ROD LYALL
Atlas of World
CRICKET
Forward by Mike Brearly
Chapter One
Origins to 1877
Its earliest history may be obscure, but between 1720 and 1870 cricket expanded from its initial heartland on the pastures of south-east England, not only being taken up by the middle classes of the capital but also spreading into theindustrial centres of the North and Midlands, and being borne by sailors, soldiers and settlers to every part of Britain’s growing empire. Patronised by aristocrats, the game was a fashionable pursuit in the schools and universities of Victorian England, and by the middle of the nineteenth century it was played by seasoned, full-time professionals as well as by amateurs of independent means. Cricket increasingly commanded a mass audience, and the groundwork had been laid for its becoming one of the world’s most popular sports.
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cricket in england and wales
Australian Aboriginals in England, 1868 Fusce vehicula rhoncus luctus iaculis, elit nibh dictum orci, nec vulputate quam mi sit amet mi. Praesent posuere, ipsum vel ultrices adipiscing, quam orci luctus enim, ut lacinia metus nisl in neque lementum nulla non or osuere.
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laying 44 matches over four and a half months, the first Australian side to visit England had a punishing schedule in which they traversed the country several times. They seldom had a rest day between matches, and frequently had to fit in a long journey – from Swansea to Bradford, or Derby to Lincoln, in the intervening hours. Most of their matches were played over two days, but eleven were allocated a third day; there does not seem to have been a clear pattern regarding which games these were. After losing most matches early in the tour the Australians found their feet, and their results overall were reasonably encouraging. ut volorem repelia ipienim quundam, ut aspit pa seque num non erum nonet doloria ndaestr uptate moloritatur audam nullabo rpores aliquia corem eicilibus, velessit velendit undaeca tempor re nissi cus. Occullibus eos expero beaquatin cone pos et fugiae volor sae id mint laccull aborporerum volorerrum eatiae num veratu. Ferendi tatest quis doluptu ribust qui di te dolor magnis il mo occum lam volutest delliatur sandia et am re nis acearia volores esed qui ommoles earum et aut voleste si beaquas eosapidebis aliberaerum dundi corempe ditiusam, sed quam quia porporat audia dus quatio. Nequae se veleseq uibus, cusam sitat officimillat deroviti vent voluptur re sant et vollati doluptat qui duntecusant.beat mosam ant. B HEAD Tem hiciust, qui ni cust omnis nis et que aut volum eum dolenihil imi, ut libereh enecature volorep rorempo sapicia quat ere lacerat vollat. Hilisquat. Ipiscia sunt doluptium volupti nonsequo esequaeces ent. Gia acerum que dis ut aut aut haruptatus plit, omnimpor aut volor molupta tionsecto volori que verit ea quia con nem quis aut qui quo volupta tustio. Itas et, quisqui bearibu stibus et is ne venesci enimus arupta quaepres ra dollupt assitia sequi desed magnatur aut fugit mos im asimus. Ut facea intia que autestrum quodict iaecat volecti
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Australian Aboriginal team of 1868 Team members left to right: Bullocky, Sundown, Dick-a-Dick, Johnny Cuzens, King Cole, Johnny Mullagh, Red Cap, Twopenny, Charley Dumas, Jimmy Mosquito, Tiger.
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famous names
JOHNNY MULLAGH 13th August 1841 – 14th August 1891 Johnny Mullagh (born Unaarrimin) was a leading Victorian cricketer who led the famous 1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England. He was a skilful all-rounder, being a right arm bowler and righthanded batsman. Born Unaarrimin (he was given the name ‘Mullagh’ to identify him with his place of birth), a member of the Jardwadjali people, on Mullagh Station, about sixteen kilometres north of Harrow, Victoria, Mullagh learned to play cricket whilst working on the adjoining Pine Hills agricultural property. He was given the name “Black Johnny” to distinguish him from a “White Johnny”.
test cricket in england ,
Venue and match number
k
English win
y
Australian win
78
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Australian Aboriginal Tour Itinery k
1880–1914
17th Aug
21st Aug
Preston Avenue Bath Road Ground North Shields Newcastle upon Tyne j h
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24th Aug
Linthorpe Road East Ground Middlesborough
k
27th Aug
l Castle Hill
Scarborough
27 July th
13th July
Hard Ings Road Wigginton Road Keighley 10th July y York 13th July Great Horton Rd Trinity Cricket Ground p Bradford Halifax 31st Aug th t z 29 June Woodhouse Hill Ground w Alexandra Meadows Hunslet q Blackburn g nd
30th July, 10th Sep
20th July i
Buckley Wells Bury
Wadham Road Bootle ab
2 July
13th Aug
e Milnrow Road
Dewsbury and Savile Ground Dewsbury
Rochdale
ud
10th Aug
16th July, 7th Aug
f Bramall Lane
East Road Longsight
Nettleham Field Ground
c Lincoln
2nd Sep
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4th Sep
Sheffield
County Ground Derby
7th Sep
x
3rd Aug
Trent Bridge
s Nottingham
The Town Ground Burton-Trent v
23rd July
County Ground Norwich
o
ENGLAND
24th of June, King Cole dies from tuberculosis and is buried in Tower Hamlets, London
WALES
19th June
23rd Sep
Cricketfield Lane Bishop’s Stortford
Cattle Market Ground Islington
9
14th Sep
n Witham House
2 Oct 12 June th
nd
6th July
9th Oct
Witham
Lord’s
Queen’s Ground Hammersmith
Bryn-y-Mor Field Swansea r
Farborough Cricket Ground Reading ^
12
3
2nd June
Bat and Ball Ground
Ladywell
Kennington Oval
th
2!
