GRINDING, SIEVE SHACKING AND EVOLVING A MATERIAL FROM SHELLS OF CRABS USED FOR LIGHT WEIGHT BIO MEDI

International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001 Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun 2020, 2625-2632 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

GRINDING, SIEVE SHACKING AND EVOLVING A MATERIAL FROM SHELLS OF CRABS USED FOR LIGHT WEIGHT BIO MEDICAL APPLICATIONS K.S. RAGHURAM1, S.N. PADHI2, R.C. MOHANTY3* & K. SURESH4 1

*Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India 2

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, A.P, India

3

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India 4

Department of Mechanical Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India

ABSTRACT The external skeletons of crabs contain chitin fibers in excess quantity. The chitin powder can be manufactured by mechanical treatment with several purification processes. Chitin powders are manufactured by grinders and high pressure water jet systems. The acidic treatment is done to facilitate mechanical fibrillation. Surface modification is done to mechanical fibrillation. The surface modification is done to change the surface property. Acetylation, deacetylation phthaloylation, naphthaloylation meleylation, chlorination, tempo-medicated oxidation and graft

is used to manufacture functionally graded material.

KEYWORDS: Chitin, Chitosan, Grinding of Crab Powder, Laminates & Chemical Properties

Received: Jun 20, 2020; Accepted: Jun 30, 2020; Published: Jul 08, 2020; Paper Id.: IJMPERDJUN2020246

1. INTRODUCTION

Original Article

polymerization is the step by step procedure to purify the exoskeleton of the crabs shell. After grinding the crab powder

The present work is to invent a novel material from the shells of the crabs. The powder thus made is called chitin.

As this research work triggers towards the usage of biological waste, the work is expected to get the good reputation among the evolution of novel materials. The bulk tensile stress-strain curves indicate a low strain discontinuity. The cuticle of crab is observed to have an entirely brittle failure. The wide distribution of chitin in nature makes the annual production very large. This study demonstrated the suitability of copper‐crosslinked chitosan scaffolds [1].

The powders made from the shell material of crabs can be used to fabricate functionally graded materials. The novel method of expelling micro powders from the bio wastes serves two purposes like giving a value addition to biological waste and secondly to evolve a functionally graded material to the nation. The difference in structure and material properties is because of less porosity and phenolic tanning in dark material and further the dark color and filling of porosityis caused by tanning[2]. The electro-grinding process helps for the artificial micro powders evolution of waste shell materials. The shell of the body (the carapace) is less mineralized and more elastic [3].

These shell materials can be widely used for the manufacturing of a wide range of polymers. The amassment of a large volume of waste products is as a result of modern seafood processing practices, i.e., head, skin, tails, shells, backbones, scales, etc [4]. Fluid dynamics, charged electrical surfaces and charged liquids are some of the procedural steps involved in the present research. Since these biopolymers are biodegradable, biocompatible, renewable and sustainable many researchers are looking towards these materials. The powders chitin and chitosan contain cellulose analogues with an N-acetyl glycosamine repeating unit and the deacetylated derivative.

Chitini isi thei secondi mosti abundanti biopolymeri existingi ini thei exoskeletonsi ofi crabs,i insects,i prawnsi www.tjprc.org

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K.S. Raghuram, S.N. Padhi, R.C. Mohanty & K. Suresh

andi thei fungii celli walls.i Althoughi chitini isi producedi ini Naturei ati ai ratei ofi 1010i toi 1011i tonsi peri year,i mosti chitini isi throwni awayi asi lowi costi commerciali waste.i Chitosani hasi ai greati potentiali fori ai widei rangei ofi applicationsi duei toi itsi biodegradability,i biocompatibility,i antimicrobiali activity,i nontoxicityi andi versatilei chemicali andi physicali propertiesi [5].Thisi isi becausei ofi thei lowi workabilityi ofi chitin,i thei biopolymer.i Thei commerciallyi availablei chitini powderi isi insolublei ini anyi solventi andi precipitates.i Chitini isi havingi lineari crystallinei structure.i Chitini powdersi cani bei preparedi byi mechanicali disintegration.i Thei authori developedi ai simplei methodi fori preparingi chitini powderi byi electroi grinding.i Responsei surfacei methodologyi wasi appliedi toi designi thei culturei mediai consideringi demineralization[6].i Ini conclusion,i thei chitin-glucani formulationsi appeari safe[7].i Thesei resultsi suggesti thati enzymatici deproteinizationi ofi shrimpi wastei byi A2i proteasei couldi bei applicablei toi thei chitini productioni process[8].

