska uyck Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;ajQjka fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka úiska iajlSh j;alï ms<n s o m%ios ê a fha fyda wNHka;ßl jYfhka rcfha ¥IK u¾ok wêldßh fj; fyda m%ldYhg m;al< hq;h = ' ;u jD;a;u s h Èúfha úúO ;rd;srï j,§ ;u j;alï ms<n s o mQ¾K fy<sorõ lsÍula Wfoid lghq;= fh§u u.ska ¥IKh u.ska lrkq ,enQ bmhSï yÿkd.ekSug uQ,l s moku ilihs' fï wkqj hï iqúfYaIS foafmd<la ;u /lshdj lrk ld,h ;=<§ w;am;alr.kq ,fÞ;a tu bmhqï ud¾.h l=ula o lshd fy<sorõ lrk f,i ±laúh yels w;r th kS;H s dkql, + uQ,hlska Wmhd.;a nj fmkaùu wÞ, ks,OdÍf.a j.lSu

fõ' j;alï yd j.lSï fy<sorõ lsÍfï wfmalI a ; s m%;M s ,hka ksis mßÈ idlaId;a lr.ekSug kï" j;alï yd j.lSï fy<sorõ lsÍfï kS;h s ukdj ieliS ;sìh hq;h = ' WÞyrKhla f,i ¥IK u¾Ok wêldßh u.ska wÞ, fy<sorõ lsÍï iïnkaO wjYH úNd.hka mj;ajkafka ke;skï j;alï yd j.lSï m%ldYhg m;alÍ s fuka M,la ke;'

22&

—wlghq;= kdokh˜ ^Whistle blowing& hkq l=ulao @

wlghq;= kdokh hkq hï ks,Odßfhl= fyda fiajlfhl= úisk"a rdcH wdh;khl mj;sk kS;súfrdaë mßphla fyda ¥IKhla fy<sorõ lsÍu ms‚i mshjr .ekSuhs' hful= úiska tfia lsÍu u.sk"a fujeks ;;ajhka ms<n s o uyck ±kqj;aNdjh m%j¾Okhg o Tyq Þhl fõ' ¥IKhka b;du;a ryis.;j isÿjk neúka" tjeks ;;ajhka fy<sorõ lsÍug mj;sk fyd`ou yd M,Þhl l%uh jkafka wlghq;= kdokhhs' 23&

wlghq;= kdolhskg a /ljrKh ie,ish hq;= ukao @

fufia wlghq;l = ï fy<sorõ lsÍug bÈßm;a fjk mqo. a ,hska wÞ, wlghq;l = ï j, kshe,s whf.a ysßyerhkag ,la ùug bv we;s fyhska Tjqka fj; wdrlaIdj ie,ish hq;h = 's fndfyda úg ¥IK md,k ;ka;h % la yd l,ukdldÍ;ajhla úiska wlghq;= kdolhska lrorldÍ whj¨ka f,i i,lkjd ñi Tjqka we.hSulg ,lafkdlrk njo u;l ;nd.; hq;h = ' ¥Is; l<ukdlrK jHQyhka ;=<" jxpksl ks,OdÍ lKAvdhï úiska wlghq;= kdolhska mSvdjg m;a lsÍu ms‚i úkh l%h s dud¾. wksis f,iska Ndú;d lrhs' tfia fyhska tjeks mSvdjkag f.dÿreùfuka wlghq;= kdolhska /l.ekSu ms‚i l%ufõohka mej;Su w;HdjYH fõ' fndfyduhla rgj, fuu wruqK bgqlr.ekSu ms‚i úfYaI; s kS;s mkjd b;du;a id¾:l wkaoñka l%h s d;aul lrkq ,nk wdldrho oelsh yels fõ' 24&

wm rfÜ f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ;sfío @

Y%S ,xldfõ kS;sh u.ska uQ<sl whs;sjdislula f,i f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh ;yjqre fldg ke;' tfukau iuyr jHjia:djka yd mßphka u.ska fuu ksoyi l%h s djg kexùuo j<lajd ;sfí' tA flfia fj;;a Y%S ,xldjg o f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi m%;m s dokh flfrk kS;h s la iïmdokh m%n, wjYH;djh uE; w;S;fha§ jßka jr mekke.=Kq w;r" tjeks kS;h s la flgqïm;a flrek o fï jk f;la th md¾,sfïka;j = u.ska iïu; ù fkdue;' Y%S ,xld wdKavl q u % jHjia:dfõ uQ,l s whs;j s dislï mßÉfþoh u.ska NdIKfha whs;h s ^woyia m%ldY lsÍfï whs;h s & ;yjqre lrkq ,en ;snK q o" f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ms<n s o m%;m s dokhka ioyka fldg ke;' tkuq;a fY%I a G a dêlrK kvq ;Skaÿ rdYshla u.sku a wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ m%ldYs; yDo idlaIf s ha ksoyfiys fldgila f,i i,lñka f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ms<. s kq ,en we;' tjeks ;Skÿa ,nd§ ;snK q o" tA .ek ;elSulska f;drj" mßmd,k mßphka yd wdh;k ix.%yh u.ska ;ju;a jeo.;a f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï ksoyi iSud lr we;' 25& f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ia:dms; flfrk kS;h s la ;sîfuka" ¥IKhg tfrysj

igka je§ug ,efnk msgj q y, l=ulao @ tjeks kS;h s la mej;Su u.sk"a f;dr;=re ±k.ekSug we;s yelshdj m%j¾Okh jk uÜgulg ffk;sl" wdh;ksl yd ld¾hmámdál moku o Yla;u s ;a ùug u.mdohs' tfukau kshñ; wjia:dfõ§ ksjerÈ f;dr;=re m%ios O a lsÍu u.sk"a fmdÿ ck;djg ukdj f;dr;=re ,nd foñka wdKavqj j.ùfuka l%shdlrk ;;ajhla iy;sl lsÍug o bjy,a fõ' f;dr;=re myiqfjka yd ksoyfia ,nd.ekSug yels úg" ¥IKhg we;s m%jK;djhka miq.dó fõ' uyck;dj f;dr;=rej,ska ikakoaO ùu fya;=fjka rdcH ks,OdÍka úiska .kq ,nk" jerÈ yd ¥Is; ;SrK ms<n s o m%Yk a lsÍug ck;djg n,h ,efnk w;r" uyck;dj o ú.Klhska njg m;afõ' 26&

¥IKh fya;f = jka udkj ysñlï W,a,x.kh fõo @

¥IKfha l=uk m%fNaohlska mSvdjg m;a jQjo tu.ska tlS mqo,.hskf a .a udkj ysñlï W,a,x>khla isÿjkafkah' WÞyrKhla f,i olajkafka kï" ;u ys; ñ;%d§kag wksis ie,ls,s olajñka n,;, Ndú;d lsÍu hkq kS;h s bÈßfha iudk /ljrKh ,eîug wka mqo. a ,hska i;= ysñlu W,a,x>khls' tfia fyhsk"a ¥IK lghq;= ioyd wdKavj q la yjq,a ùu u.sk"a udkj ysñlï iqrlaI; s lsÍug yd m%j¾Okhg rch fj; mj;sk j.lSu lv fõ' rdcH ks,OdÍka ¥Is; jk ;;ajhla ;=< iuyr udkj ysñlï ;yjqre lsÍug bvla ,efnkafka ke;' ¥Is; fmd,sia ks,OdÍka úisk"a wi;H idlaIs ks¾udKh fldg lrk" w;awvx.=jg .ekSï yd r`ojd ;nd.ekSï fya;f = jka" w;a;fkdau;sl f,i w;awvx.=jg .ekSfuka yd r`ojd .ekSï j,ska ñ§fï ksoyi W,a,x>kh ùu tA iïnkaOfhka lÈu WÞyrKhls' i;H jYfhkau ÿIKhg tfrys wr.,h yd udkj ysñlï /l.ekSu ioyd jQ wr.,h;a hk folu" b;du;a iómj .uka lrk" ch.%yKh lsÍu wNsfhda.hlaj we;s wr., fõ' 27&

udkj ysñlï flfrys ¥IKfha n,mEu flfiao@

¥IKh ksid ksr;=reju isÿjkakd jQ whqla;siy.; ;;ajhka fya;=fjka f,djmqrd fldaá ixLHd; ck;djg udkj ysñlï wysñ fõ' ²

udkj ysñlï w;am;a lr.ekSug ¥IKh u.ska ndOd t,a, fõ' WÞ (- úÿy,am;sjrhdg w,a,ia fkd§fuka mdie,g we;=,;a ùug fkdyelsjk orejdf.a whs;j s dislï W,a,x>k h fõ'

¥IKh ksid j.ùu ksis f,i bgq fkdfõ' uyck;djg ysñ foaYmd,ksl ysñlï Ndú;fha bv m%i: a dj wysñ fõ' WÞ (- foaYmd,k{hskag" wd¾Ól jdis ,nd§ Tjqkaf.a u;jdo fjkia l< yels ùu'

fï u.ska m%cd;ka;j % dofha uQ,l s moku ìojefÜ' ² udkj ixy;sfha iudkd;au;djh yd rdcHh fj;ska iudk ie,l=ï ,eîfï uQ,O¾uhka jkafka udkj ysñlïh' 83

