Using Piezoelectric Materials in Automobiles Tires to Generate Electrical Energy

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research and Development (IJAERD) ISSN(P): 2250–1584; ISSN(E): 2250–9383 Vol. 10, Issue 1, Jun 2020, 11–20 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

USING PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS IN AUTOMOBILES TIRES TO GENERATE ELECTRICAL ENERGY SAYEL M. FAYYAD Al-Balqa Applied University-Faculty of Engineering Technology, Amman, Jordan ABSTRACT In this paper, a basic idea to generate electricity power from piezoelectric units stacked to the tires is presented; this generated power may from a part of energy required to operate the compressor of the air-conditioning system in the automobiles or any other applications needing small amount of energy. A full design and simulation of the suggested system is presented in this paper. It is found that the power generated from piezoelectric materials is low, but it can be increased to some effective values in order to be used in automobiles applications. It was found that the power generated formed about 20% of the power required to operating the AC system in the car, but such power can be used in other automobiles’ applications.

KEYWORDS: Piezoelectric Materials, Air-Conditioning, Automobiles, Tires & Simulation

1. INTRODUCTION Piezoelectric is an important phenomenon which depending on generating electric charge in certain solid materials such as crystals, certain ceramics, and other piezo-materials in response to applied mechanical stress or load, or simply piezoelectricity means, the resulted charges generated from pressure and latent heat. In 1880, Jacques and Pierre Curie

Original Article

Received: Nov 02, 2019; Accepted: Nov 22, 2019; Published: Dec 13, 2019; Paper Id.: IJAERDJUN20202

discovered Piezoelectricity phenomenon. Through Jacques and Curie work in thermal electricity, pyro-electricity and the relationship of the crystalline structure, it was found that the pressure also have an effect to generate electricity, and this was proved on the crystallization of quartz, tourmaline, peridot, sugar cane and sodium and potassium nitrate, and it was found that quartz crystals and Sodium tetras, and Potassium showed an electrical effects for the pressure more than others. Also, it is found that direct piezoelectricity of some materials and compounds, like quartz, has the ability to generate some of voltage differences of thousands of volts. As an example, here the cigarette lighter: while pressing the button, the spring-loaded hammer make a pressure on the piezoelectric material, this produces high-voltage electric current across the small spark gap, and this electric current heating and igniting the gas. This is similar to ignition system in gas stoves which works on the same way; this is used in most types of gas burners, which have a built-in piezo-based ignition system. Figure 1 shows a lighter which depending on piezoelectric element in its work.

Figure 1: Electric Cigarette Lighter.

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Sayel M. Fayyad

2. PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECTS Piezoelectric effects have two forms, either direct effect or converse effect. In direct form (which consider as a generator), the produced charge (polarization) is resulted by mechanical stress effect; on the other hand, converse effect (which consider as a motor) resulted by the mechanical motion of the electrical field. This generation of electricity can be described upon piezoelectric coupling factors: kp, k33, d33, d31, and g33 which represent a direct measurement of the strength of the electro-mechanical effects. Another constant can be defined for piezoelectric that is a constant g, which is related to d constant such that:

g=

d K

(1)

Where, K: represents the relative dielectric constant, where d is the dielectric constant of free space that equals to unity.

Figure 2 shows the modes of operation of the piezoelectric material. This is an important relation since ferroelectric kind of materials showed better piezoelectric characterstics than nonferrous electric kinds. A piezoelectric crystal behaves as a piezoelectric action because of its unit cells, which don’t have a center of symmetry. It was found that the distance between positive and negative electrical charges inside piezoelectric will change for any mechanical stress applied on such materials, which produce the electric field on the surface of such crystal.

Figure 2: Modes of Operation of the Piezoelectric Material.

K-factor, which is known as electro-mechanical factor describes the efficiency of the piezoelectric material in electrical energy to mechanical energy conversion operation and vice versa. If the piezoelectric material behaves as a sensor, the K factor is defined as:

K=

Mechaical energy stored Electrical energy applied

(2)

While if it behaves as an actuator, then K-factor will be defined as:

K=

input Electrical energy Mechaical energy stored

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(3)

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Using Piezoelectric Materials in Automobiles Tires to Generate Electrical Energy

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2.1 Modeling of Piezoelectric System The displacement occurred for piezoelectric material when applying stress, can be obtained or calculated as shown in figure 3, below. Where, the force is applied externally in a form parallel with the poled direction of the piezoelectric material, the applied force is assumed to be instantly and uniformly distributed throughout the device, and the system can be simulated as spring-mass-damper system, which can be described mathematically in second-order differential equation as ..