Chitin,i carbohydratei polymeri withi uniquei pharmacologicali andi immunologicali properties,i isi madei byi thei processi ofi ani oil-in-wateri emulsification/evaporationi method.i Ai structurei ofi paralleli poly-N-acetyli glucosaminei chainsi withi noi interi sheeti hydrogeni bondsi werei existing[9].i Thisi methodi evolvesi ai facilei andi flexiblei biocompatiblei chitini andi dibutyryli chitini sub-microni particles.i Furthermore,i thei usuali behaviori ofi hydrophilici surfacei ofi chitini andi chitosani thati turnedi toi hydrophobici withi wateri contacti anglei ofi 97.7°i andi 107.0°i [10].i Ini thisi methodi hydro-phobicizationi ofi chitini byi thei additioni ofi labilei butyryli groupsi toi disrupti intermoleculari hydrogeni bondsi andi enablingi solubilityi ini thei organici solventi usedi asi thei oili phasei duringi fabrication.i Chitini isi translucent,i pliable,i resilient,i andi quitei tough.i Theyi werei perfectlyi solublei ini acidici mediumi [11].i Thei spongei scaffoldi wasi ai potentiali skini tissuei engineeringi materiali withi appropriatei physicali propertiesi andi goodi biocompatibilityi [12].i Thei shellsi ofi micellesi werei cross-linkedi byi glutaraldehydei [13].i Thei experimentali isothermi datai werei analyzedi usingi thei Langmuiri equationi fori eachi chitosani sample[14].i Thei currenti bioactivitiesi ofi chitini derivatives,i whichi arei alli correlatedi withi theiri biomedicali properties[15].

Figure 1: Showing the Chemical Formula of Chitin Particles and Dibutyrylchitin Particles

Table 1: Showing the Composition of Chitin Powder used in the Present Work Items Specification Impact Factor (JCC): 8.8746

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Grinding, Sieve Shacking and Evolving a Material From Shells of Crabs used for Light Weight Bio Medical Applications

Appearance Grading Content Moisture Ash Pb As

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White Powder 80mesh >90% <10% <1.0% <2ppm <0.5ppm

Figure 2: Showing the Schematic Sectional View of the Exoskeleton Structure of Crab

Figure 3: Showing the SEM Micrograph of a cross-Sectional Fracture surface showing three different layers in the Exoskeleton: Epicuticle, Exocuticle, and Endocuticle.

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K.S. Raghuram, S.N. Padhi, R.C. Mohanty & K. Suresh

Figure 4: showing Schematic presentation of the Exoskeleton Structure of Crab Shell.

1.1 Cleaning Process of Crab Shells The crab shells collected from the waste garbage of fish markets is brought to cleaning. They are thoroughly cleaned from the adhered flesh particles. Then the grab shells are dried for 7-8 hours in deep sunlight such that no water particle rest on the shell material. Then these shell materials are grinded by 5-8 times until the particles of the shell powder get filtered through 30 micron filter. The grinding and filtering are shown in the following figures.

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1.2 Synthesis and Characterization The residual proteins and calcium carbonate lumps are removed to form pure chitin. The proteins were cleaned by adding 1 M NaOH and the rest of the minerals were removed by adding 3 M HCl. Neutral chitin then is separated by the action of centrifugal force and then cleaned a number of times with water, it is then dried and powdered. The pH value is checked for neutral value of the chitin. The sub-micron chitin particle was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.