29th May, 28th Sep
Oct &
Mote Park Maidstone
Godalming
7 Oct th
8th June, 17th Sep
Day’s (Antelope) Ground Southampton % East Hants Club Ground Southsea
Westcombe Park
10th June Gravesend
25th May, 25th Sep, 15th Oct
15th Jun, 5th Oct
21st Sep
7. 5 June £ , Old Deer Park 4 16 / Richmond * th
22nd June
Royal Brunswick Ground Hove 8$
5m
Central Recreation Ground
0 Hastings
@ 30
th
Sep
Ashford Road Eastbourne
XXth of June, the team docksItaquas sinvent que ad quidunt mquam harum fugiaec tisquas magnatest, offic tecta volorro volore mo officiliquam si dolor xx
cricket in england and wales
Test cricket in England, 1880 – 1914 From its somewhat casual beginnings, as a one-off game between the national sides of Australia and England, Test cricket rapidly evolved into keenly-contested series of five matches, the centrepiece of every major tour, and the years before World War I are widely regarded as a Golden Age.
E
lthough the 1878 tour of England by DW Gregory’s Australian side did not feature a ‘Test match’ corresponding to that in Melbourne the previous year, Billy Murdoch’s 1880 tourists did take on England at the Oval, and the home side won the first-ever Test on English soil. WG Grace led the way with 152 on the opening day, and Murdoch’s unbeaten 153 when Australia followed
Key Events Timeline 1880–1914 1914 1912: Ut voluptatium nis elest qui dolupta in pro te dolesti issite
1908: Ut voluptatium nis elest qui dolupta pro te dolesti issite
1910
1907: Ut voluptatium nis elest qui dolupta
1904: Ut voluptatium elest qui dolupta pro te dolesti issite
1905: Ut voluptatium nis elest qui dolupta in pro te dolesti issite
1903: Voluptatium nis elest qui dolupta
1902: Voluptatium elest qui dolupta
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Manchester and at Lord’s before returning to what would become the traditional concluding venue at the Oval. Three-match series remained the norm in England until 1899, when Trent Bridge, Nottingham and Headingley, Leeds were added in England’s first five-Test series at home. Edgbaston in Birmingham and Bramall Lane in Sheffield were tried in 1902, but it was Manchester, Nottingham and Leeds along with the two London grounds which remained the preferred venues until the outbreak of war in 1914.
famous names
WILFRED RHODES 29th October 1877 – 8th July 1973
1898: Voluptatium elest qui dolupta 1897: Voluptatium nis elest qui dolupta
1896: Voluptatium nis elest qui dolupta
1895: Qui dolupta in pro te dolesti
1893: Qui dolupta in pro te dolesti
1890
1892: Ut voluptatium nis elest qui dolupta in pro te dolesti issite
1888: Voluptatium nis elest qui dolupta 1887: Voluptatium nis elest qui dolupta 1885: Ut voluptatium nis elest qui dolupta in pro te dolesti issite
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERIES From this point on the growth of popular interest in the rivalry ensured that several Tests were included in every touring itinerary, with Murdoch’s 1884 side playing at Old Trafford in
Picture Caption
1901: Voluptatium nis elest qui dolupta
1900
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on 271 behind was not enough to save his side from a five-wicket defeat. Two years later, with Murdoch again in charge, the only Test – again played at the Oval – produced a remarkable 7-run victory for the Australians, with the ‘Demon’ Frank Spofforth taking seven wickets in each innings and bowling his side to a thrilling win. The match claimed a unique place in cricket history when an advertisement in the Sporting Times the day after the defeat announced the death of English cricket, adding that ‘the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia’. The most remarkable trophy in world sport, the ‘Ashes’ which have been contested ever since between England and Australia, had been invented, and the physical embodiment of what was at first a metaphor, the small urn allegedly containing the ashes of a bail, was presented to England captain Ivo Bligh by a group of women in Melbourne during England’s next visit to Australia.
Wilfred Rhodes played 58 Test matches for England between 1899 and 1930. In Tests, Rhodes took 127 wickets and scored 2,325 runs, becoming the first Englishman to complete the double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in Test matches. He holds the world records both for the most appearances made in first-class cricket (1,110 matches), and for the most wickets taken (4,204). He completed the double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in an English cricket season a record 16 times. Rhodes played for Yorkshire and England into his fifties, and in his final Test in 1930 was, at 52 years and 165 days, the oldest player who has appeared in a Test match. Beginning his career for Yorkshire in 1898 as a slow left arm bowler who was a useful batsman, Rhodes quickly established a reputation as one of the best slow bowlers in the world.
test cricket in england ,
1880–1914
78
England’s Test results by ground, 1880–1914 By this time South Africa had entered the Test arena, making their first full tour of England in 1907 and playing three Tests. This paved the way for an experimental triangular tournament in 1912, in which England took on both Australia and South Africa and went through their six matches undefeated. Australia fielded a belowstrength side because of internal dissension, and the experiment was a failure, with disappointing crowds and frequently uncompetitive matches. It was not repeated for more than eighty years. OUTSTANDING PERSONALITIES The first 35 years of Test cricket was graced by many players of near-legendary status, not least WG Grace himself, who played 22 Tests between 1880 and 1899, all but three of them in England. Other outstanding England batsmen of the period included Johnny Tyldesley, whose 31 Tests yielded 1661 runs at an average of 30.75, Tom Hayward, who dominated the 1899 series with 413 runs at 68.83 and made 1999 over his 14-year Test career, and Archie Maclaren, one of the great stylists of the game. Among the fast men, George Lohman was a dominant figure before 1900, and was succeeded as the spearhead of England’s attack by Sydney Barnes, although the majority of his 189 Test wickets were claimed in Australia and South Africa. England also had two very fine slow left-armers: Bobby Peel and Johnny Briggs, while the greatest allrounder of the day – and for some people of any day – was Wilfred Rhodes, whose Test career spanned a remarkable thirty years and who was 52 when he played his last Test, in the West Indies in 1930.