.

F = M Piezo x + CPiezo x + K Piezo x

(4)

Figure 3: Mechanical Modeling of Piezoelectric Device.

Where, Mpiezo: is the piezoelectric material mass, Cpiezo: is the damping coefficient of the piezoelectric material and Kpiezo: is the spring constant of piezoelectric material. In the case of compression, the mechanical energy stored in the system can be calculated as:

Wmechanical = F .x piezo

(5)

Where, F: is the external force applied, and x: is the compression distance Also, the stored mechanical energy resulted can be written in terms of Young’s modulus Y, such that:

Wmechanical

2 1 F h piezo = 2 YA

(6)

Where, F: is the applied force, h: is the piezoelectric element height, A: is the surface area of the piezoelectric element.

For electrical domain, the electrical energy stored in material can be given as:

Welectric = 0.5

q2 C stack

(7)

The relationship between Wmech and Welec in terms of coupling constant is given as:

K 33 =

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Welectric Wmechanical

(8)

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Sayel M. Fayyad

The generated voltage by piezoelectric material is:

V = K 33 =

2Wmechanical C stack

(9)

2.2 Piezoelectric Materials Types Many materials, both natural and Man-made, exhibit piezoelectricity •

Naturally occurring crystals such as: Quartz, Berlinite (AlPO4), Rochelle salt, Topaz, Tourmaline-group minerals Lead titanate (PbTiO3)), Biological

materials exhibiting piezoelectric properties include: (Tendon, silk, wood, piezoelectric texture enamel, dentin and DNA. •

Man-made piezoelectric materials such as: Synthetic crystals, Synthetic ceramics, Lead-free piezo-ceramics, III–V and II–VI semiconductors, Polymers

shows the crystal structure of a piezoelectric ceramic.

Many articles discussed different designs of generating power using piezoelectric materials, Makki and PopIliev (2011) discussed the use of piezoelectric materials, both PZT and PVDF, within a commercial vehicle's pneumatic tire to harvest power that can be used for power sensors or even run onboard devices. Different ways of harvesting energy using highly bendable piezoelectric elements, both PVDF and PZT, are explored. Three energy harvesting forms are explored, with each relying on the deformation of tire’s Tread-wall and Sidewalls due to vehicle weight acting on it.

These methods are compared on the basis of their power production capacity as well as other significant factors for use within the tire. Bhatt, Nagar, Bhavsar, and Shah (2017) discussed the energy harvesting from piezoelectric materials.

And, it was found that piezoelectric materials can be used as a media to make a mechanical energy transfer, specially using ambient vibration, which can be converted to electric energy, which can be stored and then used as a power that can operate devices.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Piezoelectric-rubber sheets will be used here to be a layer from the rubber tires, and so they can generate the electric power. Figures 4 and 5 show some flexible piezoelectric rubbers.

Figure 4: Flexible Piezoelectric Rubbers.

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Figure 5: Some Piezoelectric Materials Used in Tires Manufacturing.

Some materials like quartz, biological materials like bone, DNA, and various proteins have piezoelectric properties. At first, it was designed to use a virus as the piezo material. This choice is in the nature and could not damage the environment, which is one of the goals of this research (sustainable development). Then, because of health and safety issues, it was changed to PZT. Tires manufacturing processes, Figure 6 shows the tires manufacturing processes.

Figure 6: Tires Manufacturing Processes.

Figure 7 shows the tire layers, without piezoelectric layers.

Figure 7: Tire Layers without Piezoelectric Layer. www.tjprc.org

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Sayel M. Fayyad

Figure 8 shows the Hazeri (2017) model for piezoelectric elements stacked to the tire.

Figure 8: Location of Piezo Elements and Circuit Arrangement [Source: Hazeri-2017].