Figure 7: Showing the SEM Images of Chitin Fibers from Crab Shell After Grinder Treatment.

2. METHODOLOGY The crab powder thus prepared is brought to the workshop and is allowed to mix with the matrix material. The crab powder is used as reinforcement material as it possesses good mechanical properties. The matrix material used for the present research is flux, E-glass and jute. The polymer matrix composites are made of hand layup process. They are pressed with roller placed on the high density poly ethylene sheet to remove the residual stresses and air bubbles in the composite plate.

The plates are allowed to settle for 2 hours.

The plates are then removed off their loads and are machined to prepare the specimens with E8 specifications.

Figure 8 (a): Crab Powder Ready to use in the Fabrication of the Present Material

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Figure 8 (b): the Materials used for the Matrix Material the Flux, E glass, Aluminum Powder

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Figure 8(c): The Composite Plates made by hand Layup Method.

Figure 8(d): The Specimens made for Tensile Test

Figure 9: Showing the Scanning Electron Microscope Images of Particles Treated with KOH for 15 minutes and 60 minutes.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 Tensile Testing The chitin is synthesized and residual proteins and calcium carbonate were removed. The viscometer measures the molecular weight of the chitin as 81.7 KDa. SEM micrographs of a cross-sectional fracture surface in figure.3 confirms the presence of three different layers in the exoskeleton i.e epicuticle, exocuticle, and endocuticle.SEM images in figure.7 shows well defined structures of chitin fibers from crab shell after grinding treatment. SEM images represented in figure.9 were also drawn for particles treated with KOH for 15 minutes and 60 minutes.

The composite plates were made into required dimensions and taken for tensile testing. The tensile testing results showed that this material withstands a load carrying capacity of 3KN and this is comparatively more than other fillers such as shell powder of coconut, powder taken tamarind seeds.

The plates thus formed with these materials can be widely used below the bed of the patients so that an ease and comfort can be received by the patient.

No noise was observed from these plates when used below the patient beds.

3.2 Water Testing The composite specimens were placed in water for about 48 hours continuously and it is clearly observed that there is no absorption of water by the specimens. The weight of water is calculated initially. The specimens are soaked in this water and kept for 48 hours and taken from the water and water’s weight is again weighed. The weight of water remained same after the specimens are removed from water. Hence it is concluded that there is no water absorption and these Polymer Matrix Composite materials are undoubtedly used for exposition to water.

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Table 2: Showing the properties of Various Combinations of Composite Materials E Flux +E Flux + Eglass+ 5g crab Flux + E glass+10g Property(unit) Flux glass glass powder crab powder Load at yield(KN) 5.48 6.36 5.62 7.66 8.74 Elongation at 0.060 0.020 0.040 2.200 2.670 yield(mm) Yield stress(N/mm2) 182.667 212 187.33 255.333 291.33 Load at peak(KN) 7.100 14.160 10.880 9.580 10.940 Elongation at 2.580 4.620 4.490 3.820 4.330 peak(mm) Tensile 236.667 472.00 362.667 319.333 364.667 strength(N/mm2) Load at break(KN) 5.240 14.080 0.820 5.220 5.060 Elongation at 2.460 4.630 1.580 3.530 4.110 break(mm)

4. CONCLUSIONS On thorough observation through experimentation with various combinations of composite specimens made with E glass, chitin powder, Flux it is notified that the functionally graded materials can be manufactured from the combination of 10% Crab material called chitin powder mixed with flux and E-glass. It was also observed that the polymer matrix composite material is exhibiting high water resisting property and can be used for bio medical applications as flooring materials used in patient bed platforms, chair bodies etc. The tension test on the various combinations showed a clear authenticity that 10% chitin powder combination with Flux and E-glass is having good mechanical properties. The chitin epoxy polymer matrix composite materials are undoubtedly used for many medical applications like patient beds, ward separating cabins etc.

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