gpuNjr rigapdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; epHkhzg; gzpfis fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhd topfhl;bfs;
gpuNjr rigapdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhd topfhl;bfs;
epHkhzg;
gzpfis
Kjy; gjpg;G 2012> etk;gH buhd;];ngud;]p ,d;lHne~dy; =yq;fh ,y. 06. 37MtJ xOq;if> ,uhzp tPjp> nfhOk;G 03. ISBN: 978-955-1281-56-4
MNyhrid: byhd; ngHdhd;NlhGs;Ns – MNyhrfH (nghwpapayhsH)> ,yq;if cs;@uhl;rp gapw;rp epiyak; W.A.P. tpN[#upa> nghwpapayhsH – cs;@uhl;rp jpizf;fsk;> tlkj;jpa khfhz rig> T.M.R.S. [ak;gjp> epfo;r;rp mj;jpal;rfH – khefu rig> mDuhjGuk; rl;lj;juzp [fj; ypadhur;rp Mde;j [aNrfu tsthsH: rhe;j FyJq;f fzdp gf;f tbtikg;G: `upj;j j`dhaf;f ed;wp… yq;fhGu kw;Wk; MiyabNtk;G gpuNjr rigj; jiytH cs;spl;l gpuNjr rig nraw;FO kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy; Ml;rp mikg;G FOtpd; cWg;gpdHfSf;F. ,e;j ifE}y; mnkupf;f kf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld;> rHtNjr mgptpUj;jp njhlHghd If;fpa mnkupf;f epWtdj;jpd; (USAID) epjpAjtpAld; buhd;];ngud;]p ,d;lHne~dy; epWtdj;jpd; Clhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Coiy Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rp Kiwia Nkk;gLj;jYf;fhf epWtdq;fspd; ,aYikfis tYg;gLj;jy; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; mr;rplg;gLfpd;wJ. © midj;J cupikfSk; nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; cs;slf;Fk; tplaq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjpy;/ mr;rpLtjpy;> mjw;fhf buhd;];ngud;]p ,d;lHne~dy; =yq;fh epWtdj;jpd; vOj;J %yk; mDkjp ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
gpuNjr rigapdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; epHkhzg; gzpfis fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhd topfhl;bfs; gpuNjr rigapdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; gpujhd epHkhzq;fis fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhf r%fj; jiytHfspd; mwpTrhH ,aYikia fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd topfhl;b. tPjpfs; kw;Wk; nghJf; fl;llq;fspd; epHkhzq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;Nthk;> jiyaPL nra;Nthk;> xd;wpize;J fl;bnaOg;GNthk;
Kd;Diu kf;fSf;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhd cs;@uhl;rp epWtdkhf gpuNjr rigia Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. jdpg;gl;l tifapy; khj;jpukpd;wp r%f mbg;gilapYk; xd;wpize;J eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Nritfs; kw;Wk; trjpfs; gytw;wpw;F trjpaspg;gjw;fhd flik kw;Wk; nghWg;G gpuNjr rigaplk; cs;sJ. epWtdk; xd;W kf;fSila eyDf;fhf nraw;gLtjw;F Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdk; kf;fSld; vj;jid msT ,ize;J nraw;gLfpd;wJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nghjpa re;jHg;gk; cs;sjh vd;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. buhd;];ngud;]p ,d;lHne~dy; =yq;fh epWtdk; Njrpa kw;Wk; gpuNjr ey;yhl;rp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; gpuNjr rigfspd; ey;yhl;rpia Nkk;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Coiy xopj;jy; epfo;r;rpfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,q;F kf;fs; kw;Wk; gpuNjr rigf;F ,ilapy; kpfTk; gaDWjp kpf;f kw;Wk; Nghjpa njhlHgpid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> mjd; Clhf ,U jug;gpw;Fk; gad; ngw;Wj; jUtjw;Fk;> ,Wjpapy; gpuNjr rigia kpfTk; kf;fs; mf;fiw nfhz;l epWtdkhf khw;Wtjw;Fk; vjpHghHf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; kf;fs; kw;Wk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fspd; nraw;FO vd;gtw;Wf;F Gupe;JzHit Vw;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; gapw;rp toq;fy; vd;gd Muk;g topKiwfshf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. kf;fSf;F md;whl tho;f;ifapy; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk; mbg;gil trjpfs; gytw;iw epHkhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkupj;jy; nghWg;Gf;fs; gpuNjr rigapd; trNk
cs;sd. ,jw;F cjhuzkhf> tPjp kw;Wk; nghJf; fl;llq;fis Fwpg;gplyhk;. vt;thwhapDk;> gpuNjr rigfspdhy; epHkhzpf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; guhkupf;fg;gLk; tPjp kw;Wk; NtW epHkhzq;fs; njhlHgpy; kf;fs; Kiwg;ghL nra;Ak; re;jHg;gq;fSk; cs;sd. ,e;j epHkhzq;fspy; juk;> ePbj;jpUf;Fk; fhyk;> nghUj;jg;ghL> nrytplg;gl;l epjpf;fhd gaid jUfpd;wjh Nghd;w tplaq;fs; nghJkf;fspd; mf;fiwf;F cs;shd gpujhd mk;rq;fshf Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fspy; Vw;gLk; FiwghLfis eptHj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> epHkhzr; nraw;ghLfspy; gpuNjr rigapd; nghWg;Gf;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gaDWjpkpf;f Kiwnahd;whf> ,e;j epHkhzq;fs; Fwpj;J Nghjpastpyhd mwptpid r%fj; jiytHfSf;F ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jiyf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. mjd; %yk; Fwpj;j epHkhzq;fspd; Muk;g eltbf;if Kjy; Njitf;Nfw;w fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; Nkw;ghHit nra;jy; ,aYik mtHfSf;F fpilf;Fk;. ,e;j nraw;ghl;by; fpilf;Fk; kw;WnkhU rhjfkhd gydhf> ,e;j epHkhzk; njhlHgpy; kf;fspd; nghWg;G kw;Wk; mtHfspd; cupikj;Jtk; Fwpj;J czHT Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; mJ toptFf;Fk;. gpuNjr rigapd; Clhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; epHkhzq;fspy;> mJ Fwpj;J mtjhdj;Jld; ,Ug;gjw;F kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g Gupe;JzHTld; tplaj;ij Nkw;ghHit nra;tjw;F kw;Wk; jiyaPL nra;tjw;F Njitahd mbg;gil mwptpid r%fj; jiytHfSf;F ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gNj ,e;j ifE}ypd; Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. gpuNjr rigapd; ey;yhl;rp kw;Wk; nghWg;Gilikia tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F ,jd; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;lsT gq;fspg;G fpilf;Fk; vd;gJ vkJ ek;gpf;ifahf cs;sJ.
