VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001 Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun 2020, 21–32 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DRISHAN BS1, VISHNU G NAIR2 & MAHESHA G. T*3 1

Student, Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, MAHE, Karnataka, India 2

Assistant Professor, Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, MAHE, Karnataka, India

3

Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, MAHE, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT Vehicular communications systems have the possibility to improve the safety in a day to day life. The advantage of this system is that they can reduce the collision to the greater extent. In this article, we present different ways by which the collisions can be avoided through the various applications like traffic management, pedestrian detection, different assistance systems and collision avoidance. We state the problems and solutions for these applications.

Received: Mar 09, 2020; Accepted: Mar 29, 2020; Published: Apr 21, 2020; Paper Id.: IJMPERDJUN20203 1. INTRODUCTION Communication is a process where we understand the situation by gesturing the person. The vehicles communicate with the other vehicles to increase the safety purpose with respect to the vehicles as well as the infrastructure and

Original Article

KEYWORDS: Driving Assistance Systems, Traffic Management, Pedestrian Detection & Collision Avoidance

pedestrians. The needs of the communication system is to reduce the collision as well as the safety of the pedestrian depending upon the situations. They can also be used in order to receive information about the traffic congestions, road works.

Collision is one of the main problems in the world as it cannot be stopped but can be reduced. Collision avoidance system are introduced into the system in order to increase safety by sending warning to drivers by steering or braking and also to others [I]. According to WHO-1.24 million road accidents occur in the world every year. Nearly 2650 people get killed every week in India. Approximately up to more than 9000 people get injured due to road accidents [II]. Lane deviation warnings, safety indication warnings, intersection warnings, overtaking vehicle, wrong way driving, stationary vehicle warning are introduced. Road accidents in Tamilnadu are increasing which has killed more than 1700 people’s life and 11000 more people have been injured [III]. Traffic congestion is also a major problem as time is one of the factor. Road block due to the construction work also adds to the traffic congestion [IV]. Pedestrian detection is one of the problem as we cannot determine the behaviour of how a person acts depending upon the situation. So, different applications are brought in order to reduce the collision between the vehicles and pedestrians [V]–[VIII]. Reduce collision by maintaining distance between two vehicles and by maintaining a distance when stuck during traffic. The rise of the IEEE 802.11p standard for short to medium range inter-vehicle communication and the allocation of a dedicated frequency band for ITS communication in Europe have paved the way for future implementations of communication-based ITS safety applications [IX], [X]. The driver assistance systems are needed to warn the driver of any potential danger like lane change, obstacles that are www.tjprc.org

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in the path [XI], [XII]. Driving assistance helps driver through either providing warning or by automating some of the control in order to relieve driver of manual control of the vehicles [XIII], [XIV].

2. DRIVING ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS Many technologies have been introduced for the safety purpose. Different assistance systems have been provided in order to reduce the collision as well as make safe passage of vehicles during the traffic. The applications of the systems are shown in table 1 below.

Table 1: Applications of the Driving Assistance Systems Requirements Problems Solutions References Through the help of sensors, the vehicle 1. Lane change During sudden change of lanes senses other vehicles [XV]-[XVII] assistance collisions may occur and reduce collision Helps in selecting Traffic congestion is the main 2. Traffic condition alternative route with [XVIII]–[XX] problem less traffic Due to heavy traffic, vehicles Sensors have been cannot move properly or 3. Emergency introduced in order to emergency vehicle will not be [XXI]–[XXV] vehicles detect such vehicles and able to for their easy passage. reach hospital in time Uneven driving cause increase to Sensors are introduced [XV], [XVII], 4. Intersection collision. Drunken driving can in order to detect [XXVI]– warnings also be vehicles that are in [XXVII] taken into account uneven driving Magnetic sensors and Due to blocking of roads or for video image processors 5. Wrong way [XXVIII]– faster movement to use to find driving [XXX] particular location the direction of travel1qq.

The vehicle behind cannot see Assistance systems are 6. Overtaking [XXXI]– vehicles ahead of the introduced for detecting vehicle [XXXIV] overtaking vehicles such drivings.

