Ethnomedicinal Plants used to Treat Osteo Arthritis from Andhra Pradesh, India

International Journal of Botany and Research (IJBR) ISSN (P): 2277–4815; ISSN (E): 2319–4456 Vol. 10, Issue 1, Jun 2020, 55–68 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS USED TO TREAT OSTEO ARTHRITIS FROM ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA NAGIREDDY VIDYADHARA JAYANTH BABU1, PRAYAGA MURTY PRAGADA2 & GEDDADAMOHAN NARASIMHA RAO3 1Research 2Assistant

Scholar, Department of Botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Professor, Department of Botany, Govt. Degree College, Yeleswaram, East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India

3Associate

Professor (Rtd), Department of Botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT This paper is focused mainly on ethnomedicinal plants which is used to treat Osteo arthritis from Andhra Pradesh, India.

Osteo arthritis is a degenerative joint disease which results due to degeneration / wear and tear of cartilage at one or more joints. Several field trips to the study area were made to collect information on osteo arthritis practices by tribal people. In the present study, 84 species of plants included in 74 genera and 44 families have been recorded which are being potentially exploited by the tribal and non-tribal groups in curing Osteo arthritis. Scientific research must be done on the ethno medicinal plants to know the exact ingredients which help in the curing of Osteo arthritis.

Received: Feb 11, 2020; Accepted: Mar 03, 2020; Published: Apr 23, 2020; Paper Id.: IJBRJUN20208

INTRODUCTION Osteo arthritis is a degenerative joint disease which results due to degeneration / wear and tear of cartilage at one or

Original Article

KEYWORDS: Osteo Arthritis, Medicinal Plants & Andhra Pradesh

more joints. It generally develops at the age of 45 years. More than 15 millions of people are being affected every year by this disease. Cartilage acts as a cushion in between bone joints. If it is lost, the joint becomes Bone-on-Bone contact and it becomes painful for the patient. If still neglected, in the absence of cartilage, bones in the joints start eroding, resulting inflammation and infection in the joints.

Ageing, Abnormal and indiscriminate usage of Joints, Inadequate levels of secretion of synovial fluid from synovial glands, Obesity, Accumulation of Unwanted harmful salts and crystals in bone joints, Less intake of calcium, Poor metabolism of the body resulting less intake of calcium, Usage of steroids for a long time for curing the disease like Asthma, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cancer and other diseases are the main cause; Lack of physical exercise, unwanted life style, consumption of freeze and stored food, unwanted foods which are not healthy and also intake of carbonated beverages are the major contributors. Physical injuries caused to the Joints and Bow legs (people born genetically with bowed legs formation) or due Rickets disease are more prone for cartilage damage in knees as well as in hip joints etc. These are the factors responsible for osteo arthritis.

The Symptoms of Osteo arthritis 

Big joints like knee joints are affected initially followed by Hip/Pelvic joints and spinal chord



Stiffness in the joints is experienced in the morning times, in Hips, Knees, Lower back and in neck.



Unbearable pain is experienced and it subsides in the early stages while resting and during acute stage it subsides only when medication is given.

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Nagireddy Vidyadhara Jayanth Babu, Prayaga Murty Pragada & Geddadamohan Narasimha Rao



Friction and cracking sounds could be experienced and heard from knee joints as well as from other joints.

Andhra Pradesh State is ethnobotanically well-explored; most of the work done was during 1985-2002. Different

research workers like Balaji Rao et al (1995), Banerjee (1977), Chetty, K.M. & K.N. Rao (1989.), Dahdouh-Guebas et al (2006), Goud et al (1997), Hemadri etal (1987), Kumar and Pullaiah (1998), Raju Reddy (2005), Nisteswar and Kumar (1980), Pullaiah and Kumar. (1996), Rao and Harasreeramulu (1985), Reddy et al (2002), Savitramma et al (2007), Thulsi Rao et al (2007), Upadhyay and Chauhan (2000), Reddy et al (2008), Prayaga Murty et al(2012), have worked on ethonomedicine and ethnobotany with respect to Andhra Pradesh region. Except a few reports on arthritis, no authentic or comprehensive study on the osteo arthritis from Andhra Pradesh has been taken up so far. So, the present investigation on osteo arthritis from Andhra Pradesh is taken up for the first time.

