USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001 Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun 2020, 3795-3802 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES PRIYANKA & Dr. S. S BINDRA Amity Institute of International Studies, Amity University, Noida, India ABSTRACT Since the 1970s, AI has ventured into inquire about fields, including mechanical hypothesis demonstrating, machine interpretation, master frameworks, game hypothesis, design acknowledgment, AI, apply autonomy, and insightful control. The digital revolution, known as the third industrial revolution, has had weighty consequences for the geopolitical issues of the 21st century. Technological revolution has changed the view of mankind and expanded the profitability of the worldwide economy. Artificial intelligence has been generally utilized for military and security reasons that have at last brought radical change International relations (IR). There is a developing recognition that AI will be a transformative innovation for worldwide security. States that can marshal the power of AI are set to influence global politics, economy and diplomacy. Moreover, states are less inclined to win fights without the utilization of AI today. At last, there are political worries that the development of AI-empowered weapons could start an arms race. This

with it. It suggests further research in this area.

KEYWORDS: Artificial Intelligence, Geopolitical, Digital revolution, International relations & Security

Received: Jun 08, 2020; Accepted: Jun 28, 2020; Published: Jul 16, 2020; Paper Id.: IJMPERDJUN2020360

Original Article

article examines the use of Artificial Intelligence in IR(International Relations), challenges and opportunities associated

INTRODUCTION The expression "artificial Intelligence" is utilized to depict a scope of approximately related wonders that are for the most part connected with utilizing PCs to gather knowledge from "huge information." For by far most of current applications, AI comprises of calculations that structure the premise of example acknowledgment programming. At the point when joined with superior figuring power, information researchers can test and discover importance in huge information assortments. "Artificial intelligence"(AI) is a not well characterized term, not least since its importance has changed after some time and in light of the fact that even "knowledge" is famously difficult to characterize. By and large, AI alludes to endeavours to manufacture PCs and machines that can perform activities one would hope to require human knowledge, for example, thinking and basic leadership. In any case, at whatever point researchers have made frameworks that could perform errands thought to be the saved of people, the limit for what AI 'is' kept on ascending, with perpetually complex undertakings turning into the new test. In this way, AI ought not be viewed as a fixed state, any place it is either come to or not, yet ought to be considered in the light of regularly developing advancements.

In 1956, Professor J. McCarthy at Stanford University, Professor M. L. Minsky at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Professors H. Simon and A. Newell at Carnegie Mellon University (every one of the four of whom were granted the Turing Award), alongside C. E. Shannon (otherwise called "the father of information theory") at Bell Labs, N. Rochester at IBM, and different researchers, settled the idea of "artificial

www.tjprc.org

SCOPUS Indexed Journal

editor@tjprc.org

3796

Priyanka & Dr. S.S Bindra

Intelligence" at Dartmouth College in the US. Their meaning of AI alluded to the capacity of machines to get, think, and learn along these lines to individuals, showing the probability of utilizing PCs to re-enact human insight.

Since the 1970s, AI has ventured into inquire about fields, including mechanical hypothesis demonstrating, machine interpretation, master frameworks, game hypothesis, design acknowledgment, AI, apply autonomy, and insightful control. The exploratory procedures identified with these fields have prompted the improvement of numerous advancements and to the arrangement of different schools of imagery, connectionism, and behaviourism. With the present promotion of the Internet, universal presence of sensors, rise of enormous information, advancement of web based business, ascent of the data network, and interconnection and combination of information and information in the public arena, physical space, and the internet, the data condition encompassing AI improvement has changed significantly, prompting another developmental stage: AI 2.0. The development of new innovations likewise elevates AI to another stage.

As man-made reasoning keeps on advancing, it is having significant effect on a scope of segments apparently inconsequential to it, for example, International relations. A few nations are seeking after AI pretty much inside the limits of worldwide law and for the most part acknowledged standards of working together, while others are deciding to do what is important to endeavour to accomplish AI matchless quality outside those limits. All the while, AI is gradually modifying the level of influence between worldwide entertainers and among partnerships in various manners.