Vehicle that have been Vehicles send messages [XXXV]7. Stationary vehicle stopped for some problem or indicating a broken [XXXVII] malfunctioning. vehicle 2.1 Lane Change Assistance In order to have a proper lane change, the distance between the vehicle must be properly maintained so that there will be reduction in collision. Some situations occur where the driver loses control of car. In this situation, the vehicle nearer to that target vehicle must send signals or message to other vehicles. Driver uncertainty to make decision reduces reaction time and builds the trust in the automation [XV]. By capturing the behaviour of the drivers during lane change, proper recommendations are done depending on the driving characteristics [XVI]. Warning or intervention systems are used to reduce threats during the lane change [XVII].

2.2 Traffic Condition Traffic congestion is the major problem in today’s life. Heavy traffic increases waiting time, which is the increases time factor. In order to reduce waiting time, the vehicles receive message indicating the traffic and hence the vehicles are able to

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take alternative route with lesser amount of traffic. The driver’s behaviour affects the traffic. Drivers who experience high level of automation are less inclined to overtake than when they are manually driving [XVIII]. The communications systems are aimed for the longitudinal as well as lateral positions so as to track errors relative to other communication vehicles within the boundaries for application to function [XIX].

The augmented reality traffic information can provide a new way of communication between the drivers and vehicles and improve transport systems by imposing surrounding traffic information on the view of the users and keep drivers views on the road [XX].

2.3 Emergency Vehicles Due to the heavy traffic, the vehicles are not able to move properly or faster. And hence, the emergency vehicles cannot reach their destination within a short amount of time. For this purpose, emergency vehicle detection systems is introduced which indicates their presence and reduces their time of reaching their destinations [XXI] [XXII]. The travel time of emergency vehicles due to obstacles on road and the signal control strategy to make the emergency vehicle pass quickly was measured [XXIII]. The aim is to clear the path for emergency vehicle from the heavy traffic. The sensor will transfer signal to traffic light and reduce congestion [XXIV]. The shortest path for the emergency vehicles to reach hospitals and also it sends signals when nearing the traffic area [XXV].

2.4 Intersection Warnings In this system, the vehicles send message indicating their presence near the intersections. Sometimes as we cannot predict the driving style, some vehicles may jump traffic or some vehicles cannot be seen as they are hidden behind bulkier vehicles. So for easy passage, these vehicles send message or signals onto other vehicles in that area [XV], [XVII]. The effect of the sun glare can impair the driver’s visibility of the upcoming traffic. The driver smart advisory system can provide warning in terms of brake stop distance and brake response time in the case of the red light signals [XXVI]. The design and concept of the forwards which is a map free intersection collision warning systems for various road patterns.

Based on the vehicles, trajectory predictions the collision detections algorithms are designed [XXVII].

2.5 Wrong Way Driving Sometimes due to the blocking of the road or in order to reach a place in short amount of time, some drivers take wrong way driving. So by detecting such vehicles, the amount of accidents occurring by these can be reduced [XXVIII]. Magnetic sensors and video image processors use to find the direction of travel and improved lighting at entry points will assist the drivers in choosing the correct ramp [XXIX]. The drunk and driving and vision impairment due to the weather conditions can effect movement of vehicle in wrong way [XXX].

2.6 Overtaking Vehicle During overtaking, vehicles that is overtaking a preceding vehicle cannot see ahead and also during overtaking near turns.

In order to reduce collisions due to this type of the systems the vehicles ahead sends signals depending upon the road ahead so that the vehicle can overtake without any accidents [XXXI]. Based on the communication between the two vehicles, depending on speed and acceleration the overtaking of the vehicle takes place [XXXII]. Based on the driver behaviour during overtaking time to collision increases with the speed of the vehicle [XXXIII], [XXXIV].

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2.7 Stationary Vehicle In some situations there might be vehicles that are stopped because of malfunctioning or problems in the system. The vehicles that is stopped cannot be seen by other vehicles at some distance behind the other vehicles. So, this vehicle sends message indicating of the situations so that other vehicle can safely pass and reduce the amount of collisions occurring by these systems [XXXV],[ XXXVI]. The sudden presence of the abandoned object can cause rear end collisions. The vehicle gets the location of the target vehicle which is stationary. And the stationary vehicle sends message to other vehicle within the region [XXXVII].

3. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Many of the technologies or the techniques are been introduced on this system. There are both human as well as wireless technologies. Traffic management is used to reduce the congestion and to increase the safe passage of the traffic without time delay. The applications are shown below in table 2.