v Australia
England and Wales Test Locations:
v South Africa
City with Test ground and year of first Test First Class county
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DURHAM
Old Trafford Won 3 Drawn 5 Lost 2
Headingly Won 2 Drawn 2 Lost 1
YORKSHIRE
Leeds
Headingley, 1899
Bramall Lane
LANCASHIRE
Lost 1
Manchester Old Trafford, 1882
Trent Bridge
Sheffield
Bramall Lane, 1902
Won 2 Drawn 1
NOTTS
DERBYSHIRE
Nottingham
Edgbaston
Trent Bridge, 1899
Won 1 Drawn 1
LEICESTERSHIRE
Birmingham
Edgbaston, 1902 NORTHANTS
WALES
WARWICKSHIRE WORCESTERSHIRE
ENGLAND GLOUCESTERSHIRE GLAMORGAN
MIDDLESEX Lord’s, 1884
SURREY
ESSEX
LONDON
Kennington Oval, 1880
KENT SOMERSET SUSSEX
HAMPSHIRE
Kennington Oval Won 9
Lord’s Won 5 Drawn 6
Lost 1
Drawn 5
Lost 2
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cricket in south africa
Domestic cricket in South Africa 1875–1914 From tournaments between town-based teams first-class cricket in South Africa soon developed into a competition between provincial sides.
E
arly matches in South Africa were often between the principal towns, and in 1876 Port Elizabeth hosted a four-team tournament among towns in the Cape Colony, presenting the Champion Bat to the winners, King William’s Town. They hosted the next competition four years later, successfully defending their title, with Queenstown replacing Cape Town among the participants. The diamond-mining centre of Kimberley took part for the first time in 1884/85, and won the tournament three years later, when it was held in Grahamstown. The following season saw the inauguration of the Currie Cup, and when the last Champion Bat tournament was held in 1890/91 the townbased concept was abandoned in favour of a contest between the newlyemerging provinces, with the hosts Western Province beating Eastern Province and Griqualand West in Cape Town.
CURRIE CUP 1889/90-1912/13 In its first nine years, the Currie Cup competition was played on the same basis as the Champion Bat, with a tournament at a single venue. It was only held on seven occasions, with no tournament in 1891/92 or 1895/96, when an English side was touring South Africa. Starting with bilateral matches between Kimberley (which soon adopted the name Griqualand West) and Transvaal, the tournaments expanded to five teams by 1896/97, and when competition resumed after the South African War of 1895-1902, this arrangement continued for one tournament. Thereafter matches were played on a home-and-away basis, apart from the 1910/11 competition, which reverted to a tournament basis in Durban.The last competition before the outbreak of war was 1912/13, since the following season MCC toured South Africa and no Currie Cup competition was held. The Union of South Africa did not come
Newlands, Capetown Rum fugitini am fuga. Ut liquasp itaquas eum fugitae dit eturia eossunti dolorest ut et quibus moluptur sent
into being until 31 May 1910, by which time a division into provinces had emerged which did not correspond to the official division into four provinces: Cape Colony was divided into Eastern and Western Provinces and Border, while Griqualand West was officially part of Transvaal. Rhodesia, which was never part of South Africa, participated in the 1904/05 season, and would become a regular participant after World War I. MATABALI LAND
Champion Bat Winners Runner up
BECHUANALAND
Founding team
TRANSVAAL
SWAZILAND GREAT NAMAQUALAND
ORANGE FREE STATE
Kimberley
BASUTO- NATAL LAND
Queenstown King William’s Town Grahamstown
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lanihil itatus natius ipiendunt.
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Cape Town
1890–91 Cape Town Western Province Port Elizabeth Easrtern Province Griqualand West
1879–80 King William’s Town Port Elizabeth Queenstown Grahamstown
1887–88 Grahamstown Kimberley Port Elizabeth Grahamstown King William’s Town
Port Elizabeth
1875–76
1884–85
King William’s Town Cape Town Grahamstown Port Elizabeth
Port Elizabeth Cape Town King William’s Town Kimberley
test cricket in south africa , 1875–1914
78
RHODESIA Rhodesia only competed in one Currie Cup prior to WW1 in 1904/05, losing to Transvaal
Currie Cup Currie Cup venues 1889/90–1912/13
BOTSWANA MOZAMBIQUE
Transvaal Won 32 Lost 10
The First Currie Cuptournament was played at Eclectics CC Ground, Kimberley 1889/90
NAMIBIA
TRANSVAAL Pretoria J o h a n n e s b u r g
Griqualand West
SWAZILAND
Won 4
Lost 23
ORANGE FREE STATE
GRIQUALAND WEST
NATAL
Kimberley Bloemfontein
LESOTHO
Pietermaritzburg Durban
Western Province Won 32
BORDER
Lost 10
Queenstown
WESTERN PROVINCE
Natal King William’s Town
Cape Town
EASTERN PROVINCE
SW DISTRICTS
Won 19 Lost 8
Grahamstown
Port Elizabeth
Mossel Bay
Border Won 7 Lost 10
SW Districts competed in only one Currie Cup match as an independent province, losing to Western Province 1904/05,
PARTICIPANTS
1889
1890
Eastern Province Won 7 Lost 19
1891
1892
1893
1894
1896
1897
1902
1903
1904
1906
1908
1910
1912
Kimberley/ Griqualand West Transvaal Western Province Eastern Province Natal Border
Key
Orange Free State
Participated
South West Districts
Winners
Rhodesia
Runner up
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international cricket
Global Test Cricket, 1877 – 1914 Although international matches had been played for more than thirty years, since Canada and the United States first met in 1844, it was only with the beginning of the rivalry between Australia and England in 1876/77 that the concept of ‘Test cricket’ was born, quickly becoming the gold standard of the international game.
