Nanotechnology: The Future Perspective of Agriculture Practices

International Journal of Bio-Technology and Research (IJBTR) ISSN (P): 2249–6858; ISSN (E): 2249–796X Vol. 10, Issue 1, Jun 2020, 97-112 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

NANOTECHNOLOGY: THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF AGRICULTURE PRACTICES TARUN KUMAR CHAUHAN, VIKAS RAJPUT, TANYA KAIN & SANGHDEEP GAUTAM Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Medicines & Research, Uttar Pradesh, India ABSTRACT Agriculture, being the main backbone of many developing countries, delivers food for human beings, directly and indirectly. Agricultural practices are drawing public recognition worldwide because of environment change, energy and resource limitations, and ever increasing global population are continuously accumulating pressure on food and water resources. It is estimated that in 2050, our earth will be inhabited by over 9 billion people who will be facing serious problems with water, food and energy supply, mostly in less-developed countries. Nanotechnology is a fast budding area with the prospective to take onward the food industry and agriculture to escalate food quality, global food production, plant defence, detection of diseases in both of plans and animal, monitoring of plant growth and reduce waste for “sustainable intensification”. The use of nanoparticles in agriculture comprises crop production, protection and enhanced productivity, fertilizer and irrigation management.

Received: Mar 27, 2020; Accepted: Apr 17, 2020; Published: Jul 09, 2020; Paper Id.: IJBTRJUN20209

1. INTRODUCTION Legume, plants produce pods with seeds inside, the fruit of plants, members of the Fabaceae family. Legume family

Original Article

KEYWORD: Agriculture, Nanoparticles, Nanotechnology, Climate Change & Plant Growth

is the largest flowering plant family, including more than 18000 species. They grow globally in many different environments. Legume family commonly include lentils, peas (P.sativum), chickpeas (C.arietinum), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), soybeans (Glycine max), and peanuts. The largest legume is borne by the monkey ladder (E. gigas) and can reach up to 1.5 meters in length. Ripe legume fruits are normally dry, hard and woody.

Legume shows the symbiotic relationship with some types of bacteria that works in nitrogen-fixing, symbiotic relationship with certain bacteria as rhizobium, azotobacter, and cyanobacteria are able to take nitrogen from the environment and convert into chemical compounds that can be easy to used by plants (Dixon R O D et al., 1986 ). This process is called nitrogen fixation. Legumes are able to change atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can take easily. They were amongst the first plants cultivated by humans and are still among the most important agricultural crops (Peoples M B et al., 1995).

1.2. Nutritional Value and Health Benefit of the Legume Family Legumes are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fiber, and dietary minerals. Pulses are good sources of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, and vitamins. Legumes are a good source of resistant starch that breaks down to bacteria.

Consuming legumes on a plant-based diet decreases the chance of cancer, improves blood pressure, and plays a role in weight management. ●

Legumes are the only natural source, where the composition of calories is distributed in the healthy

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

Tarun Kumar Chauhan, Vikas Rajput, Tanya Kain & Sanghdeep Gautam *

98

parameters with 70%, 20%, and 10% of carbohydrates, protein, and fat respectively. ●

Protein levels in beans can be from 17% to 40%. Among legumes, soybean has the highest protein content. The protein profile of beans and legumes includes all of the essential amino acids, including leucine that is lacking in whole grains.

●

Some beans, such as kidney beans are valuable antioxidant sources. Polyphenolic pigment compounds such as quercetin have plenty of them.

●

Legumes supply sulfur-containing amino acids such as cysteine and taurine. Lentil cysteine helps in healthy growth of hair and nails.

●

Legumes contain low sodium. On the other side, they also contain a suitable amount of potassium and magnesium. Potassium and Magnesium are both heart-friendly minerals that counteract the pressure-effect of sodium and help regulating blood pressure. (https://www.nutrition-and-you.com/legumes.html)

●

Bean sprouts contain vitamin-C. Germination is also suitable for absorbing other vitamins and minerals (Wikipedia).

1.3. Global Scenario of Legume Growth in population as well as the consumption leads to a growth in the demand of the crop but the land for agriculture is very limited (Rulli, Saviori & D’Odorico, 2013; Yu, Feng & Hubacek, 2013). Food commodity globalization occurs at a huge pace reducing production as well as consumption.

Legumes are good source of fiber, vitamins, proteins and food minerals, and therefore legumes require high production. It is widely distributed third largest plant family in title of the number of species, only behind Orchidaceae and Asteracea. India is the biggest producer of pulses in the world, accounting for 23% of the world's total pulses. Other major manufacturers are Poland, United Kingdom, Mozambique and China respectively.

2. MOST CULTIVATED LEGUMES 2.1. Cicer arietinum Cicer arietinum, also known as chickpea, chana, gram,garbanzo or garbanzo bean, chole and egyptian pea, a member of legume family [Baynes, T.S.; Smith, W.R. 1880; & United States Department of Agriculture(USDA), 2014]. (figure 2.1). Chickpeas are herbaceous annual plants that are grown-up in the whole world for their edible dry seeds. Chickpea seeds contain protein. It was the first harvested legume, and 7500 years legacy remains were found in the Middle East (S, Bell et al., 2014). Chickpea is a significant foodin India, Africa and South and Central America (Vavilov, 1951). Its botanical taxonomy, along with other Cicer arietinum varieties, is a member of legume family, from which maximum members of legume receive nitrogen, which is required for rhizobia and agrobacterium, with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

There are two cultivars of this genus (Cicer) - Kabuli, Desi and 42 wild species. Desi or black gram seeds are small, darkcolored, and wrinkled or smooth while Garbanzo beans or Kabuli or White gram seeds are large and creamy. 90% of total production is produced by six countries that include Australia, India, Turkey, Myanmar, Ethiopia and Pakistan. India ranks top in both consumption and production of chickpeas. (FAOSTAT, 2017).

