The Constraints Faced by Extension Functionaries in Dissemination of Flagship Programme: National M

International Journal of Agriculture Science and Research (IJASR) ISSN (P): 2250–0057; ISSN (E): 2321–0087 Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun 2020, 111-118 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

THE CONSTRAINTS FACED BY EXTENSION FUNCTIONARIES IN DISSEMINATION OF FLAGSHIP PROGRAMME: NATIONAL MISSION OF MICROIRRIGATION IN COIMBATORE DISTRICT MAKOKHA. J. N*1, SRIVARA BUDDHI BHUVANESWARI. S2, SHIBI SEBASTIAN3 & RADHA. M4 1

Student, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India

2

Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India 3

4

Assistant Professor, Students’ Welfare Centre. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India

Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Science and Information Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India

ABSTRACT

findings are a waste of resources and becomes useless pursuit with no positive outcome. Extension functionaries are a link between scientist and farmers having an obligation of bringing the desired change among the farming community.

This paper aims to study challenges faced by the functionaries while disseminating new agricultural technologies and enlist suitable suggestions to overcome the constraints. Purposive sampling method was used to select 80 respondents in ten blocks of Coimbatore District Tamil Nadu State. A questionnaire was used for data collection. Among the five categories of constraints, the technical constraint was highly ranked by the respondents, and its overall rank was first.

Original Article

Researchers get fulfillment in an innovation if the results find practical application. Where dissemination lacks, the

Lack of proper training on programme implementation and the programme not being as per the local need were factors that were strongly agreed upon by the respondents. The administrative constraint was ranked second. The constraint score ranged from 66.00 per cent to 90.00 per cent. Lack of participatory planning and lean staff at the field level were the highly scored challenges in the category. The operational constraint ranked third by the respondents with a range of 51.00 per cent to86.00 per cent. The fourth on the list was the general constraint as ranked by the respondents with a range of 66.00 per cent to 75.00 per cent.

KEYWORDS: Constraints, Extension Functionaries, Dissemination & New Technologies

Received: Apr 24, 2020; Accepted: May 14, 2020; Published: Jun 05, 2020; Paper Id.: IJASRJUN202013

INTRODUCTION Extension functionaries are critical players that serves the community through dissemination of up-to-date information that is necessary for them to take informed decision, which ultimately is required to bring the desired change of improving their livelihood (Teshome et al., 2015). Further, they facilitate the flow of information from a change agency to an audience to match the client’s needs and problem. Food security at the household and national level needs agricultural technologies that address the technological needs of different agro ecological zones, access to inputs, market accessibility and distribution system. Institutional effectiveness and competency of the extension functionaries have a role in transforming the whole dissemination process to achieve higher and sustained

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Makokha. J. N*, Srivara Buddhi Bhuvaneswari. S, Shibi Sebastian & Radha. M

agricultural growth that are determined by the capacity to transfer the technologies (Teshome et al., 2015).

Recent estimates show that 31 countries experience water stress between 25% and 70% while 22 other countries experience above 70% water stress. The stress level will continue due to demand for water and increased effects of climate change (https://www.unwater.org/world-water). Nearly, a quarter of the world’s population living in 17 countries faces high water stress. India ranked 13 with a three times combined population of the other 16 countries. In the 17 countries, India resources are severely over-extracted to provide water for irrigation and North India faces severe ground water depletion. Arun et al., (2019).

Agriculture is the largest water consumer, that accounts for 69%. 900-2500 liters of water is required to produce 1kg of rice, 450-700 liters to produce 1kg of soya, 450-650 liters for 1kg of wheat and 500-70 liters for 1kg of potatoes. http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in.

Due to significant water shortage, in 2006, Government of India implemented a centrally sponsored scheme of MI as a flagship program with a motive of enhancing water use efficiency by promoting drip and sprinkle irrigation. In June 2010, it was operating under the name of National mission of Micro Irrigation (NMMI) until 2013 and on 1 April 2014,it was merged with National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) and implemented as an On farm Water Management (OFWM), which resulted in saving water for irrigation in the range of 20 to 48 per cent https://pmksy.gov.in/microirrigation.

The drought reoccured in 2012, 2015 and 2016 and made micro-irrigation to become a policy priority in India.

The rising population calls for increased agricultural production resulting in efficient utilization of water as a scarce resource. To achieve the doubling income of farmers, scientific and egalitarian application of water was efficiently used to boost crop production and water conservancy that resulted in launching of a comprehensive ‘’Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana” scheme to enable efficient water utilization. (Patil et al., 2018).