MATERIAL AND METHODS Several field trips to the study area were made to collect information on Osteo arthritis practices by the aboriginal and others through interviewing local chiefs, priests, vaidyas, herbal practitioners, elderly people and educated youths. The methodology was adopted as described by Jain (1964, 1981, 1987, 1999), Chadwick and Marsh (1994), Hemadri (1994) and Martin (1995). Each medicinal practice was cross checked with 3 or 4 informants. Ethnoveterinary data and the vernacular names were collected for documentation. Plants specimens were collected and identified by referring to standard Flora, viz. Hooker (1872-1897), Gamble and Fischer (1915), Pullaiah (1997) and few other local floras.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The information on ethnomedicinal plants for Osteo arthritis problems were collected from the tribal groups of Andhra Pradesh. In the present study, 84 species of plants included in 74 genera and 44 families have been recorded which are being potentially exploited by the tribal and non-tribal groups in curing Osteo arthritis. The in detailed information like remedies, part used, dosage and mode of preparation are presented in (Tables 1-6). Plants provide immediate relief from all types of body pains, like pains of Arthritis, pains of all limbs of body, Back pain, Knees pain and also muscular pains caused due to lactic acid secretion, in excess, resulted from out of physical exertion. A medicated bath is to be taken in the evening i.e., at the end of the day, with hot water containing the infusions of the indicated plants, to the maximum bearable temperature. This is very much effective and through this method, a person can get immense relief from all types pains for a period of 1 to 3 days, without using harmful pain killers (Table-6). Reddy et al (2002), Savitramma et al (2007), Thulsi Rao et al (2007), Upadhyay and Chauhan (2000), Reddy etal (2008), Prayaga Murty et al (2012) have worked on the ethnobotanical aspects but they have not concentrated exclusively on the arthritis.

Remedial Measures Adopted by Intake of Foods Available Naturally Chondroitin: Intake of chondroitin @ 1000 to 1200 mg. per day is useful in rebuilding cartilage and connective tissues. It is also useful in blocking many enzymes that degrade the connective tissues and contributes construction of new tissues. It makes cartilage and connective tissues to absorb more water and avoid brittleness. Chondroitin can be derived from cartilage of shark fish, meat of pigs and cows.

Glucosamine: with the combination of it, chondroitin acts effectively in regeneratiing cartilage and naturally lead to flexibility and easy movements of Joints to a greater extent. Chondroitin is derived from chitin found in the shells of sea crabs and lobsters.

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.5837

NAAS Rating: 4.08

Ethnomedicinal Plants used to Treat Osteo Arthritis from Andhra Pradesh, India

57

Amino Acid and Lysine: Latest researches revealed that consumption of Amino acids and Lysine@ 12 mg per every 1 kg of body weight per day, available in eggs, Yogurt, Cheese, dry fruits, beans, cod fish, red meat etc., foods could be extremely beneficial for renewal of Collagen.

Vitamins: Intake of foods containing rich in Vitamin ‘D ’and Vitamin ‘C’ regularly, is helpful to regenerate the cartilage of Hip and Knee joints.

In Allopathy: Glucosamine sulphates, Chondroitin, Collagen with Boswelia serrata in the form of Tablets are being prescribed by the Doctors for Osteo Arthritis patients for the purpose of development of cartilage in the joints in early stages. For Pain management, intake of pain relieving tablets like Ibuprofen, Dichlofenac Sodium, Nimlid and other creams for external application are being prescribed. Whereas, there are no specific medicines available to improve the thickness of the cartilage, if it is lost beyond 70 percent. In Acute stages, Total knee replacement/Hip joint replacement surgeries are advised by the Doctors. After such surgery, patients have to spend sedentary life.

Oils containing omega 3 fatty acids like, Olive oil, Soya bean oil, Flax seed oil, Canola oil, Green Vegetables and Green Curry leaves rich in Vitamin C, K, E like Broccoli (Vit. K and C ), Spinacia oleracea, Basella alba (Vitamine. K ), tomatoes, Straw berries rich in (Vit. C and Lycopene) Sweet potatoes, onions. Diet containing Vitamin D, and Calcium rich foods are suggested.

In Ethno Inherited Medicinal Practices, for the development of Cartilage in the bone joints affected by Osteoporosis and for arresting further deterioration of Cartilage and alsofor pain relief, the following plant treatments are being practiced for effective results.

Table 1: Plant used for Treatment of Osteo Arthritis Sl. No. 1.

2.

3

4

Name of Species Family Local name Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Anduga Commifera wightii Burseraceae Guggulu Alpine galanga Zingiberaceae Dumparaastrm Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae Sweet basil / Sabja

5.

Bamboosa arundanaceae Poaceae Mullem veduru

6

Dendrocalamus strictus Poaceae Solid bamboo/ saadanam veduru

7

Nyctanthus arbour tristis

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Plant part used

Dose

Gum resin

1 gram

Gum resin

1 gram

Rhizome Paste

2 grams

Seed

2 grams

Method of Preparation and Usage

The ingredients of plant species mentioned against sl. Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are soaked in 60 ml. of water over night and in the morning, sl. no 3 is added to it along with a pinch of pepper powder and a pinch of turmeric powder given orally in empty stomach every day for 40 days for development of cartilage and for pain relief.