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9084

NAAS Rating: 3.80

Nanotechnology: The Future Perspective of Agriculture Practices

99

2.1.1. Nutritional Value Chickpeas generally contain fiber, carbs, and also is a high-quality resource of protein (figure 2.1.1). Chickpeas are affluent in various types of vitamins and minerals. Chickpeas contain all kinds of bioactive plant compounds that have good and bad impact on health.

•

Isoflavones: They belong to antioxidants that are high in soybean. They have all types of health impact and are classified as phytoestrogens, just like the female sex hormone, estrogen.



•Anthocyanins: These belong to color antioxidants found in the derm of chickpeas. Brown color of desi chickpeas is generally known as pelargonidin due to anthocyanin (Mazza and Miniata, et, al., 1993).

2.1.2. Other Advantages of Chickpeas Apart from its weight loss benefit, chickpeas also contain a great number of health benefits when prepared and well cooked. Escalating blood sugar over time and high blood sugar may pose a serious threat in the form of chronic diseases, such as heart disease (Davide JA Jenkins et al., 2002). For this reason, controlling the increase in blood sugar once meals are taken is important for health.

Having high amount of fiber, protein, and so-called slow-release carbs, chickpea is efficient in maintaining good blood sugar level when taken with meals. They position very low on the glycemic index, that means increase in blood sugar level later than eating them is low and steadier. Addition of chickpeas in our diet may maintain blood sugar level, defend our whole health, and diminish the risk of numerous chronic diseases.

2.1.3. Global Scenario of Chickpea Chickpea is among the major crops grown and consumed worldwide. It is the third major vital grain crop cultivated in the world after dry beans and peas. Chickpeas accounts for 20% of total world pulses production. The best growth rate during the forecast session is being projected to register by the Asia-Pacific region, India produces chickpeas on a huge scale and consumes too. India produces 8 million tons chickpeas annually, which is 72% of worldwide chickpea production (figure 2.1.4). Australia, Turkey, Myanmar and Pakistan come in second, third, fourth and fifth position and contribute around 5%, 4%, 4% and 3% of production respectively.

2.1.4. Indian Scenario of Chickpea It is planted for pale dried seeds. The pod is cylindrical, 1 to 2 inches long, with a straight or slightly curved prominent nose. The seeds are rounded and angular in shape, elongated and white, brown or black or sparse. Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh (M.P), Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh are the major states of India, where it is cultivated on a large scale. Chickpeas are planted in rainforests in India because they are well suited for chickpea production. The chickpeas producing states in India are Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. Madhya Pradesh generates a major share of 43% of total 6 million tones production. Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan accounted for 7%, 9%, 10% and 14% of Madhya Pradesh's production respectively (fig.no.2.1.5). In India, it covers an area of 88.18 lakh hectares and annual production is about 8 million tones.

[Directorate of Pulses Development (dpd), 2013]. In India, it is mostly planted for fresh use, and in United States, it is planted for large quantities to be processed.

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

Tarun Kumar Chauhan, Vikas Rajput, Tanya Kain & Sanghdeep Gautam *

100

2.2. Soybean (Glycine max) Soybean or soy beans (Glycine max) are a legume crop native of East Asian. Soybean is an important part of asian food and consumed for thousands of years. Today, soybeans are mostly grown in south and North America and Asia. The soybean plant is called "Big Bean" or "yellow bean" in Chinese and Japanese (ALC network 2011, Soya info centre, 2012).

The glycine strain is identical to the normal amino acid. Since the starting of the twentieth century, soybeans have called the ‘miracle bean' or ‘Golden beans’ in America. Soybeans are also known as the "golden bean" of the twentieth century. Although soybean is a growing crop, it is widely used for their oilseed. It has become a vital commercial crop in several countries and internationally the soybean trade has spread worldwide. Many countries, such as China, Philippines, Indonesia, European countries and Japan are importing soybeans to meet their domestic needs for fodder and human consumption.

2.2.1. Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of Glycine Max Gold bean aka Twenty-first-century Soybeans, also known as legumes, are used as oilseeds. Oilseeds are the largest cultivated globally and can be grown under agricultural conditions. There are different types of soybean products available such as soy protein, soy flour, soy milk, tofu, soybean oil, and soy sauce. Soybeans contain phytonutrients and antioxidants, which are associated with various health benefits.

Soybeans have great potential and contain high amounts of protein. In addition to the essential amino acids, animal proteins with cow's milk such as lysine, glycine, and tryptophan, it is capable of delivering the proteins needed by humans as it contains 40% of the high-quality nutrients. In addition, 20% of soybean contains lecithin and vitamin A and vitamin D with essential fatty acids. About 4% of total soybean mineral salts are high in calcium and phosphorus ( Shurtleff W, et al., 2007). In general, soybean seeds contain 5, 6–11.5%, 32 to 43% for raw protein, 18 to 20% for fat, 4.6 to 6.4% for raw ash, and Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF). Carbohydrate content ranges from 10 to 14%, 9%, Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) 9 to 11, 1%, and 30 to 31.85% based on dry matter (Corke, Walker and Wrigley et al., 2004).

Soybean is a good source of folate. 100 gm. of fresh legumes have daily values of 375 org or 94% folate. within addition to vitamin B12, it is the most important component of cell division and DNA synthesis. Adequate intake of folate during pregnancy can help prevent neural-tube defects in newborns (Fekete K et al., 2012). Soybeans contain a good dose of phyto-estrogen and pharmononectine. Pheromonectin promote angiogenesis (regeneration of new blood vessels).

2.2.2. Global Scenario of Glycine Max Growth in population as well as consumption leads to a growth in the demand of the crop but the land for agriculture is very limited (Rulli, Saviori & D’Odorico, 2013; Yu, Feng & Hubacek, 2013). Food commodity globalization occurs at a huge pace reducing production as well as consumption. With a total increase of consumption of two hundred million ton Soybean globally, the industry emerges to be the most growing (Garrett, Lambin & Naylor, 2013).