cs;slf;fk; tPjp epHkhzk; kw;Wk; guhkupj;jy; ,yq;ifapd; tPjp fl;likg;G kw;Wk; mjd; cupikahsHfs; gpuNjr rigapd; Clhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; guhkupf;fg;gLk; tPjpfis milahsk; fhzy; tPjpnahd;iw mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; epHkhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nra;jYf;fhf tPjpfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;FtJ vt;thW? mjd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tplaq;fs; tPjp mikf;Fk; NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLk; tplaq;fs; tPjpia mstpLtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fs; tPjp epHkhzpj;jy; rk;ge;jkhf kf;fSf;F cs;s re;jHg;gk; ruisf; fw;fis gad;gLj;jp tPjp mikj;jypd; fz;fhzpj;jy; fw;fs; gug;gp jhH ,l;L tPjp mikj;jypd; fz;fhzpj;jy; nfhq;f;uPl; gad;gLj;jp tPjp mikj;jypd; fz;fhzpj;jy; rPNke;J milg;Gf;fis fz;fhzpj;jy;
gad;gLj;jp
tPjp
mikj;jypd;
nghJf; fl;ll epHkhzq;fspd; fz;fhzpj;jy; epHkhz %yg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba rpwg;G mk;rq;fs; fl;llq;fs; epHkhzpj;jypy; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
kf;fshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; fz;fhzpg;G vd;gJ vd;d? ,yq;if kf;fs; jkJ thf;Ffisg; gad;gLj;jp> jkJ gpujpepjpfis epakpj;J cUthf;Fk; Ml;rp mjpfhu mikg;G %d;W cs;sJ. [dhjpgjp jiyikapyhd gpujhd kj;jpa murhq;fk;> khfhz rig vd;gd ,tw;wpy; ,uz;L mikg;Gf;fshFk;. kw;iwa mjpfhu mikg;ghf ,Ug;gJ cs;@uhl;rp rig epWtdq;fshFk;. khefu rig> efu rig kw;Wk; gpuNjr rig Nghd;w cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; kf;fSf;F kpfTk; gaDs;s tifapy; nraw;glf; $ba kw;Wk; vkf;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhd mq;fkhFk;. kf;fSf;F ,tw;wpd; %yk; Nrit toq;Ftjw;F gq;fspf;ff; $ba Njitahd newpKiwfs;> mtw;wpd; rl;l%yq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ey;yhl;rpia rpwe;j epiyapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd tplaq;fspy; kf;fspd; gq;fspg;G kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,jd; gpufhuk; NtWgl;l epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; murpdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; gy;NtW nraw;wpl;lq;fspy; kf;fspd; gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; mtHfspd; fUj;Jf;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ mj;jpahtrpakhdJ vd;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l fUj;jhFk;. mjw;Ff; fhuzk;> Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpd; Njitfs; njhlHgpy; rpwe;j Gupe;JzHT gpuNjrj;jpy; thOk; kf;fsplNk fhzg;gLk;.
1.
jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; epHkhzq;fs; kw;Wk; guhkupj;jypd; jd;ikfs;> juq;fs; kw;Wk; gad;ghL Nghd;w tplaq;fis vspa Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp> kf;fNs Njb mwpe;J nfhs;tjid kf;fs; fz;fhzpg;G vd tpsf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf epHkhzj;jpw;fhf nrq;fw;fspd; cWjpj; jd;ikia fzpj;jy;> mjd; epwj;ij gupNrhjpj;Jg; ghHj;jy;> Fwpg;gpl;l cauj;jpy; ,Ue;J jiug; gFjpapy; tPo;tjw;F jpl;lkply; vd;gtw;iw fUjyhk;. ,jw;fhf njhopy;rhH mwpNth my;yJ tpNrl fUtpfNsh Njitg;glhJ. kf;fs; fz;fhzpg;G eilKiwf;F Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nghJ eilKiwfs; ,y;iy vd;gJld;> mit Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fspd; nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditahf ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt> ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy Kiwfs; gq;Fgw;WgtHfspd; mwpT> Gupe;JzHT> Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; jd;ik vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; NtWgLk;.
2.
kf;fs; gq;Fgw;wYld; ,lk;ngWk; fz;fhzpg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhf kf;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l epjpia gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW epHkhzq;fSf;F nrytplg;gLk; epjp> gpuNjr kf;fSf;F mjpfgl;r mstpy; Nrit kw;Wk; gaid ngw;Wj; jUk; tifapy; nrytplg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gjid Muha;tJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. ,e;j epHkhzq;fspy; ,Wjpg; gadhspfshf kf;fs; ,Ug;gJld;> mtHfSf;F mJ njhlHgpy; cupik kw;Wk; nghWg;G cs;sJ. kf;fs; fz;fhzpg;gpid tYg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;rhH njhopy;El;g mwptpw;F mg;ghy;> kf;fSf;F mtHfspd; mDgtk; kw;Wk; gof;fq;fis gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhd trjpia toq;Ftjd; %yk; nraw;wpl;lk; NkYk; ntw;wpg; ngWtjw;F re;jHg;gk; fpilf;Fk;. mt;thNw> jdpg;gl;l uPjpapy; ,lk;ngw;w ,ilaPLfSf;F mg;ghy; kf;fs; vd;w mbg;gilapy; xUq;fpize;j fz;fhzpg;G nra;tJk;> Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jYk;> mOj;jk; nrYj;jypy; gaDWjp kpf;f gyidj; jUk;. Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;wpl;lk; xd;wpy; kf;fspd; Njit> Kd;Dupik kw;Wk; mtHfspd; vjpHghHg;G njhlHgpy; mf;fiw nrYj;jp eltbf;if vLj;jypd; %yk;> Fwpj;j epHkhzq;fspy; jkJ fUj;J mtjhdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;ljhfTk;> mJ Fwpj;J jkJ nghWg;Gk; cs;sJ vd kf;fSf;F czHT Vw;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; 3.