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The piezoelectric elements will be charged more as the speed of the car increases. But, for high speeds, more time is required for charging the piezoelectric. At a threshold of 16 km/h, the generated voltage is less than other speeds. In other words, the output has a direct relationship with speed. Larger tires have a larger contact patch areas, and then can accommodate more piezoelectric to harvest more output. This state can be described as the acceleration time of car. At this time, the amount of energy increases with accelerating the car. It is discussed before that piezoelectric materials could not harvest energy in the static mode. When a car is stopped, there is no speed and revolution; therefore, the energy is zero.

Hence, the following relationships were achieved: power is a function of surface area, and the RPM. The other factors which affect the output include: •

Thickness of piezoelectric materials;

•

Charge constant of piezoelectric material (d33) and voltage constant (g33). Since the vehicle weight is 1400 kg and it is supposed that the weight is distributed equally between tires, the load on each tire was calculated to be 350 kg (3433.5 N). The pressure and frequency were constant. Therefore, according to Hazeri (2017), force is 3433.5 for the scaled down model and contact patch area A:

A=

Force in each wheel 3433.5 = = 20197.06 mm 2 Pr essure under tire 0.17

(10)

According to Hazeri (2017) for PZT piezoelectric element: Charge /P. element=charge density * area of each piezo-element

(11)

Charge density = d33 * σ =350*10-12 * 17000=0.0595 mC/m2 If the area of the piezoelectric element is 0.003 m2 Then,

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The charge /each piezo-element = 0.000135 micro coulomb So, The power output = V * I = 1.735 * 10-4 µW/s For the piezo elements used in this study, the factors r (radius) and h (height) are 40 mm and 23 mm, respectively.

The voltage constant g33 is 25 × 10 -3 V.mm/N. Power = V * I = 25 * 10-3 * 3433.5 * (0.23/A) * 0.003 = 0.41 W For 100 piezo-elements Power = 0.41 * 100 = 41 W And, the total power per tire is about 42 W. So, for four tires the total power is about 168 W. This power may be used as part of power in operating the air conditioning compressor element or any other applications in the car like operating cooling fan, cameras, sensors, and antitheft systems or maybe stored to be used later in any application.

4.1 Automobile AC Load Calculation The total cooling load on any automobile cabin can be given as:

(12) Cooling load can be calculated as follows •

For heat, transmitted through the body structure of the car. In this case, the main source of heat is the heat produced by the exhaust heat which is transferred inside the cabin of the car; such temperature contributes to increase in the thermal gain of the cabin. Since the overall heat transfer coefficient of the surface element is negligible, the exhaust heat can be given as:

(13) Where, U: is the overall heat coefficient of the surface element in contact with the exhaust pipe, SExh: is the area affected by the exhaust pipe temperature, TExh: is the temperature of exhaust gases, and Ti: is the cabin temperature (inside), so for this case QT can be calculated as: QT = 0.19 kW •

The second main source is heat produced by solar heat gain (by wind-screen and other windows), which given as:

(14) Where, Ts: is the average temperature of the windows surface, S: is the windows surface area.

So, the resulted heat for this part can be calculated as:

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QR = 0.44 kW •

Internal heat resulted from drivers and passengers (which are assumed to be 4 persons), which can be expressed as: (15) Where, M: is the metabolic heat produced by the passengers. It is assumed to be: QI = 0.50 kW. So, the total heat load is QTOT = 1.13 kW. It is clear that the power generated from piezoelectric elements is small comparing with solar or other auxiliary

resources, but this power may help in many applications. Especially, if it is known that this power may be generated either the car is on dynamic or static modes [5, 6, 7].

5. CONCLUSIONS The high prices of fuels push the researchers to search about new energy or power sources; one of promising techniques is using piezoelectric materials in such field. It is found that the piezoelectric materials may offer a small, but important local power or energy sources that may be used in energizing many controls and sensing elements. More searching about the best piezo-materials and best configurations of piezoelectric systems may improve the output power generated by such materials.

REFERENCES 1.

Makki N. and Pop-Iliev R. (2011). Piezoelectric Power Generation In Automotive Tires, International Workshop Smart Materials, Structures & Ndt In Aerospace Conference, 2–4 November 2011, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2011 Cansmart Cinde Izfp.

2.

Bhatt A., Nagar C., Bhavsar V., and Shah Y. (2017). Electricity Generation through Piezoelectric Material in Automobile, SSRG International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (SSRG-IJME) – volume 4 Issue 1–January 2017.

3.

Abrol, S., & Chhabra, D. Experimental Investigations of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting with Turbulent Flow.