2 grams

Sieved fine bamboo leaves powder is to be mixed with 500 mg. of shell lime powder and to be mixed with honey given orally every day in the night at bed time for a month for development of cartilage and strengthening of ligaments and tendons. This is not given for Epilepsy patients

Leaves and stem powder

2 grams

Sieved fine bamboo leaves powder is to be mixed with 500 mg. of shell lime powder and to be mixed with honey and given orally every day in the night at bed time for a month for development of cartilage and for strengthening of ligaments and tendons. This is not given for Epilepsy patients

Stem /Root bark powder

3 grams

Bark powder is to be mixed in 100 ml of water add a pinch of pepper powder and 1 gram of turmeric powder boiled to get 60 ml of

Leaves powder

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8

Nagireddy Vidyadhara Jayanth Babu, Prayaga Murty Pragada & Geddadamohan Narasimha Rao Oleaceae Paarijaatham Oroxylum indicum Bignonaceae.

Dundilamu

Root bark powder

3 grams

9.

Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Maaredu

Root bark powder

2 grams

10

Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Neredu

Stem bark powder

2 grams

Stem powder

5 grams

Seeds

3 grams

Seeds

3 grams

11

12 13

Capparis zeylanica Capparidaceae Are donda Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae Maha vira Hygrophila auriculata Acanthaceae

14

Pavonia zeylanica Malvaceae Kaarubenda

Roots powder

2 grams

15

Pavonia odorata Malvaceae Chiru benda

Roots powder

2 grams

Whole plant powder

2 grams

Whole plant powder

2 grams

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23 24 25 26 27

Hibiscus micranthus Malvaceae Nitya malli Sida cordata Malvaceae Tirunaalla benda Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Tutturu benda Achyranthus aspera Amaranthaceae Uttareni Cissus quadrangularis Vitaceae Nalleru Zinggeber officinalis zingeberaceae Adrak/ Allamu Trigonella foenumgraecum Fabaceae Menthi/ Menthulu Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae Gingelly Linum usitatissimum Linaceae. Flax seed Zingeber officinalis zingeberacae Allamu Allium sativum Liliaceae, Garlic, vellulli Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae, Acid lime,

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.5837

Leaves powder

2 grams

decoction and consumed orally in the morning for a month for development of cartilage.

Bark powder is to be mixed in 100 ml of water, add a pinch of pepper powder and 1 gram of turmeric powder boiled to get 60 ml. of decoction and consumed orally in the morning for a month for development of cartilage and for pain relief Root bark powder is mixed in 100 ml of water adding a pinch of pepper powder and 1 gram of turmeric powder boiled to get 60 ml of decoction and consumed orally in the morning for a month for development of cartilage and for pain relief Bark powder is mixed in 100 ml of water adding a pinch of pepper powder and 1 gram of turmeric powder boiled to get 60 ml of decoction and consumed orally in the morning for a month for development of cartilage and for pain relief Decoction is to be prepared as above and given orally in 2 split doses per day for 15 days for pain relief.

The seeds indicated against sl. nos 12 and 13 are to be soaked together in 60 ml. of water in the night and consumed in the morning in empty stomach every day, for 40 days for cartilage development and pain relief. Both the seeds are hygroscopic and a gel/ mucilaginous substance is obtained To be mixed in 30 ml of goat’s milk preferably or cow’s milk by adding a pinch of turmeric powder and pepper powder and to be consumed orally every day in the morning for 30 days. This develops cartilage and acts as a pain killer To be mixed in 30 ml of goat’s milk preferably or cow’s milk by adding a pinch of turmeric powder and pepper powder and to be consumed orally every day in the morning for 30 days. This develops cartilage and acts as a pain killer Consumed orally every day mixed with hot cow milk by adding a pinch pepper powder and turmeric powder. This acts as a pain killer.

Consumed orally every day mixed with hot cow milk by adding a pinch of turmeric powder and pepper powder. This acts as a pain killer Consumed orally every day mixed with hot cow milk by adding a pinch of turmeric powder and pepper powder. This acts as a pain killer To be consumed orally every day mixed with hot cow milk by adding a pinch of turmeric powder and pepper powder. This acts as a pain killer. This is given for women patients only but not for Men. Consumed orally every day mixed with hot cow milk by adding a pinch of turmeric powder and pepper powder for cartilage development.

Leaves powder

2 grams

Root paste

3 grams

Rhizome

10 to 15 grams

Zinger is cut in to thin slices, boiled in one lit. of water and taken as tea several times throughout day for pain

seed

1 Table spoon

Menthi seed is soaked in a glass of water for 1 night and in the morning that water is to be consumed in empty stomach by discarding soaked menthi seed for 40 days.

seed

20 grams

seed

10 grams

Rhizome

3 grams paste

Bulb

3 grams paste

Fruit

1 no.