Worldwide security and foreign affairs appear to be the most up to date hotbeds for artificial intelligence advancement and applications. The multidimensionality of the present machine learning and AI is now observed to profoundly affect how nations deal with their International issues — one of the latest cases being China. Civil servants and lawmakers alongside specialists in various nations have come to consider AI a right hand in their everyday basic leadership. The AI has been prepared on information that identifies with global International issues, domestic governmental issues and other related issues. It can in this way be prepared and can think of arrangement proposals and suggestions in merely seconds.

Artificial intelligence can be utilized to absolutely change and transform International relations and foreign policy.

Use of Artificial Intelligence in International Relations The digital revolution, known as the third industrial revolution, has had weighty consequences for the geopolitical issues of the 21st century. Technological revolution has changed the view of mankind and expanded the profitability of the worldwide economy.

As claimed by Joseph Nye, “Democratisation of technology is leading to the privatisation of war.”

Artificial intelligence has been generally utilized for military and security reasons that have at last brought radical change International relations (IR).

Artificial intelligence will in the long run influence the military – and, at last strategic stability and International relations all the more extensively. In any case, AI has numerous potential uses in military frameworks and tasks.

Select military AI applications 

Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR)

Impact Factor (JCC): 8.8746

SCOPUS Indexed Journal

Rating: 3.11

Use of Artificial Intelligence in International Relations: Opportunities and Challenges

3797



Logistics (predictive maintenance, efficient shipping, and autonomous transport systems).



Cyber operations (both defensive and offensive),



Command and control (centralised planning that combine various flows of information, from different sensors, into a single source of intelligence).



Semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicles and weapons (including lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS),



Swarming, I.e. the coordination of many units working together.



Forecasting.



Training (using methods such as war games and simulations).

In light of people in general discussion on the issue, one could get the feeling that military AI is about executioner

robots. Officially known as AI-empowered lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS).

These systems can complete the critical elements of a targeting on cycle in a military activity, including the selection and choice of targets, without human mediation. This implies they frequently depend on AI to settle on choices quickly and without human inclusion – that is, independently. In any case, LAWS, and AI-empowered independence, are just one of a few different ways of how AI can be utilized for protection purposes, and are seemingly one of the most outrageous and disputable.

Another, progressively self-evident, utilization of AI in the military domain is in intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance. Artificial intelligence is broadly acceptable at working with large information to, for instance, distinguish and classify pictures and content.

Artificial intelligence applications in this setting incorporate picture and face recognition, speech recognition and interpretation, the geolocation of pictures, and example of-life examination.

Another military AI application by the military is in logistics, which are important however frequently underestimated, non-frontline, component of any activity. Artificial intelligence can bolster military (and regular citizen) logistics by empowering predictive maintenance. This includes observing the functions of a system, for example, a helicopter, and anticipating when parts of it should be supplanted dependent on different tangible information sources and information examination.

Numerous specialists accept that probably the most significant AI-empowered changes in warfare will happen in the cyber domain, because of its overall absence of physical restrictions. Digital wars could before long include selfsufficient assaults and self-duplicating digital weapons. Artificial intelligence is broadly expected to make advances into hostile and protective digital activities, as it will probably enable actors to both find and fix up digital vulnerabilities at more noteworthy speed.

Militaries are investigating giving systems expanded independence since machines are quicker than people in dissecting, and taking choices dependent on, information. In this manner, AI-empowered self-sufficiency is especially alluring for defensive systems, for example, those that give assurance against missiles or rockets. Giving unmanned systems, the greater part of which are, generally remote-controlled or pre-modified – with more independence can likewise www.tjprc.org

SCOPUS Indexed Journal

editor@tjprc.org

3798

Priyanka & Dr. S.S Bindra

make them progressively stealthy.

Artificial intelligence is significant for swarming because of the complexity of the assignment. Swarming implies the mix of numerous systems–, for example, drones, unmanned boats, or tanks– in an activity which they act freely however in a planned way. The thought is that swarming robots will perform complex undertakings if they act collectively.

Specialists have contended that, in the military domain, swarms would be perfect for "overpowering a nonlinear battle space, 'making an engaged, steady, and scaled assault' … utilizing 'a purposely organized, facilitated, vital approach to strike from all bearings'".

The AI revolution may likewise change the regional geopolitical power balance. For instance, in East Asia, AI could definitely alter Japanese-Sino relations. AI related technological revolution has been exceptional to such an extent that China may beat the regional geopolitical disadvantage compared to Japan in the years to come.

