Field Performance of Four Rice Types (Oryza Sativa L.) as Influenced by Time of Planting under

International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) ISSN (P): 2250-0057; ISSN (E): 2321-0087 Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun 2020, 37-48 Š TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

FIELD PERFORMANCE OF FOUR RICE TYPES (Oryza sativa L.) AS INFLUENCED

BY TIME OF PLANTING UNDER RAINFED LOWLAND CONDITIONS RUSSEL D. BANOC1 & DIONESIO M. BANOC2 1 2

Instructor, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mindanao State University Philippines

Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Visayas State University, Visca, Philippines

ABSTRACT Rice type that can adapt to the changing climatic conditions is not yet known. Thereby, this study sought to determine the growth and yield performance of four rice types, as influenced by time of planting under rainfed lowland conditions. The experiment was laid out in split plot arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Time of planting was designated as main plot while rice type as subplot. Results revealed a significant interaction between planting time and rice types on the number of days from sowing to heading and maturity, leaf area index, fresh straw yield, number of productive tillers and filled grains, panicle weight and grain yield. Heirloom Red Rice obtained significantly higher productive tillers when planted in January. PSB Rc18 and Caimpas yielded higher in any planting types evaluated are productive in December planting. This study proved that a favorable planting time would have a very significant influence on grain yield and its components. Thus, selecting a desirable planting date and using suitable cultivars are important for proper growth, yield improvement and prevention from damage.

KEYWORDS: Adapt, Climate, Heirloom, Planting Time & Rice Types

Original Article

time due to more filled grains and heavier panicle weight. PSB Rc18 and Caimpas can be planted anytime while all rice

Received: Mar 07, 2020; Accepted: Mar 27, 2020; Published: May 23, 2020; Paper Id.: IJASRJUN202005

1. INTRODUCTION The effects of climate change, declining land area, high input cost and inadequate irrigation facilities resulted to low productivity; thereby rice production cannot equate the high demand of the increasing population. In addition, pest infestation due to asynchronous planting, nutrient stress, drought, and their interactions occurred simultaneously in rainfed ecosystems (Khunthasuvon et al., 1998). In designing management interventions on increasing productivity in rainfed areas, there is a need to assess and identify constraints of rice production as well as the magnitude of yield gaps. There are several ways of improving rice production and productivity albeit climate change situation.

One of the strategies is through identification of rice types that can adapt the changing environmental conditions.

The appropriate rice types that can thrive well under adverse environmental conditions should be taken into consideration since these are sowing time responsive (Shah and Bhurer, 2005). Rice types differ in their yield potential depending on their genetic makeup and the environment. Sowing at the proper time is an important consideration to make use of the full genetic potential of such type as timing provides the optimum growing conditions such as temperature, light, humidity and rainfall. Planting rice at the proper time may consequently result in high grain yield. Murua (2002) stated that sufficient temperature during the grain filling period improves the rate of metabolic processes and accelerates the grain filling rate. On the contrary, most of the panicles become immature when planted in inappropriate time and grain yield is reduced, because of inadequate environment for its growth www.tjprc.org

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Russel D. Banoc & Dionesio M. Banoc

and development. However, timing of planting is region specific and varies with location and variety. Proper time of planting needs to be identified for every agro-ecological situation, for profitable rice production. It is therefore, important to study the response of different rice types with respect to time of planting under rainfed conditions. Hence, this study aimed to determine the growth and yield performance of different rice types as influenced by planting time under rainfed lowland conditions; and determine the appropriate time of planting of different rice types under rainfed lowland conditions.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted in a rainfed farmer’s field of Brgy. Patag, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines, where rainfall is the only source of water from November 10, 2018 to May 8, 2019. An experimental area of 474.88 m 2 was plowed and harrowed twice at weekly interval. Dikes were constructed around each treatment plot to impound water. The experiment was laid out in split plot arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Each replication was divided into three main plots with four subplots. Sowing time was designated as the main plot: M1 – November 10, 2018, M2 – December 10, 2018, M3 – January 10, 2019 while different rice types as the subplot: T1 – Irrigated Lowland Variety (PSB Rc18), T2 – Rainfed Lowland Variety (NSIC Rc192), T3 – Lowland/Upland Variety (Heirloom Red Rice), T4 – Upland Variety (Caimpas). The dimension of subplot was 2 m x 5 m with 250 hills of rice spaced at 20 cm x 20 cm. Replications were separated by a 1.0 meter alleyway while both main plot and subplot were provided with corresponding alleyways of 40 cm to facilitate farm operation and management as well as data gathering.