SW Districts competed in only one Currie Cup match as an independent province, losing to Western Province 1904/05,
CANADA 1859
USA 1859
U
nlike other team sports such as association football and rugby union, where the earliest international matches were between the component countries of the United Kingdom, cricket’s highest echelon of the sport grew out of encounters between England and a group of its colonies on the other side of the world. Privately-organised sides of English cricketers began touring Australia as early as 1861/62, usually playing against odds, but it was not until 1876/77 that a match was organised on level terms between James Lillywhite’s touring All-England Eleven and the same number of players drawn from Victoria and New South Wales. Played in Melbourne, the game was won by Australia, although the tourists had their revenge in a return match a fortnight later. These matches were not billed as ‘Test matches’ at the time, and although the term had been current since the first English visit sixteen years earlier, it was more commonly used with its alternative sense of a trial match rather than a battle between equal contending forces. Looking forward to the Australian tour of England the following year, the Melbourne Argus of 31 December 1882 referred to ‘a series of test matches’ to be played by WL Murdoch’s side, and although only one such game actually took place, Australia’s shock victory had such a thrilling climax that ‘Test match’ quickly
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SW Districts competed in only one Currie Cup match as an independent province, losing to Western Province 1904/05,
ENGLAND
SW Districts competed in only one Currie Cup match as an independent province, losing to Western Province 1904/05,
WEST INDIES 1894/95 SW Districts competed in only one Currie Cup match as an independent province, losing to Western Province 1904/05,
became the accepted term for the series of contests for the ‘Ashes’ which were from now on the centrepiece of every tour (see p. nn). In the first decades the number of Tests played during a tour tended to vary, but by 1894/95 the number of matches in a series had become five, with two allocated to both Sydney and Melbourne and one to Adelaide. England, where a threematch series had been the norm, followed suit in 1899, and this became the classic pattern of Ashes series until the transformation of international cricket in the 1970s and 1980s. Until 1888/89 Australia and England were the only teams playing Tests, but the English side which toured South Africa that season took on a side representing the colonies in two such games,
and although the South Africans did not play a Test in England until 1907, five years after the first Australian touring side visited South Africa, the triangular relationship was well enough established by 1909 for the three governing bodies to form the Imperial Cricket Conference, which would ultimately evolve into the International Cricket Conference. In 1912 the one and only triangular tournament between the three Test nations was held in England, but it was not a success in either cricketing or financial terms, and it was not repeated. It was the bilateral series which was the norm, and the rivalry between England and Australia has remained one of the most remarkable features of the international sporting scene.
g lcricket o b a l tine sengland t crick t 1877-1914 test , e1880–1914
78 78
Picture Caption
Leeds Manchester
Sheffield
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Key Events Timeline 1877–1914 1914
1910/11: South Africa play five-Test series in Australia
Nottingham Birmingham
1910
1907: South Africa play first Test in England
ENGLAND
1912: A triangular tournament played in England between the hosts, Australia and South Africa 1909: Formation of the Imperial Cricket Conference
Lord’s T h e O v a l 1902/03: Australia play three-match Test series in South Africa 1899: First five-Test series against Australia in England
1900
1894/95: Five-Test series becomes the norm in Australia
1890 1888/89: England play first Test in South Africa
SW Districts competed in only one Currie Cup match as an independent province, losing to Western Province 1904/05,
1882: The only Test, at the Oval, won by Australia, giving rise to the ‘Ashes
INDIA 1889/90
1880
1880: First Test in England
1876/77: First ‘Test’ in Melbourne between James Lillywhite’s English tourists and an Australian Eleven
CEYLON 1889/90 SW Districts competed in only one Currie Cup match as an independent province, losing to Western Province 1904/05,
SW Districts competed in only one Currie Cup match as an independent province, losing to Western Province 1904/05,
AUSTRALIA
Johannesburg Durban Port Elizabeth Cape Town SOUTH
AFRICA
Adelaide
SW Districts competed in only one Currie Cup match as an independent province, losing to Western Province 1904/05,
Sydney
NEW ZEALAND 1863/64
Melbourne
Test Cricket by 1914 Venues Test Countries Other Countries receiving tours
SW Districts competed in only one Currie Cup match as an independent province, losing to Western Province 1904/05,
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cricket in india
Ranji Trophy, 1934 – 1947 India’s premier first-class competition, established on a zonal system in 1934/35, was dominated from the outset by teams from the west, notably Bombay, Maharasthra and Nawanagar.