¥IKh hkq fjkiafldg ie,lSfï w;sYh wk¾:ldÍ ;;ajhls' tA ;=<k s a foaYmd,k{hska fj;ska iy rdcH ks,OdÍka fj;sk"a wh:d ie,lSï jrm%ido wdÈh ,nd.ekSug ;e;a lrhs' iEu mqo. a ,fhlau tl yd iudk fiajhla wfmalI a d lrkafka kï w,a,ia §fï wjYH;djhka Woa.; fkdfõ' ¥IKh ksid ÿmam;=kg a rdcH fiajd ,nd.ekSug we;s bv m%i: a d wysñ fjk ksid Tjqkg a ysñ foaYmd,k whs;j s dislï idlaId;a lr.ekSug fkdyels ùu ksid;a ¥IKh ;=<k s a udkj ysñlï W,a,x.kh jk nj meyeÈ,s lreKls'

29&

¥IKh ksid yg.kakd wd¾Óluh mdvq fudkjdo @

¥Is; .KqfoKqj, jákdlu yd isÿfjk jdr .Kk wkqj;a" tA u.ska l=uk wd¾Ól lafIa;h % ka iy lskï ck fldÜGdYhla bka mSvdjg m;ajkafka o hk lreKq u; ¥IKh ksid yg.kakd wd¾Ól mdvqj wjia:dkql, + j fjkia fõ' f.ùfï yelshdfjka b;du;a wju uÜgfï isák ÿmam;a ck;dj fj; m%;. s dó wdldrfhka mSvdjka we;slrk fyhska ¥IKh mdßfNda.l s hska u; fukau l%h s dmámdàka u; mekfjk ks, fkdjk noaola f,iskoa yeÈkaúh yel' ¥IKh yd wd¾Ól l%h s dldrlï w;r Yla;u s ;a wkshï ino;djhla l%h s d;aul fkdjk neúka" ¥IKfha i;H mßudKh ueŒu wmyiq fõ' tys m%;M s ,hla f,i id¾j wd¾Òluh úhoï we.hqug ,lalÍ s u wmyiq fõ'

uyd mßudK ¥IKh yd w.;s.dó wd¾Òl m%;ú s mdlhka w;r iqúfYaIS iyiïnkaOhla mj;sk nj fndfyduhla wd¾Ól úoHd{hska úiska ms<f s .k we;s lreKls' tkï ¦

fj<ofmd< l%uh l%h s d;aul ùfï wdld¾hlaIu;d we;slÍ s u'

uyd mßudK bÈlsÍï" wdrlaIl .súiqï jeks w,a,ia úYd, m%udKfhka ,eîug bvlv we;s l%h s dlrlï j,g uq,; a ek foñka rdcH úhofï ixhq;h s jrojd ksrEmkh lsÍu'

wkjYH jehNdrhka tl;= lsÍu;a" wia:djr;ajhka ks¾udKh ùu;a ;=<ska" Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack uÜgu wju ùu'

iq¿ mßudK ¥IK ksid wd¾Òlh flfrys úYd, n,mEula we;sùfï yelshdj iSñ; jQjo tu.ska ÿmam;a ck;dj fj; widOdrK f,i jehNdrhka we;s lrhs' tmuKla fkdj uyd mßudK ¥IKhka iuia; wd¾Òlhu mßydkshg ,lalÍ s ug fukau iuia; ck.ykhu È<skaoka njg m;alsÍug ;rï m%n, fõ'

30&

rgl ixj¾Okh flfrys ¥IKfha n,mEu flfiao @

¥IKh fya;f = jka ixj¾Okh m%udo ùug;a" wjysr ùug;a" fkdu.heùug;a wjia:djg WÞ lrhs' ¥IKh l%h s d;aul jk wdh;ksl jHQyhka ;=<" ¥IKh fukau fjk;a ÿ¾j,;djhka

iy wld¾hlaIu;djhkao mj;sk neúka ixj¾Okh flfrys ¥IKfha n,mEu Rcqj ;SrKh lsÍu myiq fkdfõ' wdh;kj, mj;sk wld¾hlaIu;djhka iy j.ùfuka f;drj lghq;= lsÍfï iajNdjhkag ¥IKh fya;=jla jkjd fukau tlS ;;ajhkaf.a m%;sM,hka f,io ¥IKh yg.kakd ksid ¥IKh hkak úp,Hhla f,iska ixj¾Okhg lrk n,mEu uekSu wmyiq fõ' meyeÈ,sj ±l.; yels ldrKhla jkafka ÿ¾j, wd¾Ól j¾Okh ms‚i n,mdk wfkl=;a wdh;ksl ÿn,;d w;f¾" ¥IKho tla fya;= ldrKdjla njhs' úfoaYh S fukau foaYh S wdfhdack uÜgu my< ±óug ¥IKh b;du;a nrm;, f,iska n,mdk njg úYajdi flf¾' hï rgl Ñria:dhs ixj¾Ok jevms<sfj,la l%shd;aul lsÍug kï" rchlg wdrlaIl" úYajdiÞhS yd l%udkql, + j m%j¾Okh jk wdÞhï uQ,dY%hla mej;sh hq;h = ' kuq;a ¥IKldÍ nÿ u.yeÍï fya;f = jka" M,ÞhS wdfhdackhla Wfoid wruqo,a fjka lsÍug ys.hla we;sfõ' ¥IKh mj;sk úg§ wd¾Òl j¾Okh flfrys m%n, f,i iqNÞhl jk wOHdmkh jeks M,ÞhS jevigyka j,g fjka lrk uqo,a fjk;a ud¾. j,g .uka lsÍu" uyd mßudK w,a,ia j,g u.mdok hqO WmlrK ñ,§.ekSï jeks lghq;= Wfoid rdcH m%d.aOk wdfhdack ioyd fjkalr we;s uqo,a fhoùu jeks ;;ajhka Woa.; úh yel' tfia fyhska ¥IKh" wdfhdackhka ÿ¾j, lrk nj;a" rdcH wdÞhï ud¾. ì|ouk nj;a" rdcH úhoïj, ukd ixhq;h s wjq,a lrk nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ' flfia jQjo ¥IKh md,kh lsÍu yd rgl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh wkqf,dauj iudkqmd; jk njg idOl we; ^23 jk msgj q n,kak&' 31&

¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylh hkq l=ulao@

cd;Hka;r ¥IK uÜgfï m%udKh ksrEmKh lrk tlu cd;Hka;r o¾Ylh jk ¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylfha ¥Is;u rgj,a o¾Ylfha my<sku a msyg s k w;r ¥IKh wju rgj,a o¾Ylfha by<ska msyg s hs' fuu o¾Ylh g%dkaif a markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh úiska 1995 j¾Ifha isg jd¾Islj ilikq ,nhs' rdcH ks,OdÍka w;r fukau foaYmd,k{hka w;r mj;akd ¥IK uÜgu" ixcdkkh jk m%udKh ^±fkk m%udKh& u‚kq ,efí' wju ¥Is; uÜgu ,l=Kq 10 f,i;a Wmßu ¥IK uÜgu —0˜ f,i;a ,l=Kq mrdihl msyg s j q ñka" tA tA rgj,a wdY%fhka mj;ajk u; úuiqï yd iólaIK u; mokïj tla tla rgj,g ,l=Kq §u lrhs' fï wkqj ¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylh hkq u; Pkaohla meje;aùug iudkh'

32&

tAldêm;sjd§ md,k l%uhla ;=<k s a ¥IKh wju l< yelso@

wd×Þhl md,k ;ka;h % la ;=< ¥IKh wju fjkjd fkdj by< hk njg fmkakï q lrk idlaIs nyq,j ±lsh yelsh' m%cd;ka;j % d§ md,k l%uhl kï uyck;djg m%ldYkfha wjia:dj mj;sk fyhska ¥IKhg tfrysj igkaje§ug bv m%i: a dj mj;S'

33&

¥IKh mj;skf a ka hï úfYaI; s wd¾Ól l%uhl muKlao@

ke;' ¥IKh yeu wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k moaO;shla ;=<u ±lsh yels fõ' iudcjd§ rdcH" Okjd§ rdcH fukau wd.ñl kdhl;ajhlska md,kh fjk rdcH j, o ¥IKh mj;S' tfukau m%cd;ka;j % d§ md,khla" tAldêm;sjd§ md,khla muKla fkdj yuqÞ md,khla fukau wka ´kEu wdldrhl md,k ;ka;h % laa mj;sk rgl mjd ¥IKh mj;sk nj fkdryils' tla tla moaO;sfhka moaO;shg úoHdudk fjk ¥IKfha m%udKh yd uqyK q j q r fjkia úh yelsh'

34&

mj;akd ¥IK m%jdyh wdmiq yerùug yelso@

fmdÿfõ .;a l, lsiÿs rgla ¥IKh uq,k s m q g q d oud ke;s kuqÿ fndfyduhla rgj, ¥IKh ie,lsh hq;= uÜgulg md,kh lrkq ,en we;s njg idOl we;' tjeks ;;ajhka ms<n s o kso¾Yk f,djmqrd úúO rgj,a j,ska ±lsh yelsh' hï rgl ¥IK m%jdyh wdmiq yerùu ms‚i fhdÞ.; yels l%ufõohka fuh hhs fmkajd§ug iqúfYaIS l%ufõohla olakg ke;' l%ufõoh rfgka rgg fjkiah'