Fwpj;j epHkhzj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;F> mtHfSf;Fs; czHT Vw;gLk;.
guhkupg;gjw;F
ngUk;ghyhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspy; cs;s kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;> mjpfhupfspd; nraw;FOthdJ kf;fs; ehshe;jk; re;jpf;Fk; maytHfshfTk;> cwtpdHfshfTk; ,Ug;gH. kf;fspd; ehshe;j tho;f;iff;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhd fpuhk tPjpfs;> rpW ghyq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ epHkzq;fis mikg;gJ ,e;j mq;fq;fshFk;. ,e;j epHkhzq;fspy; jkJ ciog;gpid toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; me;j nraw;wpl;lk; ,lk;ngWk; tpjk; njhlHgpy; kpfTk; rpNefkhd tifapy; Njbawpjy; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf ,e;j epHkhzq;fs; ePz;l fhyk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; tifapy; caHjuj;Jld; epHkhzpg;gjw;F ,aYk;. mJ Fwpj;J mwptpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk;> ,e;j epHkhzq;fis NkYk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; Kd;ndLg;gjw;F ,U jug;gpduhYk; rpwe;j gyid ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F ,aYk;. ,jd; %yk; md;dpNahd;dpa Gupe;JzHT Vw;gl;L> ngsjPf epHkhzk; ,lk;ngWk; mNjNtis el;G kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifia fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; fhuzkhf mikAk;.
4.
,yq;ifapd; tPjpf; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; cupikahsHfs; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpapy;> me;j ehl;by; epyTk; mbg;gil trjpfspy; neLQ;rhiyfSf;F Fwpg;gpl;lsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; jw;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tPjp fl;likg;Gf;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j J}uk; RkhH 110>000 fpNyhkPw;wHfshFk;. ,e;j tPjpf; fl;likg;Gf;fs; A, B, C, D kw;Wk; E vdTk;> tifg;gLj;jg;glhj tPjpfs; vdTk; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> mtw;wpd; epHkhzk;> guhkupj;jy; vd;gd mbg;gilahf %d;W epWtdq;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfshf mwpag;gLk; A kw;Wk; B tPjpfs; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rigf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. C kw;Wk; D tPjpfs; khfhz rigf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. E kw;Wk; tifg;gLj;jg;glhj rigfSf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;.
tPjpfs;
cs;@uhl;rp
A, B tif tPjpfs; 11>000 fpNyhkPw;wHfs; tiu cs;sJld;> C kw;Wk; D tif tPjpfs; 18>000 fpNyhkPw;wHfs; tiuahdjhf cs;sd. E kw;Wk; tifg;gLj;jg;glhj tPjpfs; 80>000 fpNyhkPw;wHfSf;F mjpfkhdjhf cs;sd. ,jd; gpufhuk; xl;Lnkhj;j tPjp fl;likg;gpy; ngUkstpyhd epHkhz> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; guhkupj;jy; nghWg;Gf;fs; khefu rig> efu rig kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghf gpuNjr rigapd; trk; cs;sd. 5.
gpuNjr rigapd; Clhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; guhkupf;fg;gLk; tPjpfis milahsk; fhzy; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; gpupTfSf;F cl;gl;l tPjp mgptpUj;jpfs; kpfTk; Kf;fpak; ngWtJld;> gpuNjr rigapd; fPo; tUk; fpuhk tPjpfSf;Fk;> mjw;F rkdhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cs;sJ. ,d;Wk; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; njhif fpuhkg; gFjpfspNyNa trpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j kf;fs; Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfis kpfTk; mupjhfNt gad;gLj;JtJld;> mtHfs; jkJ ehshe;j NjitfSf;fhf ,e;j fpuhk tPjp fl;likg;Gf;fisNa gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. ,e;j tPjpia ehnshd;wpy; gy jlitfs; mtHfs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. vdNt> kf;fSf;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhd tPjp fl;likg;ghf fpuhk tPjpfis Fwpg;gpl;l KbAk;. jw;NghJs;s Gs;sptpguj; juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; fpuhk tPjpfs; 80>000 fpNyhkPw;wHfs; tiu cs;sJld;> ,J Fwpj;j nghWg;Gf;fs; midj;Jk; gpuNjr rigapd; trNk cs;sd. mjidj; jtpu> tUlhe;jk; NkYk; gy fpNyhkPw;wH tPjpfs; ,e;j tPjpf; fl;likg;gpw;Fs; cs;thq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F fhuzk; kf;fs; njhif mjpfupg;gJld;> fhzpfs; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gLtjdhy; MFk;. ,jd; gpufhuk; xU gpuNjr rig vy;iyf;Fs; Mff; Fiwe;jJ 1 fpNyhkPw;wH Kjy; 2 fpNyhkPw;wH tiu Gjpjhf ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. 6.
vt;thwhapDk; ,e;j fpuhk tPjpfs; njhlHgpy; cldbahd mgptpUj;jp jpl;lj;jpid fz;lwpa KbahJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,e;j tPjp mgptpUj;jpf;fhf flDjtp ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; rpf;fy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy; gpuNjr rigaplk; cs;s tPjp epHkhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkupj;jYf;Fj; Njitahd epjp> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; NtW trjpfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ neUf;fbahd tplakhf cs;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf jw;NghJ epHkhzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tPjpia Kiwahf guhkupg;gjpYk;> GdH epHkhzk; nra;tjpYk; epHkhzj;jpd; juk; njhlHgpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;baJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. gpuNjr rigapdhy; epHkhzpf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; guhkupf;fg;gLk; tPjp kf;fspd; mtruj; Njitahf ,Ug;gJld;> ,e;j epHkhzk; njhlHgpy; kf;fspd; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; mf;fiw kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ.
7.
mgptpUj;jpf;fhf tPjpia njupT nra;Ak; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; tPjp epHkhzk; njhlHgpy; ghupa nghWg;G kw;Wk; flik gpuNjr rigaplk; cs;s NghJk;> mjw;Fj; Njitahd NghjpasT tsk; kw;Wk; ,aYik ngUk;ghyhd gpuNjr rigfsplk; ,y;iy. mt;thNw> mjw;fhd Kiwahd tifapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l mgptpUj;jp jpl;lKk; rpy gpuNjr rigfsplk; ,y;yhikAk;> tsk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; jilahf cs;sJ. mjdhy; tPjp mgptpUj;jpapy; nghJ kf;fSf;F mjpf Nrit toq;Fk; tPjpfSf;F> Kd;Dupik mspj;J mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLtjw;fhd tPjpahf milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhd Njit cs;sJ. gpuNjr rigapdhy; tPjp mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; NghJ ,e;j tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; nghJ kf;fs; mtjhdkhf ,Ug;gpd;> mJ Fwpj;J jdpahH my;yJ NtW ,yhgj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,d;wp kf;fSf;F mjpf Nrit toq;Fk; tPjpapd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid cWjp nra;a KbAk;.