Seeds of about 120 grams per rice type per sowing time were used following the seeding rate of 40 kg ha-1 and a recommended seedbed area of 400 m2 hectare-1. Seedlings were transplanted 15 days after sowing at 1-2 seedlings per hill.

The plants were applied with inorganic fertilizer using complete fertilizer (14-14-14) and urea (46-0-0) at the rate of 12060-60 kg ha-1 N, P2O5 and K2O. Complete fertilizer was applied at the rate of 60-60-60 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O by broadcasting the actual amount (428.57 grams plot -1) ten days after transplanting. The remaining N was topdressed (130.43 grams plot-1) 60 days after sowing. Rotary weeding and hand weeding were done fourteen days after transplanting to control weed growth. Dikes around each treatment plot were constructed to impound rainwater. Canals were constructed around the experimental plots to drain excess water during heavy rainfall. Handpicking of adults and egg masses of golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata L.) was conducted before and after transplanting. Spraying of 25 grams methomyl (Lannate) mixed with 16 liters of water was done to control rice bug. Harvesting of rice was done when approximately 85 % of the grains in each treatment plot were ripened as indicated by the yellow or golden color of the grains, firm and hard grains.

2.1. Data Gathered Agronomic parameters such as the number of days from sowing to heading and maturity, plant height, leaf area index, total biomass (t ha-1) and fresh straw yield (t ha-1) were observed and recorded to characterize the cultivars phenotypically. Data on grain yield and yield components, i.e.: number of productive tillers, number of filled grains and unfilled grains per panicle, percentage filled spikelets, panicle length and width, 1,000 grain weight and total grain yield (t ha -1) at 14% moisture level were collected. Meteorological data throughout the conduct of the study were taken from the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) Station, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte. Analysis of variance was done using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR). Comparison of means was done using Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) or Tukey’s test.

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Field Performance of Four Rice Types (Oryza Sativa L.) as Influenced by Time of Planting under Rainfed Lowland Conditions

3. RESULTS 3.1. Meteorological Data Data on the total weekly rainfall (mm), average daily minimum and maximum temperature (0C), relative humidity (%) and total sunshine (minutes per day) during the conduct of the study were taken from PAGASA Station, VSU, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte (Fig. 1). The highest rainfall throughout the study was observed on the 7th week (Dec. 17-23, 2018) with an average of 18.50 mm per week. No rainfall was recorded on 16th (Feb. 19-25), 25th (April 23-29) and 26th (April 30- May 6) week, with an average of 0.00 mm per week. The total amount of rainfall received throughout the growth duration of the study was 147.77. According to De Datta (1981), the adequate rainfall requirements for rice production ranges from 600800 mm while IRRI (1993) reported that the rainfall requirements of lowland rice from planting to harvesting is 38-102 mm per week. Meteorological data showed that the average weekly rainfall was below the requirement needed for plant use. Thus the amount of precipitation recorded was not adequate in supplying the needed water requirements of the crop.