35&

M,ÞhS f,iska ¥IK úfrdaë wr.,hla f.khdu ms‚i foaYmd,k jHQyfha Wkkaÿj yd lemùu wjYHh jkafka ukao @

ia:djr ¥IK úfrdaë l%ufõohla iïnkaOfhka rgl kdhl;ajh fmkakï q lrk lemùu ;=<k s a fï ioyd foaYmd,k rduqfõ Wkkaÿj m%lg lrhs' cd;sl kdhl;ajfha iyfhda.h fkd,efnkafka kï ¥IK úfrdaë igklg w;alr.; yelafla iq¿ mßudK ch.%yKhka mu‚' ukao rgl kdhl;ajfha yeisÍu jHdmdßl lafIa;h % g" foaYmd,k{hskg a " wdrlaIl wxYhkag" rdcH fiajhg" iudchg fukau iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu wdo¾Yhla i,ihs' rgl kdhl;ajh ¥IK l%h s dldrlï j,ska jdis ,nd.ksñka ¥Is; md,khla f.k hk úg ¥IK l%shdjkaf.ka neyerj lghq;= lsÍug wfkl=;a iudc jHQyhka Èß.ekaùula isÿ fkdfõ' by< ;k;=re j,g kqiÿq iq mqo. a ,hska m;alÍ s u" ¥Is; úksir q ejreka m;a lsÍu" fukau ¥IK lghq;= ms<n s o fy<sorõ lrk ckudOHfõ§kag tfrysj kvq mejÍug lghq;= fh§u wd§

l%shdjka ;=<ska ¥IKhg tfrys l%shdldrlï wvmK lsÍfï yelshdj rdcH kdhl;ajhg mj;S' m%cd;ka;j % d§ md,k rduqjla ;=< fukau md,k ;ka;h % la ;=< jQjo fujeks ;;ajhka we;sùug mj;sk m%jK;djhg ksudjla fkdue;' ¥IK úfrdaë lghq;= Wfoid" foaYmd,k rduqfõ Wkkaÿj wdrïNl wjia:dfõ§u mej;sh jQj;a ke;;a tjeks ;;ajhka WÞlr.ekSu fyda th ia:djrj mj;ajdf.k hEu ioyd ksrka;r uyck n,lsÍula mej;sh hq;h = '

36&

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sh (UNCAC) hkq l=ulao@

¥IK úfrdaë wr.,h fjkqfjkau lemjQ tlai;a cd;Skf a .a f,aLkh jkafka fuhhs' fuu iïuq;h s 2006 j¾Ifha§ mkjd l%h s d;aul lrk ,o w;r Y%S ,xldj úiskoa tu iïuq;h s g mlaImd;Sj th wm rfÜ l%shd;aul lsÍug nefoñka w;aika fldg ^wmrdkqu; fldg& ;sfí' ¥IKh uev,Su Wfoid rdcHhka w;r iyfhda.h ,nd.ekSfï l%ufõohka fuu iïuq;h s u.ska ;yjqre fldg ;sfí' tlS ldrKdjka fukau wdKavq md,kh úksúoNdjh" ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu ms‚i isú,a iudcfha l%h s dldÍ Þhl;ajh ,nd.ekSu wd§ wruqKq l%h s djg kexùugo fuu iïuq;h s u.ska wjOdkh fhduqlr we;'

37&

cd;Hka;r ¥IK úfrdaë Èkh ljÞo@

tlai;a cd;Skf a .a ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;h s l%h s djg kxjk ,o Èkh jk foieïn¾ 09 Èk cd;Hka;r ¥IK úfrdaë Èkh f,i i,lkq ,efí'

uyd mdml¾u y; jev lsÍfuka f;drj Okh bmhSu yDo idCIshg mgyeksj i;=gù q u udkqIl s ;ajfhka f;dr úµdj .=Kj;a núka f;dr ±kqu m%;m s ;a;s .rel fkdjk foaYmd,kh iodpdrfhka f;dr jHdmdr mß;Hd.fhka f;dr mQcdjka uy;aud .dkaê

Wm .%ka:h 3 ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka - isoaê wOHhk isoaê wOHhkh I fmd¾fgda we,sf.%a" n%i, S h( rdcH uqo,a úúO ldhH_ i|yd fjka lsÍu yd tys mßmd,khg iyNd.sùfï m%fõYh

n%iS,h ( fmd¾fgda we,sf.%a - iyNd.s;aj whjeh uyck iyNd.s;ajh we;sj whjeh ilia lsÍu'

miq ì u

j¾I úiailg wêl ld,hla ^1964-1985& taldêm;s md,khla ;snQ n%iS,h j¾I 1998 oS m%cd;dka;%sl wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïu; lsÍfuka wk;=rej idudkHfhka l%shdldÍjQ uyck;djg ;jÿrg;a ksoyfia lghq;= lsÍug wjia:dj Wodúh' n%iS,fha ck.ykh fldaá 15'6 ls' uOHu m%udKfha wdodhï ,dNS rgj,a w;=ßka b;du;a wdÞhï wiudk;ajhla mj;akd fuu rfÜ jik ÿmam;a ck;djf.a ixLHdj wka rgj,a wìNjd isà' j¾I 1998 oS taldêm;s md,kh fmr,d ±uQ ck;dj lïlre mCIhla msysgqjdf.k ckm%sh mßmd,khla u.ska w;sYfhka m%cd;dka;%sljQ rchla ìyslsÍfï lghq;a; ;u wNsm%dh lr .;ay' j¾I 1989 oS fldaáhlg wêl ck .yKhla jdih lrkq ,nk ie´ fmdaf,da we;=¿ k.riNd lsysmhl Pkaofhka ch.%yKh l< fuu lïlre mCIh k.r i|yd whjeh fhdackd ieliSfï kj w;ayod ne,Sula wdrïN lf<ah'

fuu kj;u kd.ßl ie,iqï l%uh u.ska m%cd;dka;%sl f,i b;d oCI wkaoñka wdodhï ud¾. mßmd,kh lsÍula y÷kajdoSu tlai;a cd;Skaf.a j¾I 1996 oS bia;dïnq,ays wj;ekajQ ck;dj mosxÑ lrùu wrNhd meje;ajQ iuq¿fõoS m%Yxidjg Ndckh úh' fldaá tlhs oYu ;=kl ck.yKh jdihlrk úYd,;u l¾udka; k.rh jk ßfhda .%ekaä foda iq,ays msysgd we;s fmda¾fgda we,sf.%ays m%dfoaYSh wdrA:slfha jákdlu wefußldkq fvd,¾ ì,shk y;ls' fuu m%foaYh úoaj;=kaf.ka yd idudkH ck;dj tla /iaù wêldÍ n,hg úreoaO ùug iy fmdÿ Ôú;fha m%Yakj,g úreoaOj ke.S isàu i|yd fm<Uùug iu;a fndfyda ld,hl isg m%isoaêhla orK lïlre iñ;s j,ska mßmQ¾Kh'

wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.h

kd.ßl n,h f.dvk.d we;af;a k.rdêm;s m%Odk ks,Odßhd f,i;a Tyqf.a ksfhdacH k.rdêm;sjre jHjia:dodhl uKav,h f,i;a ie,lSfuks' k.riNd i|yd ;u n,m%foaY j,ska ,efnk wdodhu úhoï lsÍu i|yd iïmQ¾K n,h yd ksoyi Tjqkg we;' fuu wdodhï ,nd.kafka foaYSh nÿ whlsÍu" ;Srenÿ iy uOHu rcfha uqo,a ,eîï j,sks' úOdhlh u.ska fuu k.r iNdj, whjeh ms<sfh, lrkq ,efí' fuu whjeh Bg miq uKav,fhka wkqu; úh hq;=h’ k.rdêm;s hgf;a ixúOdk folla we;' tajd kï ixj¾Ok fhdckd ms<sfh, lrkq ,nk ld¾hd,h iy uyckhdf.a iïnkaëlrKh we;sj k.rfha Ôj;a jk msßia yd tl;=ù whjeh ms<sfh, lsÍfï ld¾hd,h fõ' fuys fojekak m,d;a iïnkaëlrkh lrk wh iy ta ta ck fldgiaj, kdhlhska iu. idlÉPdlr ta ta fldgiaj, l< hq;= jev igyka iy uyck;djf.a b,a,Sï fudkjd oehs fidhdne,Su ms,sn|j lghq;= lrk w;r m<uqjekak ;dCIKsl iy wdrA:sluh wjYH;d .ek fidhd n,hs'

fuu k.rh fldÜGdY 16 lg fnod we;s w;r idlÉPd l,hq;= ud;Dld miajeoEreï fõ' tajd kï (I) .ukd.ukh yd m%jdyk (II) wOHdmkh" l%Svd iy ixialD;sh (III) fi!LH yd iudc Y=N idOkh (IV) wdrA:sl ixjrAOkh iy nÿ whlsÍu' (V) k.r ks¾udK ixúOdkh iy kd.ßl ixj¾Okh'