Thus to improve on the dissemination process, training on the skills and required knowledge is necessary for easy promotion of the findings and application (Derman et al., 2018). Hence, effective dissemination of new technology relay on the functionaries’ knowledge to expand the developed technology to yield the desired outcome.

The Government and other agencies in India disbursed large chunk of money to avail subsidy to the farmers for installing micro-irrigation systems as an efficient method for supplying water. The technology is scientifically tested and delivers water at the root zone, enhancing yield per unit volume of water used (Jayakumar et al., 2015). This paper focuses to unearth the underlying problem that has made the technology not to exceed the expectation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS Coimbatore District is the administrative Headquarter of the Tamil Nadu State and the main agency entrusted for implementing agricultural development work at the state level. It is a focal point for planning and executing development projects at the divisional level through the field functionaries. The district has 12 administrative blocks of which nine blocks were purposively selected and based on the number of registered farmers and amount of lakhs sanctioned for implementation of the project, according to the data availed by the state department of agriculture. Proportionate stratified random sampling method was used to select 80 respondents: Deputy Director of Agriculture (DDA), Deputy Director of Horticulture (DDH), Assistant Director of Agriculture (ADA), Assistant Director of Horticulture (ADH), Agriculture

Impact Factor (JCC): 7.9083

NAAS Rating: 4.13

The Constraints Faced by Extension Functionaries in Dissemination of Flagship Programme: National Mission of Micro-Irrigation in Coimbatore District

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Officers (AO), Horticulture Officer (HO), Assistant Agriculture Officers (AAO) and Assistant Horticultural Officers (AHO) were interviewed through a structured questionnaire that was hand delivered. Most relevant independent variables for the study were selected based on the judge’s opinions from relevant stakeholders involved in the sector. Challenges were categorized into five sub variables that were asked at a five-point continuum viz., strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree with scores of 5,4,3,2 and 1 respectively. Frequencies and percentile analysis was done to give a meaningful data for interpretation.

RESULTS Table 1: Constraints Faced by the Extension Functionaries while Disseminating the National Mission of Micro-Irrigation Programme Sl. No

Challenge

1.

Technical Constraints

Extend of Agreement Strongly Disagree F (%)

Disagree Undecided Agree F (%)

F (%)

F (%) 71 (88.75) 10 (12.50)

Strongly Agree F(%)

Group Ranking

9 (11.25)

V

69 (86.25)

IV

a Lack of technical expertise

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

b Insufficient refresher course

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (1.25)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (2.50)

4 (5.00)

74 (92.50)

1

1 (1.25)

0 (0)

1 (1.25)

8 (10)

70(87.50)

111

0 (0)

2 (2.50)

3 (3.75)

3 (3.75)

72 (90)

11

19 (23.75)

IV

47 (58.75)

11

50 (62.50)

1

28 (35.00)

V

31 (38.75)

111

44 (55.00)

1

30(37.50)

IV

32 (40.00)

111

40 (50.00)

11

23 (28.75)

V

19(23.75)

1

19(23.75)

11

Lack of proper training on implementation Insufficient knowledge on d soil and water Program not as per the local e needs c

a Heavy workload b

Lack of participatory planning

c Lean staff d Poor coordination e Lengthy procedure

a More target than demand b Late disbursement of funds Weak linkage among stakeholders Lack of clear job cut/Job d description Lack of cooperation among e villagers c

a

In adequate conveyance facility

b Inadequate office space

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2. Administrative Constraints 10 35 7 (8.75) 9 (11.25) (12.50) (43.750 24 1 (1.25) 7 (8.75) 2 (2.50) (30.00) 23 0 (0) 1 (1.25) 6 (7.50) (28.75) 14 25 2 (2.50) 16 (20.0 (17.50) (31.25) 28 2 (2.50) 6(7.50) 14(17.50) (35.00) 3. Operational Constraints 25 2 (2.50) 5 (6,25) 4 (5.00) (31.25) 29 0 (0) 7 (8.75) 16 (20.00) (36.25) 28 3 (3.75} 6 (7.50) 15 (18.75) (35.00) 18 2 (2.50) 9 (11.25) 10 (12.50) (22.50) 14 23 9 (11.25) 20 (25.00) (17.50) (28.75) 4 Infrastructure Constraints 11 26 3 (3.75) 21 (26.25) (13.75) (32.50) 17 19 3 (3.75) 22 (27.50) (21.25) (23.75)

