A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE BY USING MOS

International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001 Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun 2020, 873-884 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE BY USING MOSAMBI PEEL PYRO OIL AS FUEL VENKATESAN K1* & KUBERAN J2 1

Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India 2

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.K.P. Engineering College, Thiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT The biomass pyro oil is the bio-fuel extract from waste Mosambi peel, extracted from fast pyrolysis techniques. The major scope at this attempt is to evaluate the performance of pyro oil obtained from Mosambi peel biomass (named as Mosambi peel pyro oil -MPPO) fuels in a combustion (ignition) diesel engine. Bio-oil blends like MPPO10 (10 % Bio-oil +90 % Diesel), MPPO20 (20 % Bio-oil +80 % Diesel), MPPO30 (30 % Bio-oil +70 % Diesel) were prepared by mixing MPPO and base diesel (MPPO10, MPPO20, and MPPO30) in proportion to volume. A Single Cylinder Air Cooled

Performance and Emission performance of Mosambi peel pyro oil for a different blend. Engine test consequences show a close similar performance with all the bio-oil compared to diesel. MPPO10 indicates that the Brake thermal efficiency slightly increases near diesel, at every power output among the bio-oils. A significant decrease in Smoke and NOx Emissions was experimental through every three bio-oil as compared to diesel at all power outputs. HC and CO emission from bio-oils show a slight increase compared to diesel fuel. The investigational effect is finished among the three blends; the best choice can be MPPO10 for improved thermal efficiency and emission

Original Article

Diesel Engine with Power output of 4.4 kW at a Speed of 1500 Rpm is used. A comparative study is the Engine

KEYWORDS: Mosambi Peel Pyro Oil, Diesel Engine, Pyrolysis, Engine Performance & Emissions

Received: Oct 03, 2019; Accepted: Oct 23, 2019; Published: Jun 01, 2020; Paper Id.: IJMPERDJUN202078

1. INTRODUCTION The internal Combustion engine is generally used in transportation and industrial sectors, for the root of their relatively higher efficiency when compared to that of petrol and gas engines. Bio-fuels from agricultural products will decrease the world’s reliance on oil imports, sustain local agricultural industries, as well as enhance rural incomes [1-2]. Pyrolysis finds a ver y simple way in the production of Bio oils with a simple process in extracting oil from biomass, compared to diesel production.

Investigations reported that, blend so far pyrolysis oil obtained as of pyrolysis of biomass through diesel result incomparable thermal effectiveness and emission of smoke by diesel [3-4]. Bio-oil obtained as of pyrolysis of Prosopis Juliflora seeds, coconut shell and Kiker seeds are capable of existing use as a partial substitute, used for diesel by making an emulsion with diesel [5-6]. Because of this, an effort should be made to make bio-oil from Mosambi peel through fast pyrolysis method, and properties were studied to know its suitability as fuel, instead of diesel fuel and testing as fuel in a diesel engine.

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2. Collection of Mosambi Peels Biomass and Oil Extraction Initially, the 1000 gram of nut Mosambi peel was collected and dried in the sunlight for five days at open atmospheric condition, to remove the moisture content. After drying, the size Mosambi peel reduces from large size to small size ready for the pyrolysis process. The Mosambi peel biomass, to be cut into small size is now fed into the reactor in the hole, the cover of the pyrolysis reactor. Initially, Nitrogen gas is permissible to go into the reactor hollow to control the combustion inside the reactor. The pyrolysis temperature in the reactor can be adjusted with the help of the temperature control unit present in the reactor, and is maintained at 600°C all through the reaction. The vapor up impending out as of the reactor was permissible to pass during the counter flow condenser, which acts as a heat exchanger and condensed through the water. The pyro oil is then composed in a stainless steel container. In this pyrolysis process, the oil extracted from 1000 grams of Mosambi peel biomass i.e., (the oil yield from the pyrolysis process) was 450 ml. The extract pyro oil was followed-through purification by using a microfilter, which analyses the physical along with chemical properties of the biofuel with that of BD.

Figure 2.1: Collection of Mosambi Peel.

Figure 2.2: Dryness of Mosambi Peel.