iEu j¾Ihla mdidu iEu fldÜGdYhlu tl ud;Dldjla hgf;a /iaùï jdr folla mj;ajkq ,efí' ck;dj udrA;= udifhaoS tla/iaù m%:u /iaùug fmr ta ta mqrjeishdf.a b,a,Sï fudkjd oehs fidhd n,d oekf.k m%Odk /iaùï jdrfhaoS tajd bosßm;a lsÍu i|yd ksfhdað;hka f;dard .kq ,efí' uyck;djf.a fuu /iaùï j,g k.riNdj iyNd.S fkdfõ' úOdhlh iy ck;dj w;r /iaùï wm%sfh,a udifhaoS k.rdêm;sjrhdf.a m%OdkFjfhka meje;afõ' fuysoS miq.sh j¾Ifha wdrïN lrk ,o wdfhdack jev igyka .ek iy fï j¾Ifha fhdað; jevigyka .ek idlÉPd lrkq ,efí' fuysoS ;jÿrg;a tu jevlghq;= ksÍCIKh lsÍfu i|yd ksfhdað;hka Pkao l%uh wkqj m;a lrkq ,efí' m%:u iy fojeks idlÉPdjdr w;r;=r tkï ud¾;= iy cQks udi we;=<; oS fkdfhl=;a ck;d iNd j,ska lïlre iñ;s" iuQldr iñ;s" uõjrekaf.a ix.ï wdosh bosßm;a lrkq ,nk wdfhdack yd l%shd .ek idlÉPd mj;ajkq ,efí' ;jo fuu b,a,Sï tajdg iyNd.S jkakkaf.a m%uqL;d wkqj igyka lr.kq ,efí' fïjdg úOdhlfhkaa tys wjYH;d wkqj ,l=Kq fokq ,efí' ta i|yd l%u folla wkq . ukh flf¾' (1) ls i s h ï fia j djla i|yd we;s wjYH;dj uks k q ,nka f ka fufia n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk fiajdj u.ska fldf;la ÿrg tys ck;djg tys m%fhdack .; yelso hkak yd ck.yk m%udKh wkqjh'

fï i|yd ,nd .; yels jeäu ,l=Kq m%udKh 15 ls' fï ,l=Kq 15 ;=ka wdldrhlg fnod tllg 5 ne.ska oSu lrkq ,nkafka my; oelafjk lreKq wkqj hñkah' ishhg úiailg jvd jeäfhkaa tu fiajdfjka m%fhdack .kafka kï ,l=Kq 5 hs' tys ck.ykh 120"000 jvd jeä kï ,l=Kq 5 hs" th ;ukaf.a b,a,Sï ,ehsia;=fõ m%uqL;djh f.k we;akï ,l=Kq 5 hs'

fojeks jgfha idlÉPdj cQ,s udifhaoS mj;ajkq ,nk w;r m%foaY 16 ka tllska fofokd ne.ska f;dardm;a lr .kq ,efí' fï i|yd uq,ska i|ykal< miajeoEreï ud;Dld Ndrj isák wh fjkqfjka oifofklao" isú,a fiajlhkaf.a iñ;s j,ska tla ksfhdað;hl= ne.skao" wi,ajdiS ck;dj fjkqfjka ksfhdað;hka fofofkl= ne.skao mßÈ wh jeh ;SrKh lsrSu i|yd tlaù /iafjk ljqkais,h" 44 la jQ ksfhdacs;hka f.ka iukaú;fõ' fuu ljqkais,h ish¿ fokdu ksfhdackh fjk m%Odk ixúOdkh fõ' fuysoS fï ksfhdacs;fhda k.r iNdfõ uqo,a mrsyrkh ms<sn|j oekqula ,nd.kakd w;r" uqo,a fjka lr .ekSu i|yd jdo újdo l, hq;= wdldrh" ;uka úiska ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk uyck fldÜGdYfha b,a,Sï iy wjYH;d .ek i<ld n,d k.rdêm;s jrhd úiska iy m%Odk lñgqj úiska ms<sfh, fldg bosrs m;a lrkq ,nk whjeh kej; ixfYdaOkhg Ndckh flf¾' fï i|yd foieïn¾ ui 30 jeks od f;la i;sfhlg jrla meh fofla /iaùï jdr 4 la ne.ska mj;ajkq ,efí' Bg miq fï wdldrfhka ms<sfh, lrkq ,nk whjeh jd¾;dj jHjia:d odhlh fj; bosrsm;a lrkq ,efí' iema;eïn¾ iy foieïn¾ udi w;r;=roS whjeh fhdackd i|yd iyNd.Sjk ljqkais,h rdcH uka;%K iNdfõoS ;ukaf.a whjeh wkqu; lrjd .ekSu i|yd m%n, f,i lghq;= lrhs' fuysoS ;ukaf.a wdfhdackh i|yd bosrsm;alr we;s fhdackd iy ta ta m%foaYhg fjkalr we;s uqo,a ms<sn| úia;rd;aul jdrA;d ms<sfh, lrkq ,efí' fuysoS md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdacs;hkag oek.ekSug wjYH ish¿ f;dr;=re iïmdokh lrkq ,efí' wjidkfhaoS foaYmd,kuh ;SrK .ekSï u; iy ta ta fhdackdj, we;s wjYH;djh i,ld uqo,a fnod fokq ,efí'

m% ; s M , 1989 mgka fmda¾fgda we,sf.%a k.r iNd Pkaofhka fkdlvjd ;=ka jrlau lïlre mCIh n,h ,ndf.k we;' fuh ,;ska wefußldfõ úreoaO mdlaIslhka fj; ,enqKq wka; mrdchla f,i ye|skafõ' lïlre mlaIhg ,eî we;s uyck Pkao m%;sY;h j¾I 1988 oS ishhg 24 lajQ w;r th 1996 oS ishhg 56 olajd jeä ù we;' ;jo b;d m%isoaO jHdmdrsl m%ldYkhl i|yka jkafka fmdarAfgda we,sf.%a k.rh úiska tys ck;djg w;s Wiia Ôú; ;;ajhla imhd we;s njhs' fï nj ta m%ldYkfha i;rjeks jrg;a tfiau m%ldYfldg m%isoaêh ,ndoS we;'

j¾I 1986 g m%:u fuu k.rh uqo,a ;;ajh w;ska b;d WodiSk ;;ajhl miqjQ w;r thg fya;=jqfha l¾udka; oshqKqjla fkdùu" msgia;r ckhd mosxÑh i|yd fuys meñKSu" wêl Kh.e;s Ndjh iy wdodhï ud¾. ySk ùuh' tfy;a uQ,Huh m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul ùfuka miq j¾I 1989-1991 ld,h ;=,oS b;d Wiia wdldrfha oshqKqjla fmkakqï lr we;' fuhg fya;=ù we;af;a uyck;djf.a iyNd.sFjfhka we;slrk ,o whjeh ieliSfï l%shdj,sh fõ' j¾I 1989 isg 1996 olajd ld,h ;=<oS k, c,h mdúÉÑ lrk ck ixLHdj 80] isg 98] olajd by, f.dia we;' tfiau k.r iNdj u.ska md,kh lrkq ,nk le,s li, bj;a lsÍfï ld¾h moaO;sh u.ska ck;djg fiajh iemhSu 46] isg 85] olajd jO_kh ù we;' ÿmam;a m%foaYj, wOHdmkh i|yd mdie,aj,g YsIHhkaf.a we;=,aùfï ixLHdj fo.=Kù we;' j¾I 1989 isg fï olajd j¾Ihlg lsf,dóg¾ 30 lajQ uydud¾. ;dr oud m%;sixialrKh lr we;' .kqfokqj, úksúo Ndjh ksid jHdmdßlhka úiska ish leue;af;ka whnÿ f.jk ,o w;r wdodhu ishhg mkylska jO_kh ù we;' ;jo w¨f;ka wdfhdackh i|yd fjka lrkq ,nk uqo,a m%udKh 1992 oS fvd,¾ ñ,shk 54 lajq w;r 1996 oS th fvd,¾ ñ,shk 70 olajd jeäù we;' oeka n%iS,fha k.r 80 lg jvd m%udKhla fï fmda¾fgda we,sf.%a wdo¾Yh wkqj hñka ;u whjeh ilia lr we;s w;r" ,Õu msysgd we;s úhdï k.rh tys iajdëkFjh w;yer fmda¾fgda we,sf.%a k.rhg wEÿk k.rhla f,i lghq;= lsÍug leue;a; m%ldYlr we;' fuu fmda¾fgda we,sf.%a w;ayodne,Su m%cd;dka;%sl .sKqï .; lsÍu ms<sn| b;d m%n, WodyrKhla jk w;r ish¿ ck fldgiaj,g tl yd iudkj ie,lSu" kS;sh ieug tlfia l%shd;aul lSÍu" ;SrK .ekSfïoS ish,a,kaf.a woyia j,g weyqïlka oS tfia lsÍu" foaYmd,kuh ;SrK iEu fokdgu fmdÿ f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu wdosh .ek wdo¾Yhla fõ' mkaoyila muK w;sYh ÿ.S ck;dj Ôj;a jk b,aydia m%foaYh b;du Okj;a ;=ka ,CIhla jdih lrk fiakafg%d m%foaYh w;r ixjrAOkh i|yd ;SrK .ekSfïoS lsisÿ fjkila fkdmj;S' fuu ;SrK .ekSfï wjia:djka i|yd iyNd.S jk whf.a wdodhu wju fõ;khg jvd ;=ka .=Khla muK fõ' ;SrK .ekSfïoS ia;%S mqreI ixLHdj w;r iudk ;djla mj;S' tfia jQjo by, uÜgfï lghq;= j,oS tu m%udKh jeäfhka mqreIhka fj; mejÍ we;' uq,ska lïlre mCIh flfrys jmr weiska ne¨ uOHu mx;shg wh;a ckfldgia oeka fuu k.rh m;aj we;s lS¾;su;a ia:dkh fya;=fjka fuu mCIh foi n,kafka b;d by,sks ;jo whjeh ms<sfh, lsÍfï lghq;= j, ksr;ù isá ;dCIKsl oekqu we;s Wiia ks,OdÍ me,eka;sh mjd idudkH ckd;dj iu. lghq;= lsÍfuka ;uka úis k a mj;a j d .kq ,enQ wyxldr ;;a F jh w;a y er oud wjYH mßos os k pßhdj fjkialrf.k we;' fï iu.u fuu lghq;= j, ksr;ù isá ;dCIKsl oekqfuka hq;= ld¾h uKav,h ir, niska ;ukaf.a rdcldß lghq;= idudkH ck;dj fj; bosßm;a lsÍug fm<ö we;'