Applications 1. Traffic management (human) 2. Automatic and image, video processing 3. Using wireless technologies

Table 2: Applications of the Traffic Management Problems Solutions References Inexperienced person cannot Proper training must be given in handle situations order to handle [XXXVIII] properly different situations.

Cannot identify Sensors must be [XXXVIII]emergency vehicles and installed to identify the [XLII] accidents emergency vehicles.

Only required signals must be Unwanted signals may be sent by given more priority. Blocking of [XLII]–[XLVII] the vehicles unwanted signal is required.

3.1 Primitive Traffic Management (Human) This type of systems are one of the primitive methods of traffic management. This systems depends upon the proficiency or the experience of the traffic police and his ability to make safe passage for the vehicles. The advantage of this type is that he can make safe passage for the emergency vehicles as well as can detect accident zone and control traffic depending upon the situation at that time [XXXVIII].

3.2 Automatic and Video Processing Traffic Management In the automatic system, the traffic control takes place without the presence of human. The advantage of this type is that time factor is reduced as traffic is controlled by the help of traffic lights. As the traffic lights have specific amount of time they are switched on that is the light switching on are automated. And in the video processing, they have camera introduced in order to detect the breaching of rules [XXXVIII], [XXXIX]. Using the various sensors we can detect the amount of the traffic density in a particular region [XL]. The systems aims to overcome traffic density by measuring the traffic flow in a particular direction and is capable of detecting emergency vehicles and makes easy passages for such vehicles [XLI]. The use of video camera processing captures images of law breakers [XLII].

3.3 Using Wireless Technologies Traffic Management In this system, they can detect the presence of the emergency vehicles and make safe passages for this type of vehicles as they have antennas connected to the traffic lights. As and when emergency vehicle enters those lane, green signals are

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introduced for that particular lanes. Sometimes, unwanted signals may be sent but these can be reduced by taking proper measures [XLII], [XLIII]. Using various sensors, we can avoid accidents due to the collision warning systems [XLIV]. The vehicle to infrastructure as well as vehicle communication takes place in order to avoid collisions [XLV]. In vehicle, sensors are of much greater importance to detect the pot holes and other obstacles on the roads [XLVI], [XLVII].

4. PEDESTRIAN DETECTION Many different sensors are been used to determine the pedestrian as well as to reduce the collision. There are many identification like the inter vehicle as well as the external communication depending upon the pedestrian movements. The movements of the pedestrian cannot be determined. The applications of this system are shown in table 3.

Table 3: Applications of Pedestrian Detections Problems Solutions Vehicles with the help of sensors can predict 1. Vehicles are silent They cannot detect the presence the distance of at low speeds of vehicles due to low sounds pedestrian and apply brakes.

Pedestrian movements 2. Pedestrian are predicted. Speed Pedestrian movements are interference on the reduction and braking unpredictable road unexpectedly assistance are introduced.

They have warning 3. Computer vision Pedestrian should be within range systems (sensors) to based technologies of distance detect pedestrians Applications

References [XLVIII][XLIX]

[L]–[LIV]

[LV]-[LVI]

4.1 Vehicles are Silent at Low Speeds This systems consist of systems where the pedestrian cannot detect the presence of the vehicles due to the low amount of sound. So, in order to reduce clashes between pedestrians and vehicles, the vehicles transmit signals and detect the pedestrians within the range and vehicles slows down. The distance between the vehicles and the person is measured by vehicles [XLVIII]. The sound of vehicle acceleration and deceleration is helpful for the drivers as well as the pedestrians to detect the functional position of that particular vehicle [XLIX].

4.2 Pedestrian Interference on The Road Unexpectedly As the pedestrian behaviour cannot be determined that is the way the pedestrian acts on the road depending on the situation. Pedestrian may suddenly cross the road which is confusing for the drivers. So, the vehicles makes it easy for drivers as they have different sensors like brake sensor and by calculating the distance between vehicle and the pedestrian brake is applied [L]. Vehicle to pedestrian has a tool that can predict the detection of collision with pedestrians in an urban environment where the Lidar have limited visibility. The leading vehicle to avoid collisions by reducing speeds rather than braking immediately [LI][ LII]. It depends on the behaviour of the pedestrian. The unpredictability with which the pedestrian acts cannot be reduced. But by adding the sensors on to the vehicle, we can reduce the vehicle to pedestrian collisions [LIII], [LIV].