E
stablished in 1934, the Ranji Trophy was named after KS Ranjitsinjhi (1872-1933), who played Test cricket for England before becoming Jam Sahib of Nawanagar. It was organised on a zonal basis until 2002, initially with a knock-out series in each zone, usually leading to semi-finals and a final. Initially including teams from those areas which subsequently became the independent state of Pakistan, the sides represented both the provinces directly ruled by Britain and states which were ruled by Indian princes. Teams from the West Zone were by far the most successful, taking the Trophy on of the occasions on which it was contested until the Partition of India in 1947. At zonal level, however, the competition was intense: five different sides won through from the West Zone to the semifinals, and of the 24 teams which took part in the Trophy in these thirteen seasons, 16 reached at least one semi-final. The least open zone was the North, where Northern India won seven times, but in the South Madras, Mysore and Hyderabad shared the honours while in the East Bengal’s mantle was eventually taken over by Holkar, who reached the final stages in four out of the last five seasons before independence, winning the Trophy itself in 1944/46. Although the number of teams was inevitably reduced for a time and some key players were absent on active service, the competition continued throughout World War II – the only regular first-class competition in the world not to be abandoned because of the conflict. Indeed, some teams were reinforced by overseas players serving in India, one of the most notable being Denis Compton, who helped Holkar to the final in 1944/45. OUTSTANDING PERSONALITIES India’s first generation of Test cricketers naturally played a leading role in the new competition. Several of them moved around a good deal: Vijay
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RUNNERS-UP
SEMI-FINALISTS
SEASON
WINNERS
1934/35
Bombay
Northern India
Central India
1935/36
Bombay
Madras
Northern India
1936/37
Nawanagar
Bengal
Hyderabad
1937/38
Hyderabad
Nawanagar
1938/39
Bengal
Southern Punjab
Madras
Sind
1939/40
Maharashtra
United Provinces
Southern Punjab
Hyderabad
1940/41
Maharashtra
Madras
Northern India
United Provinces
1941/42
Bombay
Mysore
Northern India
Bengal
1942/43
Baroda
Hyderabad
Rajputana
Holkar
1943/44
Western India
Bengal
Northern India
Madras
1944/45
Bombay
Holkar
Northern India
Madras
1945/46
Holkar
Baroda
Southern Punjab
Mysore
1946/47
Baroda
Holkar
Hyderabad
Northern India
Hazare, for example, played for Maharashtra, Central India and Central Provinces and Berar before settling at Baroda in 1941, while Vinoo Mankad migrated from Western India to Gujarat via Nawanagar (playing a key part in their victory in 1936/37) and Maharashtra. CS Nayudu, similarly, played for Central Provinces and Berar, Central India and Baroda before settling at Holkar. Other outstanding players of the pre-Partition period included Vijay Merchant and Rusi Modi (Bombay), Hemu Adhikari (Baroda), Raosahib Nimbalkar (Maharashtra and Baroda), Lala Armanath (Southern Punjab), Dinkar Deodhar (Maharashtra) and Naoomal Jaoomal (Sind). Idis re ipsant. Faccatia dellibus est audamet
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famous names
VIJAY HAZARE
Bengal
11th March 1915 – 18th December 2004
Vijay Samuel Hazare captained the Indian cricket team in 14 matches between 1951 and 1953. In India’s 25th Test match, nearly 20 years after India achieved Test status, he led India to its first ever Test cricket win (and the only victory under his captaincy) in 1951–52 against England cricket team at Madras, winning by an innings and eight runs in a match that began on the day that King George VI died. Hazare was born in a working class Marathi Christian Protestant family in Sangli, Maharashtra in 1915.Primarily a right-hand batsman, Hazare was also a right-hand medium-pace bowler. A “shy, retiring” man, it was widely thought that he was not a natural captain, and that his batting suffered as a result. His rival, Vijay Merchant said that the captaincy prevented Hazare from becoming India’s finest batsman.
ranji trophy ,
NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE Peshawar
AFGHANISTAN
1934–1947
78
JAMMU & KASHMIR
NORTHERN INDIA
PUNJAB
Amritsar Lahore
BAHAWALPUR
SOUTHERN JUNJAB Patiala
SIND
BIKANER
Rajputana moved from East zone to North in 1938
NORTH-EAST FRONTIER TRACTS
ALWAR BHARATPUR
RAJPUTANA Ajmer
Agra
Arabian Sea
ASSAM
Kanpur MANIPUR
Allahabad BUNDELKHAND
BARODA
BHUTAN
Lucknow
MARWAR
GUJARAT KUTCH Ahmedabad KATHAWAR Jamnagar Baroda Rajkot NAWANAGAR
SIKKIM
GWALIOR
KOTA
WESTERN INDIA
NEPAL
UNITED PROVINCES
Gwalior
JODPHUR
Karachi
CHINA
ARMY Delhi
BALUCHISTAN JAISALMER
United Provinces moved from North Zone to East in 1938
PATIALA STATES
HOLKAR BHOPAL CENTRAL Indore INDIA CENTRAL PROVINCES & BERAR
BIHAR Jamshedpur
BENGAL
TRIPURA
Calcutta
BURMA
Bay of Bengal
Nagpur Central Provinces & Berar moved from East Zone to South in 1936
BOMBAY Bombay HYDERABAD
Poona
MAHARASHTRA
Secunderabad ORISSA
MADRAS
MYSORE
The Ranjii Trophy, 1934–47 Calcutta BIHAR BHOPAL
Bangalore
Madras
COORG
Venues Team name Province name
TRAVANCORE
North Zone South Zone East Zone West Zone
CEYLON
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cricket in australia
Test cricket in Australia, 1877–1914 From its origins in the two ‘Tests’ played in 1877 the rivalry between Australia and England quickly became one of the greatest in international sport, with 50 further matches played during 13 tours before World War I.
