m%dfoaYSh iNd u.ska isÿlrk boslsÍï wëlaIKhg u.fmkaùula
m%dfoaYSh iNd u.ska isÿlrk boslsÍï wëlaIKhg u.fmkaùula m%:u uqøKh 2012 foieïn¾ g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld fkd 06, 37 jk mgqu., /csK mdr, fld<U 03 ISBN: 978-955-1281-55-7
iïm;a odhl;ajh ä,dka m%kdkaÿmq,af, - WmfoaYl ^bxcsfkare& Y%S ,xld m<d;a md,k mqyqKq wdh;kh W A P úfcaiQßh - bxcsfkare - m<d;a md,k fomd¾;fïkaa;=j W;=reueo m<d;a iNdj T M R S chïm;s -
jev wêldÍ - uyk.r iNdj wkqrdOmqr
kS;s{ c.;a ,shkdrÉÑ wdkkao O¾um%sh chfialr iïmdokh Ydka; l=,;=x. mß.Kl msgq ieliqu yß; oykdhl
ia;+;sh ,xldmqr iy wd,shäfjïnq m%dfoaYsh iNd iNdm;sjre we;=¨ iuia: ld¾h uKav,hg iy iyNd.s;aj md,k ixio lñgq idudcslhskag fuu w;afmd; wefußldkq ck;djf.a wkq.%yfhka wka;¾ cd;sl ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ tlai;a ckmo ksfhdacs;dh;kh (USAID) u.ska ,ndÿka wruqo,a Wmfhda.S fldgf.k m<lrk ,oS' fuys wka;¾.; lreKq iïnkaOj j.lSu g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh úiska orkq ,nk w;r tu.ska (USAID) wdh;kfha fyda tlai;a ckmo rcfha woyia ms<sônq fkdfõ' © ish¨u ysñlï weúßKs. fuys wka;¾.; lreKq Wmfhda.S lr.ekSïoS$m%ldYkh lsÍfïoS ta i|yd g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kfha ,sÅ; wjirh ,nd.; hq;=h'
m%dfoaYSh iNd u.ska isÿlrk boslsÍï wëlaIKhg u.fmkaùula msßú;r wëlaIKh i|yd m%cd kdhlhskaf.a oekqu j¾Okh lr.ekSug w;aje,la
ud¾. iy fmdÿf.dvke.s,s boslsÍï ms<sn`o oekqïj;afjuq - ueosy;afjuq - tlaj f.dvk.uq
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fmr jok m%dfoaYSh iNdj hkq uyck;djg jvd;a ióm;u md,k wdh;khhs' fm!oa.,sl jYfhka muKla fkdj iudcSh jYfhkao fmdÿfõ iduqyslj bgqlr .; hq;= fiajd yd myiqlï /ila i|yd myiqlï ie,iSfï ld¾hhNdrh yd j.lSu mejÍ we;af;a m%dfoaYSh iNdjghs' hï wdh;khla jvd;a ck;d ys;ldój lghq;= lsÍu i|yd wod< wdh;kh uyck;dj iu. fldf;la ÿrg iïnkaOù lghq;= lrkafkao hkak;a thg m%udKj;a bv m%ia;djka ;sfío hkak;a jeo.;afõ' g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh jir lsysmhl isgu m%dfoaYSh iNdjkays hymd,kh kxjd,Sug iy ÿIKh msgqoelSug úúO jevigyka l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhss' fuu.ska ck;dj iy m%dfoaYSh iNdj w;r jvd;a M,odhS iy m%udKj;a iïnkaO;djla we;s lsÍug;a, t;=<ska fomd¾Yjhgu m%;s,dN ,ndoSug;a wjidk jYfhka m%dfoaYSh iNdj jvd;a uyck ys;ldó wdh;khla njg m;alr,Sug;a wfmalaId flf¾' fuysoS ck;dj iy wod< wdh;kj, ld¾h uKav, oekqïj;a lsÍï iy mqyqKq ,ndoSu uQ,sl l%fudamdhka f,i fhdod.kq ,efí' ck;djg tosfkod cSú;fhaoS m%fhdackj;a jkakd jQ há;, myiqlï /il boslsrSfï iy kv;a;= lsÍfï j.lSu mejerS we;af;a m%dfoaYSh iNdjghs ' fïjdg WodyrK jYfhka ud¾. iy fmdoq f.dvke.s,s oelaúh yelshs' flfia fj;;a m%dfoaYSh iNd u.ska boslrk iy kv;a;= lrk ,nkakd jQ
ud¾. iy wfkl=;a boslsrSï iïnkaOfhka ck;dj meñKs,s lrk wjia:djkao oelsh yelsh' fuu boslsÍïj, m%ñ;sh" l,amj;akd nj" wod<;ajh" jeh l< uqo,g m%;s,dN ,ndfokafkao hkdoS lreKq uyck wjOdkhg fhduqjq m%Odk wxY f,ig yÿkajd osh yelsh' fï wkaoñka we;sjkakd jQ ÿ¾j,;d wju lr.ekSug;a bosslsÍfï ld¾hhkaysoS m%dfoaYSh iNdjkays j.ùu by< kexùug;a M,odhS l%fudamdhhla f,i m%cd kdhlhskag fuu boslsÍï iïnkaOfhka hï m%udKhl fyda oekqula ,ndoSu jeo.;ah' tu.ska Tjqkag wod< boslsÍïj, wdrïNl mshjf¾ isgu wjia:dkql+,j ksrSlaIKh yd wëlaIKh lsrSfï yelshdj ,efnkq we;' fuu l%shdud¾. fhka ,efnkakdjQ ;j;a Okd;aul m%;s,dNhla jkafka fuu boslsÍï iïnkaOfhka ck;djf.a j.lSu iy Tjqkaf.a ysñldrs;ajh ms<sn| yeÕSula cks; lsrsug th ufydamldrS ùuhs' fuu w;afmdf;ys wruqK jkafka m%dfoaYSh iNd u.ska isÿlrk boslsÍï j,oS ta ms,sn|j úuis,su;a ùug iy ;dlaIKsl wjfndaOhlska hqla;j lreKq wëlaIKh lsÍug yd ueosy;aùug wjYHh uq,sl oekqu m%cd kdhlhskag ,ndoSuhs' m%dfoaYSh iNdjkays hymd,kh yd j.ùu j¾Okh lsÍug fuu.ska hï odhl;ajhla ie,ikq we;ehs g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kfha úYajdihhs'
mgqk m%cdj úiska isÿlrk wëlaIKh hkq l=ulao@ m%cd iyNd.s;ajfhka isÿjk wëlaIKfha jeo.;alu
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Y%s ,xldfõ ud¾. moaO;sh yd tajdfha ysñlrejka
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m%dfoaYSh iNd u.ska boslrk iy kv;a;= lrk ud¾.
