Auditing of Banks with Risk Management and Compliance Risk: A Case Study of Iraqi Private and Gov

International Journal of Accounting and Financial Management Research (IJAFMR) ISSN (P): 2249–6882; ISSN (E): 2249–7994 Vol. 10, Issue 1, Feb 2020, 25–36 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

AUDITING OF BANKS WITH RISK MANAGEMENT AND COMPLIANCE RISK: A CASE STUDY OF IRAQI PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT BANKS FIRAS MOHAMMED DAHIM1 & ASHVINKUMAR H. SOLANKI2 1 2

Research Scholar, Department of Commerce & Business Administration, Saurashtra University, Rajkot,Gujarat, India

Associate Professor, Department of Commerce & Business Administration, Saurashtra University, Rajkot,Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT One impact of going through the world money related emergency is to give close consideration to compliance with the guidelines of business by banks and other budgetary organizations. Lately, there has likewise been an expansion in the significance of compliance units engaged with the management of compliance hazard in the bank. The author in the paper features the need to chance check rebelliousness with the guidelines and shows some observing instruments of this sort of hazard in the bank. Instances of devices and techniques exhibited in the paper identify with banks operating in Poland. These are, for the most part, methods dependent on utilizing pointers, upheld by data innovation instruments for business process management. The extent of compliance advanced a year ago to a lot more extensive region. The author of the paper attracts consideration regarding the developing fame of the approach coordinating operational and

KEYWORDS: Risk Management, Compliance Risk, Auditing & Banks

Received: Oct 21 2019; Accepted: Nov 11, 2019; Published: Feb 10, 2020; Paper Id.: IJAFMRJUN20204

1. INTRODUCTION

Original Article

compliance risks

The significance of compliance in banks of the world is expanding. The two banks themselves and controllers underscore t. After the emergency of 2008, money-related supervision establishments have started to require, from the biggest monetary associations, advancement and execution of successful hazard management projects of resistance with guidelines and principles issued by the supervisory authorities. Guideline of the Basel Committee of trustees on Banking Supervision [1] attracts regard for the after-effects of resistance as negative outcomes, to which the bank is subjected to when found rebellious with the guidelines relevant to its exercises. Likewise, the European Mandate MiFID advises venture firms, incorporating banks occupied with these exercises, about the commitment of delegating a legitimate compliance supervision unit and the need to screen and assess its activities.

National controllers worried to underscore the significance of individual compliance and compliance functions.

A model from the clean monetary system is a goal on the Money-related Supervision Commission that characterized the idea of danger of resistance because of a bank's inability to agree to lawful prerequisites and proposals set out by the Clean Bank Affiliation, which shows the bank’s management, as the body in charge of compliance with the applicable arrangements of the demonstration. Standards of resistance chance management are not forced by controllers, either by national or outside, the manner in which the commitment of hazard management are satisfied by banks relies upon the bank’s inner arrangements. The ISO 16900: 2014 (en) standard displays the presumptions of the Compliance Management System; however, it is a lot of rules not prepared to utilize methods and apparatuses. Resistance chance management in ISO 16900: 2014 (en) depends on an

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extensive appraisal of compliance hazard, including the checking, estimation and investigation.

The idea of risk can be characterized as the result of the likelihood of a potential occasion and the extent of misfortunes that it might create. The risk of rebelliousness, as indicated by Basel committee of trustees is “the risk of lawful or administrative authorizations, material monetary misfortune, or misfortune to notoriety a bank may endure because of its inability to consent to laws, guidelines, rules, related self-administrative association principles and sets of accepted rules relevant to its financial exercises [2].

Every establishment executing compliance risk management program, both out of the need forced by the controller just as from internal requirements, builds up its own exclusive procedure-based arrangement, custom fitted to the necessities and attributes of the bank. The compliance risk management process itself in its essential form, more often than not, comprises of the accompanying stages [3].

•

Risk identification.

•

Risk measurement.

•

Risk monitoring.

•

Risk control and mitigation.

These phases of compliance risk management process are done by compliance units built up by a bank [4].

Distinguishing proof of risk applies both to recognizing pertinent lawful commitments by building up the appropriate lawful structure and afterward assessing its significance and with regard to the matter of the bank. This is an essential advance for the adequacy of further phases of risk management process on the grounds that the distinguishing proof of all dangers in the region of resistance is dictated by the capacity to recognize genuine blunders later on. The accompanying components ought to be inspected [5]: •

The nature of the risk – what event or incident happens, when and where?