T
he success of the somewhat impromptu matches between the English tourists and an All-Australian XI in 1876/77 ensured that future tours would include similar fixtures. Lord Harris’s 1878/79 side played just one, again in Melbourne, but three years later the team led by Alfred Shaw met the home side four times, twice in Melbourne and twice in Sydney, sharing the series 2-all. The private, unofficial nature of these touring sides is evidenced by the fact that in 1887/88 two separate teams toured at the same time, joining forces to field a combined side in that season’s only Test; played in Sydney, it resulted in a win for the tourists. All these matches were in theory ‘timeless’, and all but two ended in a result. The exceptions were both played in Melbourne in the 1881/82 season: the first Test of that series was concluded early on the fourth afternoon because the Englishmen had to leave to board ship for the New Zealand leg of their tour, while rain on the fourth day of the final match led to its abandonment, since this time it was several of the Australians who were booked to make the return voyage to Sydney. ENTER THE MCC The development of international cricket demanded greater organisational clarity, and in 1903 the Marylebone Cricket Club assumed
Sydney Cricket Ground, 1883 Rum fugitini am fuga. Ut liquasp itaquas eum fugitae dit eturia eossunti dolorest ut et quibus moluptur sent eium que velenimo dolor simus rem untoresto voluptat.
responsibility for England’s overseas tours. From then until the late 1970s English tourists played as MCC in all matches except the Tests, when they became England. Pelham Warner’s MCC side of 1903/04 marked the change by regaining the Ashes which had been held by Australia since 1897/98, but four years later the team led by Arthur Jones suffered a humiliating 4-1 defeat. This was avenged by Johnny Douglas’s 1911/12 tourists, who took the final series in Australia before the outbreak of World War I by the same margin. The year before, South Africa had visited Australia for the first time, winning in Adelaide but losing twice in both Sydney and Melbourne.
famous names
FRED SPOFFORTH Nicknamed ‘the Demon’, Fred Spofforth first played for Australia in the second Test in 1877, and remained the side’s most dangerous bowler for the next decade. In all, he took 94 wickets in his 18 Tests at an average of 18.41, claiming ten wickets in a match on four occasions. One of these was the Oval Test of 1882, in which he claimed 14 wickets for 90 runs and led his side to a remarkable 7-run victory. Among his many historic achievements was the first Test hattrick, against England at Melbourne in 1878/79. Spofforth began his career bowling underarm ‘lobs’, switching to overarm after seeing the English tourists of 1863/64. He was selected for New South Wales in 1874/75, and soon emerged as a bowler of genuine pace and increasingly subtle variation. Contemporaries observed that he could bowl at different speeds
xx
OUTSTANDING PERSONALITIES Although Charles Bannerman wrote himself an unalterable place in cricket history by hitting a century on the first day of the first Test, eventually retiring hurt on 165, few of the initial eleven had a lasting role in Tests. The main exception was the wicketkeeper Jack Blackham, who went on to play for Australia 35 times. His rival Billy Murdoch played in 19 Tests, captaining the side on four tours of England and eventually appearing once for England after he had settled there in 1891. Later in the century key figures included: Harry Trott (Victoria); the left-handed batsman Joe Darling and his South Australian colleague, the allrounder George Giffen; Syd Gregory (New South Wales), whose 58 Tests between 1890 and 1912 was a record at the time; the fast bowlers Fred Spofforth (see box) and Charlie Turner (New South Wales); and the off-spinner Hugh Trumble (Victoria). The next generation produced two outstanding allrounders in the New South Welshman Monty Noble and the Victorian Warwick Armstrong, and two batsmen who rank among the finest in Test history: Victor Trumper and Clem Hill. Trumper was said to be at his unorthodox best in poor conditions for batting, while the left-handed Hill was a stylish player whose 3412 Test runs came at an average of 39.21 – remarkable for that period of bowler-friendly conditions. By the outbreak of war two younger batsmen in Warren Bardsley and Charlie Macartney had also begun to make their mark. Of pre-War bowlers one of the most outstanding was the pace man Albert ‘Tibby’ Cotter, who took 89 Test wickets and who was killed in Palestine in 1917. Aperruptas excea net officit facimus ciminctium, ilitia consequasima dolo maionsendis dis necat. Ficia quam ea corisimagnis millupta in comniatemque dolum lam fugitatam cor maximilis aceati ut rerrorporum harchil is same ea se etusdae molo ipsunte nimperum volo offic tecus ipsuntiis con poriossus et ese venis quodis autemquid quianduciist fuga. Duntur, quae consend anditiu.
test cricket in australia , 1877–1914
78
Key Events Timeline 1877–1914
historic ground
MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND The world’s first Test venue, the Melbourne Cricket Ground was adopted as its permanent ground by the Melbourne Cricket Club in 1853, and the first match was played there in September 1854. Eighteen months later New South Wales played an inter-colonial match against Victoria, and from then on it was established as the principal venue for cricket in the colony. A 6000-seat public stand was built in 1861, and before James Lillywhite’s English team visited in 1876/77 another 2000-seat stand was added (burning down in 1884). Gradually, the ground’s
1911: South Africa tour Australia for the first time, losing the series 1-4
1910
1912: England under JWHT Douglas complete a comprehensive 4-1 victory 1908: Australia again win 4-1 to regain the Ashes 1908
1904: England win 3-2 1902: Australia repeat their 4-1 success
1900 1898: Australia again regain the Ashes, winning 4-1 1895: England win 3-2
Australia’s Test results by ground, 1877–1914
1892: Australia regain the Ashes with a 2-1 victory
City with Test ground
1890 1888: England win a one-off Test
v England 1887: England win 2-0
v South Africa 1885: English wins the first five-Test series 3-2 1885
1883: Series shared 2-2; Australia retains Ashes
1879: Australia win only Test
1882: Australia win series 2-0 1882
1880
1877: First-ever Tests played in Melbourne; Australia and England each win one match
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
NEW SOUTH WALES Sydney Cricket Ground (1881/82–) Sydney
Adelaide
Adelaide Oval (1884/82–) Won 5 Lost 4
Lost 10
Won 14
VICTORIA Melbourne
Melbourne Cricket Ground (1876/77–) Draw 2
Won 12 Lost 10
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cricket in australia
Sheffield Shield, 1892-1915 A regular first-class competition between the leading Australian colonies was launched in 1892/93, following the donation of a trophy by the Earl of Sheffield.