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ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ud¾. f;dard.ekSu
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ixj¾Okh i|yd ud¾. m%uqL;d .; lsÍfïoS i,ld ne,sh hq;= idOl
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ud¾. ilia lsÍfï l%uh ;SrKh lsÍfïoS ie,ls,a,g .kakd lreKq
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.%dóh ud¾. ieliSfïoS Ndú;djk úúO l%u iy ;dlaIKh
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fndr¿ fhÿ ud¾.hla ieliSu iy th wëlaIKh
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.,a w;=rd ;dr oeuq ud¾. ieliSu yd tajd wëlaIKh fldkal%sÜ fhÿ ud¾.h ieliSu wëlaIKh
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isfuka;s íf,dla we;=rE ud¾. ieliSu wêlaIKh ud¾.h yd iïnkaO fjk;a boslsÍï
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ud¾. wn,kaùu j<lajd .ekSug l< yels foa
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ud¾. boslsÍfïoS ck;djg iïnkaO úhyels wjia:d
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fmdÿ f.dvke.s,s boslsÍu wêlaIKh f.dvke.s,s boslsÍfïoS oek.;hq;= lreKq
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m%cdj úiska isÿlrk wëlaIKh hkq l=ulao@ Y%S ,xldfõ uyck;dj ;u Pkaoh Ndú;d lr ksfhdacs;hska m;alsÍu u.ska msysgqjd .kq ,nk md,k wêldÍka ;=kla mj;S' ckdêm;sjrhd m%uqL uOHu wdKavqj" m<d;a iNdj fuu wêldÍka w;ßka folls' wfkla md,k wêldßh jkafka m<d;a md,k wdh;khs' uyk.r iNd" k.r iNd iy m%dfoaYSh iNd hk m<d;a md,k wdh;k uyck;djg jvd;a l%shdldÍ f,i iïnkaOù lghq;= l< yels wmg b;d ióm wdh;kfõ' ck;djg fïjdfha lghq;=j,g iyNd.S ùug wjYH úê úOdk tu mk;aj,u i|ykaù we;' hymd,kh by< uÜgñka l%shd;aulùu i|yd wjYH jkakd jQ idOl w;=ßka ck;djf.a iyNd.s;ajhg m%uqL ia:dkhla ysñfõ' fï wkqj fkdfhl=;a wdh;k iy rch u.ska isÿ lrkq ,nkakd jq úúO jQ jHdmD;sj,oS uyck;djf.a iyNd.s;ajh yd Tjqkafka woyia Woyia úuiSu w;HdjYH nj ms<s.;a lreKls' tfia jkafka wod< m%foaYfha wjYH;d ms<sn|j jvd;a fyd|u wjfndaOh we;af;a m%foaYfha cSj;a jk m%cdjg neúks' ;ukaf.a m%foaYfha isÿlrkq ,nk boslsÍï iy kv;a;= lsÍïj, ;;ajh" m%ñ;sh iy fhda.H;djh hkdoS lreKq ir, l%u Wmfhda.S lrf.k m%cdj úiskau fidhd ne,Su m%cd wëlaIKh f,i ir,j ye|skaúh yelsh' WodyrK jYfhka boslsÍu i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk .fvd,l Yla;sh 1.
uek ne,Sug tys j¾Kh mÍlaId lsÍu" hï Wil isg >k u;=msgla u;g jefgkakg ie,eiaúh yelsh' fï i|yd kHdhd;aul oekqula fyda úfYaI WmlrK wjYH fkdfõ' m%cd wëlaIK l%ufõohka i|yd ms<s.;a fmdÿ l%shdud¾. fkdue;s w;r th wod< m%cdjg iqúfYaIS jQ tajd úh yelsh' tkï fuysoS fhdod.kakd l%u Ys,am iyNd.Sjkakkaf.a oekqu" wjfndaOh wod, jHdmD;sfha iajNdjh hkdosh u; fjkiafõ'
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m%cd iyNd.s;ajfhka isÿjk wëlaIKfha jeo.;alu uyck;dj fjkqfjka fjka lrk wruqo,a Wmfhda.S lrf.k f.dv k.kq ,nk úúO jq boslsÍï i|yd jeh lrkakd jQ uqo,a, m%foaYfha ck;djg Wmßu wkaoñka fiajhla iy m%fhdackj;a jk wdldrhg jeh lsÍu isÿ jkafka oehs fidhdne,Su b;d jeo.;afõ' fuu boslsÍïj, wjidk m%;s,dNslhska ck;dj jk fyhska Tjqkag fï i|yd whs;shla iy j.lSula we;' m%cd wëlaIKh osß.ekaùu ;=<ska wod< jHdmD;sh i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,nk kHdhd;aul ;dlaIKsl {dkhg wu;rj m%cdjg Tjqkaf.a m<mqreoao iy w;aoelsï uqiq lsÍug wjia:dj ie,iSu u.ska jHdmD;sh jvd;a id¾:l lr .ekSug wjia:dj ie,fia' tfukau fm!oa.,slj isÿlrkq ,nk ueosy;aùulg jvd m%cdj jYfhka ixúOdkh ù wëlaIKh lsÍu;a" b,a,Sï bosßm;alsÍu;a n,mEï lsÍfïoS jvd;a ld¾hlaIu m%;sm, we;s lrhs' hï jHdmD;shloS m%cdfõ wjYH;d" m%uqL;d iy Tjqkaf.a oDIaGsfldaKh ms,sn|j wjOdkh fhduqlr lghq;= lsÍu ;=<ska wod< boslsÍfïoS ;ukaf.a woyia ie,ls,a,g .;a nj;a ta iïnkaOfhka ;ukaf.a j.lSula we;s njg;a m%cdjg yeÕSula we;sfõ' fuu.ska wod, boslsÍï wdrlaId lsÍug yd kv;a;= lsÍug Tjqka ;=< fm<Uùula we;sfõ'