Overall Ranking

1

11

111

V

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Makokha. J. N*, Srivara Buddhi Bhuvaneswari. S, Shibi Sebastian & Radha. M

Lack of training facility for farmers Lack of residential houses for d the functionaries c

3 (3.75) 5 (6.25)

Low literacy level among farmers

2 (2.50)

b Lack of interest by farmers

6 (7.50)

c High farmer expectation

2(2.50)

d Political interference

7(8.75)

a

15 18 29 (36.25) (18.75) (22.50) 18 19 26 (32.50) (22.50) (23.75) 5 General Constraints 15 30 24 (30.00) (18.75) (37.50) 27 8 (10.00) 15 (18.75) (33.75) 28 4 (5.00) 18 (22.50) (35.00) 10 35 9 (11.25) (12.50) (43.75)

15 (18.75)

111

12 (15.00)

IV

38 (47.50)

1

28 (35.00)

11

27 (33.750

11

19 (23.75)

111

IV

DISCUSSIONS Constraints Faced by the Extension Functionaries while Disseminating the National Mission of Micro-Irrigation Programme Constraints are difficulties faced by the extension functionaries while disseminating the micro irrigation technology. To strengthen the effectiveness in the system, constraints were identified to help giving feedback for enhancing the process of implementation in a smooth manner.

TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS Lack of Proper Training on Implementation, from the Table 1 ranks as the overwhelming majority of the respondents that is, 92.50 per cent strongly agreed that lack of proper training on implementation of the programme affect the dissemination process due to inadequate knowledge about the subject to clear the recipient doubt. Less than one –tenth of the respondents that is, 5.00 per cent agreed with the aspect and the remaining 2.50% of the respondents were undecided.

Area Specific Technology is a motivator for easy dissemination process but a programme that is not as per the local needs will experience many setbacks. As indicated by the overwhelming majority of the respondents that is, 90.00 per cent strongly agreed to the aspect as a challenge, followed by a tie of 3.75% of the respondents who agreed and were undecided on the aspect and the remaining respondents. 2.50% disagreed with the aspect as a constraint faced during dissemination process.

Lack of Technical Expertise is a hindrance that affects dissemination of the programme as majority of the respondents that is, 88.75 per cent agreed followed by 11.25 per cent who strongly agreed. Technical knowledge is key to enable the functionaries who can solve basic problems in the absence of an expert restoring the confidence of the end users of the technology.

Scanty Knowledge on Soil and Water Quality has great impact on the dissemination process. The knowledge is necessary to give advice on the type of material to use in making the products and measures taken on the soil to conserve the available moisture. Majority of the respondents that is 87.50 per cent were in strong agreement of the factor as an impediment followed by 10.00 per cent who agreed and a tie of 1.25 per cent who were undecided and strongly disagreed with the aspect.

Inadequate Refresher Courses are vital due to the diverse technology and improving on the functionaries’ performance, hence inadequate refresher courses affect dissemination process of a new technology. Majority of the

Impact Factor (JCC): 7.9083

NAAS Rating: 4.13

The Constraints Faced by Extension Functionaries in Dissemination of Flagship Programme: National Mission of Micro-Irrigation in Coimbatore District

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respondents that is, 86.25 per cent strongly agreed followed by one-tenth of the respondents, 10.00 per cent agreed and the remaining 1.25 per cent was undecided.

INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRAINTS Inadequate Conveyance Facility for mobility purpose and ease of dissemination of a new technology; personal contact method is the best approach for the functionaries in reaching out to the farmers. Lack of facilitation is a setback as it carries an extra cost involved in achieving the set target. Slightly less than one-third of the respondents that is 32.50 per cent agreed followed by 26.00 per cent of the respondents who were undecided and 23.75 strongly agreed with the aspect. More than one –tenth of the respondents that is, 13.75 per cent disagreed while the remaining 3.75 per cent strongly agreed with the aspect.

Inadequate Office Space is very essential for any staff. Working outside an office due to inadequate space is so unofficial. On this aspect, slightly more than one-fourth of the respondents that is, 27.50 per cent were undecided followed by a tie of 23. 75 per cent strongly agreed on the aspect. A little more than one-fourth of the respondents that is, 21.25 per cent disagreed while the remaining 3.75% strongly disagreed.

Farmers Training Facilities within the institution enhances sharing of knowledge among the functionaries and the recipients through power point presentation of documentaries about the success and failed stories to influence the farmers. On this aspect, 36.25 per cent of the respondents were undecided followed by a tally of more than one-fourth of the respondents that is, 23.75 per cent agreed and disagreed about the aspect. The respondents who strongly disagreed were less than one tenth of the respondents that is, 3.75 per cent.