Juice

soaked seed gingelly is to be made into paste, mixed with the powdered flax seed in 1 glass of boiled cow milk, and taken orally in Luke warm state every day for 40 days.

All the 3 ingredients, sl. nos. 24, 25, 26 are mixed 60 ml. of water boiled to get 40 ml., Filtered and taken orally early in the morning every day for 20 days.

NAAS Rating: 4.08

Ethnomedicinal Plants used to Treat Osteo Arthritis from Andhra Pradesh, India Nimma Withania somnifera Solanaceae Aswagandha Tinospora cordifolia Menispermace. Tippa teega Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Satavari, Pilli tegalu Curcuma longa Zingeberacae. Allam Piper nigrum Piperacae. Miriyalu

28

29

30 31 32

Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Karaka Terminalia bellarica Combretaceae Taani Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae Vusiri

33

34

35

36

Tamarindus indica Caesalpiniaceae Chinta chettu

37

Bauhenia vahlii Caesalpiniacae Maadapku / Addaaku

Sl. No.

1.

2.

Root/ tuber

2 grams powder

Stem powder

2 grams

Root / Tuber

2 grams

Rhizome

1 gram powder

seed

I gram powder

Dry seed pulp

Dry seed pulp Seed pulp

2 grams pulp powder 2 grams pulp powder

59

The ingredients of item nos. 27 to 31 are mixed in a vessel containing 70 ml. of water boiled to get 40 ml. and taken orally in the night time before bed time every day for a period of 40 days for cartilage development and for pain relief.

The ingredients of species shown against sl. nos. 33, 34, 35 are kept in a vessel containing 100 ml. of water and mixed thoroughly, boiled to get 50 ml of decoction, cooled, filtered and taken orally for 40 days

2 grams

Seed Cotyledons Fine powder

500 Grams

Seed coty ledons finr powder

500 Grams

For cartilage development, this powder is to be mixed with 150 grams of Patika bellum ie., sugar crystals lump powder, or organic brown sugar and 5 grams of this mixture is mixed in 1 glass hot milk and given orally in the morning and in the evening.

For cartilage development, this powder is to be mixed with 150 grams of Patika bellum ie., sugar crystals lump powder, or organic brown sugar and 5 grams of this mixture is mixed in 1 glass hot milk and given orally in the morning and in the evening.

Table 2: Plants are used for Oral Administration Name of the species Family Part used Dose Method of Preparation and usage Local name 1 kg of fresh and clean roots of castor plants is to be pounded and to be placed in a stainless steel vessel containing 4 litres of water. To be boiled till to get finally 1 litre of decoction. This is to be filtered and to be transferred to another vessel containing 1 litre of pure castor oil and boiled till it forms as 1 litre of concentrated castor oil. This Ricinus communis Seeds and oil is given to Arthritis patients @ 10 ml. mixed Euphorbiaceae Aamudamu roots in milk or Luke warm water and administered orally in the night, before bed time daily or on alternate days for a period of 40 days. This acts as not only a purgative, but removes and drains out from all the bone joints, all the deposited salts as well as unwanted wastes, causing damage and inflammation. Dosage is adjusted depending on the condition of the patient.

Juice obtained from leaves is to be mixed in the milk of she-buffalo, in Luke warm state and made Anisomeles malabarica into curds. The milk of a buffalo given birth to Leaves 5 to 10 Lamiaceae male calf is preferred. The curds thus prepared Juice ml Maga beera/Maga linga are to be mixed with rice and to be taken in the morning. The vitiated “vaatham� along with all the deposited salts as well as unwanted wastes

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Nagireddy Vidyadhara Jayanth Babu, Prayaga Murty Pragada & Geddadamohan Narasimha Rao

Moringa tomentosa Rubiaceae Togaru

Stem Bark Powder

10 gms

4.

Euphorbia antiquorum Euphorbiaceae Bonthajemudu

Latex or Viscous acrid milky juice

2 to 5 drops

5.

Senna alexandrina Caesalpinioideae Suna mukhi/ senna

Leaves power

3 to 10 grams

3.

piled up in the body including free radicles causing damage and inflammation of joints due to RA are drained out completely. This process is to be repeated periodically to achieve anticipated results.

Stem bark powder is to be mixed in water, 60 ml. decoction is prepared and is given orally for relieving vitiated “vaatam” and for draining out toxins from the body.