The average minimum and maximum temperatures were 24.49

0

C and 29.14

0

C, respectively. Highest maximum

temperature was recorded on the 2nd week (November 12-18, 2018) obtaining 33.45 0 C whereas the lowest minimum temperature was observed on the 6th week (December 10-16, 2019) with 22.55 optimum temperature for the normal development of rice ranges from 27

0

0

C. Yin et al. (1996) stated that the

C to 30

0

C. Thus, the temperature values

conformed with the temperature requirements for normal vegetative and reproductive growth stages and development of rice crop which ranges from 20-38 0C from planting to harvesting (Luh, 1980). In terms of relative humidity, highest was observed on the 7th week (Dec. 17-23, 2018) with an average of 91.50% while the lowest was observed on the 26th week (April 30-May 6, 2019) with an average of 77%. However, the total sunshine duration of 7,790.0 minutes during the crop growing period was noted with an average weekly sunshine duration of 288.52 minutes. Highest total minutes of sunshine were noted on the 24th week (April 16-22, 2019) with a total of 547 minutes per day. Lowest was on the 7th week (Dec. 17-23, 2018) with 61 minutes per day. According to a scientific investigation of Murty et al. (1987), a commulative solar radiation of 14,000 g cal/cm2 or about bright sunshine duration of 200 g during 30 days before maturity would mean an optimum solar radiation for higher grain yield. And total sunshine during the conduct of the study

Figure 1: The Meteorological Data Relative to Rainfall, Temperature (Minimum & Maximum), Relative Humidity. www.tjprc.org

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Russel D. Banoc & Dionesio M. Banoc

3.2 Agronomic Characteristics Statistical analysis revealed that the number of days to heading, days to maturity, plant height (cm) and total biomass (t ha1

) were significantly influenced by planting time irrespective of rice types (Table 1). Regardless of planting time, number

of days to heading, days to maturity, plant height (cm), leaf area index (LAI), fresh straw yield (t ha-1) and total biomass (t ha-1) differed among rice types. Relative to plant height (cm), rice planted in December was the tallest than those planted in November. The LAI and fresh straw yield (t ha-1) of the different planting dates did not differ significantly. Likewise, the total biomass of rice planted in December was the highest. The total biomass of November and January planting was just comparable. Relative to the different rice types, irrespective of planting time, Heirloom Red Rice significantly headed (66.22 days) and matured (105.11 days) earlier than Caimpas that headed and matured significantly late at 96.56 days and 124.56 days, respectively. Regardless of planting time, Caimpas grew tallest (138.22 cm), obtained the largest LAI, highest fresh straw yield and total biomass. The taller plant, larger LAI, higher fresh straw yield and higher total biomass obtained in Caimpas could be due to the genotypic differences in their response to the agro-climatic conditions. Heirloom Red Rice was the shortest.

Table 1: Agronomic Characteristics of Rice(Oryza sativa L.)as Influenced by Time of Planting and Rice Types under Rainfed Lowland Conditions Number of days from Fresh straw Total Plant height Leaf Area sowing to Treatment yield biomass (t (cm) Index (t ha-1) ha-1) Heading Maturity Planting time M1 - November 76.25c 114.92a 109.17b 1.12 16.41 13.44b a b a M2 - December 83.67 112.00 121.12 1.51 18.53 16.83a b c b M3 - January 81.00 113.33 111.13 1.39 17.79 14.45b Mean 80.31 113.42 113.81 1.34 17.58 14.91 Rice type T1 – PSB Rc18 84.56b 114.22b 102.66c 1.20b 16.68b 15.09b c c b b b T2 – NSIC Rc192 73.89 109.78 112.34 1.18 17.51 13.80bc T3 – Heirloom 66.22d 105.11d 101.98c 1.19b 16.37b 11.88c Red Rice T4 – Caimpas 96.56a 124.56a 138.22a 1.78a 19.76a 18.86a Mean 80.31 113.42 113.81 1.34 17.58 14.91 C.V. (a) % 1.90 0.51 4.11 23.78 8.13 6.04 C.V. (b)% 2.14 0.78 4.81 9.54 6.28 14.11 (PT x RT) ** ** ns ** ** Ns Means within column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level, HSD. ns – not significant ** - highly significant Analysis of variance on the agronomic characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) showed a significant interaction between planting time and rice types on the number of days from sowing to heading and maturity, LAI and fresh straw yield (t ha-1) grown under rainfed lowland conditions as reflected in Figure 2 to 5. On the other hand, plant height and total biomass showed no significant interaction between planting time and rice types. Caimpas significantly headed earlier when planted in November. However, Heirloom Red Rice significantly headed much earlier if planted in November and January than when planted in December. Likewise, interaction between time of planting of PSB Rc18 and NSIC Rc192 on days to heading showed no significant difference. This implies that these cultivars can be planted either on the three planting time (Figure 2).