Due to increasing demand, it challenges the supply heading to reduction in stock and rise in market price.

Soybean time series related to the quantity of production, area and yield leads of the harvesting of the crop in seven major countries namely the USA, Argentina, Brazil, India, China, Paraguay, along with Canada also six different continents as Africa, Europe, Asia, Caribbean, North America,, Oceania and South America, between 1961 to 2007. Harvested land as Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9084

NAAS Rating: 3.80

Nanotechnology: The Future Perspective of Agriculture Practices

101

increased seem to be the most expedient way to promote crop growth. Harvesting of the Soybean worldwide has been seen to leverage by 60% but the overall yield has risen to 30% as of 1990. Hence the productivity of Soybean needs research to improve the yields that help meet the demand of the future.

The US is the leading manufacturer of soybeans and the first in production. Brazil, Argentina and China are second, third and fourth, respectively, in terms of production. The figure 2.2.3 present picture of the global production of soybeans as India occupies the fifth place. Soy is now the world's staple food and produces approximately 220 million tonnes of beans, mainly in United States (33 percent), Brazil (28 percent), Argentina (21 percent) and China (6 percent) and the rest (12 percent) India and Paraguay. Produced in Canada and others, Soybean production details are given in figure 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Indian Scenario of Glycine Max The food value of soy has been known to mankind for over 5,000 years, soy seeds are a great source of protein. In India, Glycine max is a kharif crop that is sown in June-July and planted in late September or early October.

In recent times, soybean yield has been increased several times compared to other oilseed crops in India, is next closer to peanuts, although commercial production of soybean started in 1971–72. Madhya Pradesh (also known as India's Soybean Bowl), Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh produce soybeans on huge scale ( The Soybean Processors Association of India) (figure 2.2.3).

2.3. Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris ) Kidney beans is also known as Green Bean, Red Bean, Mango Bean French bean, Bean and Phaseolus vulgaris (Gentry and Howard Scott 1969). Vegetarian lovers use beans for their nutritional qualities. Kidney beans are called Rajma in Hindi (India). A herbaceous annual plant in the kidney bean fruit family, grown globally for its edible dried seeds or immature fruit (pods). Dried and canned kidney beans are available year-round.

Kidney beans originating in Mexico and Argentina were introduced in China in the 16th century. The main types of kidney bean are dark red kidney bean, white kidney bean, black kidney bean, light spotted kidney bean, and the best known varieties are the large dark spotted kidney bean and the large white kidney bean. Kidney bean is a member of the legume family which converts atmospheric nitrogen into chemical compounds that can be take easily by plants. P.vulgaris is a highly mutable species and has a strong history of bean cultivation. Wild varieties of this species have habit of climbing (Phillips, R.; Rix, M. 1993), but most tenants are classified as dwarf beans or shrub beans, or climbing beans, or pole beans depending upon their growth style (Tindall. H. D. et al., 1983) 2.3.1. Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of P.vulgaris Common beans are rich in protein, starch and dietary fiber and also a good source of potassium, iron, selenium, thiamin, molybdenum, folate and vitamin B6. These include iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. And it also contains calcium, high fiber. Kidney beans contain 15- 31% protein, 18% carbohydrates, 40% dietary fiber, 1% fat and 12% calories (figure 2.3.1). â—?

P.vulgaris is a great source of dietary fiber that acts as a large laxative. In addition to chemicals that cause cancer in the stomach, fiber helps protect colon mucus by reducing the time it exposes to toxins. Adequate amounts of fiber in the diet help in lowering blood cholesterol levels and reduce the re-absorption of cholesterol binding bile

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

Tarun Kumar Chauhan, Vikas Rajput, Tanya Kain & Sanghdeep Gautam *

102

acids in colon. ●

Common beans contain good amounts of vitamin-A, and flavonoid polyphenolic antioxidants that promote health, zeaxanthin, lutein, and the right amount of c-carotene (Lin LZ et al., 2008). These compounds serve as defensive scavengers against oxygen derived free radicals and reactive oxygen species, which play a major role in various disease processes and aging.

●

They also contain excellent amounts of thiamine (Vitamin B1) vitamin B6 and vitamin C. Taking a vitamin rich diet helps in body build immunity from infections and clean harmless oxygen free radicals.

●

They contain minerals such as calcium, iron, manganese, potassium and magnesium which are necessary for body metabolism. (Ojeda AG et al., 2015) Manganese works as a co-factor for the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase that is a very powerful free radical scavenger.

2.3.2. Global Scenario of P.vulgaris Wild kidney bean is a American product. Originally believed to have been grown separately in the southern Andes and mesoamerica, domestic beans were given two gene pools (Paul Gepts December to December 1998). Beans are planted on every continent except Antarctica. Globally, green beans and dried beans were harvested at 24 and 27 million ton respectively in 2016 (UN FASTST 2017 retrieved 27 September 2018). Myanmar was the huge producer of dried beans, while China produced 73% of all green beans in 2016. (figure 2.3.2).

3. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR LOW PRODUCTIVITY OF LEGUME IN INDIA Research on soybean productivity in India is extensive. The main constraints on yield limitation are given below rooted on the results of such studies.

3.1. Agroclimate 

A reliable climate pursuantly rainfall and its distribution during the early rainy season and the growing period of soybean.



Kidney beans get stressed under drought conditions (Polania, J., Rao et al.,2009).



Low photosynthesis active radiation levels during monsoon days.



Water pressure occurs during pod filling at the start of the monsoon.



Water exploitation of the soil profile for the water system as the deep soil profile is destroyed by anoxic conditions during water logging.

3.2. Agricultural Practices 

Improper use of natural resources, especially inappropriate soil and rainfall and water management practices.



Unbalanced nutrient management / unbalanced use of biological fertilizers and chemical fertilizers. Reduction in the use of micronutrients. Integrated Nutrient Management has not adopted. (ACIAR, 2008).