8.
mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf tPjpfSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;Fk; NghJ mtjhdpf;f Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs; 1. tPjpapd; ,U kUq;fpYk; mike;Js;s tPLfspd; vz;zpf;if ,jd; %yk; fUjg;gLtJ ahnjdpy;> tPjpapd; ,UkUq;fpYk; ve;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fs; trpf;fpd;whHfNsh> my;yJ jkJ tPl;bw;F gazpg;gjw;F ve;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fs; ,e;j tPjpia gad;gLj;Jfpd;whHfs; vd;gjhFk;. 2. ,e;j tPjpapd; Clhf milaf; $ba nghUshjhu uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd kw;Wk; Nrit toq;Fk; ,lq;fs;. nghUshjhu uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; ,lq;fs; ,jd; %yk; fUjg;gLtJ ahnjdpy;> ,e;j tPjpf;F mUfpy; re;ij> njhopw;rhiy my;yJ tho;thjhuk; <l;LtJld; njhlHGila ,lq;fs; mike;Js;sjh vd;gjhFk;. Nrit toq;Fk; ,lq;fshf> itj;jparhiy> ghlrhiy> mur mYtyfq;fs; Nghd;w nghJ Nrit toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs; mike;Js;sjh vd;gjid Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
9.
3. Fwpj;j tPjpf;Fk; gpujhd tPjpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,izg;G ,e;j tPjpapd; Clhf NkYk; tPjpfSf;F ,izg;G cs;sjh? kpf Kf;fpakhf gpujhd tPjpfis miltjw;F ,e;j tPjpia gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAkh vd;gjid Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; cq;fSila gpuNjr rig tPjp mgptpUj;jpapy; KjyhtJ mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F njupT nra;Ak; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Njitfis G+Hj;jp nra;Ak; tPjpfsh vd;gJ Fwpj;J ePq;fs; mtjhdkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW ,y;iy vdpd;> Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; cq;fSila FOtpd; VidNahUld; xd;wpize;J fye;Jiuahb> gpuNjr rigapy; mJ Fwpj;J Nfhupf;if Kd;itf;f KbAk;.
10.
tPjp mikf;Fk; Kiwia jPHkhdpg;gjpy; mtjhdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; tPjp mikg;gjpy; mtjhdpj;J ghHf;f Ntz;ba gpujhd tplaq;fs; gy cs;sd. ,e;j tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; mtjhdpf;fhJ nraw;gbd; Fwpj;j tPjpfspd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ik kw;Wk; ePbj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikapy; jhf;fk; Vw;gLk;. tPjpnahd;iw mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; / epHkhzpj;jypd; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. 1. Fwpj;j tPjpapy; gazpf;Fk; thfdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ,jd; %yk; fUjg;gLtJ ahnjdpy;> ehnshd;Wf;F ,e;j tPjpapy; vj;jid vz;zpf;ifapyhd thfdq;fs; gazpf;fpd;wd vd;gjidahFk;. Fwpj;j tPjpia jpl;lkpLk; NghJ> mjpy; gazpf;Fk; thfdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; mjd; jd;ik njhlHgpy; mtjhdkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. tPjp epHkhzpf;fg;gLk; gpuNjrj;jpd; thdpiy ,jd; %yk; fUjg;gLtJ ahnjdpy; Fwpj;j tPjpahdJ mjpf kio nghopAk; gpuNjrj;jpy; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wjh> my;yJ rhjhuz fhyepiy epyTk; gpuNjrj;jpy; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gjidahFk;.
11.
3. tPjpapd; ruhrup rupT ,e;j tPjp mikf;fg;gLtJ rkjiuapyh my;yJ kiyg;ghq;fhd ,lj;jpyh vd;gjid Fwpf;fpd;wJ. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fSf;F mika ,e;j tPjp jpl;lkplg;gl;L jahupf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j jpl;lkplypy; Fwpj;j tPjpf;fhf gad;gLj;j jFjpahd %yg;nghUl;fs; vit vd;gjid jPHkhdpf;f KbAk;.
12.
fpuhk tPjpfis jpl;lkpLk; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW Kiwfs; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk; fpuhk tPjpfis gpd;tUk; tifapy; milahsk; fz;L nfhs;s KbAk;: • • • • • •
ehk;
gpupj;J
kzy; tPjp ruisf; fy; tPjp jhH ,lg;gl;l tPjp nfhq;f;uPl; ,lg;gl;l tPjp rPNke;J njhFjpfs; ,lg;gl;l tPjp fhHgl; ,lg;gl;l tPjp
rhjuzkhf ,yq;ifapy; ngUk;ghyhd tPjpfs; jhH ,lg;gl;l tPjpfshfNt cs;sd. Kiwahf epHkhzpf;fg;gl;L> Kiwahf guhkupf;fg;gLkhapd; khj;jpuNk ,e;j tPjpfs; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F fhzg;gLtJld;> ,jw;fhf jhq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba nryTk;> mz;zstpy; Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpNyNa cs;sJ. rpy tPjpfSf;F ruisf; fw;fis ,Ljy; khj;jpuk; NghJkhdJ. ,Ug;gpDk; mz;ikf; fhykhf fpuhk tPjpfs; gy nfhq;f;uPl; ,lg;gl;ljhf mikf;fg;gLtjid fhzf; $bajhf cs;sJ. tPjp njhlHgpy; Kiwahf Ma;T fw;if Kd;ndLf;fhJ midj;J tPjpfSf;Fk; 13.
nfhq;f;uPl; ,LtJ mjpf nrytpid Vw;gLj;JtJld;> tsk; tPzhfpg; NghFk; nraw;ghlhfTk; fUj KbAk;. mt;thNw rPNke;J fw;fis gad;gLj;jp tPjp epHkhzpj;jiyAk; mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf ,Ug;gJld;> mJTk; mjpfk; tpuak; Vw;gLk; KiwahFk;. gpuNjr rig Nghd;w nghJ kf;fspd; epjpapdhy; guhkupf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfSf;fhf Njitahd epjp khdpaj;jpid Njbawptjpy; rpf;fypy; cs;s epWtdk;> jkJ tiuaiwahd tsq;fspd; mjpf gad;ghl;bidj; jUk; tifapy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wjh vd;gjid nghJ kf;fs; kpFe;j mtjhdj;Jld; fz;fhzpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; gpufhuk; Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gFg;gha;T nra;J tPjp jahupg;gjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd %yg;nghUis njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,jd; gpufhuk; tPjpnahd;iw jpl;lkpLtjpy; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Kiwia gad;gLj;Jfpd;wduh vd;gJ njhlHgpy; ePq;fs; mtjhdkhf ,Uf;f KbAk;.