4.

Hazeri S. (2017). Energy Harvesting in Pneumatic Tires through Piezoelectric Material and its Life Cycle Environmental Impact. A Thesis in Environmental Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science (Civil Engineering) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada, August 2017.

5.

APC International Ltd APC piezo calculator. https://www.americanpiezo.com/knowledge-center/apc-piezo-calc.html, 2015.

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Huang, B. J., Sun, F. S. and Ho, R. W., Near-Maximum-Power-Point- Operation Design of Photovoltaic Power Generation System. Solar Energy 80(8), 1003–1020, 2006.

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R. K. Shah, 2006, Automotive Air-Conditioning Systems – Historical Developments, the State Of Technology and Future Trends, “Proceedings of the 3rd BSME-ASME International Conference on Thermal Engineering, 20-22 December 2006, Dhaka, Bangladesh”.

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Muhammad, A. K., Okamoto, S., & Lee, J. H. Comparison between the One Piezoelectric Actuator and the Two Ones on Vibration Control of A Flexible Two-Link Manipulator using Finite Element Method.

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Al-Qdah K., 2015, Performance of Solar-Powered Air Conditioning System under Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah Climatic Conditions, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2015, 6, 209–219.

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AUTHOR PROFILE

Sayel M. Fayyad, phD in Mechanical Engineering, Graduation Thesis: Sound Propagation in Porous Media with Application to Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF)." This device (DPF) is responsible for gas emission reduction and also noise reduction on automobiles. University of Jordan-Amman, M.Sc. In Mechanical Engineering, Graduation Thesis: Thermo- elastic Contact Model to Predict the Behavior of a Nominally Smooth Convex Punch Using Fractal Geometry.

University of Jordan –Amman Bachelor’s Degree (B.Sc), End of Studies Project: Multi Functions Hydraulic Machine, Philadelphia

University –Amman-Jordan, M.Sc. in Computer Science, Middle East University –Amman-Jordan,

Graduate Thesis: Article Reformatting Algorithm for Multiple Journal Template, M.Sc. in Education Technology, Arab Open University –Comprehensive Exam, B.Sc. In Physics, University of Jordan- Amman, B.Sc. In Computer Science & Information Technology., Graduation project "Stimulus In Mathematics". Philadelphia University. Amman- Jordan., Mini MBA –Birmingham College –London –UK, Ph.D. in Business Administration – International College- UK, Graduation Thesis: “The Effect of Strategic Planning, On Engineering Maintenance Companies with Applying To Water Sector” Sayel M. Fayyad, Suleiman Abu-Ein, Qusai Abu-Ein, Ghazi Al-Marahleh and Nasr Al-Kloub. “Driving under Influence of Alcohol Preventer Embedded System”. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 5(10): 1381-1389, 2009, INSInet Publication. (URLICH), http://www.ulrichsweb.com/ulrichsweb/Qusai Abu-Ein, Suleiman Abu-Ein, Sayel M. Fayyad, Ghazi Al-Marahlehand and Waleed Al-Momani. “Automobile Functions Control System via Bluetooth Utility". Australia Journal

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http://www.ulrichsweb.com/ulrichsweb/.Abu-Ein, S.M. Fayyad, Waleed Momani, Aiman Al-Alawin and Muntaser Momani. “Experimental Investigation of Using MR Fluids in Automobiles Suspension Systems”. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 2(2): 159-163, 2010, ISSN: 2040-7467, Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010. S.M. Fayyad, Waleed Momani, S.Q. Abu-Ein, Omar Juditawy. “Experimental Investigation of Using Fuel Additives – Alcohol”. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 2(2): 164-169, 2010. ISSN: 2040-7467, Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010. Sayel M. Fayyad, Suleiman Abu-Ein. “Nonlinear Flow in Porous Media with Applications to Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs)”. 7th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics.19-21 July 2010, Antalya, Turkey. HEFAT 2010. Muntaser Momani, Sayel M. Fayyad, Suleiman AbuEin, Waleed Momani, and Hisham Mujafet" Computerized Mathematical Model for Studying Geometric Shape and Stresses Applied on the

Pistons’ Rings of ICE". Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 6(7): 905-908, 2010, INSInet

Publication. ISSN 1819-544X. (URLICH), http://www.ulrichsweb.com/ulrichsweb/

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