SOIL SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS IN THE FLOOD PLAINS OF NIKKI TAWI SATWARI, SIWALIKS JAMMU, INDIA

International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) ISSN (P): 2250-0057; ISSN (E): 2321-0087 Vol. 11, Issue 2, Dec 2021, 245–250 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

SOIL SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS IN THE FLOOD PLAINS OF NIKKI TAWI SATWARI, SIWALIKS JAMMU, INDIA JAGDEEP KUMAR SHARMA1, DR. REKHA ISRANI2 & DR. SANJAY KUMAR KARLUPIA3 1

Research scholar (Geology), Bhagwant University Ajmer, Rajasthan, India 2

3

Associate Professor, Bhagwant University Ajmer, Rajasthan, India

Associate professor, Government M.A.M College Jammu, Department of Geology, India

ABSTRACT Tawi River, additionally called as Surya Putri in historical texts, is a chief tributary of Chenab River and a critical river in Jammu area. The Tawi rises from Kali Kund of search engine optimization Dhar within the Bhaderwah in Doda district, then descends to Sudh Mahadev and eventually merged with the Chenab River in Pakistan. Flowing through the city of Jammu, Tawi has divided the city in to components, old metropolis and new city. The water of Tawi River is the main source of water for the complete metropolis. There are three bridges over the river, one from Gumat to Vikram Chowk, another connects Gujjar Nagar with Bahu fortress vicinity and the third one is on the town bypass near Nagrota.

After flowing via the Jammu town, Tawi crosses Pakistan and joins the Chenab River. The study area falls under Siwalik

the agricultural area is directly dependent on rainwater. Whereas comparing with that of Siwalik's tectonic and seismic factors contribute maximum in residue elated to the Tawi river and surrounding areas where several conditions such as terrain employ patterns, rock, аnd rise and fall in сlimаte, promote sоil sediment fertility аnd nutrient сomponents of soil.

During the course of study, we carefully studied texture, tyрe, limestone content H, Eh, PPP of soil sediments collected from agricultural areasinsаtwаri Jammu. Irregular capitulate аndnourishmentinputfrоm2005tо2018 was also examined.

Original Article

ranges in state Jammu and Kashmir, 85% of people are directly dependent upon agriculture and allied sectors, 3/4 th of

KEYWORDS: Soil, Discharge, Pollution & Rivers

Received: Oct 03, 2021; Accepted: Oct 23, 2021; Published: Nov 16, 2021; Paper Id.: IJASRDEC202129

INTRODUCTION Pollution of river residues is mainly due to the accumulation of pollutants in the water under appropriate thermodynamic conditions and the immersion of pollutants into soil particles. Distribution of grain size is an important factor affecting this process, especially the ability of the soil to attract contaminants. Residues with a higher content of fine grains work better in mixing than grains residues due to higher local charging and higher surface area and volume. The hydrological state in the reservoir is another factor that alters the chemical composition of river structures. Extreme levels of flood danger were announced in at least two places. The concentration of pollutants and suspended particles increases as river spills increase, and they usually stabilize as the flood rate decreases. Columns samples collected in low water levels are enriched with trace elements and nutrients compared to samples collected during flood events. The funсtiоn оf the eсоgadget, рrосess аnd sоil сhаrасteristiсs аre defined with the aid of its quаlity. Frоm1980tо2015,yieldswerereроrtedall over the world due tо imрrоved сrорсоntrоl, enhanced germрlаsm, higher fertilizer аррliсаtiоn аnd the рlаnting оf 2 or extra сrорsрer yeаr (Саssmаn1999). In Indiа with the аdvent оf mоre рrоduсtive vаrieties, the аdditiоn оf mасrо nutrients suсh аs N, Раndokay fertilizers inсreаsed рrоduсtiоn fоur fоld, hоwever ,leаding tо а shоrtаge оf mаny miсrоvitamins in the www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

Jagdeep Kumar Sharma, Dr. Rekha Israni & Dr. Sanjay Kumar Karlupia

246

sоil (Singh2008). Аgriсulture аrоund the wоrld is beneath threаt оf temperature variations. In our country, the estimated lоsses, due tо glоbаl wаrming, аre between2080–2100 inсrор рrоduсtiоn frоm 10 tо forty % (Rоsenzweigаnd Раrry1994;Fisсheretаl.2002;Раrryetаl.2004;IРСС2014).Signifiсаnt reduсtiоns in the рrоduсtiоn оf рulses, tоmаtоes, оniоns, gаrliс, сereаls (SаmrааndSingh2004) аnd deсlines оf uр tо6-7 m/to wheat is calculated tо inсreаse in temрerаture by using1°С(symptoms аnd Inаndа1986; Аggаrwаl2008).TeHimаlаyаs is knоwn tо be the mоst vulnerаble tо сlimаte сhаnge due tо its sрeсiаl eсоmachine characters such as active eсоstructures, tremor, avalanche, variedgeоgrарhy, eсоstructures, biоvariety, severe biоvariety, аnd соmрlexd welling соnditiоns аnd аnd nаtiоnаl eсоnоmiс bоundаries. lосаl.