T
he Australian Cricket Council introduced a regular domestic competition in 1892, using a donation of £150 by the Earl of Sheffield, whose team had toured the previous season, to purchase a suitable trophy. With the South Australians having demonstrated their ability to compete on equal terms with their eastern neighbours by beating New South Wales by an innings in Sydney in 1891/92, the competition began with three teams; both logistics and playing standards no doubt prevented the inclusion of the other colonies. Victoria claimed the inaugural title with four comprehensive victories, but South Australia vindicated their inclusion by winning three of their four matches in 1893/94 and securing their first Shield win. Thereafter, Victoria and New South Wales generally proved too strong, taking 19 of the 21 titles from 1894/95 until competitive cricket was abandoned because of Australia’s involvement in World War I: the final match before the interruption ended just two months before Australian and New Zealand troops made their historic landing at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915. NEW SOUTH WALES REIGNS SUPREME In the first seasons there was little to choose between the three sides, but after the turn of the twentieth century New South Wales embarked upon one of their periods of dominance which have marked the Shield’s history. Captained first by Syd Gregory and then by Monty Noble (see box), they took the title 11 times in 16 seasons, including a run of six in succession between 1901/02 and 1906/07. Apart from Noble and Gregory their trump card was, appropriately enough, Victor Trumper, who made his Shield debut in 1894/95 and who became one of the most celebrated batsmen in the history of the game. His 3627 runs came at an average of 48.36, and he hit ten centuries in his 80 Shield innings. Key bowlers included Bill Howell, whose medium-pace spin brought him 157 wickets between 1894 and 1905; and the fast man xx
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Tibby Cotter, who claimed 131 victims at 23.54. The other states, however, also had their stars. Victoria’s included the massive all-rounder Warwick Armstrong, the batsmen Vernon Ransford and Frank Laver, the off-spinner Hugh Trumble, and the leg-spinner Jack Saunders, while among South Australia’s heroes were the brilliant left-hander Clem Hill, the batsmen John Reedman and Algy Gehrs, the fast bowler Ernest Jones, and the all-rounder George Giffen.
AN AGE OF LARGE TOTALS Played without limitation of time, Shield matches during this period often saw batsmen in the ascendant, and there were numerous instances of sides posting totals over 600. Until now bowlers had frequently dominated, but improvements in pitch preparation shifted the balance in the batsmen’ favour. New South Wales achieved 807 against South Australia in Adelaide in 1899/1900, Trumper making 165, Noble 200 and Gregory 176 with George Giffen claiming eight for 287 for the home side; but they eclipsed this in Sydney the following season, making a world record 918 with centuries by Frank Iredale, Noble, Gregory, Reggie Duff and Les Poidevin. Not for the first time, the New South Welshmen could boast a side in which all the top six batsmen had represented or would soon appear for Australia.Uga. Pero offic temquatus eliquis mo magnis minti doloressimus repernam exeribusdae laborio rereratur sape voluptium et aditas ad evendictest, adi comnihi llabore pro odi omnis net quamet autem sit, erum aboribus rest am ra cum dolorpo reptatur rese quatur ratent quid excesente niet everspel inciet alibus de parum faccatiant pa assust, conem cum cullandae. Ci alignat uriore doloria tatemoloria necte quo officius doluptum, nihicat eat ulparcius
famous names
MONTY NOBLE
28h January 1873 –22nd June 1940
Born in Sydney in 1873, Monty Noble made his first-class debut for New South Wales on their tour of New Zealand in 1894, and an unbeaten 152 against the touring Englishmen the following season ensured that he soon became a regular member of the side. In 51 Shield matches he scored 4896 runs at an average of 68.00 and took 159 wickets at 22.55, making him one of the outstanding allrounders of his generation. The highest of his 19 Shield centuries was 281 against Victoria in 1905/06; in his final Shield game before his retirement, in 1908/09, he hit 213 and 69 not out, again against Victoria. Noble also played in 42 Tests for Australia, making 1997 runs and taking 121 wickets. In all first-class matches he compiled a total of 13,975 runs at 40.74 and hit 37 centuries, and took 624 wickets at
sheffield shield , 1892–1915
98
Key Events Timeline 1893 –1915
historic ground
SYDNEY CRICKET GROUND Sydney’s main cricket venue developed out of the public recreation ground which was established on the eastern outskirts of the town around 1868. Control of the ground was gained by the NSW Cricket Association in 1875, and a Trust was established to administer it, with trustees appointed by both the colonial government and the Association. Known as the Association Ground until 1894, it was then renamed the Sydney Cricket Ground. The first stands were in place by the time Sydney hosted its first Tests in 1882, and further development led to the creation of the iconic ‘Hill’, a grassy embankment which provided a home for many of the game’s most enthusiastic and inventive barrackers. In 1895 the ground acquired a new
1915 1913: New South Wales champions
1915: Victoria win the final competition before it is suspended because of World War I 1913: South Australia take their third title
1911: New South Wales win the first of two consecutive titles
1910 1909: New South Wales regain the title
1910: South Australia win the Shield for the second time
1908: Victoria break NSW’s winning run
1905 1902: New South Wales begin a sequence of six consecutive victories 1901: Victoria are again winners
1900: New South Wales take the Shield
1900
Sheffield Shield, 1892–1915 v Victoria
1898: Victoria win the first of two consecutive titles
1896: New South Wales win for the first time, retaining the title the following season
v New South Wales v South Australia
1895: Shield regained by Victoria
1895
One square equals two matches
1894: South Australia take the Shield
1893: Victoria wins the inaugural competition
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
NEW SOUTH WALES
Sydney Cricket Ground Won 34
Adelaide Oval Won 16
Lost 12
VICTORIA Lost 25
Melbourne Cricket Ground Won 24 Lost 22
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cricket in england and wales
Test cricket in England, 1921-1939 With the admission of the West Indies, New Zealand and India to Test status, by World War II an international side toured England every summer.