•

The source of the risk – what types of people or businesses will be involved?

•

The cause of the risk – why does the risk occur, direct and underlying reasons?

•

The effect of the risk – what is the impact upon the regulatory outcome, which will be adversely affected?

As a wellspring of ID of risks in the region of compliance, banks utilize a wide range of recorded information on

infringement and punishments forced on banks, information from operational risk, examine and internal review investigation, sentences in purchaser claims, whistle-blowing, data from the media, client grumblings and solicitations, consultancy and undertakings of local and outside controllers.

The recognized potential risk impacts ought to be evaluated in regard of their pertinence, so as to separate their quality. This will quantify compliance risk in the following phase of the process, basically utilizing subjective tools likewise with quantitative tools, and issue has been found. Past experience of banks in risk compliance estimation fundamentally sums u [to building up a risk lattice, which decides the measure of risk as often as possible dependent on acknowledged qualities. A case of a risk appraisal will be displayed depending on the Risk Management and Compliance Framework [7].

In Clean banks, compliance units do not typically record circumstances when at the observing stage, the general risk rating is arranged in a classification above moderate. The embraced scale is regularly smaller and comprises of two to

Impact Factor (JCC): 7.1593

NAAS Rating: 3.17

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three classes (green, yellow and red), the most noteworthy level of risk amid the review is not looked into; the yellow classification is noted and persuades to take restorative activities. The said phase of compliance risk checking concerns the nitty gritty survey of business exercises, exchanges; keep up customer accounts, connections among representatives and among workers and customers of the bank [8]. At the observing stage, compliance office coordinates with different units of the bank, for example, with a review unit, internal control, risk office (especially with an operational risk unit), lawful office or security division through meetings with these units and utilizing after-effects of their reviews and data from their exploration.

The last advance in the process of compliance risk management – risk control and relief goes for diminishing the probability of reasons for mistakes and their unfavorable impacts. All-out end of the risk of resistance in a bank is beyond the realm of imagination. Anyway, it is troublesome to think about a specific dimension of risk as satisfactory and one needs to think about its importance. Risk at a “zero” level is an absurd expectation to accomplish. Along these lines, what is left is the need to control and decrease the probability of blunders in the territory of compliance and the extent of their negative results. Banks utilize the accompanying control instruments that have gone into lessening risks: internal methodology, staff preparing and partition of obligations, utilization of the “four eyes” guideline, legitimate suppositions and fitting documentation of exchanges, physical security and system components (get to rights, lockouts).

In [1], the author has condensed the centre standards of Big business-wide Risk Management. According to the creators, Risk Management culture should permeate from the Board Level to the most reduced dimension worker. Firms will be required to make the noteworthy venture important to conform to the most recent prescribed procedures in the new age of Risk Guideline and Management. Corporate Administration guideline with the coming of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the US and a few other enactments in different nations additionally give the framework to sound Risk Management structures. Heretofore, Venture wide Risk Management existed just for namesake. For the most part, firms did not establish a genuinely coordinated arrangement of Risk measures, approach or Risk Management Design. The resulting decades will introduce another arrangement of Risk Management instruments, including every one of the exercises of an Enterprise. The incorporated Risk Management foundation would cover zones like Corporate Compliance, Corporate Administration and Capital Management, and so forth. Regions like business risk, notoriety risk and vital risk additionally will be consolidated in the general Risk Engineering all the more formally. As dependable, it will be the Banks and the Money-related Administrative firms, which will lead the route in this developmental process. The compliance requirements of Basel II and III accords will likewise oblige Banks and Money-related establishments to set up powerful Risk Management strategies.

In [2], sketched out the patterns of worldwide financial guideline and the wellsprings of overseeing law. He inspected the present practices and developing changes in the field of control systems and administrative condition. The book managed a wide territory of administrative parts of Banking in the US, the guideline of universal Banking, worldwide Bank administrations and global fiscal trade. The work endeavored inside and outside the investigation of all parts of Bank Guideline and Supervision.