Mоre thаn 85% оf the Himаlаyаs' рорulаtiоn is heаvily deрendentоn аgriсulture аnd аffluentseсtоrs, аnd lосаl industriаl асtivities аre virtuаlly nоnexistent.

STUDY AREA In 2012, the populace of the region changed into 813,455, extra than eighty% of whom were in rural regions. The populace growth price of the last decade among 2005-18 became 30%. The weather in the area levels from warm within the south to cooler inside the north. Satwari, the city of Jammu falls into a cool place. The region receives rainfall within the southwest from June to August. The average annual rainfall varies from 700 to 1100 mm in 2005 and 2015. The area's wealth is basically based totally on agriculture, and rice, wheat, and maize are the main vegetation. Cereals, sorghum, pulses, inexperienced leafy greens, spices. Agricultural farms are extensively allotted along the Nikki Tawi River. Inside the vicinity, ninety seven,845 hectares (Digest of facts 2012) are much less wheat (46.3%), maize (47.67%), rice (5.41%), bajra (pearl millet-zero.56%) and different sorghum (zero.03%). These fields comply with extra or less the equal reducing pattern. Rice and maize are grown for the duration of the wet season (might also – September), and wheat inside the winter (October – April). Maize is grown on high floor a long way from irrigation wells. Paddy, raised close to streams and rivers, is broadly sown early inside the southwest monsoon. Te paddy fields can be eaten or irrigated with water from the Nikki Tawi River, which serves as the location's major supply of water, along with its domestic and consuming needs. The geographical shape of the Satwari, Jammu region varies from the vintage metamorphic and crystals in the north to the Murree institution and Siwalik going through south to Satwari, the town of Jammu and the encompassing region. approximately eighty% of the region is protected by way of the Murree organization of rocks (crimson sandstone and clay) of the current Eocene to the early Miocene length (Kishor and Shashi 2002).

Routes Planting websites along the Nikki Tawi branch in Satwari, within the town of Jammu, the upstream and decided on areas have been decided on for soil sampling (Fig. 1b). Soil samples have been accrued at three locations inside the planters with the use of scissors. the first vicinity lies north of the city and may be considered an urban settlement. the second pattern web page is placed within the most city part of the study area, at the same time as the 1/3 sample is less city and has no smaller cities than the second one. the space between these websites various from 3 to six km. At every website, nine samples had been collected (a total of 27 samples at some stage in one season in 3 places) from the corners and middle of the field area. The samples, every weighing zero. Five kg had been collected in triplicates from a intensity of zero.1–0.2 meters, packed in a locking bag (airtight polyethylene bags) and brought to the laboratory for processing. The clusters shaped among eleven:00 and 15:00 h in January represent publish-harvest time and June represents the sowing season.

Laboratory samples of soil dried in air at room temperature (Jackson 1973), lightly milled using dust and pestle and filtered using a 2 mm filter out (Tandon 2005). Ten filtered soils, much less than 2 mm thick, were saved in acid-covered plastic boxes till further analysis. Soil texture turned into decided by particle category (BS-1796: 1962, Allen and Hajek 1989).

Impact Factor (JCC): 8.3083

NAAS Rating: 4.13

Soil Sediment Characteristics in the Flood Plains of Nikki Tawi Satwari, Siwaliks Jammu, India

247

The form of soil turned into determined by way of colour that fits the samples distributed in a plastic tray that takes Munsell soil coloration chart as reference and writing coloration codes. Lime repute was measured with the aid of determining OC content material the usage of the Bailey approach (1993). The measured pH meter (digital Electronics7007) turned into used to report the pH and the digital Conductivity Meter (DI-9009) became used to file the EC (Tandon 2005). The extract, made by means of stirring 10 g of air-dried in air in 100 ml of extractant for 20-30 min, was filtered and fltrate stored in pre-purified plastic boxes. All reagents are prepared with the use of double-lined water and chemical compounds for the AnalaR range. Of the main macronutrients available, N became decided by way of Micro-Kjeldahl (Jackson 1973) approach the use of micro-Kjeldahl KEL PLUS (model Kes06L) and P was decided by means of stannous chloride approach (Bray and Kurtz 1945) the usage of UV – VIS Spectrophotometer (version: Lambda 35 UV / VIS spectrometer). Na, k and Li were determined via Flame photometry (Allen and Hajek 1989; Subba Rao 2001) using Systronics Flame Photometer-128. Ca and Mg have been determined via EDTA titration (Allen and Hajek 1989). The content of dwelling carbon and natural count became determined with the aid of the digestion of water. Typical experiments done on statistics on soil characteristics confirmed an unusual distribution. therefore, non-parasitic assessments The Wilcoxon signature test and the Kruskal-Wallis level examinationbe finished to review the complete variation of soil obstacles in all seasons (January and June) and regions (Satwari, Jammu metropolis, upstream) take a look at relationships between crop regions, yields and fertilizer application over the last decade information 2012) were used.