Latex is mixed in boiled and Luke warm milk, made into curds and to be eaten with rice. This act as purgative, acts very much effectively on “Aama vaatham” (RA) and drains out all the unwanted salts, toxins, free radicles waste materials deposited in joints and from the body Leaf powder is to be mixed in 50 ml of water and given orally at bed time every day or on alternate days for 20 days. This acts not only as a purgative but expels all types of toxins, free radicals, “vaatham” present in arthritis patients.

Table 3: Plants that Strengthens Kidneys and help in Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste Materials, unwanted salts, and Free Radicals Generated in Arthritis Patients.

Name of the Species Sl. Family Part used Dose Method of Preparation and usage No. Local Name Boerrhavia diffusa Whole 1 Nyctaginaceae plant 2 gms Punarnava / tella galijeru powder Abutilanum indicum Root The indicated powders of these 3 species are to be 2 Malvaceae 2 gms powder mixed in 60 ml of water and boiled to get decoction Tutturu benda and given orally every day, for 40 days.

Aerva lanata Root 3 Amaranthaceae 2 gms powder Konda pindi

Table 4: Plants used for Boosting Immunity, Preventing and Curing Arthritis Effectively in the Early Stages Name of the species Sl. Family Part used Dose Method of Preparation and usage No. Local name Allium sativum Bulb’s 1 Liliaceae 4 clefts paste Garlic / vellulli 1 cm Zinziber officinalis length of These 3 ingredients are to be mixed in 100 Rhizome 2 Zinziberaceae rhizome ml of water, boiled for 10 minutes, cooled paste adrak / allam (skin and filtered. This needs to be taken early in peeled) the morning for 40 days.

3

Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae Acid lime / nimma

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.5837

Fruits

1 fruit juice

NAAS Rating: 4.08

Ethnomedicinal Plants used to Treat Osteo Arthritis from Andhra Pradesh, India

4

Terminalia chebula Combretaceae karaka

Dry fruit pulp powder

1 gram

5

Terminalia bellerica Combretaceae Taani

Dry fruit pulp powder

1 gram

6

Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae Usiri

Dry fruit pulp powder

1 gram

7

Tribulus terristris Zygophyllaceae palleru

Fruits powder

1 gram

Fruits powder

1 gram

Seed powder

1 gram

Green leaves

8 nos

Pedalium murex Pedaliaceae Enuga palleru Hygrophylla auriculata Acanthaceae Neeru gobbi Nyctanthes arbortristis Oleaceae Paarijaatamu Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae Vusiri

8

9

10

11

1

5 gms

Seeds

2 gms / 1 tea spoon soaked in water

Trigonella foenum-graecum Faboideae Menthulu

12

Sl. No.

Fruit pulp powder

61

The species shown against the Sl. nos.4 to 9 are to be mixed together, made into decoction and taken orally every day for a period of 3 months.

Green leaves of Nyctanthus are crushed and mixed in 100 ml water. Emblica fruit powder and soaked Trigonella seeds are also to be added and boiled to get decoction. This is to be taken orally in 3 split doses in a day for 1 month.

Table 5: External Applications for Pain Relief for Osteo Arthritis Name of the species Family Part used Dose Method of Preparation and usage Local name Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Castor, Aamudam

Pure seed oil + Root extract

2

Vitex negundo Verbinaceae Vaavili

Leaves

3

Dodonea viscose Sapindaceae

Leaves

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1 kg.

As explained in this document under Arthritis, castor oil + root extract are to be boiled to get 1 lit. of concentrate, and applied every day on the painful joints.

1 lit.

1 kg. of vitex negudo leaves are to be pounded, mixed in 4 lits. of water in a earthen vessel. Boiled till 4 lits. of water become to 1 lit. and filtered. This solution is to be mixed in 1 lit. of gingelly oil in another vessel and boiled to get finally one lit of the concentrated oil. 10 to 15 grams of pepper powder is added to this. This is applied every day on painful joints of Arthritis.

1 kg. of Dodonea viscosa leaves are to be pounded, mixed in 4 lits of water in a earthen vessel. Boiled till 4 lits. of water become to 1 lit and filtered. This solution is to be mixed in 1 lit. of gingelly oil in another vessel and boiled to get finally one lit. of the concentrated oil. This is applied every day on painful joints of Arthritis.

Dodonea leaves can also be pounded and tied around painful joints with a thin cloth. editor@tjprc.org

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Nagireddy Vidyadhara Jayanth Babu, Prayaga Murty Pragada & Geddadamohan Narasimha Rao

4

5 6 7

8

9

10 11

Celastrus paniculata Celastraceae Jyothishmathi/ Malkangani Litsia glutinosa Linaceae Naramamidi Simarouba glauca Simaroubaceae Barlaria montana Acanthaceae Mulu gorinta Calophyllum inophyllum Clusiaceae Ponna chettu Allium sativum liliaceae Garlic/ vellulli Ruta chalepensis Rutaceae Sadapaku Pinus sps Pinaceae

Seed

Oil extracted from the seed is applied on painful joints of arthritis.