Lack of Residential Houses for the Functionaries - Although most of the functionaries work within their locality, various challenges such as transport climatic conditions and scope of the coverage can be a great hindrance to dissemination of the technology. Close to one-third of the respondents that is, 32.50 per cent were undecided followed by 23.75 percent agreed that lack of residential housed in an impediment. More than one–tenth of the respondents that is, 15.00 per cent strongly agreed while the remaining 6.25 per cent strongly disagreed with the aspect.

ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTRAINTS Heavy Workload is highly experienced by the respondents when different programme are rolled out at the same time yet the numbers of the implementing officers remain constant. Due to these, respondents are overwhelmed as to which program to give priority regardless of the targets attached to it. More than two-fifth of the respondents that is 43.75 per cent agreed to the aspect followed by slightly less than one –fifth of the respondents 23.75 that strongly agreed. A little more than one –tenth of the respondents that is, 12.50 per cent disagreed while 11.25 per cent were undecided. The remaining less than one-tenth of the respondents that is, 8.75 per cent of the respondents strongly disagreed with the aspect.

Lack of Participatory Planning with the sister institutions led to rivalry among the functionaries in different departments. (Horticulture and Agriculture). Both institutions were reaching out the same farmers with same programme covering various crops on the same parcel of land in the same block. This is a challenge to both the institutions as well as the end users. Close to three-fifth of the respondents that is, 58.75 per cent strongly agreed, followed by 30.00 percent that agreed with the factor. The remaining less than one tenth of the respondents that is, 8.75 per cent disagreed while 2.50 per cent were undecided and 1.25 strongly disagreed to the factor.

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Makokha. J. N*, Srivara Buddhi Bhuvaneswari. S, Shibi Sebastian & Radha. M

Lean Staff was the major challenge highlighted by majority of the respondents due to the area covered and different programme implemented concurrently. Three –fourth of the respondents that is, 62.50 per cent strongly agreed with the aspect followed by 28.75 per cent of the respondents that agreed while 7.50 per cent were undecided. The remaining insignificant group of 1.25 per cent disagreed with the aspect.

Poor Coordination was a setback observed in the study area given that different stakeholders were involved in the program with different objectives. While the service providers were targeting the area to be covered, their ultimate goal was to reach big farmers to hit the target while the extension functionaries, objective was to change the lives of farming community by targeting the marginal and small farmers. With the two divergent goals, the dissemination process experienced lot more setbacks. One-third of the respondents that is, 35.00 per cent strongly agreed with the aspect followed by 31.25 per cent that agreed. Undecided respondents were 20.00 per cent whereas those that disagreed were 7.50 per cent of the respondents. A meagre group of 1.25 per cent disagreed with the aspect.

Lengthy Procedures of recruiting the end users of the system was noted, because all the details of the farmer were required for documentation before releasing funds to the beneficiaries and hence the process consumes a lot of time .

Close to two-fourth of the respondents that is, 38.75 per cent strongly agreed followed by less than one –third that agreed and close to one fifth of the respondents that is, 17.50 per cent were undecided. The remaining 7.50 per cent disagreed while 2.50 percent strongly disagreed.

OPERATIONAL CONSTRAINTS Less Target than Demand is an impediment since the government has a specific target for a stipulated time, which would not meet the demand of all the farmers in the study area. More than half of the respondents that is, 55.00 per cent strongly agreed that the factor as a challenge followed by 31.25 per cent that agreed with the factor. The remaining less than onetenth of the respondents that is, 6.25 per cent disagreed while 5.00 per cent were undecided and meagre of group 2.50 per cent strongly disagreed.

Late Disbursement of the funds hampers the dissemination process due to the lengthy procedures involved. More than one-third of the respondents that is, 37.50 per cent strongly agreed followed by 36.25 per cent that agreed with the aspect. One-fifth of the respondents that is, 20.00 per were undecided and the remaining 8.75 per cent disagreed with the factor.

Weak Linkages among Stakeholders, smoothes dissemination process of new technology due to rivalry. Two – fifth of the respondents that is, 40.00 per cent strongly agreed followed by 35.00 per cent that agreed little and less and one –fifth of the respondents that is, 18.75 per cent were undecided about the factor. The remaining less than one-tenth respondents that is, 7.50 per cent and 3.75 per cent disagreed and strongly disagreed about the aspect.