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fndfyduhla wjia:djkaysoS m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, isák uyck ksfhdacs;hska" ks,OdÍka ld¾h uKav,h uyck;djg ks;sm;d yuqjk Tjqkaf.a wi,a jeishka fyda {d;Skafj;s' uyck;djf.a tosfkod cSú;hg b;d ióm .fï mdrj,a" l=vd md,ï iy fmdÿ f.dv.eks,s boslrkafka fuu wdh;kh úisks' fuu boslsÍï j,oS ;u Y%uodhl;ajh ,ndoSu iy tu jev lghq;= isÿlrk wdldrh ms<sn|j jvd;a iqyoYS,Sj úuid ne,Sfuka fuu boslsÍï os.=l,a mj;akd wdldrhg by< m%ñ;shlska hq;=j isÿlr .ekSfï yelshdj we;' ta ms<sn|j ir, oekqula ,nd .ekSu ;=<ska fuu boslsÍï jvd;a fyd| uÜgfuka isÿlr .ekSug;a tu.ska fomd¾Yjhgu hym;a m%;sM, w;alr .ekSug;a yelsfõ' fu;=<ska we;sjk wfkHdakH wjfndaOh fN!;sl boslsÍï isÿlrk w;ru iqyo;ajh iy úYajdih f.dv kexùug;a fya;=fõ'
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Y%S ,xldfõ ud¾. moaO;sh yd tajdfha ysñlrejka rgl ixj¾OkfhaoS tu rfÜ mj;akd há;, myiqlï w;ßka uydud¾.j,g iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla ysñfõ' Y%S ,xldfõ oekg Ndú;djk ud¾. moaO;sfha iuia; ÿr m%udKh wdikak jYfhka lsf,da ñg¾ 110000 la muK fõ' fuu ud¾. moaO;sh A ,B, C, D iy E yd j¾.SlrKh fkdl< hkqfjka ldKav j,g fnod we;s w;r tajdfha boslsÍu" kv;a;=j uQ,sl jYfhka wdh;k ;=kla i;=j ;sfí' fï wkqj cd;sl uydud¾. jYfhka ie,flk A yd B ud¾. uOHu rch hgf;a ia:dms; lr we;s ud¾. ixj¾Ok wêldßh hgf;ao, C yd D ud¾. m<d;a iNdj hgf;ao,
E iy j¾.SlrKh fkdl< ud¾. m<d;a md,k wdh;k hg;go m;aù we;' A, B fY%aKsfha ud¾. lsf,da ñg¾ 11000 la muK ;sfnk w;r C iy D ldKavhg ud¾. lsf,daóg¾ 18000 la muK wh;a fõ' E iy j¾. fkdl< ud¾. hg;g lsf,daóg¾ 80000 lg jeä m%udKhla wh;afõ' fï wkqj iuia: ud¾. moaO;sfhka w;s úYd, m%udKhl boslsÍï ixj¾Okh yd kv;a;= lsÍu j.lSu we;af;a uy k.r iNd" k.riNd iy úfYaIfhkau m%dfoaYSh iNdj,gh' 5.
m%dfoaYSh iNd u.ska boslrk iy kv;a;= lrk ud¾. cd;sl jYfhka jeo.;alula ork ldKavj,g wh;a ud¾. ixj¾Okh b;d jeo.;a jk w;r m%dfoaYSsh iNd hg;g m;ajk .%dóh ud¾.j,go fï yd iudku jeo.;alula ysñfõ' wog;a Y%s ,xldfõ ck.yKfhka nyq;rhla .%dóh m%foaYj, cSj;a fj;s' fuu ck;dj cd;sl uydud¾.hla Ndú;d lrkafka l<;=rlska jk w;r Tjqka ish tosfkod wjYH;d i|yd Ndú;d lrkafka fuu .%dóh ud¾. moaO;shhs' fuu ud¾. Tjqka osklg jdr .Kkdjla Ndú;d lr;s' ta wkqj ck;djg jvd;Au ióm ud¾. moaO;sh f,i fuu .%dóh ud¾. ie,lsh yelsh' oekg ;sfnk ixLHd f,aLk wkqj .%dóh ud¾. lsf,daóg¾ 80000 la muK ;sfnk w;r fïjd iïnkaO j.lSï ish,a, m%dfoaYSh iNdj,g mejrS we;' óg wu;rj jd¾Islj ;j;a lsf,dañg¾ .Kkdjla w¨;ska fuu ud¾. moaO;shg tl;= fõ' fufia jkafka ck.ykh jeäùu;a iu. bvï lÜá lsÍu ;=<sks' fï wkqj tla m%dfoaYSh iNd iSudjla ;=< wju jYfhka ud¾. lsf,dañg¾ 1 isg 2 olajd m%udKhla wju jYfhka w¨;ska tl;=fõ' flfia fj;;a fuu .%dóh ud¾. iïnkaOfhka úêu;a ixj¾Ok ie,eiaula olakg fkd,efí' tu ksid fuu ud¾. ixj¾Okh i|yd wdOdr Kh ,nd .ekSfïoS .eg¨ u;=fõ' 6.