Seed

Oil extracted from the seed is applied on painful joints of arthritis

Seed

Oil extracted from the seed is applied on painful joints of arthritis

Leaves juice

Leaves juice is applied gently on painful joints of arthritis.

Seed

Oil extracted from seed is applied gently on painful joints of Arthritis

Bulbs

400 gms. of garlic bulbs paste is mixed in 1 lit of gingili oil stirred thoroughly on gentle fire for 5 minutes- fire is put off, allowed to be cooled and applied daily on painful joints.

Whole plant

Oil extracted from whole plant is applied externally on the painful joints.

Resin obtained from stem bark is applied on the painful joints. (a) 250 grams of Canola / Mustard oil is taken in a glass bottle and to keep it aside. (b) In a separate glass bottle place and mix 100 grams of pure camphor (cinnamomum camphora/ karpuram) + 100 grams of Menthol crystals ( Mentha species called pudina puvvu) + 100 grams of Vaamu puvvu ie., ( crystals of the extract of the plants Trachyspermum ammi) together. A chemical reaction takes place and within 10 minutes these three solids would be converted in to a liquid/ oil. Add A+B = to get a mixture of an oil.

The application of the above oil gives relief for all types of rheumatic pains. (OR) A and B can also be used separately.

Resin

12

Brassica napus Brassicaceae Canola, Aavalu

Seed

13

Cissus pallida Vitaceae Adavi gummadi

Roots

50 grams

Bruised roots are applied on swellings of arthritic joints

Leaves and fruits

25 grams

Leaves along with fruits are to be made into paste and applied on the painful joints

Leaves and fruits

25 grams

Leaves along with fruits are to be made into paste and applied on the painful joints

Whole plant

50 grams

Whole plant’s paste is applied and bandaged on painful joint

Whole plant

50 grams

Whole plant’s paste is applied and bandaged on painful joints

Leaves

100

Leaves are made into paste and bandaged on the painful

14

15

16

17 18

Cleome viscosa Cleomaceae Vaaminta Cleome gynandra Cleomaceae Tella vaaminta Cuscuta reflexa Cconvolvulaceae Bangaaru teega, chetla meeda paachi Vanda cristata Orchidaceae Badanika, kodi kalla chettu Argyreia nervosa

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.5837

NAAS Rating: 4.08

Ethnomedicinal Plants used to Treat Osteo Arthritis from Andhra Pradesh, India

19 20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Convolvulaceae Samudra paala Merrima tridanta Convolvulaceae Seethamma vaari jada Achyranthus aspera Amaranthaceae Vuttareni Cardiospermum helicacabum Sapindaceae vekkudu teega Delonix alata Caesalpinaceae Sunkesula Crateva roxburghii Capparidaceae Isuka raasi Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae kaada jemudu, sanna jemudu Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Tutturu benda Coldenia procumbens Boraginacea Cheppu tattaku Commifera mukul Burseraceae Guggulu Pergularia daemia Asclepiadiaceae Dustapaaku Nerium oleander Apocynaceae Tella ganneru Plumbo zeylanicum Plumbaginaceae Tella chitramulam Plumbago rosea Plumbaginbaceae Yerra chitramulam Holoptelia integrifolia Ulmaceae Nemali naara Sansevieria roxburghii Agavaceae

grams

joints.

Whole plant

100 grams

Whole plant is made into paste and applied on painful joints

Whole plant

100 grams

Whole plant is made into paste and applied on painful joints

Whole plant

100 grams

Whole plant is made into paste and applied on painful joints

Leaves

100 grams

Leaves paste is applied on the painful joints.

Leaves

100 grams

Leaves paste is applied on the painful joints.

Latex

Latex of this plant is applied externally on painful joints.

Leaves

100 grams

Leaves paste is applied externally

Leaves

100 grams

Leaves paste is applied externally

Resin

5 grams

Whole plant paste

25 grams

Gum resin mixed with Zingeber officianalis rhizome paste is applied externally on the painful joints.

Whole plant’s paste is mixed with turmeric powder and applied externally on painful joints of arthritis

Leaves

Leaves paste is applied externally on painful joints.

Leaves

This plant is a Vesicant and applied in acute conditions.

Leaves

Leaves of this plant are Vesicant and applied in severe/acute conditions.

Leaves

Leaves are vesicant. Leaf is dipped in water for a while and placed on knee/ painful joint and bandaged in severe and acute condition.

Leaves juice

Leaves are gently heated on fire and squeezed to get juice and applied on painful joints.