,q;F mbg;gilahf ruisf; fw;fs;> jhH> nfhq;f;uPl; kw;Wk; rPNke;J fw;fs; ,lg;gLk; tPjpfs; Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
14.
ruisf; fw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tPjp epHkhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpj;jy; ve;jnthU tPjpiaAk; mstpLtjpy; KjyhtJ eltbf;ifahf ,Ug;gJ tPjp epHkhzpg;gjw;fhf xJf;fg;gLk; ,lj;jpd; mstpid milahsk; fz;L> cWjp nra;J nfhs;tjhFk;. mq;F jw;NghJs;s kuq;fs;> nrbfs; Nghd;wtw;iw NtUld; mfw;w Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;dH> tPjpf;F FWf;Nf ePNuhl;lk; nry;Yk; gFjp my;yJ jho;thd gFjpapid milahsk; fz;L mjw;F nghUj;jkhd tifapy; flit my;yJ ghyk; xd;iw mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. tPjpf;F xJf;fg;gl;l epyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gs;sq;fs;> NkLfis ePf;fp tPjpia kl;lkhf;fy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf cs;s Nkhl;lhH NuhyH ,ae;jpuj;ij gad;gLj;JtJ> kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. tPjpapd; ,UkUq;Fk; cs;s fhz;fis ntl;b ePH Ntfkhf nry;yf; $ba tifapy; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. tPjpapd; Nkw;gFjpapy; thfdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyk; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd tifapy; jahupg;gjw;F tPjpapd; Nkw;gFjpf;F ruisf; fw;fs; Nghl;L epug;gy; Ntz;Lk;. tPjpapd; ePsk; kw;Wk; Mok; kw;Wk; ruisf; fw;fspd; jbg;G vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpj;J> Njitahd ruisf; fw;fspd; mstpid jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. 15.
jw;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk;; tPjpaha; ,Ug;gpd;> mq;F Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F jil Vw;glhj tifapy; ruisf; fw;fis Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. cq;fSila fz;fhzpg;Gf;fhf: 1 iky; ePskhd (fpNyhkPw;wupy;) tPjp> 10 mb mfyk; kw;Wk; 6 mq;Fy jbg;Gld; epHkhzpf;fg;gLtJld;> ruisf; fw;fs; ,l;L epug;Gtjw;F> 659 fpa+g; Njitg;gLk;. mjd; gpufhuk; NjitahdsT ruisf; fw;fs; ,jw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gjid ePq;fs; Muha;e;J ghHf;fyhk;. ,e;j msT rhjhuzkhf buf;lH NlyH 879 MtJld;> fpA+g; 3 mstpyhd bg;gH 220 tiuahf ,Uf;Fk;.
ruisf; fw;fs; gug;gy; kw;Wk; gjpj;jy; ruisf; fw;fis ,l;L epug;Gtjw;F Nkhl;lhH NuhyH gad;gLj;JtJ> kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Ug;gJld;> gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ruisf; fw;fis ed;whf ePH gha;r;rp> Nkhl;lhH NuhyH ,ae;jpuj;jpid gad;gLj;jp> mj;Jld; 8-10 njhd;fs; fy; Nuhyupdhy; gjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Nghjpa mstpy; gjpj;jiy ed;whf nra;a Ntz;Lkhapd;> fy; Nuhyiu 6 – 8 jlitfs; ruisf; fw;fspd; Nky; cUl;ly; Ntz;Lk;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy; ruisf; fw;fis gug;gp jahupf;fg;gl;l tPjp> ruisf; fy; tPjp vd Fwpf;fg;gLtJld;> fpuhkg; gFjpfspy; ngUk;ghYk; ,t;thwhd tPjpfNs cs;sd. 16.
,t;thW ruisf; fw;fs; ,lg;gl;l ghijapy;> fw;fs; ,l;L> jhH ,l;L my;yJ nfhq;f;uPl; ,l;L my;yJ rPNke;J fw;njhFjpfis ,l;L tPjpia Nkk;gLj;jy; nra;jy; KbAk;.
Kiwahd tifapy; ruisf; fw;fs; ,lg;gl;L G+Hj;jp nra;ag;gl;l tPjp
17.
fy; gug;gp jhH ,lg;gl;l tPjp jahupj;jy; kw;Wk; mjid fz;fhzpj;jy; jhH ,l;L jahupf;fg;gl;l tPjpapd; mfyk; 10 mbahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhapd;> ruisf; fy; tPjpapd; mfyk; 16 mbahf jahupf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy; ruisf; fy; tPjpia jahupj;J> mjd; gpd;dH fy; gjpj;J jhH ,ly; KbAk;. ,jw;fhf Kjypy; 4 x 4 mstpy; fUq;fy; gilnahd;iw gjpj;J> mjid 8-10 njhd;fs; fy; Nuhyupdhy; mOj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;dH 1.5 mq;Fyj;jpw;F fUq;fw;fs;> ,uz;L gilfis gug;gp> gjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;gFjpapy; ,ilntspfis epug;Gtjw;F 他 mq;Fy nkl;ly; 10% gug;gp> fy; Nuhyupdhy; gjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tPjp epiwtilAk; ,lj;jpy; jho;thFk; tifapy; tPjp epHkhzj;ij g+Hj;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 4 x 4 mstpy; fy; gilnahd;iw gug;gp mbj;jsk; jahupg;gjw;F gjpyhf> jw;NghJ ABC (Aggrigate Base Concrete) vdg;gLk; fyit Njitahd rjtPjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jp gjpj;jy; KiwAk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. xU rJu kPw;wH Nkw;jsj;jpw;fhf 2 yPw;wH jhH ,Lk; tifapy;> #lhd jhupid Kjyhtjhf ,ly; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ 180 yPw;wH jhH gPg;gha; xd;wpy;> 10 mb mfykhd> 10 mb ePskhd tPjpf;F jhH ,ly; KbAk;. 18.
jhH ,l;lTld;> ,lg;gl;l jhH %Lk; tifapy; kzy; ,ly; Ntz;Lk;. cq;fSila fz;fhzpg;Gf;fhf: • xU fpNyhkPw;wH tPjpf;F jhH ,Ltjw;fhf 33 jhH gPg;gha;fs; mtrpak;. • xU fpNyhkPw;wH tPjpf;F ,uz;lhtJ jlit jhH ,LtJ> 2 -8 thuq;fSf;Fs; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf 17 jhH gPg;gha;fs; tiu mtrpak; Kjy; Kiw jhH ,l;L 2-8 thuf; fhyg; gFjpapy; ,uz;lhtJ jlit jhH ,ly; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf 2 rJu kPw;wUf;F> #lhd xU yPw;wH jhH vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;lhtJ jlitahf jhH ,Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; NghJ 180 yPw;wH jhH gPg;gha; xd;wpd; %yk; 10 mb mfykhd tPjpapy;> 200 mb ePsj;jpw;F ,uz;lhtJ jlit jhH ,lyhk;. jhH ,l;lTld; g+rg;gl;l jhH KOtJk; %lf; $ba tifapy; cyHe;j kziy ,ly; Ntz;Lk;. jhH g+rg;gl;l tPjpapy; jhH ,lg;gl;l %iyapypUe;J 3 mb tiu mfyj;jpw;F tPjpapd; ,U kUq;fpYk; ruisf; fw;fs; ,lg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
Kiwahd tifapy; jhH ,lg;gl;L g+Hj;jp nra;ag;gl;l tPjp
19.