Lack of weed control measures; Soybean crops are often affected by weeds, which can sometimes reduce yields

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9084

NAAS Rating: 3.80

Nanotechnology: The Future Perspective of Agriculture Practices

103

by 50-60 %. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has not yet been adopted (DAC DPP, 2001). 

Deficiency of plant protection: Soybean crops are often infected with diseases, such as yellow mosaic virus and corrosion. Plant protection measures are rarely used by farmers.



Low seed re-establishment rate and low adoption of developed varieties.



Waterlogging in lowland areas leads to growth and nitrogen deficiency. Most of the land good for cultivation in MP is not used due to water logging during kharif season. Some sown fields with soybean, but lack of installation, yield is low.



Adequate cultivation Soybean is often sown at the desired level without the onset of the monsoon. Insufficient ripening can increase the problem of weeds.



Inappropriate seeds. As farmers are not aware of the latest methods, the seeds are still carried out in primitive ways. Legumes exhibit an epigeal mode of germination and can be planted deeply to prevent bird damage.



Premature seeds. Sowing should be avoided before the monsoon as soil moisture is insufficient and thereby reduce germination. The timing of seeding in the rainforest system cannot be changed because it depends on the start of the rainy season. For soybean, the NRC found that the average yield of soybean reduced to 181.70 kg per hectare for every five-day delay to the normal date (Jun. 25) in central India. It reduces protein content of oil and soybeans. Late sowing reduces yields by 17–39%.



Premature harvest. Premature or delayed (after leaving the seeds). Water harvesting is also not feasible.

3.3. Government Policies 

Deficiency of effective agricultural technology spreading, e.g. Package of Integrated Nutrient Management and IPM Practices.



Access to inputs like fertilizers, seeds and pesticides.



The government provides small credit facilities to small farmers for proper investment in their agricultural implements.

3.4. Research 

Inadequate research facilities are due to lack of field-specific high-yielding varieties.



The seed is of poor quality. Soybean seeds are very sensitive to many storage factors and physical management including temperature, humidity, gas, pests and pathogens. Therefore, the seeds lose their viability for a short period of time. Farmers are often unaware of the low viability of sowing seeds and are not compensated.

4. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE Nanoparticles are particles that have diameter size from 1 to 100 nanometers (Vert, M.; Doi, Y.; Hellwich et al.,2012), which are adjacent to interfacial film. Interfacial film is an important part of nanoscale material, which basically affects all of its properties. Nanoparticles play a vital and important role in agriculture. Most developing countries depend upon agriculture, and agriculture has a valuable part of their income and more than half of the population livelihood depends on

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

Tarun Kumar Chauhan, Vikas Rajput, Tanya Kain & Sanghdeep Gautam *

104

it. The current international population is half a dozen billion, out of which five hundred live in Asia. In developing countries, most people face many problems on daily basis including food shortages as a result of political instability or environmental impacts, whereas developed countries have food surpluses. Developing countries, expanding pest-resistant and drought crops will produce maximum yields. Food industry in developing countries is due to the demand for shoppers who are now underclassmen and wholesome foods (Anonymous, 2009). Nanotechnology assists in the chemical fertilizers through nano-particles and cultivation and nano-capsules based production of pesticides and produces environmentally pleasurable and environmentally pleasurable and additionally useful and environmentally pleasing and nano-crystals. It helps incutting down on environmental toxic waste. Pesticide power for use in low dose pesticides. Lease they can be used to change kinetic profile of the release rate, leading to the continuous release of drugs that do not require lower doses (Sharon et al., 2010).

Nanotechnology in agriculture is currently focused on targeted agriculture, which involves the use of NPs with unique characteristics to promote livestock productivity and crop (Batsmanova et al. 2013; Scott and Chen 2014). In nanotechnology, it is possible to reduce global food production, improve food quality, plant and animal disease detection, plant protection, plant growth monitoring, and reduce waste by "sustainable expansion" (Gruy et al. 2011; Biswa et.al 2012, PĂŠrez-de-Luque, A., and HermosĂ­n, C.2013, Prasad et.al. 2014). Nanotechnology used in agriculture include nano fertilizers for plant growth and yield, use pesticides for disease and pest control and sensors for soil quality monitoring.

In various diseases, viral diseases are hard to control because they must be prevented from spreading through the vectors. Nano based diagnostic kits improve the detection speed and detection power too (Prasanna, 2007). Nowadays nanotechnology and nanoscience are used to protect the environment by minimizing pollution and cleaning up existing pollutants by using catalysts or filters and renewable energy materials. There is a some new challenges in this field, with rising risk to seafood and agriculture output from a healthy, safe diet, the risk of disease and climate change (Hagar, 2011).

Nanotechnology use in agriculture is generally theoretical, but its application has begun and has yielded significant results in the development of new effective nanomaterials for food industry, product improvements, design of techniques and tools for biodiversity and food production (Joseph and Morrison, 2006). The impact on society is entirely dramatic. Modern advances in chemistry and instrument science have led to mastery in nanoparticle technology with wider impact in area of agronomy. A field in particular is the cotton industry, where the advancement of cotton growing practices is useless. More than 25% of the cotton fiber is scraped or wasted until the fabric from the cotton is finalized (Kumar, 2009).

4.1. Nanoparticles use as Growth Promoter For last few years, researchers have reported that nanoparticles directly affect on plants growth and germination, with the aim of promoting the use of predial and agricultural applications. The interactions of nanoparticles to plants have led to many physiological and physiological changes which depend upon nanoparticle properties. The impact of Nanoparticles on plants be controlled by their concentration and variety of plant. The deftness of Nanoparticles is based on their size, reactivity, surface area chemical composition, and their concentration at which they react positively (Khodakovskaya et al. 2009). There are several geometries, mostly metal based nanometry and carbon based nanometers. They have been utilized for their effects on absorption, translation, accumulation and, most importantly, on the growth and development of Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9084

NAAS Rating: 3.80

Nanotechnology: The Future Perspective of Agriculture Practices

105

crop plant sequences (Nair et al. 2010; Rico et.al 2011). There are some NPs categories that are mostly used in the agriculture sector; metal nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials and metal-oxide nanoparticles.