34

Calotropis gigantean AsclepiadaceaeJilledu

Leaves

200 Grams

35

Pueraria tuberosa Fabaceae

Tuber paste

50 grams

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500 ml of raw Gingelly seed oil is poured in earthen / stainless less steel vessel or kadai, heated well on fire, pounded calotropis leaves are added in the heated oil.

Heating is to be continued for few minutes till the leaves turn grey in colour. Fire is put off, oil is allowed to cool, screened and the oil is applied externally on the painful joints and muscles.

The plant parts shown against sl. Nos. 35 and 36 are made into a paste and applied externally on painful joints editor@tjprc.org

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Nagireddy Vidyadhara Jayanth Babu, Prayaga Murty Pragada & Geddadamohan Narasimha Rao

36 37

38

39

Nela gummudu Brassica juncea Braicaceae Mustard Capparis zeylanica Are- donda Phyla nodiflora Verbinaceae Jala pippali/ Neeti pippali

Agave Americana Asparagaceae Kalabanda

Fabaceae

of Arthritis.

Seed

5 grams

Leaves

15 grams

Leaves paste is mixed with egg white yolk, poultice is prepared and applied on painful joints of Arthritis

Whole plant

50 grams

Whole plant’s paste is applied on painful joints of Arthritis.

1 No.

Fresh, mature Agave Leaf is to be cut from the plant, heated gently exposing on fire and inner side of leaf ’s epidermis is removed using knife and wrapped tightly on the painful knee joint/ Spine/on any other joint and to be retained like that for 3 days for pain relief.

2 ml. of the leaf juice is also to be extracted after heating and taken orally every day for 10 days for better results.

Leaf

Table 6: Plants used for Relieving Pain Through Hot Water Herbal Bath Sl. No.

Name of the species Family Local name

Part used

Dose

1

Vitex negundo verbinaceae vaavili

Leaves

1 kg

2

Bambusa arundinaceae/ Dendrocalamus strictus. poaceae

Leaves

1 kg

3

Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem

Leaves

1 kg.

4

Eucalyptus sps

Leaves

1 kg

5

Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Tuthuru benda. Bala

Leaves

0.5 kg

Leaves

0.5 kg

Leaves

1 kg

Whole plant

1 kg

6

7

8

Senna occidentalis Caesalpiniaceae Kasinda Dodonaea viscose Sapindaceae Bandedu Achyranthus aspera Malvaceae Vuttareni

Method of Preparation and usage About 20 lits. Of water is to be boiled in a vessel by mixing about 1 kg of green leaves in the water and taken hot water bath to get immediate relief.

About 20 lits. of water is to be boiled in a vessel by mixing about 1 kg of green leaves in the water and taken hot water bath to get immediate relief.

About 20 lits. of water is to be boiled in a vessel by mixing about 1 kg of green leaves in the water and taken hot water bath to get immediate relief About 20 lits. of water is to be boiled by mixing about 1 kg of green leaves in the water and taken hot water bath to get immediate relief About 20 lits. of water is to be boiled in a vessel by mixing about 500 grams of leaves and taken bath to get immediate relief About 20 lits. of water is to be boiled in a vessel by mixing about 500 grams of leaves and taken hot water bath to get immediate relief About 20 lits. of water is to be boiled in a vessel by mixing about 1 kg of green leaves and taken hot water bath to get immediate relief About 20 lits. of water is to be boiled in a vessel by mixing about 1 kg of green leaves and taken hot water bath to get immediate relief

9

Hibiscus planifolius Malvaceae Konda pratti

Leaves

1 kg

About 20 lits. of water is to be boiled in a vessel by mixing about 1 kg of green leaves in the water and hot water bath is taken to get immediate relief

10

Clearodendron phlomidus Verbenace Takkali

Whole plant

1 kg

About 20 lits. of water is to be boiled in a vessel by mixing about 1 kg of green leaves and hot water bath is taken to get immediate relief

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.5837

NAAS Rating: 4.08

Ethnomedicinal Plants used to Treat Osteo Arthritis from Andhra Pradesh, India

11

Cardiospermum helicacabum Sapindaceae.

Vekkudu teega

Whole plant

0.5 kg

65

About 20 lits. of water is to be boiled in a vessel by mixing 500 grams of green leaves and hot water bath is taken to get immediate relief

Special Diet being Prescribed by the local village vidyas for Development of Synovial Fluid and Cartilage in the Bone joints •

Setaria italica/ Fox millets. Family. Poacea, Local name: Korraluand

•

Triticum dicoccum/ wheat. Family. Poaceae, Local name: Godhumalu, seeds of Godhumalu andkorralu are made in to Rawa (broken in to small pieces), cooked and to be eaten daily in place of Rice/pulka.

