PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE WITH COTTON SEED, JATROPHA AND KARANJA BIODIES

International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001 Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun 2020, 3103-3110 © TJPR Pvt. Ltd.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE WITH COTTON SEED, JATROPHA AND KARANJA BIODIESEL BLENDS Dr. V. NAGA PRASAD NAIDU Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering Kalikiri, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT In recent years world has witnessed an enormous demand for fuel due to rapid development of automobile industry, Agricultural, Manufacturing and Power sectors which results in shortage of fuel and increase in environmental pollution. Due to gradual reduction of petroleum fuel reserves and the influence of engine exhaust emissions on environment (pollution problems) led the scientists and researchers to focus on finding an alternative fuel. Biodiesels formed with different vegetable oils are the best source to make an alternative fuel to the Diesel. The present work emphases on evaluation and comparison of performance parameters and exhaust features of a Diesel engine run with three dissimilar biodiesels namely Cotton seed (CS), Karanja seed(KS) and Jatropha seed (JS) biodiesels which are mixed independently with Diesel oil to create biodiesel blends. Performance factors of engine run by biodiesel mix (B20) is compared with the engine performance evaluated with Diesel fuel. This investigation reveals that the performance from exhaust pipe are lesser amount than Diesel. It is detected that the Cotton seed (CS) biodiesel mix (B20)is giving better performance and emission features as compared with Jatropha seed (JS)and Karanja seed(KS)biodiesel mix (B20).

KEYWORDS: Biodiesel, Cotton Seed (CS), Karanja Seed(KS), Jatropha Seed (JS)biodiesel & Emissions

Original Article

parameters of the engine with above three biodiesel mix (B20) differs slightly from Diesel and hydrocarbons (HC) emitted

Received: May 25, 2020; Accepted: Jun 15, 2020; Published: Jun 11, 2020; Paper Id.: IJMPERDJUN2020294

INTRODUCTION Currentlywhole world facing two major crises i.e. depletion of fuel resources and rise in environmental pollution because ofvast consumption of fossil fuel. A bettertechnique to decrease the impact of above problem is to explore new and alternative fuel (Biodiesels) created with vegetable oils. Biodieselgenerated from several seeds and vegetable oils has gained a significant alternative source to Diesel (1) subsequently these are renewable and these oils are able to manufactured in rural regions with minimum cost. The originator of Diesel engine (DE) Rudolf Diesel initial predicted that, Oils created from plant seed are extensively used to runDiesel engine. Plant seeds and vegetable oils has enormous capabilities (2) as alternative source to Diesel. Several in vestigators observed that, supply of straight vegetable oils without modification (3) as fuel to Diesel engine will create several engines connected problems like fuel injector (nozzle)blockage, piston deposit development and sticking of piston compression and oil ringsbecause of poor volatility and unusual viscous nature of vegetable oils. An improved method to rectify (4) above mentioned engine issues with vegetable oils, isaltering vegetableoils as monoesters with transesterification process (Biodiesel). This transesterification method (5) reduces the viscosity of vegetable oil and thereby improving its chemical and physical properties. Thus the engine performance is enhanced by this method.

Although biodiesel has numerous benefits over straight vegetable oil, (6) it has some draw back si.e. low heat value, difficulty in supplying through small fuel lines and high viscosity over Diesel. This disadvantagecan be succeeded

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with the generating biodiesel blend by mixing Diesel and biodiesel.

LITERATURE REVIEW Investigators of several areas of world are conducted numerous experiments on a Diesel engine with different biodiesels obtained from vegetable oils and its blends to estimate performance and exhaust emission featuresa Diesel engine.

Dharmendra et al.carried out investigations on Diesel engine(7) with Neem seeds biodiesel and found that Neem seed(NS) blend (B20) is exhibited performance of engine is closer to Diesel. Sruthi (8) et al has conducted research experimentation to find performance parameters of Diesel engine by supplying Neem seed(NS) biodiesel combined with Diesel at several proportions like 10% (B10), 20% (B20) and also 30% (B30) by vol. and compared byDiesel. This experimentation reported that engine (DE) performance with neem seed (NS) biodiesel (B20) is closer to Diesel. Avinash et al.investigated suitability ofKS biodiesel (9)to run (DE) engine and concluded asKS biodiesel mix (B20) can be (up to 20%)supplied without any alterations in existing (DE) engine. Hadiya. J.P et.were carried experimental search on (DE) engine (10) withB.D mix prepared withCSandDiesel. CSbiodiesel mixing with Diesel in different proportions like B20 (20% CS + 80% Diesel), B40, B60 and (80% CS + 20% Diesel) B80 are engagedto their experiment. This experimental search reveals that performance parameters of (DE) engine with the CSmix (B20) is followed closely toDiesel.

Present Work Current experimental search, performance factors and exhaust pipe emission of 4 stroke vertical (DE) Diesel engine are assessed with fuel prepared by using three different biodiesels namely CS, KS and JS biodiesels mixed individually in Diesel as proportion of 20:80 (20% biodiesel and 80% Diesel). Engine performance factors are calculated with Diesel and by spending above biodiesel (mix) blends(B20) and compared in terms corresponding brake thermal (BTE) efficiency, specific fuel (BSFC)consumption, exhaust gas (EGT) temperature and (CO), (HC) hydrocarbons emissions (HC) and (NOx) nitrogen oxides.