4.1.1. Carbon Nanomaterials Effect on Plants Among nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials have gained prominence due to their unique electrical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties. Tomato seeds are significantly increased when unveiled to MWCNTs, vegetative biomass and seed germination (Khodakowskaya et al. 2009). Sri Andavasan and Sarawati (2010) reported single vault-CNTs (SDCNTs) for dye molecules and DNA delivery. Nano acts as transporters in plant cells. In another report, MWCNTs improved water intake and Fe and Ca nutritional efficiency, leading to plant growth and seed germination (Villagarsia et al. 2012; Tiwari et al. 2014).

4.1.2. Metal Nanoparticles Effect on Plants Many studies show that metallic nanoparticles improve plant growth and development. Ag nanoparticles increase root length in corn and Legume plants compared to AgNO3 (Pokharel and Dubey 2013). Au NPs affect the leaf area, leaves, plant height and sugar and chlorophyll content, resulting in better crop yields (Arora et al. 2012; Gopinath et al. 2014).

Au nanoparticles play a key role in seed germination and the antioxidant system in Arabidopsis thaliana (Yang et al.

2007). Spinach seeds immersed in TNPs solution increase dry and fresh weight as well as total N, protein and chlorophyll content in leaves (Song et al. 2012). Treatment of TNPs with a 0.5 GL-1 perspective revealed a two-fold enhance in height and fresh duck weight. Biosynthesized Zn nanoparticles significantly increased chlorophyll grain yield (29.5%), chlorophyll content(18.4%) and shoot(10.8%) in pearl millet (Tarafdar et al. 2014). Almelby and Bezbarua reported the impact of Fe nanoparticles on spinach in hydroponic solutions, they reported positive impact of nanoparticles on plant growth and biomass and the effect showed that Fe compounds found in spinach stems, roots and leaves. Fe nanoparticles increased spinach’s leaves 11-21 times.

4.1.3. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Effects on Plants A great number of researches and studies have documented the effects of metal oxide nanoparticles on plant growth and germination. Mixtures of SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles improve reductase activity of nitrate stimulate the antioxidant system in Legumes (Lu et al. 2002). TiO2 nanoparticles increased photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll formation and chlorophyll content, 58.2 and 69.8% of dry and fresh weight of plants (Zheng et al. 2005; Hong et.al. 2005) .When spinach treated by anatase TiO2 nanoparticles, the result show rubisco activity (Linglan et al. 2008). Burman (2013) noted increased biomass of leaf, advantage of ZnO nanoparticles with ration as 1.5 mg / L compared to ZnSO4 in Gram.Fe2O3 nanoparticles produced and increased roots in soybeans.

Applications of nano fertilizer instead of regular fertilizers provide nutrients to plants in a slow and controlled manner. There are silver nanoparticles used in plant disease management because of their antimicrobial property. Zn oxide nanoparticles can be used as antibacterial aggregates against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nanoparticles of Zn oxide, titanium dioxide and silver oxide have antibacterial and antifungal properties. The main terrestrial pathogen of pulses and oilseeds tested against Macrophomina phaseolina.

4.2. Place where Nanoscience Research in Agriculture and Food Science has its Benefits are Food and safety, food processing and its development. Material science Nanoparticles also showed various effective

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

Tarun Kumar Chauhan, Vikas Rajput, Tanya Kain & Sanghdeep Gautam *

106

impacts in the area of plants diseases controls as we know that pesticides and insecticides are very harmful for human health so in this growing biotechnological fields NPs are being applied in this arena to control these types of issues (Kuzma,2006;Kah M.2013;Goswami A.2010).

Nowadays nanoparticles have come into the field of managing plant diseases are nanoforms of silver, aluminasilicates, silica and carbon. Crop production losses are mainly due to weeds, phytopathogens ( viruses, bacterias, fungi) and animal pests (insect pests, worms, mollusks, mice, birds, mammals) .

All of these organisms are stand-up riders (dumping-off pathogens), photosynthesis rate fungi (fungi, viruses, bacteria), light weight stealing (weeds, some pathogens), suppressors (parasites), leaf senescence accelerators (pathogens), suppressors, In situ orthopods) and tissue shoppers (chewing animals, necrotrophic pathogens).

They can be administered using different agriculture (cultivation selection, crop rotation) and mechanical weeding or using different biological control agents (antagonists, predators, parasites, etc.) and chemicals (pesticides / pesticides / acaricides / rodenticides / pheromones). Done. ). Conventional pesticides have many limitations and have less ability to control highly destructive pests. The growing use of microbes in agriculture has crystallized the need to review the impact of microbes on the environment and pests before making an equivalent recommendation for pest management.

4.3. Nanoparticles to Control the Disease and Pest Incidence in Plants Fixed-sized nanoparticles can be successfully used for monitoring of several plant diseases to control various plant pathogens. Nano silver: Nano silver is the most researchable area and used silver nanoparticles for biosystems. It has been long known for its strong inhibitory and antibacterial properties, and also for their bactericidal effects of silver nanoparticles that have a higher surface area and a higher fraction of surface molecules, have a greater antimicrobial effect than bulk silver. Antifungal effect of Nano Silver (approx 1.5 nm in diameter) alloy against rose powdery mildew because of Sphaerotheca pannosa volt-ampere rose.