nfhq;f;uPl; ,l;L tPjp jahupj;jy; kw;Wk; mjid fz;fhzpj;jy; ruisf; fw;fs; ,lg;gl;L> mbj;jsk; jahupf;fg;gl;l tPjpfspy;> nfhq;f;uPl; ,Ltjw;F gpujhdkhf ,uz;L topfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;fhf 1: 3: 6 vd;w tpfpjhrhuj;jpy; rPNke;J> kzy; kw;Wk; fw;fis (1 ½ ) fye;j nfhq;f;uPl; gad;gLj;jpdhy;> nfhq;f;uPl; gilapd; Mff; Fiwe;j gUkd; 6 mq;Fykhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 100 mb ePsk;> 10 mb mfyk;> 6 mq;Fy gUkdpw;F nfhq;f;uPl; ,Ltjw;F rPNke;J %ilfs; 56> 1 ½ mq;Fy nkl;ly; 5 fpa+g; kw;Wk; Mw;W kzy; 3 fpa+g; vd;gd mtrpakhFk;. 1: 2: 4 mq;Fyk; (¾) fyitapy; nfhq;f;uPl; ,lg;gLkhapd;> nfhq;f;uPl; gilapd; Mff; Fiwe;j gUkd; 4 mq;Fykhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 100 mb ePsk;> 10 mb mfyk;> 4 mq;Fy gUk; nfhq;f;uPl; ,Ltjw;F> rPNke;J %ilfs; 60> ¾ 3.25 fpa+g;> Mw;W kzy; 2 fpa+g; vd;gd mtrpakhFk;. nfhq;f;uPl; gad;gLj;jp tPjp jahupf;Fk; NghJ 10-15 mb ,lj;jpw;F nfhq;f;uPl; gFjpfSf;F ,ilapy; ,lk; tply; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpj;j ,ilntspy; 3/8 – ½ mq;Fyk; tiuahdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;> jhH ,l;L kzy; ,lg;glYk; Ntz;Lk;. 20.
nfhq;f;uPl; gilapypUe;J 3 mb mfyj;jpw;F ghijapd; ,U kUq;fpYk; mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf ruisf; fw;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;. cq;fSila fz;fhzpj;jYf;fhf: • 100 mb ePsk;> 10 mb 4 mq;Fy gUkdpw;F nfhq;f;uPl; ,Ltjw;fhf 60 rPNke;J %ilfs; mtrpakhFk;. • ,e;j nfhq;f;uPl; fyitia 45 epkplq;fSf;Fs; gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. • ,e;j fyit nghUe;Jtjw;F 7 ehl;fs; tiu vLf;Fk;. ,e;j fhyj;jpw;Fs; tPjpia gad;gLj;Jtjid jtpHg;gjw;F ePq;fs; eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. • njhopy;El;g mjpfhupapd; fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo; ,e;j epHkhzk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Kiwahd tifapy; nfhq;f;uPl; ,lg;gl;L epiwT nra;ag;gl;l tPjp
21.
rPNke;J gFjpfs; ,lg;gl;l tPjp ruisf; fw;fs; ,l;L Nkw;jsk; ed;F jahupf;fg;gl;l tPjpf;fhf rPNke;J fw;fis gjpf;f KbAk;. ,Jtiu jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s cs; mbg;gFjpapd; Nky; kzy; my;yJ fw;Jfs;fis ,l;L Nkw;gFjpia jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rPPNke;Jf; fw;fspw;F ,ilapyhd Mff; Fiwe;j neUf;f rf;jp 25 epa+l;ld;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. murhq;fj;jpd; ju epWtdk; ,jid gupNrhjpj;Jg; ghHj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tPjpapd; ,U kUq;fpYk; 9 x 12 msT nfhq;f;uPl; Xuq;fs; ,uz;L jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> mjw;F ,ilapy; rPNke;J fw;fis xOq;F Kiwapy; gjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. tPjpapd; ,U kUq;fpYk; 3 mb mq;Fyj;jpw;F tPjp Xuq;fs; mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. kz; fOtg;gl;L nry;Yk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; nfhq;f;uPl; ,lg;gl;l tPjp mjpfstpy; Nrjkiltjdhy; kPz;Lk; GJg;gpg;gjw;F mjpfk; nrythFk;. vdpDk;> ,e;j rPNke;J fw;fis gad;gLj;jp jahupf;fg;gl;l tPjpapy; ,e;j fw;fis mfw;wp cl;gFjpia kPz;Lk; jahupj;J> kPz;Lk; fw;fis gjpf;ff; $bajhf ,Ug;gJ> ,e;j Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; ,yhgfukhd epiyahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thNw ,e;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fw;fspd; epiy rupahd juj;Jld; ,Ug;gJk; kw;WnkhU ,yhgfukhd epiyahf fUjyhk;. 22.
cq;fSila fz;fhzpj;jYf;fhf: ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rPNke;J fw;fspd; Nkw;gFjp ed;whf g+Hj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh vdg; ghHf;fTk;.
nfhq;f;uPl; Gnshf; fw;fs; ,lg;gl;L mikf;fg;gl;l tPjp
23.
tPjp kw;Wk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l NtW epHkhzk; tPjp rk;ge;jg;gl;l NtW epHkhzr; nraw;ghLfshf kjpy;> epWj;jy; fy; kw;Wk; Foha; top flit vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,tw;iw fhg;gjd; %yk; tPjpAk;> tPjpia gad;gLj;JgtHfspd; ghJfhg;igAk; cWjpg;gLj;jy; KbAk;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gJ fpuhk tPjpfis Kiwahf mikg;gjpy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba mbg;gil tplaq;fshFk;. cq;fSila fpuhk tPjpfis mikg;gjpy;> Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mbg;gil juq;fSf;F mika epHkhzpf;fg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gjid Muha KbAk;. juq;fSf;F mikthdjhf ,y;yhj vLf;ff; $ba eltbf;iffs;
re;jHg;gq;fspy;
,e;j midj;J epHkhzq;fSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l fzpg;gpL kw;Wk; Njitf; Fwpg;Gfs; gl;bay; xd;W ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j jfty;fis gpuNjr rigaplkpUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. ,jidj; jtpu> epHkhzk; njhlHgpy; nghwpapayhsUf;F khfhz rig MizahsH ehafj;jpw;F khfhz fzf;fha;T mjpfhup vOj;J %yk; Kiwg;ghL nra;a KbAk;. xOq;fhd Kiwapy; ,y;iynadpd;> ,Wjpf; nfhLg;gdit toq;fhJ ,Ug;gjw;F gpuNjr rigia typAWj;j KbAk;. 24.