tneúka m%dfoaYSh iNdjka i;= ud¾. boslsÍu ixj¾Okh iy kv;a;= lsÍug wjYH uqo,a ;dlaIKsl yd wfkl=;a myiqlï fidhd .ekSu ÿIalr ld¾hla ù ;sfí' fuu ksid oekg boslr ;sfnk ud¾. ksis mßos kv;a;= lsÍu;a kej; w¨;ska boslsÍfïoS tajdfha boslsÍï m%ñ;sh ms<sn|j ie,ls<su;a ùu;a b;d jeo.;afõ' m%dfoaYSh iNd u.ska bosjk iy kv;a;= lrk ud¾. uyck;djg w;sYhska jeo.;a jkafka iy fuu boslsrsï iïnkaOfhka uyck;djf.a wëlaIKh yd úuis,a, jvd;a ;SrKd;aul jkafka fuu ksidh'
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ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ud¾. f;dard.ekSu ud¾. boslsÍu iïnkaOfhka úYd, j.lSula yd ld¾hhNdrhla m%dfoaYSh iNd fj; mejreko ta i|yd wjYH m%udKj;a iïm;a iy yelshdj fndfyda m%dfoaYSh iNd i;=j fkdmj;S' tfiau fï i|yd kshñ; wdldrfhka ilik ,o ixj¾Ok ie,eiaula iuyr m%dfoaYSh iNdj,g fkdue;Sùuo ta fjkqfjka iïm;a ,nd.ekSfïoS ndOdjla ù we;' tneúka ud¾. ixj¾OkfhaoS uyck;djg jvd;au fiajhla i,ikakd jQ ud¾.j,g tkï m<uqfjka ixj¾Okh l<hq;= ud¾. y÷kd.ekSfï wjYH;djhla we;' m%dfoaYSsh iNdj úiska ud¾. ixj¾Okh lsÍfïoS fuu lreKq ms<sn|j uyck;dj úuis,sj;a jkafka kï ta wkqj fm!oa.,sl fyda fjk;a jdis m%fhdack u; fkdj uyck;djg jvd;a fiajdjla ie,fik ud¾. ixj¾Okh i|yd m%uqL;djh ,ndfokafkao hkak ;yjqre l< yelsjkq we;'
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ixj¾Okh i|yd ud¾. m%uqL;d .; lsÍfïoS i,ld ne,sh hq;= idOl 1. ud¾.h fomi msysgd we;s ksjdi ixLHdj fuu.ska woyia jkafka wod< ud¾.h fomi fldmuK ixLHdjla ck;dj mosxÑù isákafkao@ tfia;a fkdue;skï fldmuK ck;djla ;ukaf.a ksjdi fj; .uka lsÍu i|yd fuu ud¾.h fhdod.kq ,nkafkao hkakhs' 2. fuu ud¾.fhka ,Õdúh yels wd¾:sl jYfhka jeo.;a ia:dk yd fiajd ia:dk ixLHdj wd¾:sl jYfhka jeo.;ajkakd jq ia:dk - fuu.ska woyia jkafka fuu ud¾.h wdY%s;j fj<|fmd<j,a" l¾udka;Yd,d fyda cSjfkdamdh ud¾. iïnkaO ia:dk msysgd ;sfìo hkakhs' fiajd ia:dk f,ig frday,a" mdi,a" rcfha wdh;k ld¾hd, jeks fmdÿ fiajd imhk wdh;k msysgd ;sfìo hkak woyia flf¾' 3. fuu ud¾.h m%Odk ud¾.hkag olajk iïnkaO;djh fuu ud¾.h u.ska ;j;a ud¾. iïnkaO lrkafka o@ úfYaIfhkau m%Odk ud¾.j,g ,Õdùug fuu ud¾.h Wmfhda.S lr yelso hkak woyiafõ' fï wkqj Tnf.a m%dfoaYSh iNdj ud¾. ixj¾OkfhaoS m<uqj ixj¾Okh lsÍug f;dard.kq ,nkafka by; oelafjk wjYH;d imqrd,k ud¾.o hkak ms<sn|j Tng úuis,su;a úh yelsh' tfia fkdjkafka kï wod< lreKq ms<sn|j Tnf.a lKavdhfï wfkl=;a wh iu. tlaù idlÉPd lr m%dfoaYSh iNdfjka ta ms<sn|j úuiSSula l< yelsh' 9.
ud¾. ilia lsÍfï l%uh ;SrKh lsÍfïoS ie,ls,a,g .kakd lreKq ud¾. ieliSfïoS i,ld ne,sh hq;= m%Odk lreKq lsysmhla ;sfí' fuu lreKq ms<sn|j ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSfuka wod< ud¾.fha .=Kd;aulNdjhg iy l,ameje;aug whym;a n,mEula we;s lrhs' ud¾.hla ixj¾Okh$boslsÍu hk ld¾hfhaoS my; i|yka lreKq b;d jeo.;afõ' 1. wod< ud¾.fhys .uka .kakd r: jdyk ixLHdj fuu.ska woyia jkafka fuu ud¾.fha fldmuK r:jdyk ixLHdjla oskm;d .uka .kakjdo hkakhs' wod< ud¾.h ie,iqï lsÍfïoS fuys .uka.kakd jdyk m%udKh iy tajdfha iajNdjh ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=fõ' 2. ud¾.h bosjk m%foaYfha j¾Idm;kh fuu.ska woyia jkafka wod< ud¾.h msysgd ;sfnkafka wêl j¾Idjla ,efnk m%foaYhlo@ tfia;a ke;a;ï idudkH ld,.=Khla mj;akd m%foaYhlo hkakhs' 3. ud¾.fha o< nEjqu fuu ud¾.h bosjkafka iu;, N+ñ m%foaYhlo@ tfia;a ke;akï l÷nEjqï iys; m%foaYhlo hkak fuu.ska woyia fõ' by; i|yka lreKq ie,ls,a,g .ksñka fuu ud¾. ie,iqï ilia l< hq;=fõ' fuu ie,iqfïoS wod< ud¾.h i|yd Ndú;d lsÍug iqÿiqu øjH fudkjdoehs ;SrKh l< yelsfõ'
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.%dóh ud¾. ieliSfïoS Ndú;djk úúO l%u iy ;dlaIKh .%dóh ud¾. my; i|yka mßos fjkalr y÷kd.; yelsh. • • • • • •
je,s mdr fndr¿ we;=rE mdr ;dr oeuQ mdr fldkal%sÜ we;srE mdr isfuka;s íf,dla we;=rE mdr ldmÜ we;srE mdr
idudkHfhka Y%s ,xldfõ ud¾. fndfyduhla ksujd we;af;a ;dr fhÿ ud¾. f,ighs' ksis f,i bos lsÍfuka iy ksis mßos kv;a;= lrkafka kï fuu ud¾. os.=l,la mj;sk w;r fï i|yd oerSug isÿjk úhou idfmalaI jYfhka wvq uÜgul mj;S' iuyr ud¾.j,g fndr¨ fhoSu muKla m%udKj;a fõ' tfia kuq;a uE;l isg .%dñh ud¾. fndfydauhla fldkal%sÜ fhdod ilikq oelsh yelsh' ud¾.h ms<sn|j ksis wOHhkhla isÿ fkdlr ish¨ ud¾. j,g fldkal%sÜ fhoSu wêl úhoï l%uhla fukau iïm;a wmf;a hdula f,i ie,lsh yelsh' tfukau isfuka;s .,a fhdod .%dñh ud¾. ieliSuo wêl úhoula jehjk l%uhla fõ'
11.