Job Description is a guiding document that directs a functionary to perform their duties, if not well followed, an employee will wander in all programs not understanding their core role. From the study, more than half of the respondents that is, 50.00 per cent strongly agreed followed by one-fifth of the respondents that is, 22.50 per cent were being in agreement with the aspect. 12.50 per cent respondents were Undecided followed by 11.25 per cent of the respondents who disagreed and while 2.50 per cent of the respondents strongly disagreed.

Impact Factor (JCC): 7.9083

NAAS Rating: 4.13

The Constraints Faced by Extension Functionaries in Dissemination of Flagship Programme: National Mission of Micro-Irrigation in Coimbatore District

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Cooperation is main glue for any objective of the programme to be implemented, where farmers lack it. The programme will face many challenges in disseminating the technology. More than one-fifth of the respondents that is, 28.75 per cent agreed followed by 25.00 per cent that were undecided while 23.75 per cent strongly agreed with the aspect.

The remaining 17.50 per cent disagreed while 11.25 per cent strongly disagreed with the factor.

GENERAL CONSTRAINTS Low Literacy level among the functionaries and farmers also inhibit dissemination of the new technology. Almost half of the respondents that is, 47.50 per cent strongly agreed followed by 37.50 per cent who agreed. Slightly less than one-third of the respondents that is, 30.00 per cent were undecided followed by 18.75 per cent that disagreed with the aspect.

Insignificant 2.50 per cent strongly disagreed.

Interest of the respondents is one factor that enhances adoption of a new technology where lack of interest in dissemination process results in a problem. On the same factor, more than one-third of the respondents that is, 35.00 per cent strongly agreed followed by 33.75 per cent that agreed. Less than one-fifth of the respondents that is, 18.75 per cent were undecided while 10.00 per cent disagreed. The remaining 7.50 strongly disagreed whereas 33.75 per cent strongly agreed. One-third of the respondents that is, 35.00 per cent agreed. More than one fifth of the respondents that is, 22.50 per cent were undecided much less, than one-tenth of the respondents that is, 5.00 per cent and 2.50 per cent were dissatisfied and strongly dissatisfied.

High Farmer’s Expectations - Many expectations from the programme makes the farmers not burden with extra cost that might be involved. Slightly more than one-third of the respondents that is, 35.00 per cent agreed followed by 33.75 per cent that strongly agreed with the factor. More than one- fifth of the respondents that is, 22.50 per cent were undecided followed by 5.00 per cent who disagreed and the remaining 2.50 per cent strongly disagreed.

Politics involved in a program may fail or succeed. More than two fifth of the respondents that is, 43.75 per cent agreed that politics interfere with dissemination of a programme followed 23.75 per cent who strongly agreed with the factor. Respondents who disagreed were 12.50 per cent followed by 11.25 per cent who were undecided and slightly less than 8.75 per cent who were strongly dissatisfied.

CONCLUSIONS Among the five categories of constraints, the technical constraint was highly ranked by the respondents as a major challenge that is experienced by the respondents during the dissemination process. Its overall rank was first with a range of 86.25 per cent to 92.50 per cent ranging from agree to strongly agree on lack of proper training in the programme implementation, being the first in the category. Administrative constraint was ranked second with a score range of 66.00 per cent to 90.00 per cent while lack of participatory planning was first in the category. Third on the list was operational constraint with a range of 51.00 per cent to 86.00 per cent with fewer targets than demand topping the category. The general constraint was ranked fourth by the respondents with a range of 66.00 per cent to75.00 per cent with low literacy level among the farmers are highly ranked in the category. The infrastructural constraint was ranked fifth by the respondents with a range of 38.00 per cent to 55.00 per cent citedinadequate conveyance facilities as first in the category.

Based on the constraints discussed above, the government should take serious efforts to solve these constraints in order of ranking to make this programme a grant success. This will facilitate the department to reach the untapped people and

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Makokha. J. N*, Srivara Buddhi Bhuvaneswari. S, Shibi Sebastian & Radha. M

disseminate the programme efficiently and effectively in the near future. It will ensure cost and resource effective dissemination process which in turn improves the water usage efficiency and livelihood of farmers.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge the Government of India for their financial support through Indo African Fellowship for the first author to carry out this research, and the management of Kenya Agricultural Livestock and Research Organization (KALRO) and Sugar Research Institute (SRI) for granting permission to her.

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Impact Factor (JCC): 7.9083

NAAS Rating: 4.13