THERMODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT IN VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH USE OF ECO-FRI

International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001 Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun 2020, 1075-1090 © TJPR Pvt. Ltd.

THERMODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT IN VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH USE OF ECO-FRIENDLY PRIMARY REFRIGERANTS AND BRINE MIXED WITH NANO PARTICLES AS SECONDARY REFRIGERANT UMA SHANKAR PRASAD1, RANDIP KUMAR DAS2 & RADHEY SHYAM MISHRA3 1,2

IIT, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India 3

Delhi Technical University, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT Nano refrigerant was only the combo of nano-particle using all refrigerant for improved cooling procedure. It has been discovered that, in comparison with other refrigerant,there's good advancement in heat conversion capability of the refrigerant following inclusion of nanoparticles. The usage of nano-particles together with the traditional refrigerant with vapour compression cycle is comparatively a freshconcept, in which nano-refrigerants, hence acquired were discovered to get their enhanced thermo-physical elements within the traditional refrigerants. Nano-particles may be utilized alongside

examine attributes of nano-particles of alumina (Al2O3), Copperoxide (CuO) and Titanium oxide (TiO2) were disseminated at refrigerantR134a to enhance its heat shift functionality to possess their enhanced thermal& physical attributes within the traditional refrigerants.

KEYWORDS: VCRS, Refrigeration Cycle, Refrigeration Performance, Nanoparticles & Nanorefrigerant

Received: Apr 21, 2020; Accepted: May 11, 2020; Published: Jun 10, 2020; Paper Id.: IJMPERDJUN20293

1. INTRODUCTION This is a technology that absorbs heat in less temperature and gives temperature beneath the encompassing with refusing heat to the encompassing at greater temperature. Simple vapour compression method that is composed of four main elements compressor, extension valve, condenser and evaporator where overall cooling load is completed at a single temperature by only evaporator, however in several programs such as big hotels, food storage and food processing plants, food items were stocked in various compartment and indistinct temperatures. Hence, there's requirement of multi evaporator vapour compression refrigeration structure. The programs beneath vapour compression technology consume large quantity of power, and this issue may be resolved through enhancing operation of system. The usage of nano particles enhances the initial law and second law operation considerably.

A nano-fluid can be defined as the fluid system, in that; nano-particles are dispersed in the base fluid. A nano-refrigerant is a type of refrigeration system, in which suspended nanoparticles are well-dispersed in a continuous base refrigerant. It has a very long history that has contributed in the development and enhancement of modern refrigeration system (Maxwell, 1873).As with time when nano-technology started playing major roles in almost all the areas of science and technology, Choi in the year 1995 introduced to the world with a different concept of making nano-refrigerant.

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refrigerant so as to enhance the operation ofvapour compression refrigeration structure. Within this research, we'll

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Nano-refrigerants have very promising future with lots of advantages and challenges that should be pursued by the researchers working in this field. This review article is an attempt to address such promises and attempts that have taken place to improve the efficiency of nano-refrigerants and apparently increase their performance. So, the researchers have reported an increase in about 127% in steady state hydro-dynamic diameter with the use of R-141b nano-refrigerant and researchers have also observe an increase in boiling heat transfer by 129% with the use of R-134a nano-refrigerant.

Further, there is requirement of more work to be done on R-134a nano-refrigerant so that cooling can be more than 6%. As can be easily monitored throughout the article that how using nano-refrigerants resulted in less power consumption, likewise the improved k is parameter that drastically increases with the help of nano-refrigerant, therefore we are in the era in which, more experimental investigation are required in the area of nano-refrigeration. Many researchers have also reported that the quantum of work should be increased on condensation heat transfer of nano-refrigerants.

Oxides of metals such as Al2O3, TiO2 and CuO can be put under the category of challenging nano additives that can improve the thermal conductivity of nano-refrigerants. Furthermore, the addition of surfactants of all types (anionic, cationic and non-ionic) inhibits the aggregation of nano-particles in the nano-refrigerants. Likewise, presence of lubricating oils prevents the aggregation behavior.

There are different methods to improve the performance of vapour compression refrigeration cycle

Due to sub-cooling in condenser the compressor work must reduce and refrigeration impact shall rise. It’s called that reduce in condenser pressure and temperature so the refrigeration impact will rise and compressor input work because of this cop will rise



Increase in pressure and temperature of evaporator the work input will reduce and refrigeration impact will rise because of this cop will rise for a vapor-compression.