In [3], felt that the bankruptcy for Banks become genuine when current misfortunes exhaust capital totally. It additionally happens when the return on assets (ROA) is not exactly the negative capital-resource proportion. The likelihood of indebtedness is clarified as far as a condition p, 1/ (2(Z2). The assistance of Z-insights is usually utilized by Academicians in registering probabilities. www.tjprc.org

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In [4], explains the Basel Centre Standards for Compelling Financial Supervision, its imaginativeness, content and the difficulties of quality usage. Centre Standards with a lot of supervisory rules went on for giving a general framework to successful Financial supervision in all nations. They are inventive in the manner that they were created by a blended drafting gathering and they were thorough in inclusion, giving an agenda of the essential highlights of an all-around planned supervisory system.

In [5], clarifies the utilization of budgetary assets to help rebuild an extensive fizzled Bank/Banking system and the different results related with it. The article talks about how instruments can best be intended to re-establish Bank capital, liquidity and motivating force. It thinks about how recapitalization can be displayed to guarantee right motivating forces for new administrators/directors to work in a reasonable way, guaranteeing great consequent execution. It examines how the Government’s financial plan and the enthusiasm of the citizen can be secured, and recommend that money-related arrangement ought to react to the recapitalization rather decide its structure.

In [6], talks about the ramifications of the new Prudential Framework. He clarifies finally how the new Administrative code could have some unsafe symptoms. The expanded capital requirements, as chosen by the Basel Board of trustees on Banking Supervision in September 2010, will influence the measure of possessed assets and this in turn would influence the productivity of the Banks. The results of such expanded capital requirements would boost the Banks to exchange certain tasks that are intensely exhausted as far as capital requirements to shadow banking to stay away from the extent of a guideline. The risks of such training may influence money related to solidness. While the Focal Financial specialists may mull over enrollment and supervision of such shadow banking elements like the flexible investments and different pools, such a course could be heavier than anticipated. The new guideline would result in Banks to decrease exercises with rather poor edges. For instance, they may decrease presentation to little and medium endeavors or increment credit expenses, or focus on progressively gainful but higher risk exercises. He is likewise reprehensive of the proposition of Basel to present an outright influence proportion that may push Banks to gather their benefits in riskier activities.

In [7], emphatically censures the Basel Board of trustees on Banking Supervision declaration, expanding the capital requirements as a component of Basel III. The points of expanding capital are two-crease. Right off the bat, the goal is to expand the measure of fluid resources held by Banks and diminish their dependence on transient subsidizing. It additionally goes for constraining the degree to which Banks can accomplish development change. This attention on obligation management, according to him, will prove counterproductive, as has been demonstrated verifiably by the ongoing money-related emergency. As a technique to meet the new Capital Accord, Banks will be compelled to store up a lot of fluid resources, notwithstanding the sums they should reimburse uncommon offices given by the Administrations and National Banks.

2. RESEARCH METHOD This section characterizes that the examination is a unique commitment to the current load of information contributing to its advancement. The systematic methodology concerning speculations and the definition of a hypothesis is additionally explored. All the factors attributable to the term 'investigate' alludes to the systematic technique, comprising of articulating the issue, figuring a theory, gathering the information, breaking down the actualities and achieving certain ends, either as arrangements towards the concerned issue or in a specific age, for some hypothetical plan.

Impact Factor (JCC): 7.1593

NAAS Rating: 3.17

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Research Configuration is an arrangement, structure and strategy of the examination so imagined as to get answers to inquire about inquiries or issues. The arrangement is the finished plan or program of the exploration m. It encourages the scientist to detail thoughts, conclusions and aides the heading to accomplish the imagined goals. Risk Management and Risk-Based Supervision in Banks have been the center focal point of the investigation of numerous Supervisors, Policy makers, Practitioners and Academicians since Basel-II implementation. The forces of globalization/liberalization and financial deregulation, innovation in products and services offered by the banks has expanded the significance of Credit Risk Management and received lot of attention in the recent turmoil. The current banking business environment demands an integrated approach to risk Management. Since liberalization, Iraq Banking system has entered into a transition phase and financial stability has become the need of the hour due to rising nonperforming assets, as a result of micro and macro conditions. 90% of the Iraq banking sector is predominantly occupied by the PSBs and its performance is of prime concern for the regulator and supervisors. In the midst of this, financial sector reforms are recommended by Narsimham Committee, and moreover, the selection of Basel standards has changed the substance of the banking industry in Iraq, especially the PSBs. Review of the previously conducted studies focused on the credit risk management rehearses in banks, which gave the applied framework. The current research is an endeavor towards empirical research analysis of the Credit Risk Management, and it would be pertinent to have a comprehensive study about the status of credit risk management practices pertaining to its assessment tools, monitoring process and controlling strategies. These processes influence the execution of the banks. The reason for the examination is thus to make an in-depth study of the extent of CRM practices and its impact on the performance of the PSBs. 2.1 Problem Discussion According to the rules issued by RBI letter DBOD.No.BP.l 151/21.06.001/2006-07 dated Walk 20, 2007, sending the changed draft rules for execution of the New Capital Ampleness Framework, Business banks in Iraq started actualizing Basel II with impact from March 31, 2007 (RBI, 2007)ns. Iraq banks having an operational proximity outside Iraq received Standardized Approach (SA) for credit risk and Basic Indicator Approach (BIA) for operational risk for processing their capital requirements under the Overhauled Framework with impact from Walk 31, 2008. Other business banks have additionally relocated to these methodologies from Walk 31, 2009. In this manner, the institutionalized methodology for credit risk, essential pointer approach for operational risk and the institutionalized length approach for market risk have been actualized in the Iraq banks.