tPjp Nrjkilaf; $ba Kiw kw;Wk; mtw;iw ghJfhg;gjw;F kf;fs; gq;fspf;ff; $ba tpjk; tPjp Nrjkilaf; $ba topfspy; gpujhdkhdjhf ,Ug;gJ tPjpapd; Nkw;gFjpapy; ePH Njq;Fjy; kw;Wk; tPjp Clhf ePNuhl;lk; nry;yy; vd;gdthFk;. tPjpapd; ,U kUq;fpYk; fhz;fs; epuk;Gtjhy; kw;Wk; tPjpapd; Xuk; trpg;gtHfspdhy; gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; fhz;fs; epuk;Gtjhy; MFk;. cq;fs; tPl;bw;F mUfpy; cs;s ,e;j tPjpia guhkupg;gjw;F ePq;fs; gq;fspf;f KbAk;. tPjpapd; ,U kUq;fpYk; cs;s fhz;fspy; kzy; kw;Wk; NtW nghUl;fis tPrhJ ,Uj;jy;. mj;Jld;> mt;thwhd nghUl;fis cq;fshy; ,yFthf mfw;wTk; KbAk;. ghijNahuq;fspy; tsHe;jpUf;ff; $ba nrb> nfhbfis ntl;b mfw;wy;> tPjpapy; Njq;fp epw;fhjthW jpl;lkply; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk;> cq;fSila tho;f;ifAld; kpf neUf;fkhdjhf mike;Js;s ,e;j tPjpfis ghJfhf;f KbAk;. mNjNtis> tPjpf;F jPq;F Vw;gLk; tifapy; VNjDk; eltbf;iffis fhZk; gl;rj;jpy;> mjw;F vjpHg;G njuptpg;gjw;F cq;fSf;F cupik cs;sJ. mt;thNw> Fwpg;gpl;l vil fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F mg;ghy; vilia nfhz;L nry;Yk; thfdq;fs; njhlHgpYk; mjpfhupfSf;F mwptpj;J> mt;thwhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; kf;fs; xd;whf mzpjpuz;L vjpHg;gpid njuptpj;jy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffspd; Clhf ,e;j tPjpia ghJfhg;gJ cq;fSila flikahFk;. 25.
tPjp epHkhzj;jpd; NghJ kf;fs; gq;fspf;ff; $ba topfs; tPjpnahd;iw epHkhzpg;gjw;F jpl;lkpLk; re;jHg;gk; Kjy;> mjid epHkhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkupj;jy; vd midj;J re;jHg;gq;fspYk; kf;fSf;F ,e;j nraw;ghl;Lld; njhlHGgLtjw;fhd jFjpAk;> nghWg;Gk; cs;sJ. kpfTk; Kf;fpakhf jk;khy; vg;NghJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fpuhk tPjpfs; njhlHgpy; ve;jnthU egUf;Fk; tpNrl nghWg;G cs;sJ. ,jdhy; gpuNjr rig ,e;j kf;fs; xj;Jiog;ig tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> kf;fs; jkJ KO xj;Jiog;igAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. tPjp epHkhzj;jpw;F kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; Clhf tPjp epHkhzj;jpd; gaDWjpj; jd;ikia mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;> nrytpid Fiwg;gjd; Clhf mjpf ePsj;jpw;fhd tPjpia mikg;gjw;Fk; re;jHg;gk; fpilf;Fk;. mjidj; jtpu tPjp mikg;gjw;F gq;fspg;gjd; Clhf kf;fSf;F ,e;j ghij vkJ ghij> ,jid ehk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w czHT cUthFk;.
26.
nghJf; fl;llq;fspd; epHkhzf; fz;fhzpg;G gpuNjr rig Clhf gy;NtW fl;llq;fs; epHkhzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. me;j gy;NtW epHkhzq;fspw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; fyit msT rk;ge;jg;gl;l epHkhzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; NtWgLk;. mjdhy;> ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fyit msT xNuasthdjhf itj;jpUg;gJ rpf;fyhdJ. mjdhy; epHkhzj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; epHkhzk; njhlHghd Kd;ndLf;ff; $ba fz;fhzpg;G Fwpj;J ,q;F tpsf;fg;;gl;Ls;sJ. gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; nghJf; fl;llq;fs; epHkhzpg;gjpy; gpuNjrj;jpy; toq;ff; $ba epHkhzg; nghUl;fis gad;gLj;JtJ kpfTk; nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;. gpuNjr rigapd; Clhf epHkhzpf;fg;gLtJ nghJ kf;fSf;fhd fl;llq;fshf ,Ug;gJld;> mtw;iw epHkhzpg;gjpy; nghJ kf;fspd; fz;fhzpg;G kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. ,q;F Kjypy; epHkhzj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba rpwg;G jd;ikfs; njhlHgpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jd; %yk; epHkhzj;jpw;fhd rpwg;G jd;ikAldhd nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gjid ePq;fs; gupNrhjpj;Jg; ghHf;f KbAk;.
27.
fUq;fy; ntb itj;J cilf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l mstpyhd fUq;fw;fNs epHkhzj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,urhadg; nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jp my;yJ neUg;G itf;fg;gl;L cilf;fg;gl;l fUq;fw;fis epHkhzj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhdJ my;y. 6 x 9 mq;Fy fUq;fy;> 1 ½ msthd nkl;ly;> ¾ nkly; Nghd;w gy;NtW mstpyhd fUq;fw;fs; epHkhzj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> mJ mDkjpf;fg;gl;l mstpy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mDkjpf;fg;gl;l mstpw;F ghupa fw;fis gad;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhdJ my;y. fy;ypd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; jhH> vz;nza; (krF vz;nza;) Nghd;wd xl;bapUj;jy; $lhJ> ntbg;G Vw;gl;bUf;Fk; fw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;glf; $lhJ.