Liquid heat exchanger influences both capability and COP. The pressure loss decreases the density of the refrigerant invading the compressor and hence outcomes in decreased refrigerant mass flow rate that in turn leads to in decreased capability.



Vapour Compression Refrigeration System with use of eco-friendly primary refrigerants along with brine mixed with nano particles as secondary refrigerant is more effective because of low percentage of improvement noticed in above three methods.

2. PREPARATION OF NANO-REFRIGERANTS 2.1 Two-Step Method Two-step technique was the major commonly utilized technique for organizing nanofluids. Nanoparticles, nano fibers, nanotubes, or alternative nano substances utilized within the process were first generated as dry powders using chemical or physical procedures. Afterward, the nanosized powder is going to be disseminated to a fluid at the next procedure step with the assistance of pressurized magnetic pressure agitation, ultrasonic agitation, high-shear mixing, homogenizing, and ball milling. Two-step technique was the most economical approach to create nanofluids in big scale, since nano powder synthesis methods had already been scaled up to industrial manufacturing amounts. Because of the large surface area and surface activity, nanoparticles possess the propensity to aggregate. The key method to improve the consistency of nanoparticles because of its problem in developing steady nanofluids by two-step procedure, many innovative methods

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were designed to create nanofluids, including one-step technique. In the next part, we'll initiate one-step process in detail in fluids would be using surfactants. On the other hand, the performance of these surfactants beneath high temperature can be a big concern, particularly for high-temperature programs.

2.2 One-Step Method To decrease the agglomeration of nanoparticles, Eastman et al. created a one-step physical vapor condensation approach to make Cu/ethylene glycol nanofluids. Theone-step procedure is composed of concurrently creating and disseminating the particles from the fluid. Within this technique, the procedures of drying, storage, transportation, and dispersion of nanoparticles were prevented, so the agglomeration of nanoparticles was diminished, as well as the equilibrium of fluids has been raised. The one-step procedures may make finely spread nanoparticles, and the particles could be stably suspended from the bottom fluid. The vacuum-SANSS(submerged arc nanoparticle synthesis system) was another effective procedure to create nanofluids utilizing distinct dielectric liquids. The various morphologies were primarily affected and decided using several thermal conductivity elements of their dielectric liquids.

The nanoparticles made display needle-like, polygonal, square, along with circular morphological shapes. The procedure keeps away from the unwanted particle aggregation rather nicely.One-step physical technique cannot synthesize nano-fluids in big scale, along with the price was too high, hence the one-step chemical technique was growing quickly.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW Aggregation of Particles in Nano-Refrigerants The nano-particles present in the base fluid have Brownian movement, in addition to weak Vander wall forces and high surface free energy. This phenomenon leads to the cluster formation of nano-particles and they get sedimented. This will finally impact the performance of nano-refrigerants. The impact of lubrication oil on the aggregation of particles is an important element to be investigated. Bi et al; 2008 did experiments on the firmness of refrigerant-nanoparticle combination of R113, R123, R141b-TiO2 with surfactant span 80 and found the system was highly stable. Peng et al., in 2015 worked with R141b-MWCNT combination and found that the presence of anionic, cationic and non-ionic refrigerants controlled the aggregation, significantly. Lin et al., 2016 worked with TiO2/NM56/R141b nano-lubricant-refrigerant mixture and found that presence of lubrication oils prevents the aggregation.

S. No. 1.

2.

3.

4.

*Table 1 Summarizes the Researchers that have been conducted to study the Performance of nanoRefrigerants.

Table 1: Summary of Research Conducted Refrigerant; Author(s) Journal Year Nanoparticle; Observation Avg. size R141b; TiO2; There is rise in stable-state Peng et al.

Energy Build.

2015 25nm 40nm hydrodynamic diameter of about 127 % 60nm 100nm was measured.

Int. J. Heat Mass R141b; Cu; 30 Improvement in pool boiling heat Diao et al.

2015 Transfer nm transfer R141b; An improvement of 40 % in Nusselt Yang et al.

Int. J. Refrig.

2015 MWCNT; number was observed R141b;20nm Table 1: Contd., Int. J. Adv. Res. R718; Al2O3 and Mishra et al.

2015 COP increased with the use of R718 Innov.

TiO2

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Uma Shankar Prasad, Randip Kumar Das & Radhey Shyam Mishra

Mishra et al.