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Field Performance of Four Rice Types (Oryza Sativa L.) as Influenced by Time of Planting under Rainfed Lowland Conditions

Figure 2: Interaction between Time of Planting and Rice Types on the Number of Days from Sowing to Heading of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown under Rainfed Lowland Conditions.

The interaction between planting time and rice type on the number of days from sowing to maturity showed that, Caimpas significantly matured late when planted in January, while Heirloom Red Rice and NSIC Rc192 significantly matured earlier when planted in December and January (Fig. 3). In terms of leaf area index, the interaction between planting time and rice type revealed that PSB Rc18 did not differ significantly among planting time (Fig. 4). NSIC Rc192 obtained the lowest LAI when planted in November. Caimpas had higher LAI in November and December planting but declined when planted in January. On the other hand, NSIC Rc192 and Heirloom Red Rice obtained the lowest LAI when planted in November and increased when planted in December and January. Moreover, the interaction between planting time and rice types on fresh straw yield (t ha-1) revealed that November planting produced highest straw yield of Caimpas but not for Heirloom Red Rice, NSIC Rc192 and PSB Rc18. Likewise, fresh straw yield of all rice types was comparable in December and January planting (Fig. 5).

Figure 3: Interaction between Time of Planting and Rice Types on the Number of Days from Sowing to Maturity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under Rainfed Lowland Conditions

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Russel D. Banoc & Dionesio M. Banoc

Figure 4: Interaction between Time of Planting and Rice Types on the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown under Rainfed Lowland Conditions

Figure 5: Interaction between Time of Planting and Rice Types on the Fresh Straw Yield (tha-1) of Rice(Oryza sativa L.) Grown under Rainfed Lowland Conditions.

3.3. Yield and Yield Components Analysis of variance on the yield and yield components revealed that the number of productive tillers, number of filled grains, panicle weight (g) and grain yield (t ha-1) were significantly affected by planting time regardless of rice types.

Similarly, all yield and yield components gathered differed significantly among rice types regardless of planting time (Table 2). Rice, planted in January produced more productive tillers per hill (16.28) than those planted in November and December. Rice, planted in December and January developed more filled grains than those planted in November. Rice, planted in December obtained heavier panicle and highest grain yield. Irrespective of planting time, PSB Rc18 and Heirloom Red Rice produced significantly more productive tillers. Caimpas obtained the highest number of filled and unfilled grains per panicle, longer and heaviest panicles though it obtained lower productive tillers, percent filled spikelets, and lower harvest index (HI). NSIC Rc192 and Heirloom Red Rice obtained the lowest filled and unfilled grains and shorter panicles. In terms of grain yield (t ha -1), PSB Rc18 and Caimpas produced comparable grain yield. On the other hand, NSIC Rc192 and Heirloom Red Rice gave the lowest grain yields. The result implies that Caimpas and PSB Rc18

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Field Performance of Four Rice Types (Oryza Sativa L.) as Influenced by Time of Planting under Rainfed Lowland Conditions

are suitable for planting under rainfed lowland conditions in any planting dates without affecting its grain yield.

Table 2: Yield and Yield Components of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) as Influenced by Time of Planting and Rice Types under Rainfed Lowland Conditions Treatment

Number of productive tillers

Grains per panicle filled unfilled

Percentag e filled spikelets

Panicle length (cm)

Panicle weight (g/ill)