m%foaYSh iNd jeks uyck uqo,a j,ska kv;a;= jk iy wod< m%foaYfha ixj¾Ok lghq;= i|yd wjYH uqo,a m%;smdok fidhd.ekSfï ÿIalr;djfhka fm<k wdh;k ;u iSñ; iïm;a Wmßu m%fhdackhla f.k fok wdldrfhka Wmfhda.S lr.kakjd oehs uyck;djf.a úuis,a,g;a wëlaIKhkg;a ,laúh hq;=h' fï wkqj uq,ska i|yka lrk ,oaodjQ lreKq weiqfrka úYaf,aIKh lr ud¾.h ieliSu i|yd jvd;au .e,fmk øjH f;dard.ekSu isÿl< hq;=h'
hï ud¾.hla ieliSfïoS ta i|yd jvd;au WÑ; l%uh Ndú;d lrkjdo hkak ms,sn|j Tng úuis,su;a úh yelsh
fuu w;afmdf;aoS uQ,sl jYfhka fndr¿" ;dr" fldkal%sÜ iy isfuka;s íf,dla we;=rE ud¾. ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'
12.
fndr¿ fhÿ ud¾.hla ieliSu iy th wëlaIKh ´kEu ud¾.hla ;ekSfï m<uq mshjr jkafka ud¾.h ieliSu i|yd fjka lrkq ,nk N+ñh ksjeros f,i y÷kd.ekSu iy ksrjq,a lr.ekSuhs' tys oekg ;sfnk .ia je,a wdosh uq,a j,skau .,jd bj;a l< hq;=hs' bka miqj ud¾.h yryd c,h .,d hk ia:dk yd my;a ia:dk y÷kdf.k tajdg iqÿiq wdldrhg fndalal= fyda md,ï fhosh hq;=h' ud¾.hg fjka lrk ,o N+ñfha msysá j, f.dve,s bj;a lr ud¾.h uÜgï l< hq;=hs' fï i|yd fudag¾ f.%av¾ hka;%hla Ndú;d lrkafka kï jvd;a iqÿiq fõ' ud¾.h fomi we;s ldKq lmd fyd|ska c,h nei hk wdldrhg ilia l< hq;=hs' ud¾.fha u;=msg jdyk .ukd .ukhg iy os.= l,a meje;aug iqÿiq jk mßos ieliSug ud¾.fha u;= msgg fndr¿ ;Ügqjla we;sßh hq;=hs' mdf¾ os."m<, yd fndr¿ ;Ügqfõ >klu i,ld n,d wjYH fndr¿ m%udKh ;SrKh l< hq;=fõ' oekg Ndú;hg .kq ,nk ud¾.hla kï tys .ukd .ukhg ndOd we;s fkdjk mßos ud¾.fha fndr¿ f.dkq lsÍu ^/ia lr ;eîu& isÿ l< hq;=hs'
13.
Tnf.a ksÍlaIK i|yd ie;mqï 1 la os. ^lsf,dañg¾ 1'6& ud¾.hla m<, wä 10 la iy .Klu w.,a 6 la isák f,i fndr¿ w;=rd ;e,Su i|yd fndr¨ lshqí 659 la muK wjYH fõ' fï wkqj wjYH fndr¿ m%udKh fï i|yd fhdod.kq ,nkafkaoehs Tng fidhdne,sh yelsh. fuu m%udKh idudkHfhka g%elag¾ fÜ,¾ 879 la jk w;r lshqí 3 Odß;djhla we;s ám¾ 220 la muKfõ'
fndr¿ we;sÍu iy ;e,Su fndr¿ we;sÍu i|yd fudag¾ f.%avrhla Ndú;d lsÍu jvd;a iqÿiq jk w;r f.dkqlr we;s fndr,q fyd|ska c,h fhdod f;;a lr fudag¾ f.%avrhla u.ska w;=rd ta iu.u fgdka 8 - 10 .,a frda,lska ;e,Su isÿ l< hq;=hs' m%udKj;a wdldrhg ;e,Su fyd|ska isÿ lsÍug kï we;srE fndr¨ u;ska .,a frda, 6 - 8 jrla .uka lrúh hq;=hs' by; i|yka mßos fndr¿ w;=rd ilia lr.;a ud¾. fndr¿ mdrj,a f,i y÷kajk w;r .%dóh m%foaYhkays jeä jYfhkau we;af;a fujeks ud¾.hkah' fuu fndr¿ we;srE ud¾. .,a w;=rd ;dr oeñu fyda fldkal%sÜ we;sÍu yd isfuka;s íf,dla .,a we;srE ud¾. f,i jeä oshqKq l< yelsh'
ksis wkaoñka fndr¿ fhdod ksulrk ,o ud¾.hla
14.
.,a w;=rd ;dr oeuq ud¾. ieliSu yd tajd wëlaIKh ;drfhdod ilia lrkq ,nk mdf¾ m<, wä 10 la f,i mj;ajd .ekSug kï fndr¿ mdr wä 16 la muK m<,g ilia lr.; hq;=h' by; i|yka lr we;s wdldrhg fndr¿ mdr ilia lr miqj .,a w;=rd ;dr fhosh yelsh' fï i|yd m<uqfjka wÕ,a 4x4 m%udKfha l`M .,a ;Ügqjla w;=rd th fgdka 8- 10 .,a frdaf,ka ;,d .; hq;=h' bka miqj wÕ,a 1 1$2 l`M .,a ia:r folla w;=rd fyd|ska ;e,sh hq;=hs' u;=msg isÿre jeiSu i|yd wÕ,a 3$4 ueg,a 10% m%udKhla u;=msg w;=rd .,a frdaf,ka ;e,sh hq;=h' ud¾.fha Wkaou ^ueo Wiaj mj;sk mßos& mj;sk wdldrhg ksudj ilid .; hq;=h' w`.,a 4x4 m%udKfha l`M .,a ;Ügqjla w;=rd ilia lr .kq ,nk Wm mdou fjkqjg ABC (Aggrigate Base Concrete) ñY%Kh wjYH >klug fhdod ;,d.ekSuo j¾;udkfha isÿfõ' ta u;=msg j¾. ñg¾ 1 la i|yd ;dr ,Sg¾ 2 la jefgk fia WKq ;dr m<uq jr wdf,am l< hq;=hs' ,Sg¾ 180 l ;dr ner,a tllsla wä 10 la m<, mdrl os. wä 100 la muK ;dr oeñh yelsh' ;dr oeuQ ú.iu wdf,am l< ;dr ;Ügqj jeiS hk wdldrhg úh<s je,s ;Ügqjla oeñh hq;=hs' 15.