Int. J. Adv. Res. Innov.

6.

Mishra et al.

Int. J. Adv. Res. Innov.

2020

7.

Mishra et al.

Int. J. Adv. Res. Innov.

2020

5.

8.

9.

Mishra et al.

Mishra et al.

10.

Mishra et al.

11.

Behabadi et al.

12.

Mishra

13.

Tang et al.

Int. J. Adv. Res. Innov.

Int. J. Adv. Res. Innov.

Int. J. Adv. Res. Innov.

2020

2020

2020

2020

R1234ze (z) HFO1336mzz(Z) & R-718 ; CuO, Al2O3, and TiO2 R1234yf R1234ze(z), R1234ze(E), R1224ze(Z) NH3 H2O R245fa R32a R600a R1233zd(E) HFO13336mzz( Z) NH3H2O HFO-1234yf R245fa R236fa R1234ze(Z) R1234ze(E) R1224yd(Z) R-600a R-290 R-32 R600a; CuO ; 50nm

Naphon and Thongjing Behabadiet al.

Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. Int. J. Emerg.

Technol. Adv. Eng. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.

16.

Hu et al.

Int. J. Refrig.

2013

R113; Cu; 20nm

17.

Sun and Yang

Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer

2013

R141b; Cu Al, Al2O3,CuO; 40nm

18.

Sun and Yang

Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer

2013

R141b; Cu Al, Al2O3,CuO; 40nm

19.

Kedzierski

J. Heat Transfer

2012

R134a; Diamond ; 10nm

20.

Mahbubul et al.

Int. J. Mech.

Mater. Eng.

2012

R113;CuO

14.

15.

2015 2014 2014 2014 2014

R134a; Al2O3 R141b; Al2O3; <200 nm R141b; TiO2; 21nm R600a; CuO; 50 nm

Performance Better than R1234yf, R152a and, R134a,can be replaced by HFC-134a R1224yd(Z) gives best first law thermodynamic performances & R1233zd(E) gives better second law exergetic performance R1234yf gives better performance over other HFO refrigerants

Using NH3H2O in VCRS cascading system improves the operation of the system from the range of -500C to -1500C with replacement of R134a Three integrated multi cascaded vapour compression-absorption refrigeration systems are used and found that R-134a can be replaced by other refrigerants.

In the investigation it was found thar R124 gives better result as compared to HFO-1336mzz(Z) and R1225ye(Z)

83% enhancement in condensing coefficient of heat transfer.

The optimum temperature of evaporator was found to be -5°C An increment in pool boiling heat performance was observed Rise in boiling heat transfer coefficient at higher boiling pressure.

The boiling heat transfer coefficient developed by 63%.

Correlation for nucleate pool boiling heat transfer was proposed.

There was an improvement in maximum heat transfer coefficient by 17-25% anda rise in average heat transfer coefficient by 3-20%.

Boiling heat transfer coefficient increased with addition of nanoparticle mass fraction.

An increment in enhancement in boiling heat transfer by 129% was observed.

Pressure differential increased up to 42.5% at 0.5 vol% concentration

Table 1: Contd.,

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R134a; Al2O3; 20nm

21.

Kedzierski

Int. J. Refrig.

2011

22.

Bi et al.

J. Mech. Eng. Sci.

2011

23.

Peng et al.

Int. Heat Mass Transfer

2011

24.

Bobbo et al.

Int. J. Refrig.

2010

25.

Wang et al.

Energy Build.

2010

26.

Peng et al.

Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer

2010a

R113; CNT; 15nm-80nm

27.

Peng et al.

Int. J. Refrig.

2010b

R113; Diamond; 10nm

28.

Henderson et al.

Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer

2010

R134a; CuO; 30 nm

29.

Peng et al.

Int. J. Refrig.

2009b

30.

Jiang et al.

Int. J. Therm. Sci.

2009

31.

Peng et al.

Int. J. Refrig.

2009b

32.

Ding et al

Int. J. Refrig.

2009

33.

Bi et al.

Appl. Therm.

Eng.

2008

Energy Build.

2007

Int. J. Refrig.

2007

34.

35.