Weight (g) of 1,000 grains

Planting time M1 11.65c 102.29b 52.61 66.04 24.27 3.85b 25.32 November M2 14.88b 123.28a 47.57 72.75 24.33 4.73a 26.83 December M3 – 16.28a 113.92a 54.07 67.19 24.30 4.24b 26.71 January Mean 14.27 113.16 51.41 68.66 24.30 4.27 26.29 Rice type T1 – PSB 15.66a 103.14c 53.73b 65.21b 24.55b 4.02b 24.19c Rc18 T2 – 13.23b 119.52b 36.09c 76.19a 23.06c 4.09b 24.07c NSIC Rc192 T3 – 14.84a 93.13c 44.13c 68.14b 22.37c 3.65b 30.10a Heirloom Red Rice T4 – 13.36b 136.86a 71.70a 65.11b 27.22a 5.33a 26.80b Caimpas Mean 14.27 113.16 51.41 68.66 24.30 4.27 26.29 C.V. (a) 10.26 5.49 16.78 7.04 4.35 12.88 4.25 % C.V. 4.35 9.85 12.15 6.13 3.83 8.96 4.42 (b)% (PT x ** ** ** ** ns ** ns RT) Means within column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level, HSD ns – not significant ** - highly significant

Grain yield (tha-1)

Harvest Index (HI)

3.11b

0.43b

4.66a

0.48a

3.47b

0.43b

3.74

0.45

4.60a

0.46a

3.24b

0.48a

2.71b

0.44a

4.42a

0.39b

3.74 17.18

0.45 0.88

11.69

8.66

**

Ns

A significant interaction between planting time and rice type were noted on number of productive tillers, number of filled grains, panicle weight and grain yield (Fig. 6 to 9). Productive tillers of Heirloom Red Rice were significantly higher when planted in January and lowest in November planting (Fig. 6). PSB Rc18 and NSIC Rc192 responded similarly on December and January planting. On the other hand, Caimpas was not affected by planting time. The interaction between planting time and rice type on the number of filled grains per panicle showed that NSIC Rc192 and Heirloom Red Rice had lower filled grains when planted in November but increased in December planting (Fig. 7). PSB Rc18 and Caimpas were not affected by the time of planting. Interaction between planting time and rice type on panicle weight revealed that Heirloom Red Rice had significantly lightest panicle when planted in November, but it increased when planted in December and January (Fig. 8). Likewise, NSIC Rc192 had lighter panicle in November planting but increased when planted in December. Panicle weight of PSB Rc18 and Caimpas did not differed significantly on all planting dates.

Interaction between planting time and rice type on grain yield revealed that PSB Rc18 and Caimpas yielded higher in any planting time (Fig. 9). There was a significant increase in grain yield of NSIC Rc192 and Heirloom Red Rice when planted in December, whereas November and January planting of these rice types were comparably lower. This result further suggests that PSB Rc18 and Caimpas is suitable for planting at any planting time, while any of these rice types is suited for www.tjprc.org

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Russel D. Banoc & Dionesio M. Banoc

December planting.

Figure 6: Interaction between Time of Planting and Rice Types on Number of Productive Tillers ofrice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under Rainfed Lowland Conditions.

Figure 7: Interaction between Time of Planting and Rice Types on Number of Filled Grains of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under Rainfed Lowland Conditions.

Figure 8: Interaction between time of Planting and Rice types on Panicle Weight (g) of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under Rainfed Lowland Conditions.

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Field Performance of Four Rice Types (Oryza Sativa L.) as Influenced by Time of Planting under Rainfed Lowland Conditions

Figure 9: Interaction between Time of Planting and Rice Types on Grain Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under Rain fed Lowland Conditions

4. DISCUSSIONS The agronomic characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.), as influenced by planting time and rice types under rainfed lowland conditions are presented in Table 1. Regardless of type, rice planted in November headed earlier than those planted in December and January and matured late than those planted in December and January. The delayed maturity of November planting could be due to the shorter sunshine duration that prevailed during the grain filling to ripening stages of the crop. As reported by Yoshida and Hara (2007), shading slightly delayed the onset of grain filling stage and reduced the percentage of filled grains on the lower branches of the panicles. On the other hand, the increase in fresh straw yield during December planting may be due to sufficient total sunshine from transplanting to harvest of rice planted on the said month.