In addition, silver is a good plant-growth stimulant. Nano-alumino-silicate: Major chemical companies nowadays produce nanoscale capable pesticides. One of such efforts is the use of alumino-silicate nanotubes with active elements (M.Sharon et al.,2010). The benefit is that the alumino-silicate nanotubes sprayed on the plant surfaces are not embedded in the hairs of insects. Insects become aggressive and take on nanotubes filled with pesticides. They are systematically more active and relatively safer pesticides for the environment. Si nanoparticles have shown that mesoporous si nanoparticles can carry chemicals and DNA into plants, creating a new tool for targeted delivery into plant cells (Torney F et al., 2007). Titanium nanoparticles: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a well-known antidote to harmless white pigment and commonly used in the making of inks, ceramics, cosmetics, studies, and leather. Since titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) is safe, now it's also allowed for use in food products up to 1% of the final weight of the product. The Tio2 photocatalyst technique has good potential in several agricultural applications that include plant protection, because it does not type dangerous or unhealthy compounds and has good microbiological medical care capability.(Yao et al., 2007) Scientists are trying to enhance the phytopathogenic medical care potential of TiO2 thin films through dye doping and alternative appropriate strategies (Yao et al., 2009). Carbon nanomaterials: Various nano-biotechnology applications in various designed nanometers, carbon-based nanometers that can be bareballs, graphene and some carbon nanotubes such as single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes,Occupy the space. The applications and exposure of carbon nanomaterials may lead to environmental considerations. It is essential to continuously study the results where carbon Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9084

NAAS Rating: 3.80

Nanotechnology: The Future Perspective of Agriculture Practices

107

nanometrics in plants is a serious part of organic phenomenon. Magnetic nanoparticles: A range of magnetic nanoparticles for site-targeted incubation has been widely used in biomedicine for the treatment of mixed diseases (Pankhusrt et al., 2003; Grief and Rechardson, 2005; Dobson, 2006). Magnetic based nanoparticles can be used as site-targeting universal plants protection compounds that will be help in treatment of disease and are effective only in targeted areas of plants. If we can track the movement of magnetic nanomaterials internally using high-strength external magnets, it may be doable to direct chemicals on targeted site . The benefits of applying carbon based nanomaterials (such as swanets and mwcnts) is that they work with magnetic nanoparticles that allow the filling of an acceptable plant that protects internal home chemicals, and thus the functional magnetic nanoparticles of the nano carriers provide external control for movement in plant system. Nanoformulation for the control of plant disease methods provides new ways to improve and modify existing crop management practices. Plant Nutrients and Plant Protection Chemistry Area Unit Traditionally applied to crops by spraying or transmitting. Due to problems with leaching of chemicals, degradation by microbial degradation, hydrolysis and photolysis, only a very small concentration of chemicals is required to reach on target site of the crop ( Nair R. 2010).

Nanotechnology for detective work is a desire for early detective work disease, so food stocks are often protected from the phenomenon of nanotechnology protecting food and agriculture, bacteria, plants and infectious agents.(Rai v. et al., 2012;Kumar S. 2012) The simplest farmer also uses the transport system. If an autonomous nano-sensor for real-time monitoring is integrated into the GPS system, which can be distributed throughout the region to monitor soil and crop conditions, this can be very helpful. The incorporation of biotechnology and technology in sensors increases sensitivity, enabling early response to environmental changes and diseases.

4.4. Plant Pathogens in Biogenesis of Nanoparticles Analysis on nanotechnology and nanoscience mainly include the use and application of nanoparticles of different components and compounds. Nanoparticles have various applications, applied as antimicrobial agents in disease management. Nanoparticles formation can be accomplished by a number of physical or chemical processes. Fungi: The fungal field unit has recently been used in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The downstream process, as a direct downstream process, transfers mildew from fungi used as natural nanofactories and is capable of secreting large amounts of enzymes resulting in simple handling (Mandal et al., 2006). . However, prokaryotes are better qualified to perform genetic manipulation than fungal eukaryotes. Therefore, any transformation of fungus at the genomic scale is not easy to synthesize many nanoparticles. It is important to understand synthesis nanoparticles mechanism in microbial systems, which require high maintenance on the form, desired properties and size of the synthesized nanomaterials. In microorganisms in prokaryotes, the traditional focus has been on the biosynthesis of nanoparticles (Mandal et al., 2006).

Bacteria are increasingly used to biosynthesized gold, Fe, silver and magnetite nanoparticles and also to quantum dots of lead sulfide, cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide. Plant viruses: Viruses refer to specimens of spherical / echosera viruses, especially in nanoparticles or nanomaterials. The smallest plant virus satellite to date is the Tobacco Spaccelus Virus Mensation, which is approx 18 nanometer in diameter (Hogeld, 1968). The Plant Viruses area unit can be made from double or single-stranded DNA/ RNA which is covered by a supramolecular coat. The coat / shell made of proteins which functionally and structurally carries a nucleic acid molecule or genetic material from one container to another. Viruses have the strength to spread a disease, transport the gene through specific sites in the host cell, package nucleic acids, replication and exit the host cell in a sequence that requires them to used in nanotechnology. Overall analysis of the used of plant viruses has been demonstrated as bitemplate for nanomaterials, and their work has been recent (Young et al. 2008).

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

Tarun Kumar Chauhan, Vikas Rajput, Tanya Kain & Sanghdeep Gautam *

108

CONCLUSIONS The constantly increasing population, deteriorating environmental conditions, old and outdated agriculture practices has resulted in the developing a constant strain on agricultural productivity. Nanotechnology is an emerging area of science and has acquainted with many innovative applications in the areas of energy, life science, medicine and electronics.

However, due to their rare properties, many studies were conducted to assess the impact of nanoparticles on plants.

However, research focussing on the understanding of the advantageous effects of nanoparticles on plant remains unfinished. Many studies showed positive effects of several nanoparticles on growth and development of different plants. It is obvious from present research information that the effect of nanoparticles differs from plant to plant and depends on their approach of application, concentration and dimension. The application of nanoparticles in agriculture has given a promising result in increased plant growth which makes the nanotechnology a new and effective tool for improving agriculture productivity.

REFERENCES 1.

Dixon R O D, Wheeler C T. Nitrogen fixation in plants. Glasgow, United Kingdom: Blackie; 1986.

2.