28.
jd;ikapy; rpwe;j fUq;fy;iy milahsk; fhz;gJ vt;thW? epHkhzj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUq;fw;fs; xNu epwj;jpyhdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kz;zpwk; my;yJ rptg;G rhHe;j epwkhf ,Ue;jhy;> mit epHkhzj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhdJ my;y. mt;thNw> mstpw;F Vw;w vilapy; ,Uf;ff; $ba fw;fs; gykhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ePupy; Nghl;lTld;> Fiwe;jsT ePiu cwpQ;Rk; fw;fSk; gykhd fw;fshFk;. fUq;fw;fspd; gyj;ij ,U topKiwfspd; Clhf mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. fy;iy Rj;jpayhy; jl;Lk; NghJ> njspthd rj;jk; xd;W ntspg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ntbg;Gf;fs; nfhz;l fUq;fy; epHkhzj;jpw;F cfe;jJ my;y.
nrq;fy; • nrq;fy; ed;F gpufhrpf;ff; $bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. • 8 ¾ x 4 ½ x 2 ¾ mstpy; nrq;fy; mika Ntz;Lk;.
• nrq;fypd; Kfg; gFjp ed;F mike;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• cile;j my;yJ Nrjkile;j nrq;fy; gad;gLj;jg;glf; $lhJ. • nrq;fy; nghUj;Jk; NghJ> ed;F ePH Cw;wp gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 29.
cq;fSila fz;fhzpj;jYf;fhf nrq;fy; rpwe;j epiyapy; cs;sjh vd;gjid vt;thW gupNrhjpg;gJ? • nrq;fiy cilj;Jg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ cl;gFjpapy; xUtpjkhd tHzj;jpy; cs;sjh vdg; ghHj;jy;. • nrq;fy;ypdhy;> kw;nwhU nrq;fy;ypid jl;Lk; NghJ njspthd rj;jk; tUfpd;wjh vd gupNrhjpj;Jg; ghHf;fTk;. • Ie;J mb cauj;jpypUe;J kzypy; NghLk; NghJ cilahjpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mw;W kzy; • fopT> rpjpyq;fs; mw;wjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. • fw;fs; fye;J ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. • Fiwe;j GOjp kw;Wk; ngUk; Jfs;fshyhd kzyhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. • cyHe;j epiyapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cq;fSila fz;fhzpj;jYf;fhf kzypd; jd;ikia gupNrhjpg;gjw;F> ifapy; vLj;J fPNo NghLk; NghJ> cldbahf epyj;jpy; tpOe;J> ifapy; vJTk; gbahJ ,Uf;Fk; kzNy rpwe;jjhFk;.
30.
rPNke;J • filfspy; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; rPNke;J J}shf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. • <uypg;ghf my;yJ fy;yhfp ,Uf;Fk; rPNke;J ghtidf;F cfe;jJ my;y. • rPNke;J <uypf;fhJ kw;Wk; fy;yhfhjthW ,lj;jpy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. cq;fSila fz;fhzpg;Gf;fhf rPNke;jpid ePupy; fye;j gpd;dH> 45 epkplq;fSf;Fs; gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. kpFjpahfTs;s rPNke;J kzYld; fye;j gpd;dH> gad;ghl;bw;F cfe;jJ my;y.
31.
fl;ll epHkhzj;jpd; NghJ mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; fUq;fy; kjpy; cj;Njr fzpg;gPl;by; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW
fyitia
xt;nthU fy;ypw;Fk; rPNke;J fyitia ,l;L> kjpy; mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. kjpypd; cs;NsAk;> ntspNaAk; Jthuq;fs; kw;Wk; ntbg;Gf;fs; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. nghUj;jg;gLk; ,lq;fspy; ,ilntsp kjpy; mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
,y;yhjthW
kjpy; mikf;Fk; NghJ E}y; kw;Wk; fapw;Wf;F mika mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
32.
nghwpapayhsH nrq;fy; kjpy;
cj;Njr fzpg;gpy; Fwpg;gpl;lthW gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
fyit
msT
nrq;fy; tupirfis mikf;Fk; NghJ> mit xd;Wf;F xd;W rkhe;jukhf E}y; itf;fg;gl;L mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. nghUj;jg;gLk; ,lq;fs; mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
khWk;
tifapy;
kjpy;
kjpy; xNu gUkdpy; miktjw;F rkd; nra;jy; msT gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ehnshd;wpf;F mikf;ff; $ba Mff; $ba cauk; ehd;F mbfshFk;.
nfhq;f;uPl; gad;gLj;jp Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; epHkhzq;fs; cj;Njr fzpg;gpy; Fwpg;gpl;lthW gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
fyit
msT
nfhq;f;uPl; fyitia 45 epkplq;fSf;Fs; gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 33.
mDkjpf;fg;gl;l msTf;F gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ.
mjpfkhd
msT
ePH
nfhq;f;uPl; ,lg;gl;L 14 ehl;fSf;F> jtwhJ ePH njspj;J tuy; Ntz;Lk;. Njitahd Kbit miltjw;F nghWg;ghf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fk;gpfis gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ Fwpg;gpl;lsT mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nfhq;f;uPl;
msT
nghJtpy; cUthFk; fl;ll epHkhzj;jpy; mDgtkpf;f fl;ll njhopyhspfis gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; kfpo;r;rpfukhd Kbtpid vl;lyhk;. vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j ve;jnthU epHkhzj;jpw;fhfTk; jahupf;fg;gl;l cj;Njr mstPLfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;j cj;Njr mstPLfis ePq;fs; gupNrhjpj;Jg; ghHf;f KbAk;. mjw;fhf ePq;fs; cs;@uhl;rp rig nrayhsuplk; tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
34.
gpuNjr rigapdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; epHkhzg; gzpfis fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhd topfhl;bfs; buhd;];ngud;]p ,d;lHne\dy; =yq;fh buhd;];ngud;]p ,d;lHne~dy; =yq;fh vdg;gLk; Coiy xopg;gjid gpujhd ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L nraw;gLk; rHtNjr mikg;ghd buhd;];ngud;]p ,d;lHne~dy; epWtdj;jpd; ,yq;iff;fhd fpisahFk;. cyfk; KOtJk; gy ehLfspy; E}w;Wf;Fk; mjpfkhd fpisfisf; nfhz;Ls;s buhd;];ngud;]p ,d;lHne~dy; tiyaikg;G ntspg;gilj; jd;ik> nghWg;Gilik kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rp nfhs;if vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F mHg;gzpg;Gld; cs;sJ. buhd;];ngud;]p ,d;lHne~dy; =yq;fh epWtdk; 2002Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,yq;ifia NeHikahd ehlhf khw;Wk; Nehf;Fld; jkJ nrhe;jkhd gzj;ij gad;gLj;jp RahjPdkhf nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
Transparency International Sri Lanka 6, 37th Lane, Queen’s Road, Colombo 3 Phone: 011 4369781 - 3 Fax: 011 2506419 Email: tisl@tisrilanka.org Web: www.tisrilanka.org ISBN: 978-955-1281-56-4