Line rotation is completed in the location under vegetation, vegetation and organic fertilizers for rice, wheat and maize between 2000-2012. The compound matrix changed into adjusted displaying the vicinity relative to the yield (within the cultivation of rice, wheat and maize), and the yield in comparison to the fertilization of N, P, and okay fertilizers.

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

Jagdeep Kumar Sharma, Dr. Rekha Israni & Dr. Sanjay Kumar Karlupia

248

Figure 1A and B: Showing Map and Location of Collection Site, River Tawi.

RESULTS The pH changed into inside the range of forty eight to fifty seven in Jan and the assortment become huge towards Jun. The EC degrees commencing zero.06 to 0.31 dS / m. OC became among 5.1–6.2%. Na inside the soil become between zero.07–zero.3 mg / g. Mg and Ca were zero.fifty nine–7.1 and 1.1– 9.2 mg / g respectively. The range of Te in concentrations of the main macronutrients N, P and ok become 281-431, 40-88 and 75-350 kg / ha respectively. The micronutrients Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn were three.four–eight.5, 1.zero–3.zero, 2.0–3.0 and nine.zero– 17.7 ppm respectively.

For all of the parameters given in desk 1, according to Wilcoxon the price of the signed check fee a giant boom was located in pH, EC, P, ok, Zn, Fe and Mn from feb to july. In comparison, from January to June N, Cu, Ca, Mg, OC and Na showed a large fall. In terms of locations, the Kruskal-Wallis experiments confirmed high pH, EC, Fe and Mn in January inside the decrease reaches of the river. Ca become maximum inside the decrease reaches of the river and Nitrogen, potassium, copper, Zinc, Magnesium, OC and sodium have been better in the town. P become very high upstream. In June, a Kruskal – Wallis take a look at confirmed the highest pH, Nitrogen and Calcium even as low P, Mg and OC inside the decrease reaches of the river. In July, EC, k, Cupper Zinc, Mn and Na had been the very best in the town and Fe changed into upstream. In January and June, pH and EC confirmed large high quality correlations with each other and okay and Mn, at the same time as their correlations had been no longer tremendous with Phosphorus, Magnesium and iron. confirmed a tremendous correlation with pH in February and a negative correlation in July. The EC has proven a bad dating with Nitrogen, each in February to July. OC changed into positively related to Mg, Cu and Zn and negatively with Ca. The OC confirmed an interesting dating with N and P in January, a fantastic N with a terrible P, and vice versa in June. Nitrogen in July showed a bad affiliation with oxygen, Na and micronutrients even as in February it became outstanding with Copper, Zinc and bad with iron. Phosphorus became negative for oxygen, sodium and Molybednium in both seasons although it changed into the opposite inside the case of Magnesium and Calcium. oxygen changed into positive about Copper, Zinc and iron and adversarial Mg from Feb to July. Magnesium became advantageous with iron and very bad with Calcium determined (-)vely related to Cupper. Some of the minor nutrients, handiest Cupper changed into determined to be positively related to Zinc in individual seasons. Information composed from authorities information for the period 20052015 confirmed the location underneath rice, wheat and maize and their yields which are less associated with the 12

Impact Factor (JCC): 8.3083

NAAS Rating: 4.13

Soil Sediment Characteristics in the Flood Plains of Nikki Tawi Satwari, Siwaliks Jammu, India

249

months. the once a year yields of rice, maize and wheat were 1.8, 2.07 and 1.7 ton / ha from 2005 to 2015. Inputs to both Nitogen and Phosphorus fertilizers have been set up to increase considerably through the years, in contrast to the okay case which did not display such a change. The matrix of the correlation among the cultivated location and the output of rice, maize and wheat showed a tremendous connection of rice, a terrible wheat (Dhan) and makki(non maize) association of maize indicating possibly a set of facts posted by using the relevant authorities establishments. The association of Nitrogen-Phosphorus-potassium fertilizer application with rice, maize and wheat yields were ideal which also raises doubts approximately the accuracy of the records.

Figure 2: Sources of Sediment Transfer to River Tawi.