•

Eleusine coracana/ Finger millet. Family: Poaceae, Local name: Ragi. Ragi seeds powder is cooked with water to make Jawa/ soup, to be consumed with curds/jaggery made from ie., Saccharum officinarum /sugar cane juice and to be taken orally daily.

•

Sorghum bicolour/Great millet, Family: Poaceae. Local name: Jonna. Jonna seeds powder is used to prepare Rotis and eaten along with palak/Bhendi curry daily.

•

Vigna mungo/Black gram, Family: Fabaceae. Local name: Minumulu. Seeds are soaked in water, grinded into paste roasted in gingely oil- olive oil and vadas are prepared and consumed daily. or seeds are to fried in ghee, powdered, mixed with cow ghee and jaggery powder made into round balls called’ Sunni vundalu’ ( each weighing about 20 grams) and eaten daily.

•

Sesamum indicum/Gingelly seed, Family: Pedaliaceae, Local name: Nuvvulu. Nuvvulu seeds are to be powdered and to be mixed with pure jaggery and to be eaten daily. Egg white yolk 2 nos. are to be consumed / swallowed in raw along with jaggery daily followed by intake of one glass of cow milk mixed with one to two grams of Gomuthra Shilajith

•

Abelmoschus esculanthus /Ladies finger. Family: Malvaceae, Local name: Bhendi is to be consumed daily.

•

Piper betle/Betel leaves, Family: Piperacae. Local name: Tamala paku: Betel leaves 3 to 4 nos are to be chewed along optimum quantity of shell lime powder daily and to begulped without spitting.

•

Annona sqamosa/Custard apple, Family: Anonaceae. Local name: Seethaphal. Fruits are to be taken before meal.

•

Annona reticulate / Family: Anonaceae. Local name: Ramaphal. Fruits are to be taken before meal.

•

Psidium guajava/ Guava, Family: Myrtaceae. Fruits are to be taken before meal.

•

Musa paradisiaca/Banana, Family: Musaceae. Fruits are to be taken before meal.

•

Phonix dactylifera/Date palm, Family:Arecaceae, Local name; khajoor fruits are to be eaten daily.

•

Citrus sinensis /Batevia, Family: Rutaceae, Local name: Bathhaii, Fruit juice is to be consumed.

•

Citrus lanatus/Indian squash melon. Family: Cucurbitaceae, Puchhakaya, Juice of fruit pulp along with seeds is to be consumed daily.

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Nagireddy Vidyadhara Jayanth Babu, Prayaga Murty Pragada & Geddadamohan Narasimha Rao

•

Spinacia oleracea/spinach, Family: Chenopodiaceae. Leaves are made into curry and taken.

•

Basella alba / Basella rubra, Bachhali, Family:Basellaceae, Leaves are made in to curry and eaten daily for cartilage development.

•

Lycopersicon esculentum/Tometo, Family: solanaceae. local name :Tometo.

•

Daucas carota/carrot, Family: Apiaceae

•

Beeta vulgaris /Beet root, Family:Chenopodiaceae

•

The above 3 items each weighing 100 grams each are to be made into juice by adding adequate water and to be taken orally everyday.

•

Moringa olefera / drumstick leaves, Family:Moringaceae

•

Cajanus cajan / Red gram seed, Family:Fabaceae

•

The above two items are to be cooked and consumed along with Jowar roti. Intake of Rice and other curries are to be avoided completely. Optimum quantities of the above mentioned qualitative food is to be taken.

•

Cocus nucifera / coconut, Family: Arecaceae.Coconut water is to be consumed profusely every day.

•

Amaranthus viridis/ Thotakura / Family: Amaranthaceae is to be made it to curry and to be consumed with jowar roti,

CONCLUSIONS Folk theraphy for Osteo arthritis healing is expected to be safe when compared to synthetic drugs that has side effects.

Therefore, use of medicinal plants must be promoted for this problem. And, also a scientific research must be done on the ethnomedicinal plants to determine the exact ingredients that can help in curing Osteo arthritis.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors convey their sincere thanks to the key informants of tribes for rendering their valuable knowledge during the process of field work and Andhra Pradesh Forest Department for their co-operation during field works.

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Impact Factor (JCC): 5.5837

NAAS Rating: 4.08

Ethnomedicinal Plants used to Treat Osteo Arthritis from Andhra Pradesh, India 6.

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Nagireddy Vidyadhara Jayanth Babu, Prayaga Murty Pragada & Geddadamohan Narasimha Rao 27. Rao, K.P. & S. Harasreeramulu 1985. Ethnobotany of selected medicinal plants of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Anc. Sci. Life 4: 238-244.

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Impact Factor (JCC): 5.5837

NAAS Rating: 4.08