Iraq banking sector comprises 89 commercial banks, which accounts for 92% market share of total banking resources of the money-related area over 2000 agreeable banks, which represent about 5%, and around 133 Regional Rural Banks, which represent about 3%. The emergence of systematic risk arising out of diversified banking operations since liberalization process invited a robust risk management framework integrating micro and macro factors. The banking sector has become more complex over the last decades, and is involved in compound transactions as a result of globalization. Considering reasonable variety of banks, they were encouraged to structure their very own risk-management engineering, tuned into their size, the complexity of the business, risk reasoning, and advertise observation and the dimension of capital. (V. Leeladhar, 2007) m, but banks differ in their approaches towards risk management architecture.

The exposed risk - the main and most difficult one to identify - is the credit risk. Despite the fact that the Basel-II framework has a more extensive degree and incorporates “operational risk� under Column I and open revelations under Column III, the credit risk still cases the biggest offer of the administrative capital. This underlines the importance of credit

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risk in the bank’s tasks. Several banking crises worldwide are the outcome of negligent credit gauges, poor portfolio risk management and the powerlessness or inability to assess the effect of the dynamic financial condition on the reliability of the banks’ borrowers. Economic liberalization has increased competition, but this has not changed the level of risk faced by the Iraq (SCBs) Scheduled Commercial Banks. In the midst, Iraq Banking sector conforms to best international standards; are resilient and are almost undisturbed even in the event of the global financial emergency of 2008–09. In any case, the bank wise factors like Credit policy, credit assessment and hedging tools, monitoring and controlling strategies influences the risk constituents of banks in Iraq with the increased competition since the beginning of liberalization process and structural reforms. The pro-cyclicality in Iraq bank credit is rising alarmingly. The reason behind the reforms policy has given the banks complete autonomy to run their business affairs along with the adoption of Basel prudential norms.

Effective credit risk management is a critical component of comprehensive risk management and with the rising growth of NPA, credit analysis has emerged as a big challenge for PSBs since the adoption of Basel II. The reviewed studies show that PSBs in Iraq, over the years have been able to control non-performing assets because of the reform policy of asset classification and income recognition, stringent regulatory norms of RBI and equally their Capital adequacy ratio is above the required 8%. The main reason behind the rising NPAs during 2008–09 is the recession in the economy due to global financial crisis (Ghosh D. G., 2011). The scenario of Iraq observed that the ROA and ROE of most of the banks have dipped since 2009 onwards. The fact remains that financial crisis of 2009 have adversely affected the financial system across geographies. However, Iraq banking system was resilient in absorbing the crises impact ,but showed a dipping effect of return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) even after the crisis, especially in PSBs (Hanumantha Rao, 2013)m. The rising non-performing credit portfolios altogether add to the financial misery in the financial division and hampers profitability. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the extent of effect of credit risk on the benefit of business banks. A proper credit risk assessment and management mechanism would reduce NPA, would be helpful in estimating the required level of capital and improve the efficiency and profitability of banks.

2.2 Research Problem Statement Do CRM practices vary among the PSBs and Does CRM practices influence the performance and profitability of PSBs? The research methodology of the selected topic follows in these dimensions; 2.3 Research Investigation Questions This section of the research design helps the researcher to draft their questions. Formulating questions provides a direction to build hypothesis and achieve the research objectives. The study focuses on the PSBs comprehensive approach towards the credit risk management as well as entails to discover the degree of the general status of execution. The examination investigates the performance measures to show the impact of CRM. In this regard, the researcher would like to address the following questions: •

What is the current status of implementation of CRM approaches in banks, as prescribed by Basel II framework?