Campillo et al. (2012) noted that the amount of dry matter produced by a crop is linearly related to the amount of solar radiation, specifically photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), intercepted by the crop. Biomass production is highly dependent on the photosynthetic performance of crop canopies, and can be influenced by several factors such as extremes temperature, water, and nutrient status. According to Tsimba et al. (2013), high grain yields in cereals are the result of an increasing availability of the assimilate supply (source) to achieve a grain setting and filling accompanied by an increase in the capacity of the sink. Consequently, a key factor influencing the grain weight is the adequate supply of assimilates during the reproductive phase because; source-sink relationships can be affected by environmental conditions and crop management techniques (Fageria, 2007; Khalifa, 2009). Studies revealed that low radiation or high temperature during the reproductive phase can negatively affect the supply of assimilate from photosynthesis, thereby reducing the number of filled spikelets in rice (Fageria, 2007; Sanchez-Reinoso et al., 2014). In the study, December and January planting obtained a higher LAI regardless of rice types. The increased LAI in December and January planting may be due to the increasing daylength and higher solar radiation during the period. According to Ewert (2004), the variation in productivity and growth is closely linked to the amount of intercepted radiation, which is largely determined by leaf area index (LAI).

In terms of the yield and yield components, November planting obtained the lowest number of productive tillers, number of filled and unfilled grains, percentage filled spikelets, panicle length, panicle weight, weight of 1,000 seeds and grain yield. The decrease in aforementioned components during November planting may be due to the unfavorable www.tjprc.org

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sunshine duration and precipitation during the growth and development of the crop of the said time of planting than that of December planting. There was shorter total sunshine during November planting which resulted to a significant decrease in almost all of the yield and yield components gathered. Goswami et al. (2006) stated that an increase of 20% in total global radiation resulted in 10-20% increase in grain yield of rice. Similarly, an overall decrease in solar radiation by 20% reduced the yield by 30% due to incomplete light interception during the post anthesis phase. During December planting, there is sufficient solar radiation and enough water that can support the growth and development of the crop. In January planting, the reduction in yield and yield components may be due to the limited soil moisture especially during the reproductive phase of the crop. Zhang et al. (2018) stated that rice was more sensitive to dry condition during the reproductive and ripening phases (e.g., blooming stage, filling stage, and maturity) than during the vegetative phases (tillering stage, jointing stage, and so on). Previous studies of Barnabas et al. (2008), have confirmed greater yield reduction when water deficit occurred during the reproductive stage. Water deficit during the vegetative phase limits the carbohydrate synthesis for cell division and expansion via stomatal closure and partial inhibition of photosynthesis. Yet this was considered reparable. The results obtained by Sarvestani et al. (2008) concluded that a water deficit during the flowering stage produced a lower rice yield by 50% when compared to a water deficit during the vegetative phase. A significant interaction between planting time and rice type were noted on number of productive tillers, number of filled grains, percent filled spikelets, panicle weight and grain yield. The study revealed an increase of the said parameters during December and January planting. This may be due to the increase day length from the fourth week of December and the succeeding months. Folta and Maruhnich (2007) noted that high solar radiation has traditionally accounted for several physiological responses such as stomatal opening, photoperiodic flowering and stem growth modulation.

5. CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of planting time, Caimpas headed significantly late but this cultivar achieved significantly taller plant height and LAI. Heirloom Red Rice headed earlier but this cultivar had shorter plant, low LAI, low fresh straw yield (t ha -1) and grain yield (t ha-1). Regardless of rice types, rice planted in December achieved significantly higher in almost all agronomic, yield and yield components than those planted in November and January under rainfed lowland conditions.

PSB Rc18 and Caimpas responded significantly higher in the number of filled grains, panicle weight and grain yield on all planting dates. This study proved that a favorable planting time would have a very significant influence on grain yield and its components. Thus, selecting a desirable planting date and using suitable cultivars for certain areas are specifically important for proper growth, yield improvement and prevention from damage.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) – Accelerated Science and Technology Human Resource Development Program (ASTHRDP) for funding this research work.

Humble thanks to Dr. Victor B. Asio, project leader of the DOST ASTHRDP at the Visayas State University for all the support, trust and encouragement.

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