2.1 Properties of Mosambi Pyro Oil The Mosambi peel pyro oil is blended by utilizing a various proportion of Diesel fuel. The mixture of oil was mix with the help of a mechanical stirrer, and it is found to be equal to 30% of Bio-oil blends easily during diesel fuels, by no separation for a long time.

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A Comprehensive Assessment on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine by using Mosambi Peel Pyro Oil as Fuel

Properties Density(kg/m3) Flash Point (oC) Fire Point (oC) calorific value(MJ/kg) viscosity(cst)@50˚C water content(%) PHValue

875

Table 2.1: Property of Different Combination of Fuel Neat Diesel Neat MPPO MPPO10 MPPO20 840 52 58 43.5 3.6 0 5.6

880 43 47 37.56 2.6 7.5 3.9

846 45 50 42.34 3.4 1.0 4.2

853 47 54 41.25 3.8 1.8 4.7

MPPO30 865 49 56 40.56 4.1 2.4 5.0

MPPO10, MPPO20 and MPPO30 blends of Mosambi peel pyro oil contain similar low viscosity, density, flash point, fire point, in addition to a calorific value near to diesel fuel. All the above property of MPPO blends is closer to that of diesel fuel.

Figure 2.3: Blending of Different MPPO Fuel.

2.2 Ultimate Analysis and Proximate Analyses The ultimate analysis and proximate analysis results were calculated from Mosambi peel pyro oil. The results show that all properties of MPPO pyro oil are closely related to that of diesel fuel.

Table 2.2: Ultimate Analysis and Proximate Analysis of MPPO Oil Properties Wt.% Properties Wt.% C 40.67 moisture 23.24 H 3.54 Volatile mater 14.74 N 5.34 Fixed carbon 40.55 O (difference) 50.45 Ash 21.47 2.3 FT-IR Analysis of Mosambi Peel Pyro Oil The FT-IR spectrum in the infra-red consists of being a used type functional group, along with the bonds similar to a range of stretch and direct vibrations in the test of Mosambi peel pyro oil and diesel fuel. The results indicate that most of the hydrocarbons found in the Mosambi pyro oils were alkanes, alkenes and small quantities of other functional groups are present in the spectra of MPPO. The compound of all stretching vibration shows very near peak intensities to that of diesel fuel. It is again suggested that all these compounds present in MPPO are related to diesel fuel. www.tjprc.org

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Table 2.3: FTIR Functional Group Compositions of MPPO Wavelength (cm-1) Typical Functional Group 2912.19 And 2848.31 C-H stretch, Alkane 2201.27 C≡C Stretch, Alkyne 717.92 C-Cl Stretch, Alkyl halides 668.90 C-C Stretch, Alkene

Figure 2.4: FT-IR Spectra in MPPO Pyro Oil. 3. Diesel Engine Setup and Experiments Conducted A Single Cylinder, Four strokes, Kirloskar oil engine, air-cooled Diesel engine of 4.4kW Power output is used for this research. Tests are conducted for four dissimilar loads such as 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the greatest power production through the fixed engine rate of 1500rpm. All tests are carried out with the injection time of 25˚ before the top dead center, used for all three sample fuels. This arrangement ensures that there is no heat elevate within the engine in every one unstable load. The engine is thermally stabilized before attractive every one capacity. Exhaust gas analyzers are calibrated earlier than taking measurements. Observation is for smoke emission, NOx, CO plus HC to investigate the emission character.

Figure 3.1: Pictorial View of Engine Setup.

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3.1 Uncertainty Analysis The uncertainty in several measured parameters is likely, based on the Gaussian distribution technique by self-confidence limits of ±2σ (95% of calculated information lie down inside the restrictions of 2σ of the mean). calculated parameter Δxi =

2σi √𝑋𝑖

Uncertainty of several

∗ 100

The experiment is conducted to get the mean (X𝑖) and Standard Deviation (σi) of some calculated parameters (Xi) intended for several readings. Engine live permissible to activate at a typical operational provision number of reading (minimum 5 readings) in use for Speed, load, Temperature, Pressure, Exhaust gas emission, also the time in result for a particular volume of diesel conservation. Several of the measurement instruments and their range, accurateness along the R = F (x1, x2, x3,…. xn)

proportion of uncertainties are given in the table.