Tnf.a ksÍlaIK i|yd • lsf,daóg¾ 1 l mdrl m<uq jrg ;dr oeóu i|yd ;dr ner,a 33 muK wjYH fõ' • lsf,daóg¾ 1 l mdrl fojk jr ;dr wdf,am l< hq;af;a i;s 2 - 8 w;r ld,hloSh. fï i|yd ;dr ner,a 17 la muK wjYH fõ'
m<uqjr ;dr wdf,amfhka i;s 2 - 8 w;r ld,fhaoS fojk jr ;dr wdf,am lrkq ,nhs' ta i|yd j¾. óg¾ 1 la i|yd WKq ;dr ,Sg¾ 1 jefgk fia fojk jr ;dr wdf,am l< hq;=fõ' fuysoS ,Sg¾ 180 l ;dr ner,a tllska wä 10 m<, mdrl wä 200 la muK fojk jr ;dr wdf,am l< yelsh' ;dr oeuQ ú.iu wdf,am l< ;dr ;Ügqj jeiS hk wdldrhg úh<s je,s$Ñmaia ;ágqjla fhosh hq;=h' ;dr fhÿ ud¾.fha ;dr .eÜfÜ isg wä 3 la muK m<,g ud¾.fha fomiskau fndr¿ w;=rd ;e,Su isÿlr ud¾. Wrysi ^ud¾.fha fomi& ilia lsÍu w;HdjYH fõ'
ksis wkaoñka ;dr fhdod ksulrk ,o ud¾.hla
16.
fldkal%sÜ fhdod ud¾. ieliSu iy tajd wëlaIKh fndr¿ w;=rd Wm mdou ^moku& ilid we;s ud¾.hl fldkal%sÜ we;sÍu i|yd m%Odk jYfhka l%u folla Ndú;d fõ' fï i|yd 1: 3: 6 wkqmd;hg isfuka;s je,s iy .,a ^1 1$2& ñY%Kfha fldkal%sÜ Ndú;d lrkafka kï fldkal%sÜ ;Ügqfõ wju >Klu w.,a 6 la úh hq;=hs' os. wä 100 l m<, wä 10 wÕ,a 6 la >klug fldkal%sÜ fhoSu i|yd isfuka;s ñá 56 la wÕ,a 1 1$2 ueg,a lshqí 5 la iy .x.d je,s lshqí 3 muK wjYH fõ' 1: 2: 4 wÕ,a ^3$4& ñY%Kfha fldkal%sÜ we;sÍu isÿlrkafka kï fldkal%sÜ ;Ügqfõ wju >klu w`.,a 4 la úh hq;=h' os. wä 100" m<, wä 10 wÕ,a 4 >klug fldkal%sÜ fhoSu i|yd isfuka;s ñá 60 la" 3$4 ueg,a lshqí 3.25 la .x.d je,s lshqí 2 la muK wjYH fõ' fldkal%sÜ w;=rd ud¾. ieliSfïoS wä 10-15 mr;rhg m%idrK uQÜgq ^fldkal%sÜ ia,eí w;r bvla ;eîu& fhosh hq;=hs' tu m%idrK uQÜgq w.,a 3$8 - 1$2 mr;rhg ;nkq ,nk w;r ta w;rg ;dr iy je,s ñY%Kh msrúh hq;=hs'
17.
fldkal%sÜ .eáfha isg ud¾.fha fomiskau wä 3 la m<,g ud¾. Wrysi ieosh hq;=hs' fï i|yd fndr¿ w;=rd ;e,sh hq;=hs' Tnf.a ksÍlaIK i|yd • os. wä 100 m<, wä 10 wÕ,a 4 >klug fldkal%sÜ fhoSu i|yd isfuka;s ñá 60 la muK wjYH fõ • fuu fldkal%sÜ ñY%Kh úkdä 45 la we;=<; Ndú;d l< hq;=fõ' • fuu ñY%Kh iúùug osk 7 la muK .;fõ' fuu ld,h ;=< ud¾.h Ndú;d lsÍu je<elaùug Tn lghq;= l< hq;=h' • ;dlaIKsl ks,OdÍf.a wëlaIKh hgf;a fuu boslsÍï isÿ l< hq;=h'
ksis wkaoñka fldkal%sÜ fhdod ksulrk ,o ud¾.hla
18.
isfuka;s íf,dla we;=rE ud¾.
fndr¨ w;=rd u;=msg fyd|ska ^Wm mdou& ilia lr we;s ud¾.hla i|yd isfuka;s íf,dla .,a we;sßh yelsh' oekg ilia lr we;s Wm mdou u;g je,s fyda .,al=vq w;=rd u;=msg ilia lr.; hq;=h' fï i|yd Ndú;d jk isfuka;s .,aj, wju iïmSvk Yla;sh ksõgka 25 úh hq;=hs' rcfha m%ñ;s wdh;kfhka fuu mÍlaId lr ne,Sug isÿfõ' mdr fomiska w.,a 6x9 m%udKhg fldkal%sÜ má folla fhosh hq;= w;r ta w;r isfuka;s ìf,dla l%udkql+,j weisßh hq;=h' mdr fomiska wä 3 la m<,g ud¾. Wrysia ilia l< hq;=hs' mi fidaodhk wjia:dj,oS fldkal%sÜ fhÿ ud¾. oeä f,i wn,kajk w;r túg kej; w¨;a jeähd lsÍug úYd, úhoula oeÍug isÿfjhs' kuq;a fuu íf,dla fhdod ieliQ ud¾.j, fuu .,a bj;a lr mdou kej; ilid kej; tu .,a we;sÍug yelsùu fuu l%ufha mj;akd jdisodhl ;;ajhla f,i ie,lsh yelsh' tfukau fï wdldrhg fhdod.kakd .,aj, ;;a;ajh kshu m%ñ;shlska mej;Suo ;j;a jdisodhl ;;a;ajhla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
19.