;jo fu ks,OdÍka úiska bosßm;a lrkq ,enQ ;dCIKSl iy ta yd iudk fhdackd ck;d lñgqj,ska m%;slafIam fldg tajd ck;djg .e,fmk wkaoñka ilialrjd .ekSï lrkq ,efí' fuu lghq;= fï wdldrfhka ilialr ;snqko ;ju;a fuu me,eka;sh ;uka f.a woyia yqjd olajñka tajdu uyck;djg n,fhka ms,s.ekaùug lrk ,o W;aidyhkao ke;af;u fkdfõ' fuu l%shdj,sh ms<n| i¾j iïmQ¾K f,i i,ld ne,SfïoS j¾I 1980 oS mej;s úfrdaO;d u.ska lghq;= lrjd .ekSfï mqreoao iy ixialD;sh ke;sùf.dia ish¿ fokdf.au woyia ùuid whjeh ilia lsÍu iïmQ¾Kfhkau uyck;djf.a idlÉPdjg Ndckhlr

ud¾.fhka bosßm;a lsÍfïoS úfrdaO;d fkdue;sj m%;sM, fk,d .ekSug iu;a ù we;s nj m%ldY l< yelsh'

"lsuo in| kqU w,a,ia .kafka ljoo fï Kh f.jd oukafka" 2007 ¥IK úfrdaë mdG ;rÕfha ch.%dyS mdGhls'

isoaê wOHhkh II iyNd.s;aj ú.Kkh ( hymd,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jk wen%d mqrjeisfhda ^CCAGG& ms,smSkh W;=re ms,smSkfha wen%d l,dmfha l%shd;aul rcfha jHdmD;s ksÍCIKh lrk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhla jk —hy md,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jk wen%d mqrjeisfhda˜" fyj;a CCAGG (Concerned Citizens of Abra for Good Governance) msysgqjk ,oafoa ckdêm;sks fldrfidafkda wlsfkda úiska fufyh jQ ixj¾Ok jev igyka j,g odhlùu i|yd isú,a iudc ixúOdk fj; kj wjia:d Wodlr ÿka 1986 j¾Ifha§h' m%cd iyNd.s;aj kj m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a CCAGG idudðlfhda" cd;sl wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok wêldßh iu. wjfndaO;d .súiqula w;aika lrk ,ÿj" jHdmD;s ksÍCIKh ms<sn| mqyqKqjla tu wêldßh fj;ska ,nd .;af;dah' fmdÿ há;, jHqyd;aul jHdmD;s .ek mqrjeishka ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd CCAGG idudðlfhda m%dfoaYSh ckudOH ^.=jka úÿ,sh" mqj;am;a& fhdod.;a w;r m%cd /iaùï o ixúOdkh l<y'

wen%d m<df;a jHdmD;s 27 la id¾:l f,i ksu lsÍug ;uka iu;a jQ nj ±lafjk fmdÿ lghq;= iy uyd ud¾. wud;HdxYfha ^MPWH& mqj;am;a ±kaùula ÿgq" m%cd /lshd iy ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ksÍCIKh lrñka isá CCAGG idudðlfhda úYauhg m;ajQy' fuu m%ldYkh wi;Hhla nj ±k isá CCAGG idudðlfhda rch úiska wi;H f;dr;=re iemhSug tfrysj l%shdud¾. .ekSug ;SrKh l<y' rdcH wdh;khg tfrysj ke.sh yels fpdaokdj Yla;su;a lrkq jia" rch úiska lghq;= iïmQ¾K l< nj m%ldYhg m;a l< jHdmD;Skaf.a ienE ;;a;ajh ±lafjk úia;rd;aul f,aLk CCAGG idudðlfhda ilia l<y' we;a; jYfhkau fuu jHdmD;s mej;sfha ;ju;a wdrïNl wjêfhah' ke;fyd;a bÈlsÍïj, uOHu wjêfhah' CCAGG idudðlhka úiska tfia ilia l< f,aLk w;r jHdmD;s m%foaYj, mÈxÑ ckhdf.ka ,nd.;a Èjqreï fm;aiï iy jHdmD;s jevìï ms<sn| PhdrEm o we;=<;a úh' CCAGG wdh;kh ;uka fidhd.;a fuu lreKq ksjerÈ nj ;yjqre lr .ekSfuka wk;=rej rdcH ks,OdÍka lSm fofkl=g tfrysj ¥IK fpdaokd hgf;a kvq mjrk ,§' ks,OdÍka lSm fofkl= jerÈlrejka ùu;a iu. meñKs,a, fufyh jQ kS;s{fhda rdcH ks,OdÍka ms<sn|j idkqlïmslj i,ld ovqjï jYfhka Tjqkag ks, jYfhka wjjdo lsÍula muKla isÿ lrk f,i wêlrKfhka b,a,d isáhy' fuu fjkiaùu ksid fldamhg m;a CCAGG idudðlfhda uyck u;h f.dvke.Su i|yd l%shd lf<dah' ta wkqj l%shd;aul jQ ie,ls,su;a mqrjeisfhda jerÈlrejka njg m;a jQ ks,OdÍkag ±ä ovqjï muqKqjk f,i n, lrñka fmdÿ

lghq;= iy uyd ud¾. wud;HdxY f,alïf.a

ld¾hd,hg úÿ,s mqj;a w;s úYd, m%udKhla hejQy'

wjidkfha§ f,alïjrhd ;u ±ä ia:djrh ,sys,a l< w;r" jxl Ndjh iy wh:d yeisÍu .ek jerÈlrejka njg m;a jQ rdcH ks,OdÍka 11 fofkl=f.a fiajh ;ykï lrk ,§

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w;sf¾lj" fmdÿ lghq;= iy uydud¾. wud;HxYfha wen%dys m%Odk iy ksfhdacH m%Odk bxðfkarejka fofokd jegqma rys;j fiajd w;aysgqùulg ,la fldg wkd.;fha lsisÿ Èkl m<d; ;=< fiajfha fh§u o ;ykï lrk ,§' isú,a iudc ixúOdkhl iqmÍCIdldÍ;ajh fya;=fjka" ¥IK fpdaokd ,o ms,smSkfha rdcH ks,OdÍka jerÈlrejka njg m;afldg Tjqkag ovqjï ,nd ÿka m%:u wjia:dj fuh úh yel' tmuKla fkdj fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" wen%d m<df;a jHdmD;s i|yd wruqo,a ,nd§ug m%:u ta i|yd CCAGG wdh;kfha tlÕ;ajh ,nd.; hq;= nj ±lafjk Wmfoia ksl=;a lsÍugo fmdÿ lghq;= iy uyd ud¾. wud;HdxYfha l,dmSh wOHCIjrhdg isÿ úh'

wk;=rej" CCAGG ish lghq;= taldnoaO fldg tys idudðlfhda rdcH m%;sm;a;s ksÍCIKh lsÍug iu;a úYsIaG l%ufõohla f.dv kÕd .;ay' CCAGG idudðlfhda' tkï m%Odk jYfhkau .DyKshka" YsIHhka iy ;reK idudðlfhda uyd ud¾. bÈlsÍï jHdmD;s ksÍCIKh fldg ;uka wkdjrKh lr.;a lreKq bxðfkarejka iy .Kldêldßjre jeks úfYaI{ Ndjhla we;s i.hka fj;g bÈßm;a l<y' wk;=rej tu úfYaI{ ±kqu iys; ld¾h uKav, idudðlfhda jHdmD;s jev ìï ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul mÍCIK isÿ l<y'

CCAGG mÍCIK u.ska úúO wkaofï rdcH jHdmD;s ms<sn|j ksÍCIKh lr;s' úfYaIfhkau" wvq m%ñ;shla iys; øjH ^isfuka;s ñY%Khka& iy $fyda ÿ¾j, bÈlsÍï l%u Ndú;d lsÍu we;=¿j ud¾. bÈlsÍï yd iïnkaO jHdmD;s" iy fldka;%d;a l%ufha ^fldka;%d;a;= ,nd§fï wl%ñl;d& jxpd .ek wjOdkh fhduq lr;s' tla ud¾. bÈlsÍï jHdmD;shl fldka;%d;alrejl= jHdmD;s wruqo,a .id lE wjia:djla CCAGG idudðlhka úiska wkdjrKh lr .ekSu tn÷ tla ksoiqkls' fuu lreKq fidhd .ekSfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka wdKavqj tlS fldka;%d;alreg udj;la mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd ;u mqoa.,sl uqo,a fhdojk f,i n, lf<ah'