Developing countries like India realised the danger occurring from military AI weapons and applications, made changes in rules and regulation related to AI led weapons. It made mandatory for its citizens to get their drones register days after top Iranian leader General Qasem Soleimani was killed in a US drone attack.

It is not incomprehensible for states to design high-talented AI machines and assign AI pollical representatives, AI foreign ministers and AI military personnel for diplomacy and defence sometime in the not so distant future. These shrewd machine ambassadors will speak to countries and haggling in the interest of states. Artificial intelligence political representatives would assume a critical job in international strategy basic leadership since they act judiciously and can think a few steps ahead from humans.. In the meantime, the world is seeing bi-polar tech and trade happen between the US and China. Notwithstanding, US-China contention today contrasts from that of US-Soviet before, and is to a great extent occurring in the virtual world, in space, in ocean and in connection to tech and exchange.

On technological front, China is focusing on algorithmic administration. For China, technology companies are the principle wellspring of financial dynamism and soft power. That is the reason China has put greatly in AI and facial recognition innovation, guaranteeing surveillance and control stay in their system. China has just introduced 200 million surveillance cameras inside its domain which is multiple times higher than what America has at the present time. Artificial intelligence has been a national innovative work need and is currently a piece of China's national security and defence strategies. China is deploying AI-powered drones and computerized submarines in enormous numbers in Asia to counter American tech authority. For this, China directed activity test for 119 drones in 2017 to exhibit its tech ability. Information shows that 80 percent of China's GDP development is controlled by the use of new innovation while just 20 percent is driven by customary work and capital.

Opportunities The digital revolution, known as the third industrial revolution, has had notable impacts on the geopolitical issues of the 21st century. Computer based intelligence is certifiably not a straightforward military methods or strategic weapon. It could be a game changer in worldwide governmental issues later on.

There is a developing recognition that AI will be a transformative innovation for worldwide security. The current U.S. National security strategy names artificial intelligence as one of few advances that will be basic to the nation's future.

States that can marshal the power of AI are set to influence global politics, economy and diplomacy. Moreover, Impact Factor (JCC): 8.8746

SCOPUS Indexed Journal

Rating: 3.11

Use of Artificial Intelligence in International Relations: Opportunities and Challenges

3799

states are less inclined to win fights without the utilization of AI today. This is the reason a few nations have greatly put resources into AI and Nano-innovation, since AI can assume a prescient job in geopolitical issues, predicting election, monetary performance and foreign policy decision making. Man-made intelligence can make smart speculations on the most ideal future strategy. Artificial intelligence machines are modified dependent on advancement and verification algorithms that assist better with seeing a grouping of data around the political circle. Computer based intelligence frameworks can foresee future occasions that may offer open doors for outside policymakers to estimate their rivals' positions and strategies, and can help model complex dealings in International affairs.

Military experts, specialists, and strategists concur that AI will progressively be utilized in this domain, and that this will have significant security suggestions. Appraisals of these suggestions, in any case, run from maximalist explanations about AI causing an "upheaval in military issues" – with creators, for example, Frank Hoffmann claiming that AI may “alter the immutable nature of war”, and Kenneth Payne positing that AI changes “the psychological essence of strategic affairs” – to less outrageous perspectives that blueprint increasingly explicit changes in weapons innovation.

However nobody seems to accept that AI will have no effect on military issues, authors such as, Andrea Gilli point to alleviating factors and verifiable points of reference, in this way relativizing the degree of the normal change.

Challenges Prof Stephen Hawking, one of Britain's pre-eminent scientists, has said that efforts to create thinking machines pose a threat to our very existence.

The worries communicated by associations, for example, the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots and the International Committee for Robot Arms Control are explicitly about LAWS and autonomy (counting non-AI autonomy).

Ethicists contend that, as machines can't value the estimation of human life and the essentialness of its loss, enabling such systems to kill would damage the standards of mankind. Political researcher Frank Sauer accepts that “the society that allows such a practice and no longer troubles its collective human conscience with war-time killing risks nothing less than giving up the most basic values of civilisation and fundamental principles of humanity”. There is an extreme legitimate discussion about whether LAWS could observe the laws of war, for example, algorithms adequately skilled at recognizing civilians and combatants (segregation), precisely making a decision about the proportionality of means and ends, and gauging the military need of the utilization of force.