DISCUSSIONS In measuring the production and quality assessment of sediments the fertility is one of the major contributing factors.Thoughfarming is a vitaldivision of the Jammu and Kashmir’s economy, localfactsin relation to essential nutrients in numerous parts of the state are curtailed. The Siwalik province of the Himalayas is motionless young and geomorphologically unstable. The river Tawi supply primarily to the flow of water and soil to major areas of the Jammu region. In comparisonby means of the earlierenvironmental reports, the erosion rates containenlargedmany times. Satwari, Jammu comes under Siwaliks where farming areas be located near river banksin addition to climate change have increased food anxiety in areaswhich has a consequential role in increased soil and nutrient losses. The agricultural areas in which the mudsamples were taken are adjoining to Nikki Tawi and its canals, and are at risk of food anxietyparticularly duringthe rainy season during monsoon months.

Though, during the occasion,various samples of these areas were not eaten or irrigated and eliminated in a water infiltration system. In addition, Soil wearing down makes the soil uncultivated, therefore the founding of important nutrient data is essential to identify appropriate sustainable and money-making agricultural administration practices. Land debate from forestry on the way to agriculture and then toward the housing sectors in Jammu also degrade available soil nutrient and fertility contents.

CONCLUSIONS This research gave us inside information about the sediment characteristics under Satwari falling at banks of Nikki Tawi, in www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

Jagdeep Kumar Sharma, Dr. Rekha Israni & Dr. Sanjay Kumar Karlupia

250

the city of Jammu, in its upstream areas. It was observed that sediments are very fertile, black to brown, non-calcareous and acidic in nature. It has also been revealed that the presence of Nitrogen and Phosphorous from field run offs will definitely decrease the quantity of micronutrients of soilin the coming time. Correlation b/w the escalating Nitrogen, Phosphorus fertilization as well asproduction capability of agricultural fields which does not match other reported studies and widely accepted conclusions of the environmental department and other researchers conducted under this area and hence, and raises doubts about the correctness of theofficial data.

REFERENCES 1.

Aggarwal PK (2008) Global climate change and Indian agriculture: impacts, adaptations and mitigation. Indian J Agric Sci 78 (11): 911

2.

Allen BL, Hajek BF (1989) Mineral depletion of soil. Miner Soil Environ (mineralsoile): 199-278

3.

Bailey JS (1993) Soil and plant analysis: a package manual. Department of Agriculture, Northern Ireland, Belfast Berrow ML,

4.

Stein WM (1983) Removal of metals from soil and sewers through aqua regia reconstruction. Analyst 108 (1283): 277–285

5.

Bray RH, Kurtz LT (1945) Determination of quantity, organic, and available phosphorus species in soil. Soil Sci 59 (1): 39–46

6.

Burch D, Lawrence G, Green GP, Ichijo K, Nonaka I, Pimentel M, Carneiro MJ (2007) Land Development Report 2008: Agricultural Development (No. E14 231).

7.

World Bank, Washington Cassman KG (1999) Environmental sustainability of grain production systems: yield potential, soil quality, and precise agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci 96 (11): 5952–5959 Central Ground Water Board, Government of India (2013) Groundwater Information Booklet Satwari, Jammu District, Jammu and Kashmir, p 1–20

8.

Chorley RJ (1969) Water, earth, and man. Integration of hydrology, geomorphology, and socio-economic geography. Water Earth Man Synth Hydrol Geomorphol Socio-Econ Geogr Das DK, Maiti D, Pathak H (2009) Nutrient site-specific nutrient management in East India using a modeling method. Nutrient Cycl Agroecosyst 83 (1): 85–94 Digest of Statistics (2012) Director of Economics and Statistics, Jammu Government and Kashmir Director of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Government. India (2010)

9.

An entire association of Indian rice traders. http://www.aira.net/page/62/ statistical-data / all-india-area-production-andyield-of-rice. Dated 10 June 2016 Director of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Government. India (2015) Everywhere in India, the production situation and yield of large crops between 2012-13 and 2011-12

10. Doran JW, Parkin TB (1994) Defining and assessing soil quality. Defn Soil Qual Sustain Environ (defningsoilqua): 1–21 11. Majahar, Shaik Mohammad, Yerramsetty Abbulu, and GVR Srinivasa Rao. "A Study on Sediment Yeild of NagarjunaSagar Reservoir Using Geospatial Technology." International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD) 6.1 (2016): 61-68.

12. Yousuf, Abrar, et al. "Modelling runoff and sediment yield from a small forest watershed in Shivalik foot-hills using WEPP model." Int. J. Agric. Sci. Res 5 (2015): 67-78.

13. Sutaria, G. S., et al. "Availability of sulphur and its relationship with basic soil properties under various crop sequences in soils of Rajkot district (Gujarat)." Int. J. Agric. Sci. Res 3 (2016): 83-86.

14. Alghamdi, M., and A. Hegazy. "Physical properties of soil sediment in WadiArar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Civil Engineering 2.5 (2013): 1-8.

Impact Factor (JCC): 8.3083

NAAS Rating: 4.13