¥IK je<elaùfï l%shdj,sfha§ ixúOdkh úiska bgq lrk ,o ;SrKd;aul ld¾h Ndrh iy fmdÿ lghq;= jHdmD;Ska ksÍCIKh lsÍug Tjqka w;am;a lrf.k we;s úfYaI{;djh .ek i,ld neÆ —ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñiu˜ - ms,smSk SAI wdh;kh - wen%d l,dmh ;=< iyNd.S;aj ú.Kk lghq;= isÿ lsÍu i|yd CCAGG iu. yjq,a tlÕ;djlg t<UQfkah' ksYaÑ; jHdmD;shla $ jev igykla u.ska tys wfmaCIs; m%;sM, ,nd .; yelsùo hkak ks.ukh lsÍu msKsi tlS jHdmD;sh $ jev igyk ú.Kkhg ,la lsÍu fuu ld¾hfha wruqK úh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jev igyk ^UNDP& u.ska wkq.%yh ,o fuu lghq;a; id¾:l jQ nj Bg iyNd.S jQ ish¿ md¾Yajhkaf.a ms<s.ekSu úh' fuu

ld¾hfha m%;sM,h .ek úia;r l< ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñiu ^COA& th —b;d fyd¢ka b,lal.; l< iy ld¾hCIu˜ tlla jYfhka ye¢kaúh’ miqj" ú.Kk l%shdj,sfha w;a±lSï we;=<;a lrñka" —iyNd.S;aj ú.Kkh l%shdjg ke.Su˜ ms<sn| w;a fmd;la ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñiu úiska uqøKh fldg ksl=;a lrk ,§'

fndfyda lreKq w;ska id¾:l jqjo isú,a iudc ixúOdk iy rdcH ú.Klhska w;r wkd.; iyfhda.s;djh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= wNsfhda. lSmhla .eko" COA-CCAGG iyNd.S;aj ú.Kk w;a±lSï ;=<ska fy<sorõ úh'

ú.Kk l%ufõoh ( ú.Kkfhka wkdjrKh jQ m%Odk fidhd .ekSï .ek m%cdfõ idudðlhka iu. idlÉPd l< hq;= nj CCAGG ld¾h uKav,h úiska lrk ,o b,a,Sug ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñifï ld¾h uKav,h úreoaO;ajh m< l<y' mYapd;a jHdmD;s ld,h ms<sn| ú.Kkhla isÿ lsÍu je<elaùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka wkdjrKh lr .; yelsj ;snQ jákd f;dr;=re wysñùfï wjodkula mej;sh yels nj CCAGG ld¾h uKav,h iel lf<ah'

;sridr;ajh ( iyNd.s;aj ú.Kk ld¾hh id¾:l tlla nj Bg odhl;ajh iemhQ ish¿ ixúOdk úiska m%ldY lrk ,o kuqÿ ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñifï l<uKdldÍ;ajh fjkia ùu;a iu. th kj;a j d ±uk ,§' ú.Kkh ms < s n | cd;s l fldñifï kj flduidßiajrhdg fjk;a m%uqL;d ;snQ w;r Tyq iyNd.S;aj ú.Kk ld¾hhka mfilg ±óh' fuh iyNd.S;aj ú.Kk ld¾hh ;sridr f,i mj;ajd f.k hdu ms<sn| nrm;, m%Yak u;= lrhs'

—w,a,iska ,o uqo,ska n;a tmd ug ;d;af;a ˜ 2007 ¥IK úfrdaë mdG ;rÕfha ch.%dyS mdGhls'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkag¾keIk,a ’ms,smSkfha m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï ¥IK msgq±lSu ( 2000 jif¾§ hdj;ald,Sk lrk ,§’ http://www.transparency.org /pressreleases_archive/2000/2000.09.28 i_awardportraits.html#37.

isoaê wOHhkh III

jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdfjka wdo¾Yhla '''' nÿ whlr.ekSfï kjH l<uKdlrK m%fõYhla iyNd.s;ajh mrsmd,kh m%dfoaYh S iNdj iy fmdÿ ck;dj w;r iyNd.S;j a iïnkaO;djhla fkdue;sùu;a" mrsmd,k lghq;j = , úksúoNdjh;a fkdue;s ùu;a fya;f = jka jhU m,df;a" l=reKE., osi; a l s% l a h ;=< msyá s jdrshfmd< m%dfoaYh S iNdj W!k wdfhdack" ÿ¾j, fiajdjka" nÿ f.ùug we;s fkdleue;a; iy m%udKj;a wdodhï mokula fkdue;slu hk úIu pl%hg yiqù ;sn‚ q ' m%foaYfha ck;dj;a m%dfoaYh S iNdj;a w;r ukd iïnkaO;djla f.dvke.Su;a" m%dfoaYSh iNdj flfrys iqNodhS wdl,am Tjqka ;=< ckkh lsrSu;a Wfoid kd.rsl l<ukdlrK ixúOdk fndfyduhl iydh we;sj kj l%ufõohka l%h s djg kexùug lghq;= ixúOdkh lrk ,oS' m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ lghq;=j, úksúoNdjh j¾Okh ùu fya;f = jka uyck;djf.a nÿ f.ùug we;s keUqre;djh m%j¾Okh jQ w;r j¾Ihla ;=< 80] l muK iajdëk hemqï uÜgulg <.dùug jdßhfmd< m%dfoaYh S iNdj iu;aúh'

ye|skù a u Y%S ,xldfõ" jhU m<df;a" lreKE., osi; a l s% l a fha msyg s d we;s jdrshfmd, m%dfoaYh S iNdfõ n,iSudj j¾. ls'ó' 195 la mqrd úysoS we;s w;r m%Odk k.rh jkafka jdrshfmd, fõ' ta yefrkakg lgqfmd;" rUdjej" nuqKdfldgqj" uyfl<sh" yxyuqkj" mdfoksh" wjqf,a.u iy ñkqjka.efÜ hk l=vd k.r 08 o tlS n,iSudj ;=< msyg s d we;'

m%Odk k.rh jk jdrshfmd," j._ lsf,daógrhlg 5000 la muK ck .K;ajhlska hq;j = ckdlS¾Kj mj;sk w;r l=vd k.r j, ck .K;ajh j._ lsf,daógrhlg 3000 la muK fõ' uqyÿq uÜgug jvd óg¾ 94'4 by<ska ;eks;,d N+ñhl k.rh msyg s d we;' hym;a uÜgul jd¾Isl j¾Idm;khla ^ó'ó" 1346 jd¾Isl& iy fi,aih s ia wxYl 32'05 l muK uOHia: WIaK;ajhla jir mqrdu oelsh yels jdrshfmd, m%foaYh ;=, ù f.dú;ek fukau fmd,a j.dj o nyq,j jHdma;h'

ck.ykh iu m%udKfhka jHdma;j mj;sk w;r miq.h s j¾I lSmh uq,, q f a ,au" ld¾ólrKh" ú/lshdj iy orejkag fyd| wOHdmkhla ,nd.ekSfï wfmalI a dj hk ldrKd u; mokïj k.rdikak m%Odk ud¾.hka wi,g iq¿ m%udKhl ck ixl%uKhla oelsh yelsh'

.eg¨j jdrshfmd, m%dfoaYh S iNdj wdodhï ÿ¾j,moku

wvq wdfhdack" ÿ¾j, fiajd ;;ajh iy nÿ f.ùug we;s W!k m%jK;djh ÿ¾j, wdodhï moku

wvq wdfhdack

hk úIu pl%hg yiqùh' fuys oelafjk rEm igyk u.ska fuh

nÿ f.ùug we;s fkdleue;a;

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ÿ¾j, fiajd ;;ajh

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mosxÑlrejkaf.a fukau oskm;d k.rhg neyers k a meñfKk ck;djf.a wjYH;d m%udKj;a mrsos imqrd,Sug m%dfoaYh s iNdjg mej;s fkdyelshdj fya;f = jka nÿ

uqo,a f.ùug ck;dj ;=< fkdleue;a;la mj;sk neúka nÿ uqo,a tl;= lr.ekSfï ÿIalr;djhlg m%dfoaYh S iNdj uqyK q oS we;s w;r m%dfoaYh S iNdfõ lghq;= i|yd uyck iyNd.S;j a h ,nd.ekSuo .eg¨ iy.; ù ;snK q 's

tlS lreKq fya;f = jka" uyck;dj úiska m%dfoaYh S iNdjg jeros lreKq jd¾;d fldg nÿ uqo,a f.ùu meyer yerSu;a m%dfoaYh S iNdj iu. fyd| in|;djhla mj;ajd.ekSug Wkkaÿ fkdùu;a olakg ,enqk's fuu lreKq ish,a,f.au fya;f = jka m%dfoaYh S iNdj uOHu wdKAvf q õ wruqo,a u; hemSfï m%udKh by< .sfhah'

l%ufõoh jdrshfmd, m<d;a md,k wdh;kh jk m%dfoaYh S iNdj tlS iNdm;s iy Pkaofhka m;ajQ uka;j S% re 21 la u.ska md,kh fõ' m%Odk úOdhl ks,Odrshd jkafka iNdm;s jrhd jk w;r m%Odk mrsmd,k ks,Odrshd jkafka f,alïh' wdh;k wxYh" wdodhï iy .KldêlrK wxYh wdoS jYfhka m%dfoaYh S iNdfõ lghq;= wxY lSmhlg fnod we;'

j¾I 2005 jk úg" iajlSh j.lSï yd hq;l = ï ukdj bgqlr s u S g we;s fkdyelshdj jdrshfmd, m%dfoaYh S iNdj" úiska wjfndaO lrf.k isá fyhsk"a hym;a uq, msÍulg ux fidhñka isáh§' cd;Hka;r ixj¾Okh ms<n s | weußldkq ksfhdað;dh;kh ÛSAID& wkq.y % u; l%h s d;aul fjk wdishdkq mokfï ,xld mrsir l<ukdlrK ÊML& wdh;kh iy cd;Hka;r k.r$.ï l<ukdlrK WmfoaYl wdh;kh ÎCMA& jdrshfmd, m%dfoaYh S 97