•

Are there any differing issues and challenges among banks pertaining to the implementation of Basel II?

•

What is the level of difference in constituents of CRM practices adopted by the banks with reference to credit risk assessment, scoring, mitigating, monitoring and controlling strategies?

•

Magnitude of issues and challenges faced by the banks in the process of performing the CRM practices?

Impact Factor (JCC): 7.1593

NAAS Rating: 3.17

Auditing of Banks with Risk Management and Compliance Risk: A Case Study of Iraqi Private and Government Banks

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•

Resulted outcomes from Credit Risk Management practices post Basel II implementation?

•

Application of CRM practices is correlated with the performance measures of banks?

•

Significant correlation exists between the CRM parameters and performance measures?

•

What extent banks performance is affected by appropriate credit risk management methods, policies and strategies?

•

Extent of CRM practices adopted creates impact on the profitability of banks?

2.4 Research Objectives The important objectives of the study are: •

To examine the status of Credit Risk Management practices post Basel II implementation of Public Sector Banks

•

To investigate the extent PSBs differ in their application of Credit Risk Management practices

•

To analyze the issues and challenges faced by the PSBs in following the Credit Risk Management practices and Basel II norms as a whole

•

To evaluate and correlate the effect of Credit Risk Management practices on the performance of banks.

•

To assess the impact of CRM on the profitability of banks post Basel II implementation.

2.5 Scope of the Study A close look at the effectiveness of credit risk management practices since 2007 onwards is undertaken in this study relating to the PSBs in Iraq. The study provides an overview of Iraq banking industry, its structure, development and the current status of banks as far as their possession, size and size of tasks. PSBs dominatingly possess the maximum market share among the SCBs in the Iraq Banking sector. The study includes the comprehensive establishment details of the PSBs under study. The process of liberalization and structural reforms introduced in the Iraq Banking system has changed the face of Iraq banks. A brief explanation about the gist of structural reforms recommended by Narsimham Committee has been discussed to understand the need and scope of introducing the new capital rules by the supervisors in the Iraq banking environment. The unique aspect of Basel II is its comprehensive access to deal with risk management in the financial substances. The Basel II framework provides a menu of elective methodologies for assurance of administrative capital for credit, showcase and operational risks (V. Leeladhar, 2007) m. The overall framework of Basel I & II has been broadly elaborated to understand the application of credit risk management, its subject matter, significance and implications on Iraq banking. Substantial debate aroused since the introduction of Basel II accord in Iraq banks related to rising issues of NPA, asset management and capital adequacy challenging the sound performance and profitability. In this regard, the role of credit risk management is found significant. This present study covers the various aspects of credit risk management– identification (level of credit risk exposures), assessment (scoring/rating models used), monitoring and controlling measures using (mitigating tools and techniques), etc. This exploration thinks about researches’ credit risk management practices and methodologies of Public Part Banks in Iraq. It centers around the public segment business banks in the nation and concentrates on the credit risk management strategies, process and culture. To understand how banks manage their counteracting functions of performance and profitability within the RBIs supervisory control, the researcher analyzed the effect of Credit Risk Management rehearses on the execution and productivity estimates, utilizing banking financial parameters for a period of five years from 2009–2013. www.tjprc.org

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Further, this investigation will give a fundamental comprehension of procedures executed by the PSBs in their credit risk management practices. The research study also brings into focus the RBI initiatives towards Basel II and Credit Risk management along with its significance for credit monitoring, loan review mechanism and provisioning for NPAs. It throws light on tools of credit risk management, managemen viz., exposure ceilings, risk analysis, risk sharing, sharing etc. It further highlights the role of Basel II norms in credit risk management, the various approaches under Basel II norms and the preparedness of Iraq Banks for implementing Basel II norms. Thee public sector banks under study can investigate viable methodologies to deal with their acknowledged risk and benchmark for others to confirm whether adequate methodology are executed. This investigation would likewise give the Save Bank of Iraq the summit summit controller by and large perception of the credit risk management methodologies actualized and offer help to banks in their undertaking in overseeing credit risk.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS DISCUSSION In the research on theoretical framework, it was concluded that the study dealt with respondents drawn from PSBs. Responses from these banks were solicited to test the theoretical model based on Impact of CRM practices on the performance and profitability of banks’’ post Basel II implementation. This chapter tests the reliability and validity of the scales used by administering Cronbach Alpha tests. This is followed by the testing of hypotheses by applying statistical techniques, Friedman test, Correlation Analysis, Step-Wise Step Multiple Regressionn and ANOVA tests.

