EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON USE OF SIMAROUBA GLAUCA BIODIESEL FOR CI ENGINE PERFORMANCE

International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001 Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun 2020, 477–484 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON USE OF SIMAROUBA GLAUCA BIODIESEL FOR CI ENGINE PERFORMANCE SRINIVASA REDDY. M. N1 & MANJUNATH. S. H2 1

Research Scholar, Mechanical Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India 2

School of Mechanical Engineering, Reva University, Bengaluru, India

ABSTRACT There is considerable decrease in the conventional oil production and supply due to its resource depletion compared to the demand and rapid rate of fuel consumption all over the world. The rate of pollution due to emissions from fossil fuels has reached a point where it is causing drastic environmental hazards. There is a need to look for alternative fuels in the automobile industry for overall economic growth of the nation. Internal combustion engines are left with an option of using biodiesel as a fuel. This study is carried out to investigate the compression ignition Engine performance by Simarouba glauca biofuel.

Simarouba glauca biodiesel is processed using seeds of Simarouba by way of transesterification method. Biodiesel, thus

the requirements of American Society for Testing materials standards.

Blends of Simarouba glauca biodiesel B100 B80 B60 B40 and B20 were prepared (by mixing with diesel). These fuels are checked at various load conditions on single cylinder C I Engine for its emissions and operations and correlate with D100 pure diesel. Outcome establishes that the Simarouba biofuel of 20% blends with diesel fuel is giving good performance without altering the engine. Experimentation and operation parameters such as Heating value efficiency is found to be increasing while decrease in brake specific fuel consumption is observed with the consumtion and usage

Original Article

produced were checked for various properties like flashpoint, density, fire point, heating value, viscosity, to correlate with

of 20% blends of Simarouba glauca biodiesel. During engine emission test, slightly HC, CO emissions were lowered and higher NOx slightly increased values are noted. However, by comparing to pure diesel fuel (D100), 26.05 % lower CO with 40.15%, lower HC and 22.16%, higher NOx were observed with Simarouba biodiesel.

KEYWORDS: Simarouba glauca biodiesel, Transesterification process, ASTM standards, Performance parameter & Oxides of nitrogen

Received: Jan 22, 2020; Accepted: Feb 12, 2020; Published: May 26, 2020; Paper Id.: IJMPERDJUN202044

INTRODUCTION In the last 200 years fossil fuel consumption has increased due to rapid industrial development and its wide-scale extraction left reserves depleted. Reserves have become harder to locate and is expected to last approximately four to five decades. Due to fossil fuel depletion, it has become imperative to find alternate fuels. There has been a sudden increase in utilization of nonconventional sources of energy in India. This is mainly due to the awareness of people regarding the need for alternative sources. Fossil fuels on combustion release harmful gases and byproducts like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulphur, fly ash, etc., causing environmental pollution thereby leading to various diseases. Use of alternative fuels can reduce this problem. Alternative fuels which promote forestation can be implemented which leads to Greener Earth providing the needed ecological balance.

Farmers can grow plants and trees in wastelands for alternative fuels and can improve their livelihood by not depending on seasonal harvests. Soil erosions will decrease by the use of wastelands to grow plants or trees like Simarouba glauca to extract alternative fuel and increase the fertility of soil. It is estimated that $125 billion per annum is spent in importing crude oil to www.tjprc.org

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Srinivasa Reddy. M. N & Manjunath. S.H

India. This can be reduced by replacing crude oil with alternative fuels and thereby improving the economic status of India. There are limitations in the use of other nonconventional sources regarding their applications during all the seasons and cost. Alternative fuels overcome all these disadvantages and hence are more effective keeping in view of the above.

Simarouba glauca oil and its biodiesel is an important alternative fuel, which is gaining commercial importance. Simarouba (Simarouba glauca) is commonly known as “Paradise Tree” or “King Oil Seed Tree”. It is an evergreen multi utility tree that has cylindrical stem and well-developed tap root. It can be small to medium sized tree with maximum growth height up to 12m to 15m. It thrives in barren wastelands of Karnataka, Orisa and Gujarat. In addition to these states, it grows successfully in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Bihar. The optimal condition to grow Simarouba tree is tropical climate with temperature from 11°C to 41°C which has the potential to produce seeds weighing 1900 to 2300 kg per hectare per year. For normal growth, it requires 650 to 900 mm rainfall. It can be grown in all types of well-drained soil with ranging from 4.3 to 7.9 pH. In the present scenario, these seeds have economically great significance as it contains oil up to 60% to 75% and can grow well in wastelands or barren lands with degraded soil. It can be considered as a major forest tree and used in afforestation of lands. Table 1 shows tree species which produce oil seeds in India.