Through 'R' as the compute effect utility of the independent calculated variables x1,x2,x3,……………...xn, while for each the relation. x1 ± Δ x1, x2 ± Δ x2, …………….. xn ± Δ.xn As the uncertainty restrictions for the calculated variables and the error limits for the computed results are R ± ΔR. To obtain the sensible uncertainty limits for the computed result, the standard of the root-mean-square method was worn to obtain the magnitude of error agreed in Holman 1973. 𝜕𝑅

2

𝜕𝑅

𝜕𝑅

ΔR = (𝜕𝑥1 Δ x1, ) + (𝜕x2 Δ x2, )2 + …… (𝜕xn Δ. xn)

2

Through these equations, the uncertainty within the compute values, for instance, Brake power, Brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and fuel pour measurement are predictable.

3.2 Specification of Diesel Engine Table 3.1: Specification of Diesel Engine Engine Make and Model Engine Type Rated Power Rated Speed Bore (D) Stroke(L) Compression Ratio Orifice Diameter Coefficient of Discharge Method of Cooling

Kirloskar Oil Engine TAF1 Four Stroke, Single cylinder 4.4kW diesel engine 1500Rpm 87.5mm 110mm 17.5:1 29.6 mm 0.6 Air Cooled

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The experiment on the single Cylinder air-cooled Diesel engine is found to be smooth throughout all load conditions, without any operational problems. The Performance, as well as the Emission characteristics engine fuelled by way of MPPO10, MPPO20, and MPPO30 fuel blends, are compared through that of base Diesel fuel. All parameters are recorded and analyzed.

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4.1.1 Specific Fuel Consumption The specific fuel consumption of all blends of the injected fuels resulted in reducing Engine power. Every one of the blend MPPO10, MPPO20, and MPPO30 fuels is slightly higher than Diesel fuel for medium load and at higher load. This is because of the effect of fuel density, viscosity, and low energy substance of biofuel blends. For all the blends that are tested, it’s seen that Specific Fuel Consumption was to reduce and utilize a raise in the brake power.

Figure 5.1: Variation of Specific Fuel Consumption for Different Blends.

4.1.2 Brake Thermal Efficiency The results of Brake Thermal efficiency at different Power outputs in favour of BD in addition to the blend of MPPO are indicated in Fig.5.2It sees near MPPO10,that resulted in BTE is slightly higher as BD operation at every working condition. The peak BTE was created like 29.73% with BD also 30.2%, 28.04%, and 26.13% respectively, with blends MPPO10, MPPO20, and MPPO30 at the maximum power output of 4.4 kW. The Micro explosion experience is induced by the volatility variation among the small amount of water in oil fuel, in addition to effect in more complete burning and immediate high-temperature discharge [7-9].

4.1.3 Exhaust gas Temperature The dissimilarity of exhaust Temperature and Brake Power is shown into the figure 5.3. The exhaust temperature of Mosambi peel pyro oil blended with diesel solution should be high, compared to that of Diesel fuel (because of slowburning). It is obvious from the graph that like the Power increase, the exhaust gas temperature also increases through all blend of fuel.

The biodiesel blends increase the exhaust gas Temperature [10-12]. The most exhaust gas Temperatures of 331˚C, 343˚C, 351˚C in addition to 362˚C are experiential at highest Power production, while the engine is operation lying on BD, MPPO10, MPPO20, and MPPO30, respectively. It is seen that MPPO blends have slightly improved exhaust gas temperature, compared to that of diesel oil. The variations in exhaust gas temperature indicate that poor instability and elevated thickness are the reasons for the significant effect on exhaust gas temperature.

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Figure 5.2: Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency for Different Blends.

Figure 5.3: Variation of Exhaust Gas Temperature for Different Blends.

4.2 EMISSION PARAMETERS 4.2.1 Smoke Emission The difference in Smoke number with Brake Power is revealed in fig.5.4.The MPPO blended with diesel solution show less smoke emission for up to 30% of blended oil compared to that of Diesel fuel. Soot formations mostly take rest in the fuel-rich region by high Temperature and Pressure, particularly bounded by the central region of every fuel spray. It is normally unnamed to oxygenate blend with Diesel fuel, efficiently distribute oxygen to the pyrolysis region of the flaming Diesel resultant in reduced smoke Emission [13].