Specifications of the Test Engine Current experimental work, the experiments are accomplished on experimental test setup which consists of 4 stroke, vertical, single cylinder, water cooled, manual start Diesel engine (Kirloskaroil Engines ltd.) of power-3.68 kW (maximum)(5 H.P) furnished with smoke meter (AVL) and also Delta (1600S) gas analyser.

MATERIALS & METHODS Current experimental work, experiments are conducted on experimental test setup by suppling CS, KS and JSbiodiesel (mix) prepared individually, to evaluate performance parameters and exhaust emission. Cotton (11) is well known nature's crop, fine fiber plant provides unique food. It gives food for men and animals, highly useful fiber mandatory for dress (clothing), houses and industries.The oil extracted from CSs (12)consistfatty acidsas poly unsaturated: saturatedof 2:1 by ratio and usuallycontains 65-70% unsaturated (UFC) fatty acids which also includes18-24% (monounsaturated) oleic and (polyunsaturated) linoleic is 42- 52%, (saturated) palmitic and stearicare 26-35%. KS (Karanja seeds) obtained from karanja tree are used to prepare Karanja biodiesel. It is a normal height tree and found in many parts in Asian countries.

The Karanjatree is a drought resistant. This seeds contains huge oil from (nearly 40%). Cake of this seeds is most widely usedto make chemical and also plant food (fertiliser). In India KSoil is treated as non-edible. This plantswill grow in all soilsi.e. stony, sandy, clay etc. soils. Karanja plants will grow in subtropical and wet sites where rain fall is low. One of the Impact Factor (JCC): 8.8746

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best reason (13) that these plants will grow in low rain, that’s why widely available in south Indian. KS oil/cake (14) used to make organic fertilizer in the same way like neem seed oil. The oil extracted from the KSs is use for different applications, however 94% (KS) of oil produced fromKS plant is underutilized. So that KS oil can be used as fuel for (DE) Diesel engine. Jatropha oil is created by using JS (Jatropha seeds) which are obtained from Jatropha tree. The designation (name) Jatrophacoined from Greek words i.e. Jatros (doctor) and troph (food), indicating medicinal usages sustenance, these plants (15) are conventionally intended for medicinal applications. This plant is a robustand shrub that willdevelopin weak soils and areas where rain fall is low (250 mm rain fall in a year). Hence this plant is being promoted as a best plant in many areas meant for small farmers. The oil content in this seeds is (27% -40%) that can be managed to yield a high quality of biodiesel, functioninga normal Diesel engine. The properties (16) of the above three biodiesels (CS, KS & JS) are listed in appendix 1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The results of present experimental work, performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), Engine exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and exhaust emission characteristics like Hydrocarbon emission (HC), Carbon monoxide emission (CO) and oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) are presented as follows.

Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) Figure 1 shows thermal efficiency (BTE) of engine with respect to break power (BP. It is found that thermal efficiency (BTE) of an engine enhancesas load develops (rises) on engine (DE) for entire fuel samples. Generally,BTE mostly depending on burningmethod (process) of fuel in engine cylinder which is a critical phenomenon which depends on many factors i.e. design of CC (combustion chamber), fuel injection nozzle type, fuel injection pressure, fuel spray formation, fuel feature slikecetane value, fuel volatile nature, viscosity, A&F mix formation (homogeneous mix),latent heat (LH), vaporization, heat value(CV) etc. BTH of engine run with Diesel more as compared to biodiesel (B20) used in this work. It is estimated that the CS biodiesel blend (B20) have higher (BTH) thermal efficiency than Karanja (KS) and Jatropha (JS) biodiesel (B20). CS attained high heat value (CV) and low viscosity as compared with Karanja (KS) and Jatropha (JS) biodiesel.Higher heat value (CV) of CS heat amount generated in CC (combustion chamber) during fuel burning is rich and fuel combustionis enhancedwhich producesmore heat. The engine brake thermal efficiency (BTH) with Diesel,KS biodiesel blend (B20),JS biodiesel blend (B20)and CS biodiesel blend (B20)are obtained as29.18%, 27.82%, 27.05 and 28.449% respectively,at rated load (3/4th).

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Figure 1: The Brake Thermal Efficiency Vs Break Power Output of Engine.

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) Change in BSFC with respect to BP (break power) presented in figure 2. BSFC gradually reduces with respect to engine load for entire fuel samples. BSFC ofentire biodiesel mix (B20) of current work are higher than Diesel.

Figure 2: BSFC Vs BP. BSFC of CS biodiesel is (B20) lower than KSand JS biodiesel (B20). The BSFC increased by14.455%, 13.732% and 9.294% respectively with JS, KSand CS biodiesel blends (B20) whencompared Diesel. BSFC enhances with increased biodiesel. Oxygenated biodiesels might lead to lean combustion which results rise in BSFC. It is detected that, BSFC of CS biodiesel is slightly lower than KS and JS biodiesel (B20).

Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) Figure 3 representschange inEGT of engine with respect to BP. EGT of engine depends on heat value (CV), LH and fuel viscosity.EGTof entire samples was found to enhance with rise in DE load. Growth in engine EGT is because additional fuel requiredtoengine to acquire additional power which required to take increased loading. EGTof Diesel islow comparing with EGT of CS, KS, JS biodiesel (B20).EGT for Diesel is 320°C, for CS biodiesel (B20)is 332°C, for KS biodiesel (B20) is 334°C and for JS biodiesel (B20) is 340°Cat rated load. EGT of K S biodiesel (B20) and JS biodiesl (B20) are marginally higher than CS biodiesel (B20).

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Figure 3: EGT Vs BP of the Engine.

Hydrocarbon Emissions (HC Emissions) Figure 4 represents Change inHC emissionswith respect to BP. HC emissions purely depends onmix strength like fuel atomization and oxygen quantity. HC emission is more with rise inengine load for all fuel sample.Minimum heat value of biodiesel as compared Diesel, which leads to supply higher fuel quantity for similar engine load. As biodiesel contains rich oxygen,extra amount biodiesel supplied will leads to supply ofextra oxygen.As compared Diesel, oxygen content in biodiesels is high,thus HC ofengine with CS, KS and JS biodiesel (B20) are less than Diesel. The HC emissions of KS(B20) and JS (B20) are slightly higher than CS (B20).

Figure 4: The Variation of Hydrocarbon Emission of the Engine with Break Power Output.

Carbon Monoxide Emissions (Co Emissions) Change in CO emissions with respect toBP of engine is represented in figure 5. It is observed that for the fuel samples of current work the CO emissions are increased with rise in engine load. Engine supplied withDiesel has releasedmore CO emissions than CS (B20), KS (B20) and JS (B20). The lesser CO emission with CS, KS and JS (B20) than Diesel is due to existence of more oxygen in CS, KS and JS whichhelps wholefuel oxidization.

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Figure 5: The Variation of Carbon Monoxide Emissions of the Engine with Break Power Output.

The excess oxygen within CS, KS and JS will transforms some amount of CO to carbon dioxide, thus engine emits less CO. CO emission for Diesel,CS biodiesel (B20),KSbiodiesel (B20), andfor JS biodiesel (B20) are0.67% vol, 0.615% vol,0.617% % vol and0.627volrespectively. The CO of KS (B20) and JS (B20) are somewhat higher than KS (B20).

Nitrogen oxide Emissions (NOx) Figure 6 shows the change in NOx with BP. NOxemission is increasing with rise in engine load for Diesel, CS, KS and JS blends used in the current work. Higher NOx emission occurs at top load because of higher EGT. NOx emissions are marginally higherfor CS, KS and JS which are used incurrent work when compared Diesel. Growthin NOx emissions may be due toextra oxygen in CS, KS and JS. This is one of feasible reason for growth in NOx levels with CS, KS and JS when compared Diesel. NOx of KS (B20) and JS (B20) are a little higher than CS (B20).

Figure 6: The Variation of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions of the Engine with Break Power Output.

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CONCLUSIONS Based on the current experimental Investigations the following conclusions are drawn: 

The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of engine with CS (B20), KS (B20) and JS (B20)is lower thanDiesel. The CS (B20) is having BTE higher than KS (B20) and JS (B20).



BSFC of engine with Diesel is lower thanCS (B20), KS (B20) & JS (B20) and BSFC of CS (B20) is lower than KS (B20) and JS (B20).



EGT of engine with Diesel fuel is lower than CS (B20), KS (B20) & JS (B20).



CO and HC of engine with Diesel fuel is higher thanCS (B20), KS (B20) & JS (B20) and CO and HC of CS (B20) is lower than the KS (B20) and JS (B20).



NOx of engine with CS (B20), KS (B20) & JS (B20) are more than Diesel.

Out of three biodiesels(CS (B20), KS (B20) & JS (B20))used in current work,it is concluded that the CS (B20) is

showing superior results as compared with KS (B20) and JS (B20)in termsof performance factors and exhaust pipe emissions. Therefore, the CS (B20) can be delivered to some extent substitute to Diesel (20% CS and 80% Diesel).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Author is grateful to the authorities of JNTUA College of Engineering Kalikiri, Chittor (DT), AP. for providing research facilities required for current experimental work and support for doing this research work.

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10. JP. Hadiya, Use of cotton seed (CS) biodiesel in CIE International Journal (IJESRT) Volume: II, Issue no: 12, pp3444-47.

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APPENDIX-1 Properties of fuels used.

Properties Density(ρ) (kg/m3) Heat Value(CV) (kJ/kg) Viscosity (µ) (40°C)(cSt) Cetane Number (CN) Flash Point (FP) (°C)

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Cotton Seed (CS) Biodiesel

Table 1 Karanja Seed (KS) Biodiesel

Jatropha Seed (JS) Biodiesel

Diesel

873

882

862

830

40650

39800

39200

43000

4.345

5.432

4.81

2.75

55

54

51

45

110

145

135

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