4.3 Computer Vision Based Technologies It is one of the technologies used in order to detect the objects or the pedestrians. The disadvantage of this type of the systems is that they need pedestrian in the range of distance in order to detect them [LV]. The vehicle searches and tracks www.tjprc.org

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any movable obstacles and shape having the feature of this movable body is made and database is collected. The pedestrian moving direction is also tracked and obstacles are tracked within the short period of time [LVI]. Vision based pedestrian systems have high pedestrian detection accuracy [LVII].

5. COLLISION AVOIDANCE Many technology have been used in order to reduce collision. Different sensors are introduced in order to reduce or to prevent the collision. The applications of the system are shown below in table 4.

Applications 1. Pre-collision systems

2. Brake assist systems

Table 4: Applications of the Collision Avoidance Problems Solutions Road users are detected and warning is Rear end and forward end sent to driver based on the distance crashes are increasing between them.

During emergency brake Immediate braking with slight driver unable to apply detection of obstruction. Anti-lock brakes with suitable braking systems are introduced. amount of force

references [LVIII]– [LXIII] [LXIV]– [LXVIII]

5.1 Pre Collision Systems Forward end and backward end crashes are increasing day by day as it is the main problem in the traffic. To reduce such crashes, there have been different sensors attached on to the vehicles to detect collisions. The unexpected entry of pedestrian can also be easily detected and avoid collisions [LVIII], [LIX]. Pre-crash systems help reduce accidents by reducing the speed of vehicle at intersections which cause rear end collisions and frontal collisions. They have automatic braking systems which reduces speed of the vehicle [LX], [LXI]. The rear end collision avoidance system gives a secure system for vehicles. The time to collision is in proper bandwidth so as to avoid crash and driver is alerted and proper action is taken [LXII]. The possibility of providing a driver assistance systems which are capable of making their own decisions between emergency braking and the collision avoidance systems as long as collision gets predicted within a short a span of time [LXIII].

5.2 Brake Assist Systems As the driver not able to apply brakes at the required force during the emergency time that is before collision leads to accidents. The brake assist systems on the other hand immediately reacts to the obstruction within a short span of time.

Even for the sudden interference of pedestrian [LXIV]. In the automotive industry, main preference is given for the safety.

Brake assist systems is one of the active safety system. Braking efficiency of cars increase when using brake assist system and prevent accidents during emergency situations [LXV]. The brake assist systems helps in reducing the collisions in larger amount. Major accidents occur when driver notices collisions but not able to stop within the short time. In that situations the brake assist systems play a major role [LXVI], [LXVII]. With both the brake assist systems as well as the anti-lock braking systems, the severity of the collisions can be reduced to greater amount [LXVIII].

6. CONCLUSIONS The response of the warning messages sent by the vehicle should be fast so to avoid accidents. The fading of the signals sent by vehicles must be reduced. The range of communication of signals should be increased. The sending of unwanted signals should be reduced. In order for the safe movement of the traffic regarding the collisions or traffic congestions

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messages should be sent and reroute the location onto the easier roadways where there are less number of traffic. Using the wireless technologies which are mainly used to support the emergency vehicles for their easy passages. To increase safety, cameras are being installed which help in detecting the objects on the road as well as to detect the violation of the rules.

Vehicle to pedestrian detection is one of the main problem as we cannot determine how the pedestrian changes his direction. For the safety of pedestrian there are sensors installed on vehicles like braking sensor and wireless sensors are also used to detect pedestrian on the road so that the driver has lot of time to avoid the collision. Driving assistance systems give better results in reducing the collisions.

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AUTHORS PROFILE

Drishan B S, presently a M.Tech student pursuing Automobile Engineering at Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

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Vehicular Communication Systems

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Vishnu G Nair is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India. He holds a post-graduate degree in Space engineering and a doctoral degree in Robotics.

Mahesha G T, presently working as Associate professor in Manipal Institute of Technology. He has about 20 years of teaching and 6 years of research experience. His research in the area of bio based materials fetched the PH.D from Manipal university. He has published over 10 journal articles and presented in international conferences.

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