Tnf.a ksÍlaIK i|yd fï i|yd fhdod.kakd isfuka;s íf,dla .,aj, u;=msg fyd| ksudjla ;sfnkjdoehs n,kak
fldkal%sÜ íf,dla fhdod ilik ,o ud¾.h
20.
ud¾.h yd iïnkaO fjk;a boslsÍï ud¾. iïnkaO fjk;a boslsÍï f,ig me;s neïu" /|jqï .,a iy fndalal= ie,lsh yelsh' fïjd /l .ekSu u.ska ud¾.h fukau tu ud¾.h Ndú;d lrkakkf.a wdrlaIdjo iy;sl fõ' by; i|yka jkafka .%dñh ud¾. ksis mÍos boslsÍfïoS wkq.ukh l< hq;= uq,sl lreKqh' Tnf.a .%dñh ud¾.h bos lsÍfïoS by; uQ,sl lreKq m%ñ;s wkqj bos lsÍï isÿ jkafka oehs fidhd ne,sh yelsh'
m%ñ;Skag wkql=, fkdjk wjia:djkaysoS .; yels l%shd ud¾. fuu iEu boslsÍulgu wod< weia;fïka;=jla iy msßú;r ,ehsia;=jla mj;S' fuu f;dr;=re m%dfoaYSh iNdfjka ,nd.; yelsh' fuhg wu;rj boslsÍï iïnkaO bxcsfkarejkag" m<d;a md,k flduidßia;=udg" m<d;a ú.Kk ks,OdÍkag ,sÅ;j meñKs,s bosßm;a lsÍu isÿ lsÍu l< yelsh. ksis m%ñ;sfha fkdue;skï wjidk f.ùu fkdlr isáug m%dfoaYSh iNdjg n,lsÍug mq¨jk. 21.
ud¾. wn,kaùu j,lajd .ekSug l< yelsfoa ud¾. wn,ka úh yels l%u w;ßka m%Odk tlla jkafka ud¾.h u;=msg c,h /|Su iy ud¾.h yryd c,h .,d hduhs' fuu ;;a;ajh fndfyda úg we;s jkafka ud¾.h fomi ldKq wjysrùu;a ud¾.h wjg mosxÑlrejka úiska tajd wjysr lsÍu;a ksidh' Tnf.a ksji wi< we;s fuu ud¾. kv;a;= lsÍu i|yd Tng l%shdl< yelsh' ud¾.fha fomi we;s ldKq j,g mia iy fjk;a wmøjH fkdoeóu iy tjeks wmøjH bj;a lsÍu myiqfjka Tngu l< yelsh' mdrg keó we;s w;= lmd bj;a lsÍu" ud¾.fha /|S we;s c,h bj;aj hk f,i ieliSu u.ska Tfí cSú;hg b;d ióm fuu ud¾. /l .; yelsh' tfukau ud¾.hg ydks jk whqßka lghq;= lrk wjia:d ÿgqúg tajdg tfrys ùug Tng whs;shla we;' tfukau kshñ; nr iSudjkag jvd jeäfhka nr mgjdf.k hk jdyk ms<sn|j n,OdÍkag oekqïoSu tjeka wjia:dj,oS iduqyslj tlaj úfrdaOh oelaùu wdoS l%shdud¾. u.ska fuu ud¾. /l .ekSug Tng;a odhlúh yelsh'
22.
ck;djg ud¾. boslsÍfïoS iïnkaO úhyels wjia:d ud¾.hla boslsÍug ie,iqï lrk wjia:dfõ isg th boslrk yd kv;a;= lrk wdoS ish¨u wjia:djkays oS ck;djg ta yd iïnkaOùfï yelshdjla iy j.lSula mj;S' úfYaIfhkau ;uka úiska ksrka;rfhka Ndú;d lrk .fï mdr ms<sn|j ´keu flfkl=f.a úfYaI ne|Sula ;sfí' fuu ksid m%foaYSh iNd fuu ck;d iyfhda.h osß .ekaúh hq;= w;r ck;dj ;ukaf.a mQ¾K iyh ,ndosh hq;=fõ' ud¾. boslsÍug m%cd odhl;ajh ,nd .ekSu u.ska ud¾. boslsÍfï .=Kd;aulNdjh jeälsÍug;a úhoï wju lr,Su ;=<ska jeä ud¾. lsf,dañg¾ m%udKhla boslsÍug;a wjia:dj ,efnk we;' ñg wu;rj ud¾.h boslsÍug odhlùu ;=<ska ck;djg zzfuu mdr wfma iy th /l.;hq;=hsZZ hk yeÕSu we;sfõ'
23.
fmdÿ f.dvke.s,s boslsÍï wëlaIKh m%foaYSh iNd u.ska úúO jq f.dvke.s,s bos lsÍï isÿlrhs' tu úúO jq boslsÍï i|yd fhdod.kakd øjH iy tajdfha ñY%K wkqmd;hka wod< boslsÍï wkqj fjkia fjhs' tu ksid fuysoS fhdod.kakd f.dvke.s,s øjH yd ñY%K wkqmd;hka ksYaÑ;j mejiSug wmyiqh' tuksid fuysoS woyia olajd ;sfnkafka boslsÍï i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk øjH iy boslsÍï iïnkaOfhka l< yels ksÍlaIK ms<sn|jh' m%dfoaYSh uágñka fmdÿ f.dvke.s,s boslsÍfïoS tu m%foaYfhka imhd.; yels boslsÍï øjH Ndú;d lsÍu jvd;a iqÿiqh' m%dfoaYSh iNd u.ska bos lrkq ,nkafka fmdÿ uyck;dj i|yd jk f.dvke.s,s neúka tajd boslsÍfïoS uyck;djf.a wëlaIKh b;du;a jeo.;ah' boslsÍï i|yd fhdod.kakd øjH yd tajdfha meje;sh hq;= .=Kd;aul ;;ajhka ms<sn|j fyd`o wjfndaOhla we;slr.ekSu u.ska boslsÍï i|yd .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajhkaf.ka hq;a øjH Ndú;d jkafka oehs Tng mÍlaId lr ne,sh yelsh' l`M.,a boslsÍï i|yd fhdod.; hq;af;a fjä oud lvd.;a kshñ; m%udKfha l`M.,a h' ridhksl øjH fhdod fyda .sks oud lvd.;a l`M.,a boslsÍï i|yd fhdod .ekSu iqÿiq fkdfõ' 24.