Figure 1: Status of implementation of various Credit Risk Approaches (Standardized Approach, Foundation Internal Rating Based Approach and Advanced Internal Rating Based) under Basel -II Accord.

The above clustered bar chart shows the relationship between various approaches of credit risk and its implementation status under the Basel accord - II. The X-axis axis represents the various approaches of credit risk rating models of the Basel accord - II and the Y-axis shows the count, i.e., the number of banks implementing the various approaches of credit risk measurement techniques. The blue color bar represent the option of full implementation of credit risk approaches,, green bar in the chart represents the status of yet to be fully implemented Basel-II II accord credit risk approaches and yellow bar stands for implementation status of credit risk measurement approaches under Basel Accord - II. The clustered bar chart has been used to compare the

Impact Factor (JCC): 7.1593

NAAS Rating: 3.17

Auditing of Banks with Risk Management and Compliance Risk: A Case Study of Iraqi Private and Government Banks

33

implementation status of various approaches of credit risk models in the Public sector banks. The difference in mean credit risks various approaches of Basel accord and its implementation seems to be very high as observed from the chart.

Figure ure 2: New Compliance Issue and Regulation.

It can be seen from the above descriptive data that 68.8% response from the sample population represents the option yes and only 29.4% as no. The above table uncovers that most of the 11 PSBs, i.e., (68.8%) out of total 17 banks respond that new compliance issues and regulations is a major challenge across PSBs. The response of five banks (i.e., 29.4%) from the example, the populace states s that new compliance issues and regulation is not an issue and refereed as part of new regulatory compliance. Only on bank, i.e., 5.9% of the example populace reaction is shown missing, where there is no response. From the above analysis, analysis it can be concluded that PSBs have a concern about the new compliance issues and regulations since Basel - II has been implemented.

Figure 3: Profit Performance.

From the above frequency distribution table, it is seen that 10 banks (i.e., 58.8%) said yes for profit performance, performance which is a challenge for them. Six banks (i.e., (i.e. 35.3%) of the example, the populace have reacted that profit performance is not an issue at their end and only one bank (i.e., (i.e. 5.9%) of the entire example, the populace is unhopeful about the reaction.

On the whole, it can be concluded that profit performance can be one of the challenges among the PSBs.

4. CONCLUSIONS In this research, we discussed studies about the auditing of banks along with the risk management. management In this, we focused on the objective of an effective credit risk management is to maximize a bank’s risk-adjusted adjusted rate of return by maintaining credit risk exposure within acceptable prudential limits prescribed by RBQ. Moreover, banks need to manage credit risk in the entire portfolio as well as the risk in individual credits or transactions. Credit Risk Management involves recognizable www.tjprc.org

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proof, estimation through FICO score/scoring, measurement through a gauge of expected credit misfortunes, evaluating consistently and controlling through successful Advance Survey Component and Portfolio Management.

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AUTHOR’S PROFILE

Firas Mohammed Dahim, currently pursuing Ph.D. in Commerce at Department of Commerce, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujrat. He was graduated in commerce from Al Iraqia University, Iraq in 2013. He came to India for his masters study. He did masters in the Advance accounting from Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra in the year of 2017 and get enrolled for Ph.D. in the Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujrat

Dr. Ashvinkumar H. Solanki is currently working as an Associate Professor of Commerce at Department of Commerce, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujrat. He has more than 12 years of teaching experience. About twenty eight research papers have been published in different reputed journals related to Commerce and Management.Five books have been published in the area of Financial Management. He attended more than 33 International, National and State level conferences and presented research papers on various areas of Commerce and Management. He worked as a full time lecturer at Sardar Patel Commerce & BBA College, Boriavi, Anand(2006 to 2007). Then, he worked as an Assistant Professor (2007 to 2011) and Associate Professor (2011 to 2014) at School of management, RK University, Rajkot. He shifted to the Department of Business Management, SaurashtraUniversity as an Assistant Professor (2014 to 2016).

Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor the above university. About eight Ph.D students have been working under his supervision and four students have submitted their synopsis.

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