Peoples M B, Herridge D F, Ladha J K. Biological nitrogen fixation: an efficient source of nitrogen for sustainable agricultural production. Plant Soil. 1995;174:3–28

3.

.https://www.nutrition-and-you.com/legumes.html,

4.

wikipedia

5.

Rulli MC, Saviori A, D’Odorico P (2013) Global land and water grabbing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 892–897.

6.

Baynes, T.S.; Smith, W.R., (1880). "Gram" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11(9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.

36–37.

7.

"Cicer arietinum". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 21 October 2014.

8.

S, Bell (March 31, 2014). "The small but mighty chickpea". Phys.org. Retrieved 8 October 2015.

9.

Vavilov NI (1951).The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants. Ronald Press Company.New York, 1951.

10. FAO (2017a), FAOSTAT (database), Food and Agriculture Organization of the united Nation Statistics Division Rome, FAO (2017b), Fishery and Agriculture Statistics. Global production by production source 1950-2015 (fishstat), FAO (2017c) “Fishery and Agriculture Statistics”Statistics and Information Branch of FAO Fisheries and Agriculture Department.

11. Mazza, G. and Miniati, E. Anthocyanins in Fruits, Vegetables and Grains.1993, CRC Press, London.

12. David JA Jenkins “The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition”, Volume 76, Issue 1, July 2002, Pages 266S–273S. 13. Directorate of Pulses Development(dpd) Annual chickpeas group meeting,chickpeas ; performance and development and scenario 2013.

14. Corke, Walker and Wrigley (2004). Encyclopedia of Grain Science. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-765490-4.

15. Shurtleff W, Aoyagi A. 2007. “History of Soy Lecithin”.

16. Carvey, H. A.(2009). Windows forensic analysis (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Syngress Publishing.

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9084

NAAS Rating: 3.80

Nanotechnology: The Future Perspective of Agriculture Practices

109

17. Fekete K, Bertic C and Trovato M. (2012). “Effect of folate intake on health outcomes in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis on birth weight, placental weight and length of gestation”.

18. Garrett, R. D., E. F. Lambin, and R.L. Naylor.2013.”Land Institutions and Supply Chain Configuration as Determinants of Soyabean Planted Area and Yields in Brazil.”

19. Annual report of the Soybean Processors Association of India(SPAI).

20. Gentry, Howard Scott (1969). "Origin of the Common Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris".

21. Phillips, R.; Rix, M. (1993). Vegetables. New York: Random House. ISBN 9780679750246.

22. Tindall. H. D. (1983) Vegetables in the Tropics. Macmillan Press Limited, London, 37-45.

23. Lin LZ,Harnyl JM.( 2008)."The polyphenolic profiles of common beans".

24. Ojeda AG et al., (2015). "Molybdenum and copper in four varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): new data of potential utility in designing healthy diet for diabetic patients".

25. Paul Gepts (December 1998)."Origin and evolution of common bean: past events and up to date trends". Hortscience. 33 (7): 1124–1130.

26. "Green bean production in 2016, Crops/Regions/World list/Production amount (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture association, community Statistical catalog (FAOSTAT). 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2018. Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), 2008.Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (2001).Salem, 2004.

27. Thung,M. and I.M.Rao.1990.Integrated management of abiotic stress.In:Common Bean Improvement in the Twenty-first Century,ed.S.P.Singh. Vilain, 1997.

28. Polania, J., Rao, I. M., Beebe, S., and Garcia, R. (2009). Root development and distribution under drought stress in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a soil tube system. Agron. Columbiana 27, 25–32.

29. Stephanie(28 November 2012). “Peru bans genetically modified foods as US lags”. Current TV. Retrieved 7 May 2013 30. Shiva, Vandana (2005), Globalization’s New Wars: Seed, Water, and Life Forms (2005) and Earth Democracy: Justice, Sustainability, and Peace (2005).

31. Hindo, Brian (13 February 2008). "Report Raises Alarm over 'Super-weeds'". Bloomberg businessweek. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016.

32. Ozturk; et al. (2008)."Glyphosate inhibition of metallic element enzyme activity in iron deficient helianthus roots". New Phytologist. 177 (4): 899–906. Doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02340.x. PMID 18179601. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017.

33. Vert, M.; Doi, Y.; Hellwich, K. H.; Hess, M.; Hodge, P.; Kubisa, P.; Rinaudo, M.; Schué, F. O. (2012). "Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 84 (2): 377 410. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04.

34. Anonymous, 2009. Nanotechnology and Nanoscience applications: Revolution in Asian nation and on the far side.Strategic Applications Integrating Nano Science.

35. Sharon, M., A.K. Choudhary and R. Kumar, 2010. Nanotechnology in agricultural diseases and food safety. J. Phytol., 2: 8392.

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

Tarun Kumar Chauhan, Vikas Rajput, Tanya Kain & Sanghdeep Gautam *

110

36. Batsmanova L., L. Gonchar, N.Y. Taran and A. Okanenko. 2013. “Using a colloidal solution of metal nanoparticles as micronutrient fertiliser for cereals”.

37. Scott and Chen (2013).,”Nanoscale science and Engineering for Agriculture and Food systems”.

38. Gruy, F. (2011). Population Balance for Aggregation Coupled with Morphology Changes. Colloids Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 374:69–76.

39. Biswa, I.S. Bayer, A.S. Biris, T. Wang, E. Dervishi, F. Faupel (2012). Advances in top–down and bottom–up surface nanofabrication: techniques, applications & future prospects Adv. Coll. Interface. Sci., 170 (2012), pp. 2-27.

40. Pérez-de-Luque, A., and Hermosín, C. (2013). “Nanotechnology and its use in agriculture,” in Bio-Nanotechnology: A Revolution in Food, Biomedical and Health Sciences, eds D. Bagchi, M. Bagchi, H. Moriyama, and F. Shahidi (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.), 383–398.