Park and Jung Park and Jung

R600a; TiO2; 50nm R113; Cu; 20 nm 50 nm 80 nm R134a; TiO2; 21nm R134a; NiFe2O4; 35nm

R113; CuO ; 40 nm R113; CNT; 15nm - 80nm R113; CuO ; 40 nm R113; CuO ; 40 nm R134a; TiO2; 50nm R134a; CNTs; 20nm R22-CNT

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Increase in average rate of heat up to a maximum of 155% was observed.

9.6 % lesser energy was consumed.

Increase in nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient by 23.8%.

Solubility of lubricant in the refrigerant was not affected.

There was an increase in cooling by 6%.

Improvement in nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient by 61 % was observed.

An increment in nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient up to 63.4 % was observed.

There was an increase in boiling heat transfer coefficient by 100% due to addition of CuO Nanoparticles.

There was an increase in frictional pressure drop up to 20.8% An increase in k of nano-refrigerant by 104 %.

An increase in heat transfer coefficient by 30 %.

Migration of nanoparticles in nanorefrigerant was 17.5% greater as compared to nano-refrigerant-oil mixture.

26.1% less energy was consumed.

An increment in boiling heat transfer coefficient by 36.6% .

An improvement in heat transfer coefficient ufto 24.7%

Figure 1: (Comparison between Eco Friendly Refrigerants with HFC-134a in VCRS) (Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

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Above graph (figure 1), shows the variations of first law performance by using different low GWP refrigerants mixed with in R718 fluid flowing in secondary circuit of evaporator, and found that R1224yd(Z) gives best first law thermodynamic performances and slightly higher than R1233zd(E).

Figure 2: (Comparison between Eco Friendly Refrigerants with HFC-134a in VCRS) (Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

Above graph (figure 2) shows that R1233zd (E) gives better second law exegetic performance as compared to R1224yd (Z)

Figure 3: (Comparison between Eco Friendly Refrigerants with HFC-134a in VCRS) (Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

Above graph (figure 3), shows the thermodynamic performances of HFO1336mzz (Z) fluid flowing in primary circuit of evaporator, is also lower than R1233zd (E) and higher than R1243zf, R1234yf and R1225ye (Z) and R-134a. The lowest first law performance was observed by using R1234yf.

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Figure 4: Percentage Improvement using Following Ecofriendly Low GWP Refrigerants with HFC-134a in VCRS (Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

Above graph shows the performance improvement/decrement in the first law performance by using different low GWP refrigerants mixed with in R718 fluid, flowing in secondary circuit of evaporator.

Figure 5: Percentage Improvement using Following Ecofriendly Low GWP Refrigerants with HFC-134a in VCRS (Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

Above graph (figure 5), shows the performance improvement/decrement in the second law exegetic efficiency by using different low GWP refrigerants mixed with in R718 fluid flowing in secondary circuit of evaporator, and found that the second law exergetic performance was improved by 8.16% without Nano materials using R-1233zd (E) 5.86 using R1224yd (Z) and 3.059% using HFO-1336mzz (Z) by replacing R134a.

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Figure 6: (Variations of Compressor’s Isentropic Efficiency with Nano Particles Mixed with in R718 Fluid Flowing in Secondary Circuit of Evaporator and HFO1336mzz(Z) Fluid Flowing in Primary Circuit of Evaporator.) (Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

Above graph (figure 6) demonstrates variations of compressor’s Isentropic efficiency with Nano particles mixed with in R718 fluid flowing in secondary circuit of evaporator and HFO1336mzz (Z) fluid flowing in primary circuit of evaporator. It has been found that Isentropic efficiency by using CuO is highest and by using TiO2 is lowest that significantly affecting first and second law efficiency of VCR system.

Figure 7: (Variations of Compressor’s Volumetric Efficiency with Nano Particles Mixed with in R718 Fluid Flowing in Secondary Circuit of Evaporator and HFO1336mzz(Z) Fluid Flowing in Primary Circuit of Evaporator.)

(Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

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Above graph (figure 7) demonstrates variations of compressor’s volumetric efficiency with Nano particles mixed with in R718 fluid flowing in secondary circuit of evaporator and HFO1336mzz (Z) fluid flowing in primary circuit of evaporator. It has been found that volumetric efficiency by using CuO is highest and by using TiO2 is lowest, that significantly affecting first and second law efficiency of VCR system.