iNdfõ iydhg meñKsfha fuu ld,iSudj ;=<osh's tu.ska l%h s d;aul l< jevigyka mqyK q lsrï S u.ska b,lal lr.kakd ,oafoa ys. nÿ uqo,a whlr.ekSula m%dfoaYh S iNdfõ fuu kj l%h s d ms<f S j; ms<n s | uyck ±kqj;aNdjh jeä lsÍu Wfoid;a" m%dfoaYh S iNdj;a uyck;dj;a w;r wjfndaOh m%j¾Okh lsÍu ;=<ska kd.ßl ck;djla ;=< m%dfoaYSh iNdj flfrys hym;a wdl,am ckkh lrkq msKi S ;a kj l%h s dldÍ ie,iqula ilik ,§' tlS ±kqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka yryd .kakd ,o jeo.;au mshjr jQfha" nÿ uqo,a fkdf.ùu ksid Woa.;jk wksis m%;ú s mdl ms<n s |j uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍuhs'

ysÕ nÿ uqo,a f.ùug" nÿ uqo,a f.jkakka Èßu;a lrkq jia m%dfoaYh S iNdj úiska —nÿ tla/ia lsÍfï i;shla ˜ m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§' fuu ld, iSudj ;=< m%dfoaYh S iNdfõ idudðlhka nÿ f.jkakka yuqù Tjqka iu. ukd in|;djla f.dvk.d.ekSug lghq;= lrk ,§' tfukau nÿ f.ùu meyer we;s yer we;s whf.a kï wod, n,iSudj ;=< msyá s ±kaùï mqjrej, m%ios ê a hg m;a lrk ,§'

nÿ whlr.ekSu;a" ys. nÿ whlr.ekSu;a Wfoid .;hq;= mßmd,kuh mshjrhka wka;¾.; lrñka" whnÿ m%;m s ;a;h s la ieliSugo m%dfoaYh S iNdj úiska mshjr .kakd ,§' tlS m%;sm;a;suh mshjrhka ksis mßÈ wdh;ksl jYfhka l%shd;aul lrkq msKsi f,alï iy iNdm;sjrhd úiska j.n,d.kakd ,§'

m%;sM, •

iNdfõ lghq;= ksis f,i l%h s d;aul ùu Wfoid l,g fõ,djg nÿ f.ùfï jeo.;alu uyck;djg wjfndaO úh'

•

nÿ fkdf.ùu" m%dfoaYSh iNdj úiska uyck;dj fj; ,ndfok fiajdjkays m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul Ndjh flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mdk nj uyck;dj f;areï .ekSu'

•

m%dfoaYh S iNdfõ lghq;= j, úksúoNdjh by<hdu fya;f = jka uyck;dj nÿ uqo,a f.ùu flfrys Wkkaÿ úh' fulS kj ie,iqu l%h s djg kexùug fmr tl;= jQ nÿ uqo,a m%udKh fuka ;=ka .=Khlg;a wêl m%udKhla fuu l%h s dldÍ ie,eiau wkq.ukh lsÍu fya;f = jka tla/ia lr.ekSug m%dfoaYh S iNdj iu;a jQ fyhska iajlSh lghq;= j,ska 80] la muKu iajYla;f s hka bgqlr.ekSfï ;;ajhg m%dfoaYh S iNdj ,.d úh'

•

uyck;djf.a wdl,am iqNodhSf,i fjkia ùu;a m%d' iNdfõ ld¾h uKav,fha lemùu by, hdu;a fya;f = jka nÿ f.jkakkaf.a ld¾hNdrho myiq úh'

•

jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYh s iNdfõ fuu kj l%h s dldÍ ie,eiau TALG jevigyk u.ska ms<. s ekSug ,la jQ w;r nÿ uqo,a whlr.ekSfï bÈß lghq;= Wfoid Èß §ukdjlao m%odkh lrk ,§'

wm W.; hq;= mdvï jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYh S iNdj úiska l%h s d;aul lrkq ,enQ kj ie,iqu ksid" úksúoNdjh yd uyck iyfhda.; S djh by< hdu ;=<k s a nÿ f.ùfï m%jK;djh by,kxjd .;yels nj iaMg q úh' tfia ,nd.kakd nÿ uqo,a wod, m%foaYfha Ôj;ajk mqrjeishkaf.a hym; msKi s jQ fiajd iemhSï Wfoid wdfhdackh l< hq;h = '

nÿ tl;= lsÍu Wfoid iyNd.S;j a m%fõYhka wkq.ukh lsÍu" kS;u s h l%h s dud._ .ekSug jvd M,odhS nj fmkShhs'' m%dfoaYh S iNdfõ idudðlhska fmdÿ uyck;dj iu. mj;ajd.kq ,nk mqo. a ,sl iïnkaO;d fya;f = jkao m%dfoaYh S iNdj flfrys mj;sk uyck úYajdih by< kxjd .; yelsh' uyck;dj fj; i,ikq ,nk fiajdjkays .=Kd;aul ;;ajh m%j¾Okh lsÍu hkq há;, myiqlï ms<n s | lghq;; a lg;a jvd ksis l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| lghq;a;la fõ'

nÿ whlr.ekSfï m%;m s ;a;h s la iïmdokh lsÍu ;=<k s a nÿ whlr.ekSfï ld¾hdj,sh foaYmd,kSlrKfhka neyer jQ w;r iEu nÿ f.jkafkl=gu tl iudk whqßka ie,lSug bv i,ik ,§' nÿ f.ùï meyer yßk whj¨kaf.a kï m%ios O a ±kaùï mqjrej, m%o¾Ykh lsÍuo nÿ uqo,a f.ùu blauka lsÍug fya;= úh'

T.A.L.G., 3/1A, Rajakeeya Mawatha, Colombo 07.

f,alï" m%dfoaYh S iNdj" jdßhfmd,' ÿ'l' - 0372267275 Bfï,a - wariyapolaps@sltnet.lk

ICMA South Asia Office. Website : www.icma-southasia.org. Email : icmasouthasia@icma.org. 99

Wm .%ka: 4 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wka;¾ cd;sl ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sh ^fulaif s ldafõ ueßvd k.rfha§ 2003 foieïn¾ 09 Èk w;aika lrk ,§'&

iïuq;sfha uQ,sldx. ksjdrKh

¥IK lghq;= isÿjQjdhska miqj Bg tfrys kS;suh mshjr .; yels kuq;a" Bg fmr tu lghq;= j,lajd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu w;HjYHh' fuu iïuq;h s u.ska rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl hk fowxYhgu wod, ¥IK flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'

rdcH wxYfhka .;a l,ays ¥IKhg tfrysj l%h s d lrk wdh;k ia:dms; lsÍu yd foaYmd,ksl uQ,H .kqfokq j, úksúo Ndjh ms<n s | iïuq;h s wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' l=i,;d moku u; n|jd .ekSï isÿ lsÍu" wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla y÷kajd §u" j;alï m%ldY lsÍu wdÈho Bg we;=,;ah' rdcH wxYfha fiajlhska rdcH fiajh ksu ùfuka miqj fm!oa.,sl wxYfha /lshd j, ksh; q = ùu iïnkaOfhka iSud mekùu uÕska —neÈhdjka w;r .egqu˜ ^CONFLICT OF INTEREST& j<lajd .ekSu ms<n s |jo tuÕska idlÉPd lrhs'

rdcH uQ,H lghq;= yd rdcH foam, w;am;a lr .ekSfï lghq;j = , mej;sh hq;= úksúo Ndjh yd j.lSfuka hq;= iajNdjh flfrys fukau wëlrKh jeks iqúfYaIS ld¾hNdr bgq lrk fCIa;h % ka flfryso iïuq;f s ha ±ä wjOdkh fhduq lr ;sfí' ¥IKhg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu i|yd isú,a iudcfha odhl;ajh by, kexùu;a fuu jHikh ms<n s |j uyck ±kqj;aNdjh jvd j¾Okh lsÍu;a iïuq;h s uÕska olajk ksjdrk l%u fõohkag we;=,;a h' f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï whs;h s fukau iïuq;f s ha olajkakdjQ jerÈ iïnkaOfhka jd¾:dlrKfha fhfok whj¨ka ^wlghq;= kdolhska& ^Whistleblowers& wdrlaId lsru S o" idlaIl s rejkag wdrlaIdj i,id §uo rdcH wxYhka fj; mjrd we;s j.lSuls'

mqoa.,sl wxYh

mqo. a ,sl wxYfha ¥IK lghq;= iïnkaOfhka .;a l,ays .KldëlrK yd ú.Kk lghq;= i|yd m%ñ;Ska ilia lsÍu;a Bg wkq.; fkdjkakkag ovqjï lsÍfï l%ufõohka y÷kajd§u;a l< hq;h = ' mqoq . a ,sl wxYhg wod, jk mßÈ wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla ìyslÍ s u"