Table 1: Oil Seeds Producing Tree Species Constituent (%) 0il per seed Yield per tree in(Kg) Density of plants/ha Oil/ha (tonnes)

Jatropha 27-36 1-2.5 1,500 1-1.8

Polnagmia 26-40 20-25 500 1.5-3

Mahua 33-39 21-41 200 2.7

Simarouba 60-75 21-36 500 1.5-2.5

Neem 44 15 400 2.5

Based on the report by National Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Development Board of the Indian Ministry of Agriculture, seeds of 10 species have economical potential to produce biodiesel. These seeds include Pongamia pinnata (Honge) Azadirachta inidca (Neem), Simarouba gluaca, Madhuca indica (Mahua) and Jatropha and other tree species producing oil seeds are considered economically nonviable. Simarouba biodiesl is an alternative which can be substituted for conventional petro-diesel. There has been better results in performance and emission characterestics with the blends of Simarouba glauca as compared to other diesel fuels.

MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTATION Extraction of Simarouba Oil and Biodiesel The process of obtaining Simarouba oil includes expelling and extraction. Expelling is done using mechanical expellers which presses the liquid containing solids or kernels to obtain liquid and the separation of the liquid and solid is known as extraction. Screw press is the oldest and most popular method of mechanical oil extraction where manual ram press or engine driven screw press is used. Solvent extraction uses liquid solvent to remove the oil from solid. Solvent extraction is considered more effective compared to screw press because of its high yield of oil and consistent performance. Simarouba seeds and oil is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Simarouba Glauca Seeds and Oil

Transesterification Oil extracted is then converted into biodiesel using simple transesterification. Transesterification process uses alkaline catalyst and short Impact Factor (JCC): 8.8746

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chain alcohol to convert triglycerides present in Simarouba glauca oil into fatty acid methyl ester. Most of the biodiesel production models use sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as alkaline catalyst and methanol or ethanol as alcohol to extact biodiesel. The process is performed by using 1L batches of Simarouba oil. The oil is heated till it reaches 60° C temperature in a closed vessel to prevent loss of methanol at atmospheric temperature. When the temperature became constant at 60° C, CH 3OH and NaOH mixture is added.

Liquid is placed in a separating funnel and is left undisturbed for 24 hours. The glycerin settled in the bottom is easily separated.

The biodiesel is given a wash with 1000 ml hot water which is acidified with organic acids and subsequent several washes were given with plain hot water to remove methanol and excess catalyst. The mixture is heated at a temperature of 120° C and the final product is obtained.

Procedures for testing Simarouba glauca oil and Simarouba glauca biodiesel fuel properties are adapted from different Biochemical methods and compared with the testing procedures required for certification under American Society for Testing materials standards, Indian standards, and European standards. Fuel properties tests include calorific value viscosity acid value, density, iodine value, ash contents pour point flash point. Figure 2 shows the methodology and flow chart for biodiesel production.

PRODUCTION PROCESS OF SIMAROUBA BIODIESEL AND METHODOLOGY

Figure 2: The Flow Chart for Biodiesel Production.

Biodiesel Blending 

The biodiesel which is produced is then blended with pure diesel fuel in different percentages of volume basis, as shown in figure below.

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The notations that are shown in the picture indicate the level of biodiesel mixed with the pure diesel for example B20 signifies 20% of Simarouba biodiesel and 80% of pure diesel.

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The table below exhibits various properties procured from the biodiesel. Equipments such as beaker measuring jar are used in the process of blending the biodiesel. Figure 3 shows the Simarouba biodiesel blends.

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Following which, the mixture is stirred and shook well to procure proper proportions of biodiesel blends by using a stirrer.

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The blends of biodiesel were then stored in a dry area for about 12 to 17 hours and every 4 hours the blends were checked to

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Srinivasa Reddy. M. N & Manjunath. S.H find any additional foramations layer. Table 2 shows blends of biodiesel are compared for different properties.

Figure 3: Blends of Simarouba Biodiesel.

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1 2 3 4 5 6

Table 2: Blends of Biodiesel are Compared for Different Properties Property B0(D100) B20 B40 B60 B80 Cetane Number 48 52.6 53.6 55 57.1 Viscosity @ 40 °C in cSt 2.58 2.99 3.41 3.83 4.25 Density in kg/m3 860 876 872 868 864 Flash point in degree centigrade 65 71 88 105 124 Calorific Value in KJ/kg 45,000 44,330 43,044 42,804 40,572 Fire point in°C 79 92 104 125 140

B100 58.4 4.67 880 160 38,740 170

Observation and Experimentation Work For evaluating the performance test on the biodiesel, a single cylinder four-stroke diesel engine is chosen. Table 3 shows the specifications of test engine. No alteration or modification has been done on the CI engine which is coupled to eddy current dynamometer, as shown in Figure 4 & 5. Load is applied on the engine by connecting the dynamometer to the electric current supply, carried out tests at four load conditions twentyfive percent load 5 NM, fifty percent load 10 NM, seventy five percent load, 15 NM, and hundred percent load 18 NM at 1500 rpm constant speed on engine.

Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Table 3: Dynamometer and Engine Specification Parameters Specification Type of Engine 4 stroke, single cylinder, CI engine Rated speed/Max power 1500rpm/3.7 KW Compression Ratio 16.5:1 Bore 80 mm Stroke 110 mm Cylinder Capacity 553 cc Cooling Water cooled Injection Pressure 200 to 225bar Alternator rating 3KVA Speed 2800-3000 rpm Voltage 220 V AC Operation type Foot mounted, continuous rating

The exhaust of an engine is connected to AVL smoke meter and is used to determine the smoke produced by the engine. The exhaust gas constituents like HC, NOx and CO is measured by using AVL DIGAS analyzer, as shown in Figure 6.

Simarouba biodiesel is used in various proportions of twenty percent B20, forty percent B40, sixty percent B60, and eighty percent B80 for conducting performance tests. First, pure diesel B0 hundred percent diesel D100 is analysed and tests are conducted for different blend proportions of biodiesel at above loading condition as of pure diesel D100.

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Figure 4: Compression Ignition Engine Setup for Experimental Work.

Figure 5: Experimental Setup for Display.

Figure 6: Exhaust Gas Analyzer

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Performance Characteristics Brake Thermal Efficiency Brake thermal efficiency is an important parameter in the performance test in IC engine; it refers how the input chemical energy is converted into useful work inside an engine. Brake thermal efficiency of diesel engine is measured for different blends of biodiesel and pure diesel, Variation of Brake thermal efficiency with load for diesel fuel, and biodiesel blends B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100 is shown in the Figure 7. Increasing the loads on engine, the Brake thermal efficiency increases, when the load reaches seventy five percent, it shows constant values, further reduction in BTE because of lesser calorific value of simarouba glauca biodiesel. The graph represents that the www.tjprc.org

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maximum thermal efficiency for B20 blend is higher than that of pure diesel. The brake thermal efficiency resulted for B40, B60, B80 and B100 are less than that of B20. This lower BTE is due to reduction in calorific value and increases in fuel consumption as compared to B20.

Figure 7: Brake Power v/s BTE. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption The ratio between mass fuel consumption and brake effective power is called brake specific fuel consumption; it is inversely proportional to thermal efficiency. The engine load in brake power with variation in BSFC of different blended biodiesel is shown in Figure8. It can be clearly known from the graph values that, BSFC of Simarouba biodiesel is higher than the pure diesel. This is because calorific value of pure diesel fuel is higher compared to Simarouba glauca biodiesel. With the increase in load, the BSFC decreased continuously. Finally, B20 blend shows less in BSFC than the pure diesel and all other blends, this is because of the presence of more oxygen content, there is a complete combustion of fuel in blends of biodiesel.

Figure 8: Variation of BSFC with BP.

EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS Carbon Monoxide Emission Carbon monoxide produced from the engine’s exhaust emission might get converted into Carbon dioxide (CO2) because more oxygen molecule present in the biodiesel fuel, Test results of emission shows that in biodiesel the oxygen content is higher and because of this reason emission of CO is decreased, as shown in Figure 9. It can be clearly shown that the CO for all blends at first decreased with decreasing load and later increased constantly up to the increasing load.

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Figure 9: Carbon monoxide Emission v/s Load.

HydroCarbon Emission (HC) The graph shows that during the emission test due to the addition of biodiesel blends, the HC has reduced considerably. Figure 10 shows the HC emissions of pure diesel and blended biodiesel. This is due to more complete combustion of fuel. Hence, the complete combustion is due to more oxygen content in the biodiesel blends.

Figure 10: Hydrocarbon Emission v/s Load.

Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (NOx) Oxides of Nitrogen emission variation with engine load for different biodiesel blends are examined, as shown in Figure11. Emission of NOx produced from the engine is influenced by the concentration of oxygen content present in the combustion products with the combustion temperature inside the combustion chamber. Pure diesel has slightly lesser amount of NOx emission compared to B100. When compared to pure diesel, the increased proportion of biodiesel blends tends to increase the NOx emission.

Figure 11: NOX Emission v/s Load.

CONCLUSIONS Experiment was conducted on a single cylinder 4-stroke CI engine by different biodiesel blends produced from Simarouba glauca biodiesel and pure diesel. Performance and emission test results are shown as below,

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Viscosity, density, flash point of all kinds of blends of biodiesel under the test are higher, and calorific value is lesser than that of pure diesel.

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Thermal efficiency, (BTE) was found to be 25.16% for 20% blended biodiesel, which is more than that of diesel fuel, that is, 23.4% at highest load condition.

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For B20 of biodiesel, Brake specific fuel consumption is.0.30Kg/kw-hr which is lesser than the diesel fuel, that is, 0.366Kg/KWhr at highest load.

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Emissions like CO and HC of blends of biodiesel at rated load are lower than that of diesel.

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However, by comparing to pure diesel fuel (D100) 26.05 % lower CO with 40.15%, lower HC and 22.16%, higher NOx were observed with Simarouba biodiesel.

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Emission values of Hydrocarbon and Carbon monoxide is lesser and decreases whereas NOx increases as percentage of biodiesel increases in the blends.

Experimental investigations summarised that biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel for the existing compression Ignition

engines. It is observed that up to 20% biodiesel blend produced from the Simarouba glauca can be adopted in place of pure diesel fuel in an CI engine without change in specification of engine.

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