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Figure 5.4: Variation of Smoke Emissions for Different Blends.

The result of low smoke emission with MPPO10, MPPO20, and MPPO30 is because of the presence of oxygen substance within pyro oil.

4.2.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emission All the Bio-oil blends resulted in a substantial decrease in NOx emission when compared to that of Diesel fuel at every Power output. Certainly, through MPPO10, MPPO20, and MPPO30 the formation NO is reduced. In addition to that, the presence of water inside the fuel also helps in dropping the Peak cycle temperature, and therefore the reduced NOx, at every Power output [14]. MPPO30 show more decrease in NOx than other fuel at every one of the power output.

4.2.3 Unburned Hydrocarbon Emission The difference between Hydrocarbon Emission BD and MPPO oil shows that the major cause for hydrocarbon emission owes toward incomplete combustion of blended pyro oil. It is obvious to Hydrocarbon emission is rising with the increasing load by all working circumstances as compared to BD. The contented within the mixture fuel, which includes lower the contained temperature in the burning chamber and by this means improved the unburned HC emission [15].Maximum hydrocarbon emission is creating as 86 ppm with neat Diesel and 96 ppm through MPPO30 at peak Power outputs. Because of the water particles that are found in the fuel, it results in the elevated latent temperature of vaporization and fuel-air mixing rates, which in turn results in an increase of hydrocarbon emission with MPPO10, MPPO20, and MPPO30 of blends. Homogeneity of the air and pyro oil fuel combination may also add to lower the mix in some regions of the combustion chamber, which results in additional unburned fuels at small power output.

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Figure 5.5: Variation of Oxides of Nitrogen for Different Blends.

Figure 5.6: Variation of Unburn Hydrocarbon for Different Blends.

4.2.4 Carbon Monoxide Emission Figure 5.7 indicates the consequences of Carbon monoxide Emission of MPPO10, MPPO20, MPPO30, and BD at similar power outputs.

Figure 5.7: Variation of Carbon Monoxide for a Different Blend. www.tjprc.org

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All blends of bio-oil resulted in fuel richness and lead to more CO emission as compared to BD, at all power outputs. Higher loads, the longer ignition delay problem connected through the Biofuel induced reduced fuel-air mixture in the engine cylinder foremost to high CO emissions [16-17]. They enlarge in the Carbon monoxide level with all the three blends outcomes showing incomplete combustion of the air-fuel mixture at brightness and concentrated fuel loads. In addition to that, the presence of water in the blend attentiveness of the fuel helps incomplete combustion of the fuel. Each of the above factors shows high CO emission when compared to that of BD.

5. CONCLUSIONS The conclusions, based on the above experiments conducted using MPPO10, MPPO20and MPPO30 are presented below: From the pyrolysis process i.e., heating at 600˚C, the dried Mosambi peels resulted in more pyro oil yield from Mosambi peel biomass. All the properties of MPPO10, MPPO20, and MPPO30 are related to diesel fuel. The usage of Mosambi peel pyro oil increases the Brake thermal efficiency at high outputs. Brake Thermal efficiency increases through all the blends of fuel, related to that of diesel fuel. Specific fuel consumption is gradually concentrated with the increase of the brake power, but SFC is slightly increased when compared to that of BD. Exhaust gas temperature is slightly increased while using MPPO blends when compared to that of BD. There is a significant decrease in the smoke level, by all Power outputs. HC and CO emission is slightly increased than diesel fuel.

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AUTHOR’S PROFILE

Dr. K. Venkatesan is presently working as an Associate professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. He has been teaching and guiding for Ph.D. students since 2016 and guiding B.Tech and M.E. students since 1996. His main research interests include the pyrolysis of biomass and alternative fuels for the IC engine. He may be contacted at venkatgingee1970@gmail.com

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Dr. J. Kuberan is presently working as a Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.K.P Engineering College, Thiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, and India. He has been teaching and guiding Ph.D. students since 2019 and guiding B.E/B.Tech and M.E. students since 1996. His main research interests include Thermal, IC Engines, and pyrolysis of biomass and alternative fuels for CI engines. He may be contacted at kkuberdr@gmail.com

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