100

mqo. a ,sl wxYfha ixia:dms; tallhka msyg s ù q ug uQ,l s jkakka yd tajdfha l<uKdlrk lghq;= j, kshef,k mqoa.,hskaf.a wkkH;djhka fy<sorjq lsÍu" jdKsc lghq;= i|yd rdcH wdh;k fj;ska ,nd§ we;s n,m;% yd ksfhdað; n,;, whq;= Ndú;fha fhoùu j<lajd .ekSuo l<hq;h = ' wh:d f,i bmehQ uqo,a ms<n s | f;dr;=re fidhd .ekSu;a" th j<lajd .ekSu;a l<yels jk mßÈ mßmQ¾K kshduk yd iqmÍlaIK l%fudamdhka rdcHh úiska ieliSu wjYHh'

wmrdO jrola f,i kï lsÍu

mq¿,a fCIa;h % la mqrd mj;sk ¥IK l%h s djka wmrdO jrola f,i kï lsÍfï j.lSu iïuq;h s u.ska rdcHhka fj; mjrd we;' w,a,i yd fmdÿ foam, whq;= mßyrKh jeks uQ,l s wmrdOhkag wu;rj ¥Is; lghq;= j,ska Wmhd.;a kS;s úfrdaë j;alï iÕjd .ekSu yd tajdhska lrkq ,nk cdjdrïo" jdkscuh lghq;j = ,§ whq;= n,mEï lsÍu wdÈho" hql; a h s mis|,Sug ndOd lsÍuo we;=¿j ¥IK lghq;= j,g iyfhda.h ,nd§uo fuhg we;=<;ah' mqo. a ,sl wxYfha wNHka;r jYfhka isÿflfrk w,a,ia §ï yd foam, wh;d mßyrkh lsÍïo wmrdOhla f,i ye¢kaùug wjYH l%h s dud¾. .kakd f,i tu iïuq;h s rdcH md¾Yjhkaf.ka b,a,d isà' fulS ;;ajhka ta ta rgj, mj;sk cd;sl kS;s moaO;shkag wkql, + j ilid .; yelsh'

cd;Hka;r ¥IK lghq;=

ksjdrk" úu¾Yk yd jerÈ lrejkag tfrysj ffk;sl lghq;= lsÍu we;=¿ ¥IKhg tfrys iEu fCIa;h % l§u rdcHhka w;r wka;¾ iyfhda.; S djhla mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd iïuq;f s ha md¾Yjfhda j.lSfuka nef|;s' wêlrK lghq;= i|yd wjYHjk idlaIs tla/ ia lsÍu yd tu idlaIs ,nd§u fukau pQÈ;fhl= fyda jerÈlrefjl= jro l< rgg Ndr§u ^Wo¾mKh lsÍu& o ^Extradition& idudcsl rgj,a wfkHdkH ffk;sl iyfhda.fhka hq;j = isÿ l<hq;h = ' ¥IK lghq;= j,g tfrys ffk;sl l%h s d mámdàkag wjYHh mßÈ wod< øjH fyda mqo. a ,hska y÷kd .ekSu" /l .ekSu Ndrfha ;nd .ekSu yd rdcika;l lsÍu u.ska o idudðl rdcHhka úiska iajlSh iyfhda.h ,ndÈh hq;h = '

j;alï uqojd.ekSu ^Assets Recovery&

iïuq;f s ha 5 j.ka;f s ha ±lafjk j;alï uqojd .ekSu m%Odk uQ, O¾uhla f,i uq,a wjia:dfõ§ ms,. s ;a w;r miqj we;slr .;a tl.;djhkag wkqj fuu l%h s doduh myiq lsÍfï l%u fõohka ìys lr.kakd ,§' ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj, iajlSh wd¾Ól

101

j¾Okh Wfoid w;HdjYHu jkakd jQ iïm;a" by< fmf,a we;eï ¥Is; ks<OdÍka úiska m%ios ê a fhau lrkq ,nk wh:d ysñlr .ekSï iïnkaOfhka .;a l,ays fuh b;du;a jeo.;a m%;m s dokhls' ta ta rgj, mj;sk wdrlaIK ld¾h mámdàka flfryso wkq.; fjñka fuu m%;m s dokhka olajd we;' j;alï uqojd .ekSu iïnkaOfhka olajk fuu M,odhS m%;m s dokh u.ska f,djmqrd isák ´kEu ¥Is; ks,Odßfhl=g" Tjqka úiska wh:d f,i Wmhd.;a foafmd, ñka u;=jg iÕjd ;eîug ;ekla fkdue;sh hk mKsúvh ,ndfohs' tuÕska ta ta rg j,g ;u ;ukaf.a ¥IK úu¾Yk yd ksjdrK lghq;= l%h s d;aul lsÍug ukd msájy,la ,ndfoa'

fyg Èkhg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

fuu ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;h s ^UNCAC& h:d¾:j;a f,i l%h s d;aul lr .ekSu i|yd f,dj mqrd úisÍ isák rdcH md¾Yjhkaf.a iyfhda.h wjYH jk w;r iïuq;h s l%shd;aul lsÍug rgj,a 30 l wmrdkqu; lsÍu ^Ratify& wjYH fõ' tmuKla fkdj ;u rgj,ays Bg wod, ffk;sl rduqj i,id .ekSuo jeo.;a fõ' bka wk;=rej tys l%h s dldÍ;ajh ms< s n s |j l%h s d;aul fjkq ,nk ukd ksÍlaIK l%h s dj,shla u.ska fuys M,odhS l%h s dldÍ;ajh úksYp a h l< yelsh' tlS l%h s doduhka iïuq;f s ha rdcH md¾Yjhkaf.a iuq¿jl§ ;SrKh lrkq ,efí' f,dj mqrd úisÍ isák ¥IK úfrdaë l%shdldÍka fj;ska g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh b,a,d isákafka fuu mshjrhka id¾:l lr .ekSug w;aje,a ne|.kakd f,ih' foieïn¾ 09 jeksodg fhfok cd;Hka;r ¥IK úfrdaë Èkh Bg lÈu wjia:djls'

102

¥IK úfrdaë lghq;= iïnkaO f;dr;=re ,nd.; yels jeo.;a fjí wvú'

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www.transparency.org

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www.tisrilanka.org

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www.worldbank.org

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www.oecd.org

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www.u4.no

♦

www.corisweb.org

♦

www.icac.org.hk

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www.unocd.org

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www.adb.org

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www.kicac.go.kr

♦

www.whistleblower.org

♦

www.ardcacp.com

103

we,sia ÿgq úiau,ka;h • ,xldj b;d mqÿu iy.; f,i fjkia fjñka mj;S' rg fld;rï fjkia ù weoao hkak ;jÿrg;a úia;r flfrk mqj;la Bfha ^3 od& osjhsfka uq,a msgqfõ m< ù ;sfí' fld,a, l,a,shla ux myrd" ux meyerSug ,la jQ msri s g lK.dgqj m< lsrfS ï mqj;ls ta' h<s u;la lroSu msKsi tlS l;dj b;d fláfhka lshuq' is;=,amõj je| mqod.ekSug .sh jkaokd kvhla ikakoaO l,a,shla úiska jg,kq ,en le,hlg f.k hk ,oy' tysoS jkaokd kvh i;= remsh,a yegoyil muK foam< fld,a, lE fidre jkaokd kvhg fufia lSy' ’iudfjkak wmg riaidj,a keye' talhs wms Thd,dj fld,a, lkafka ¶ fu;rï iqkaor fidrlula f,dal b;sydifha fld;klj;a wid we;s njla Tng u;lo@ fu;rï úkS; fidrlula mxp ;ka;%fha fyda wrdì ksfid,a,difha fyda lsisÿ ;ekl ;sfío@ funÿ fi!kao¾hd;aul fidrlula wm ÿgq lsisÿ iajmakhl ;sìKso@ wjxlju ke;" fï jQ l,S wo fï rfÜ mj;sk ;;a;j a hhs' rg ;=< mj;sk orsø;dj;a" wd¾:sl mrsydksh;a" /lshd úrys;Ndjh;a ksid b;d úkS; jQ fp!r mka;shla ìysj isá;s' fï fidre" fmr fidreka fuka ia;%S ¥IK fkdlr;s' ñksiqka fkdur;s' myr fkdfo;s' b;d úkS;j fld,a, ld iudj b,a,d th ,enqK o fkd,enqK o mek h;s'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' lrk ,o fidrlu iïnkaOfhka iudj fkdb,a,k" wvq .Kfka ;uka úiska fidrlula l< nj mss<s.ekSug mjd wleue;s" cd;sfha foam< uxfld,a , lk fp!r mka ; s h la fï rfÜ is á ;s ' n,iïmka k foaYmd,k{hkaf.ka iy rcfha by< ks,OdrSkaf.ka o iuyr jHdmdrslhkaf.ka o ks¾ñ; tlS fp!r mka;shg w; ;eîu mjd ÿIalrh' fï rg mj;sk ;;a;ajhg fy<sfï idmrdë j.lSu m%Ndlrka fukau fuu jeo.;a fp!r mka;h s úisko a fnod yod .; hq;j = we;' wo fï rg .uka lrkafka ljqre;a lsis lf,l;a fkdis;+ me;a;lghs' fï hk .ufka .uka ud¾.fhaoS isÿúh yels foa fndfydah' iuyr úg Tfí fyda uf.a lsÜgqu ñ;=rd Tng fyda ug msyfs hka wek urd u< ñkshg fufia lSug bv ;sfí' iudfjkak` ud fï msysh uqj;a ;enqfõ fï oeka' thska wek n,kakg flfi,a .ila ,Õ fkd;snQ ksihs Tng wek ne¨fõ ` 2003 ud¾;= 04 jk wÕyrejdod ’osjhsk¶ l;= jelsh

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