Notwithstanding legitimate and moral concerns – which overwhelmingly apply to autonomous systems – AIempowered weapons likewise present technical and political difficulties. Because of the way that AI systems are "black boxes" that are not programmed however have learned, it is outlandish for a human to completely fathom their thinking.

This worry applies to all military AI-empowered systems, including non-deadly and non-independent ones, and rises above the military domain – albeit, ostensibly, it is especially important to frameworks that could take critical choices. In light of the discovery marvel, it is extensively harder for people to envision or identify botches made by AI systems than those made by conventional PCs. At last, there are political worries that the development of AI-empowered weapons could start a arms race.

Because of the speed with which AI-empowered weapons might have the option to act – especially on the off chance that they are given high levels of autonomy – the primary state to utilize them could gain a significant military advantage. In this manner, there is a risk that such frameworks could prompt unchecked escalation: when one nation begins to utilize www.tjprc.org

SCOPUS Indexed Journal

editor@tjprc.org

3800

Priyanka & Dr. S.S Bindra

them, others may feel they need to follow suit, prompting an armament winding. There is likewise a peril that, following unforeseen occasions, AI-empowered independence could start "flash wars" suggestive of "flash crashes" on financial exchanges – in which several billions of dollars have been cleared off offer costs quicker than people can respond. This is a specific issue in the digital domain, where there are moderately few physical limitations to algorithms power.

"Artificial intelligence" (AI) has gotten one of the popular expressions of the decade, as a possibly significant piece of the solution to humankind's greatest difficulties in everything from tending to environmental change to battling cancer and in any event, stopping the climate change to fighting cancer and even halting the ageing process.

Simultaneously, a few admonitions that AI could prompt far reaching joblessness, rising disparity, the development of surveillance dystopias, or even the finish of humankind are worryingly persuading. States would, in this manner, be all around encouraged to effectively control AI's advancement and reception into their social orders.

David Gosset, who is the director of the Academia SinicaEuropaea at CEIBS and founder of the Euro-China Forum says, “AI, more than any other technology, will impact the future of mankind, it has to be wisely approached on a quest for human dignity and not blindly worshiped as the new Master of a diminished humanity, it has to be a catalyst for more global solidarity and not a tyrannical matrix of new political or geopolitical divisions.”

How AI is used by governments can have serious outcomes in international relations, especially if a given government has uncommon capacities in the AI field. Access to and the utilization of self-governing weapons, for instance, can possibly change the worldwide level of influence. Difficulties to a region’s balance of power may happen as certain states move to use AI innovation to invert notable military inconveniences related to their neighbours. There is, likewise, incredible threat that AI controlled military systems and military led decision-making will in the end undermine existing ways to deal with conflict containment and de-escalation. The organisations and agreements intended to address foreign policy, arms control, and non-proliferation were never planned to apply to a world incorporating AI. Maybe the greatest danger from AI weapons will at last originate from non-state actors. The expense of AI weapon deployment (by means of drone deployment) is now low enough to fall within the scope of even unsophisticated terrorists, which suggests an expanding level of balance between national militaries and non-state actors going ahead in certain aspects of warfare.

CONCLUSIONS The rise of AI advancements presents genuine difficulties to the idea of protecting social equality and strengthening democratic institutions. The test for foreign policy in the AI time will be to advance an enlightened agenda such as reconnaissance capacities and hyper-competitiveness keep on rising. Foreign policies that hold the current instruments of diplomacy while empowering a responsible, attentive, and systematic adaptation of AI will, at last, not exclusively be all the more broadly acknowledged and less opposed, however stand a more prominent possibility of accomplishing national agenda.

The world will at some point or another witness a more prominent danger from AI as a result of reckless non state actors. The UN Security Council must think ahead of time to express noteworthy laws with respect to the utilization of AI technologies under the standards of existing worldwide laws and human rights. Counterbalance on reconnaissance exercises should be brought inside the space of global diplomacy. Worldwide strategy on AI driven surveillance, security, public diplomacy, AI morals and a general worldwide information arrangement system ought to be detailed through the assistance of multilateral organizations. States, hence, should know about the potential dangers and opportunities of the

Impact Factor (JCC): 8.8746

SCOPUS Indexed Journal

Rating: 3.11

Use of Artificial Intelligence in International Relations: Opportunities and Challenges

3801

utilizations of AI. What's more, acceptable sense ought to win with regards to political pioneers utilizing AI in foreign policy decision-making.