Figure 8: (Variations in First law Efficiency of VCRS by using HFO1336mzz (Z) Ecofriendly Refrigerant) (Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

Above graph (figure 8), shows the variations of first law performance by using different Nano materials mixed with in R718 fluid flowing in secondary circuit of evaporator and HFO1336mzz (Z) fluid flowing in primary circuit of evaporator. By comparing results of system’s properties with-and- without Nanoparticles, higher COP was observed by using CuO and lowest by using TiO2. It has also been found that enhancement in COP by using CuO, Al2O3, and TiO2 is about 18.5%, 17.5%, and 15.95%, respectively.

Figure 9: (Variations in Exergetic Efficiency of VCRS by using HFO1336mzz (Z) Ecofriendly Refrigerant) (Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020). www.tjprc.org

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Above graph (figure 9) shows the variations in Exergetic Efficiency by using different Nano materials mixed with in R718 fluid flowing in secondary circuit of evaporator and HFO1336mzz (Z) fluid flowing in primary circuit of evaporator. By comparing results of system’s properties with-and- without Nanoparticles, higher COP was observed by using CuO and lowest by using TiO2. It has also been found that enhancement in second law in condenser tube is by using CuO, Al2O3, and TiO2 is about 13.9%, 12.9%, and 11.5%.

Figure 10: (Variations in Overall Evaporator Heat Transfer Coefficient of VCRS by using HFO1336mzz (Z) Ecofriendly Refrigerant) (Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

Figure 11: (Variations in Overall Condenser Heat Transfer Coefficient of VCRS by using HFO1336mzz (Z) Ecofriendly Refrigerant) (Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

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Figure 12: Variations of Reynolds numbers in Capillary Tube with Nano materials in VCRS (adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

Above graph (figure 12) shows the variations of Reynolds number in capillary tube by using different Nano materials mixed with in R718 fluid flowing in the secondary circuit of evaporator and HFO1336mzz (Z) fluid flowing in primary circuit of evaporator. By comparing results of system’s properties with-and- without Nanoparticles, higher Reynolds number was observed by using copper oxide and lowest by using TiO2. It has also been found that enhancement in Reynolds number by using CuO, Al2O3, and TiO2 is about 48 %, 45.7% and 42.3%.

Figure 13: (Variations of Reynolds Numbers in Condenser tube with Nano Materials in VCRS) (Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

Above graph (figure 13) shows the variations of Reynolds number in condenser tube by using different Nano materials mixed with in R718 fluid flowing in the secondary circuit of evaporator and HFO1336mzz (Z) fluid flowing in primarycircuit of evaporator. By comparing results of system’s properties with-and- without Nanoparticles, higher Reynolds number was observed by using copper oxide and lowest by using TiO2. It was found that there is enhancement in

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Reynolds number for condenser tube by using CuO, Al2O3, and TiO2 is about 3.2%, 3.11%, and 2.96%.

Figure 14: Variations of Reynolds Number of Brine Flow with Nano Materials in VCRS (Adapted from Mishra et al., 2020).

From above graph (figure 14), table it was found that all the nano-particles give same Reynolds number when they were immersed in brine flow 1%-5% variation.

4. RESULTS Extensive experimental investigations are necessary to identify the chemicals interaction between molecules. More research work will be required to do experiments with natural refrigerants. The studies with natural refrigerants such as CO2and NH3 are still unexplained. Stability is a key parameter that should be studied more. Stability and sustainability different combinations are required in the future research. The wetting characteristics of nano-fluids that are to be used in the nano-refrigerants are to be studied, extensively.

5. CONCLUSIONS There is huge amount of literature available, and it is keeping on increasing day by day, while reading all the latest research, the following conclusions have been made.

Using ecofriendly refrigerants with suspended nano particles in the simple refrigeration system, it was found that the performance is enhance maximum upto 22% By using TiO2 (Titanium dioxide) nano-particle, the performance of the system is improved in the range of 812%.

By using Al2O3 (Aluminium oxide) nano-particle, the performance of the system is improved in the range of 1218%.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors gratefully acknowledge IIT(ISM), Dhanbad and DTU, New Delhi for conducting the research and to review this article. Mr. Uma Shankar Prasad is currently working as Assistant Professor at Prestige Institute of Engineering Management & Research, Indore (M.P).

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Thermodynamic Performance Improvement in Vapour Compression Refrigeration System with use of Eco-Friendly Primary Refrigerants and Brine Mixed with Nano Particles as Secondary Refrigerant REFERENCES

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