41. Prasad R. (2014). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles in photosynthetic plants. J. Nanopart. 2014:963961 10.1155/2014/963961.

42. Prasanna, B.M., 2007. Nanotechnology in agriculture. ICAR National Fellow, Division of Genetics, I.A.R.I., New Delhi, India, pp: 111-118.

43. Hager, H., 2011. Nanotechnology in agriculture.

44. Joseph, T. And M. Morrison, 2006. Nanotechnology in agriculture and food. Nanoforum Report, Institute of Nanotechnology, April 2006, pp: 1-13.

45. Kumar, R., 2009. Nanotechnology in agriculture. G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, PantnagarUttrakhand.

46. Khodakovskaya et alM. Khodakovskaya, E. Dervishi, M. Mahmood, Y. Xu, Z. Li, F. Watanabe, A.S. Biris Carbon nanotubes are able to penetrate plant seed coat and dramatically affect seed germination and plant growth ACS Nano, 3 (2009), pp.

3221-3227.

47. Nair R, Varghese SH, Nair BG, Maekawa T, Yoshida Y, Kumar DS 2010 Nanoparticulate material delivery to plants. Plant Sci. 179: 154163.

48. Sri Andavasan and Sarawati (2010) 49. Villagarcia H, Dervishi E, Silva K, Biris AS, Khodakovskaya MV (2012) Surface chemistry of carbon nanotubes impacts the growth and expression of water channel protein in tomato plants. Small 8:2328–2334, 50. Tiwari M, et al. (2014) Expression in Arabidopsis and cellular localization reveal involvement of rice NRAMP, OsNRAMP1, in arsenic transport and tolerance. Plant Cell Environ 37(1):140-52 51. Pokhrel, L., and Dubey, B., 2013. Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Cause Developmental Anomalies in the Crop Plants.

52. Arora et al. (2012) Gold nanoparticle induced enhancement in growth and seed yield of Brassica juncea. Plant Growth Regul.

66, 303–310 (2012); 53. Gopinath RK, et al. (2014) The Hsp90-dependent proteome is conserved and enriched for hub proteins with high levels of protein-protein connectivity. Genome Biol Evol 6(10):2851-65 54. Yang H, et al. (2007) Design and synthesis of compounds that extend yeast replicative lifespan. Aging Cell 6(1):35-43 55. Song, Y., Ori-McKenney, K.M., Zheng, Y., Han, C., Jan, L.Y., Jan, Y.N. (2012). Regeneration of Drosophila sensory neuron axons and dendrites is regulated by the Akt pathway involving Pten and microRNA bantam.

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9084

NAAS Rating: 3.80

Nanotechnology: The Future Perspective of Agriculture Practices

111

56. Tarafdar JC, Raliya R, Rathore I (2012) Microbial synthesis of phosphorous nanoparticle from tri-calcium phosphate using Aspergillus tubingensis TFR-5. J Bionanosci 6:84–89 57. Lu, H., Leung, H.T., Wang, N., Pak, W.L., Shieh, B.H. (2009). Role of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in Drosophila photoreceptors.

58. L. Zheng, F. Hong, S. Lu, C. Liu(2005). Effect of nano-TiO2 on strength of naturally aged seeds and growth of spinach Biol.

Trace Elem. Res., 104 (2005), pp. 83-91.

59. Hong P, et al. (2005) A boosting approach for motif modeling using ChIP-chip data. Bioinformatics 21(11):2636-43 60. Linglan et al., 2008. Rubisco activated mRNA expression in spinach modulation by nano anatase treatment. Boil.

61. Kuzma J, VerHage P. Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Production: Anticipated Applications. Washington, DC; The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies; 2006.

62. Kah M, Beulke S, Tiede K, Hofmann T. Nanopesticides: state of knowledge, environmental fate, and exposure modeling. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2013;43(16):1823–1867.

63. Goswami A, Roy I, Sengupta S, Debnath N. Novel applications of solid and liquid formulations of nanoparticles against insect pests and pathogens. Thin Solid Films. 2010;519(3):1252–1257.

64. M.Sharon,Ajoy Kr. Chaudhary and Rohit Kumar et al., 2010. Nanotechnology in agriculture diseases and food safety.

65. Torney F. et al., 2007. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles deliver DNA and chemicals into plants.

66. Yao, C.K., Lin, Y.Q., Ly, C.V., Ohyama, T., Haueter, C.M., Moiseenkova-Bell, V.Y., Wensel, T.G., Bellen, H.J. (2009). A synaptic vesicle-associated Ca2+ channel promotes endocytosis and couples exocytosis to endocytosis.

67. Pankhurst QA, Connoly J, Jones SK, et al. Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. J Phys D. 2003;36:R167– 81.

68. Grief AD, Richardson G. Mathematical modelling of magnetically targeted drug delivery. J Magn Magn Mater. 2005; 293:455–63.

69. Dobson J. Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. Drug Devel Res. 2006a;67:55–60.

70. .Nair R. et al. 2010. Nanoparticulate material delivery to plants. Plant Sci. 71. Rai V, Acharya S, Dey N. Implications of nanobiosensors in agriculture. J Biomater Nanobiotchnol. 2012;3:315–324.

72. Kumar S., Nehra M., Dilbaghi N., Marrazza G., Hassan A.A., Kim K.-H. Nano-based smart pesticide formulations: Emerging opportunities for agriculture. J. Control. Release. 2018;294:131–153. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.012.

73. Mandal, D., M.E. Bolander, D. Mukhopadhyay, G. Sarkar and P. Mukherjee, 2006. The utilize of microorganisms for the creation of metal nanoparticles and their use. Applied Microbiol. Biotechnol.,69: 485-492.

74. Hoglund, S., 1968. Some microscopy studies on the satellite tobacco mortification virus and its igg-antibody. J. Gen. Virol., 2: 427-436.

75. Young M, Willits D, Uchida M, Douglas T. Plant viruses as biotemplates for materials and their use in nanotechnology. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2008;46:361–84

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org