REFERENCES 1.

Crevier, D. (1993). AI: the tumultuous history of the search for artificial intelligence. Basic Books.

2.

McCorduck, P., &Cfe, C. (2004). Machines who think: A personalinquiry into the history and prospects of artificial intelligence. CRC Press.

3.

DANGE, TRUPTI, and Tarun yengatiwar. "drowsiness detection using artificial intelligence techniques." Science and Engineering (IJCSE) 2.4 (2013): 75-82.

4.

Pan, Y. (2016). Heading toward artificial intelligence 2.0. Engineering, 2(4), 409-413

5.

National Security Strategy of the United States of America(2017, December). Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf

6.

P, Mathew., W, Stephen. and W, Will.(2018). The Machine Beneath: Implications of artificial Intelligence in Strategic Decision-making.Institute for National Strategic Security, National Defence University. PRISM, Vol.7, No.4, pp 92-105

7.

Rajeev, K., And K. Supraja."A Study Of Intelligent Controllers Application In Distributed systems."International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IJME) 5. 4, Jun - Jul 2016; 53-62

8.

Davis, Zachary. (2019). Artificial Intelligence on the Battlefield. Institute for National Strategic Security, National Defence University. PRISM, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2019), pp. 114-131.

9.

Haugeland, J. (1989). Artificial intelligence: The very idea. MIT press.

10. Weizenbaum, J. (1976). Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation.

11. Hudson, V. M. (2019). Artificial intelligence and international politics. Routledge.

12. Schrodt, P. A. (1991). Artificial intelligence and international relations: An overview. Artificial intelligence and international politics, 9.

13. Mohammadi, Shaban, And Ali Mohammadi."Artificial Intelligence In Accounting." Management & Administration (Impact: Jmdgma) 1.1 (2017): 39-44.

14. Wagner,

D.

and

Furst,

k.

(2018).

AI

and

the

International

Relations

of

the

future.

Retrieved

from

https://intpolicydigest.org/2018/08/12/ai-and-the-international-relations-of-the-future/amp/ 15. Acharya,

G.P,

(2019).

The

impact

of

AI

In

international

relations.

Retrieved

from

https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/perspective/news/the-impact-ai-international-relations-1774360?amp 16. Miyake,

k.

(2019).

How

will

AI

change

international

Politics?

Retrieved

from

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2019/01/15/commentary/japan-commentary/will-ai-change-internationalpolitics/#.XhWRvC-B1QI 17. BENAOUDA, Omar Fethi, and AzzedineBendiabdellah. "A comparative Study of Two Types of DTC With Application of Artificial Intelligence: Fuzzy Logic and Neuron Network on the Performance of a Multi-level Inverter Fed Induction Machine." IMPACT International Journal of Research in Engineering 2.9 (2014): 1-11.

18. Garfinkel, B. and Dafoe, A. (2019). Artificial Intelligence, foresight and the Offense-Defence Balance. Retrieved from https://warontherocks.com/2019/12/artificial-intelligence-foresight-and-the-offense-defense-balance/

www.tjprc.org

SCOPUS Indexed Journal

editor@tjprc.org

3802

Priyanka & Dr. S.S Bindra

19. Franke, U.E. (2019). Not smart enough: The poverty of European military thinking on artificial intelligence. Retrieved from https://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/not_smart_enough_poverty_european_military_thinking_artificial_intelligence 20. Sinha,

S.

(2020).

Using

a

drone?

Register

with

govt

starting

mid-January.

Retrieved

from

Retrieved

from

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/using-a-drone-register-with-govt-starting-midjan/articleshow/73128302.cms 21. Jones,

R.C.

(2014).Stephen

Hawking

warns

artificial

intelligence

could

end

mankind.

https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30290540

Impact Factor (JCC): 8.8746

SCOPUS Indexed Journal

Rating: 3.11