wÕ,a 6 x 9 l`M.,a" 1 1/2 m%udKfha ueg,a" wÕ,a 3$4 m%udKfha ueg,a wdoS jYfhka jQ úúO m%udKfha l`M.,a boslsÍï i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk w;r tajd iïu; m%udKfha úh hq;=h' iïu; m%udKhg jvd úYd, .,a Ndú;d lsÍu iqÿiq ke;' .,a u;=msg ;dr Ths,a ^,sysis f;,a& wdosh ;ejÍ fkd;sìh hq;=h' osrm;aù we;s .,a Ndú;d fkdl< hq;=h' .=Kd;aulNdjfhka by, l`M.,a y÷kd .kafka flfiao@ boslsÍug fhdod.kakd l`M.,a taldldr meyehlska hqla; úh hq;=h' ÿUqre iy r;g yqre meyehlska hqla; kï tajd bos lsÍï i|yd iqÿiq fkdfõ' tfukau m%udKhg iß,k nrlska hqla; tajd jvd;a Yla;su;ah' c,fha oeuQ úg wvq c, m%udKhla wjfYdaIKh lr.kakd .,a jvd;a Yla;su;ah' l`M.,aj, Yla;su;aNdjh mÍlaId lsÍu l%u follska l< yelsh' fuu .,lg ñáhlska ;Ügq l< úg meyeos,s kdohla ke.sh hq;=h' me,Sï" ì|Sï iy uDÿ ueá iys; núka hqla; l`M.,a bos lsÍï i|yd iqÿiq fkdfõ' .fvd,a • • • • •
.fvd,a fyd|ska ms<siaiqKq tajd úh hq;=h 8 3$4 X 4 1$2 X 2 3$4 m%udKfha .fvd,a úh hq;=h .fvd,aj, uqyqK;a" odr ;shqKqj ;sìh hq;=h mqmqrd fyda m¨ÿjQ .fvd,a Ndú;d fkdl< hq;=h .fvd,a ne|SfïoS fyd|ska c,fha fmdÕjd Ndú;d l< hq;=h
25.
Tnf.a ksÍlaIK i|yd .fvd,a fyd| ;;ajfha mj;skafkaoehs mÍlaId lrkafka flfiao @ • .fvd,la lvd ne,SfïoS we;=<; uqyqK; taldldr j¾Khla mj;skjdoehs n,kak • .fvd,lska .fvd,lg ;Ügq lsÍfïoS meyeos,s yvla kef.kjdoehs mÍlaId lrkak • .fvd,la wä 5 la Wil isg úh<s u;=msglg w; yeÍfïos fkdleã mej;sh hq;=hs
.x.d je,s • l=Kqfrdvq j,ska f;dr je,s úh hq;=hs' • ueá ñY% fkdúh hq;=hs' • wju ÿú,s m%udKhla yd úYd, leg rys; je,s úh hq;=hs' • úh<s ;;ajfhka meje;sh hq;=hs'
Tnf.a ksÍlaIK i|yd je,sj, ;;a;ajh mÍlaId lsrSug je,s ñgla w;g f.k w; yeÍfïoS úisÍ ìug jeáh hq;=hs’ wf;a ÿú,s fyda uv fkd;ejßh hq;=hs
isfuka;s • fj<|fmdf,ka ,nd.kakd isfuka;s leg rys; úh hq;=h • f;;ukh fyda .,aù we;s isfuka;s Ndú;d fkdl< hq;=h • isfuka;s f;;ukhg yd jd;hg ksrdjrKh fkdjk fia .nvd l< hq;=h 26.
Tnf.a ksÍlaIK i|yd isfuka;s c,h iu. ñY% lsÍfuka miqj úkdä 45 la we;=<; Ndú;d l< hq;=hs' ñY%lr b;sß jQ isfuka;s kej; je,s iu. ñY%lr ;nd miqj Ndú;d l< fkdyel.
f.dvke.s,s boslsÍfïoS oek.; hq;= lreKq l`M.,a neïu • weia;fïka;=j, olajd we;s mßos ñY%K wkqmd;hka Ndú;d l< hq;=hs • .,ska .,g nodu fhdod neñ ne|Su isÿ l< hq;=hs • neïu we;=<; yd msg; fnk iy l=yr fkd;sìh hq;=hs • l=ia;=r tl fm<g isriaj fkdisgk wdldrhg neïu ne|Su isÿ l< hq;=hs • neïn ne|SfïoS kQ,g yd ,Uhg wkqj ne|Su isÿ l< hq;=hs bxcsfkare .fvd,a neïu • weia;fïka;=j, oelafjk wdldrhg ñY%K wkqmd;hka Ndú;d l< hq;=hs • .fvd,a jß ne|SfïoS tajd tlska tlg iudka;r úh hq;=hs' kQ,g yd ,Uhg wkqj ne|su isÿ l< hq;=hs • isria l=ia;=r udrejk f,ig neïu ne|Su isÿ l< hq;=hs' • neïfï taldldr >klu mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd pmamdrej wksjd¾hfhka fhosh hq;=hs • osklg ne|sh yels Wmßu Wi wä 4 ls 27.
fldkal%sÜ Wmfhda.S lr.kakd boslsÍï • weia;fïka;=j, oelafjk wdldrhg ñY%K wkqmd;hka Ndú;d l< hq;=h • fldkal%SÜ ñY%Kh úkdä 45 la we;=<; Ndú;d l< hq;=h • iïu; m%udKh blaujd c,h Ndú;d fkdl< hq;=hs • fldkalS%Ü fhdod osk 14 ld,hla fkdlvjd c,h fhdod moï l< hq;=h • Igßka fhoSfïoS wjYH wjidk ksudj ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h • jer.ekaùfïoS ^lïì fhosfïoS& fldkal%SÜ jeiau kshñ; mßos mj;ajd.; hq;=h fmdÿfõ .;a l< f.dvke.s,s boslsÍfïoS m<mqreÿ Y%ñlhska fhdojd.ekSfuka i;=gqodhl ksudjla ,nd.; yelsh' flfia fj;;a fuu ´kEu boslsÍula i|yd ieliQ weia;fïka;=jla ;sfí' fuu weia;fïka;=j Tng mÍlaId lr ne,sh yelsh' ta i|yd Tng m<d;a md,k wdh;kfha f,alïjrhd f.ka b,a,Sula l< yelsh'
28.
.
m%dfoaYSh iNd u.ska isÿlrk boslsÍï wëlaIKhg u.fmkaùula g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%s ,xld g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%s ,xld hkq ¥IKh uev,Su uQ,sl wruqK lr.ksñka l%shd;aul jk m%uqL;u cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhla jk g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,ays Y%s ,xlSh ksfhdacs;dh;khs' f,djmqrd rgj,a /il YdLd ishhlg wêl m%udKhla msysgqjd we;s g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a cd,h úksúoNdjh" j.ùu yd hymd,k m%;sm;a;Ska m%j¾Okh msKsi lemù isà' g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%s ,xld wdh;kh 2002 jif¾ isg Y%s ,xldj iqms<smka foaYhla njg m;alsÍu wruqK we;sj iajdêkj ish lghq;= l%shd;aul lrhs'
Transparency International Sri Lanka 6, 37th Lane, Queen’s Road, Colombo 3 Phone: 011 4369781 - 3 Fax: 011 2506419 Email: tisl@tisrilanka.org Web: www.tisrilanka.org
ISBN: 978-955-1281-55-7