A
lthough county cricket resumed as early as 1919, it took a further two seasons before the first Test tour – naturally, by Australia – could be arranged. Warwick Armstrong’s tourists retained the Ashes by winning three of the five Tests with the other two drawn, and four further series took place in England between the two oldest Test opponents, England winning in 1926, Australia in 1930 and 1934, and the series shared in 1938.
Key Events Timeline 1918–1939 1940 1939: England beat the West Indies 1-0
1938: The series is shared 1-1, but Australia retain the Ashes; Hutton breaks Bradman’s record with 364.
1937: England again beat New Zealand 1-0 1935: South Africa win a series in England for the first time (1-0)
1936: England beat India 2-0
1935 1934: Australia again win 2-1
1933: England beat the West Indies 2-0 1932: England win the only Test against India
1931: New Zealand’s first England tour, losing the series 1-0
1930 1929: England beat South Africa 2-0
1930: Australia regain the Ashes with a 2-1 victory, Bradman making a record 334 on his first tour of England
1928: England beat the West Indies 3-0 1926: England regain the Ashes with a 1-0 victory
1925 1924: South Africa tour, losing 3-0
1921: Australia tour under Warwick Armstrong, winning the series 3-0
1920 1918: End of World War I
xx
1919: County cricket resumes
1918
South Africa, too, became regular visitors, losing to England in 1924 and 1929 but winning a series in England for the first time in 1935, under the captaincy of HF Wade. By this time the range of Test-playing nations had expanded, and there were three series against the West Indies (1928, 1933 and 1939), two against New Zealand (1931 and 1937), and two against India (1932 and 1936). England’s home series against Australia and South Africa now always included five matches, but against the newer Test countries three was the norm until after World War II. The policy on the allocation of Test matches remained conservative. Lord’s, The Oval and Old Trafford were included in every itinerary, with the two remaining matches against Australia always played at Headingley and Trent Bridge. Edgbaston, where a single Test against Australia had been played in 1909, was twice allocated a game against South Africa, but was otherwise excluded from the circuit. No other county ground was given a Test during these two decades.
OUTSTANDING PERSONALITIES Between the two World Wars England sides were graced by a succession of outstanding batsmen. Among those who emerged in 1921 were Patsy Hendren of Middlesex and Lancashire’s George
Tyldesley, but the outstanding stylist of those early post-War sides was the Kent left-hander Frank Woolley, who had made his debut in 1909 and who did not retire until 1934; another fine left-handed batsman of the period was Woolley’s Kent colleague Percy Chapman. The redoubtable allrounder Wilfred Rhodes (Yorkshire) was another key figure of the twenties. Like Rhodes, Jack Hobbs (Surrey) was a seasoned Test campaigner in 1921, having first played for England in 1907/08, and from 1924 until his retirement in 1930 he formed an extraordinarily consistent opening partnership with Herbert Sutcliffe (see box). By the time he disappeared from the scene a new generation of batsmen included Maurice Leyland (Yorkshire), another fine left-hander, and the future captain Wally Hammond (Gloucestershire). And in the years just before war broke out again England introduced a trio of batsmen who would play a key role when peace was restored: Yorkshire’s Len Hutton, whose 364 against Australia at The Oval in 1938 set a new Test record for a single innings; and the Middlesex pair Denis Compton and Bill Edrich. Among the bowlers, Maurice Tate (Sussex) was the mainstay of the new ball attack in the later 1920s with his destructive seam bowling, but he was then eclipsed by the faster men, the
famous names
JACK HOBBS and HERBERT SUTCLIFFE Between 1924 and 1930 Surrey’s Jack Hobbs and Yorkshire’s Herbert Sutcliffe formed an outstanding opening partnership for England, perhaps the most successful in the history of Test cricket. Opening together in 38 innings, all but nine of them against Australia, the pair put on more than 100 no fewer than 15 times and passed 50 on a further ten occasions, averaging 87.81 for the first wicket. Both men were also exceptional individual cricketers: over a Test career extending from 1907/08 to 1930 Hobbs made 5410 runs at 56.94, hitting 15 centuries, while in all first-class cricket he compiled 61,760 runs at 50.70, including a world record 199 centuries – all the more remarkable because he played in a period of uncovered pitches which often provided very difficult conditions for batting. Sutcliffe’s performances were scarcely less remarkable: his 4555
test cricket in england ,
Nottinghamshire duo of Harold Larwood and Bill Voce, and later Yorkshire’s Bill Bowes. England’s outstanding spinner of the inter-War years was another Yorkshireman, the slow left-armer Hedley Verity.
England’s Test results by ground, 1918–1939
1921–1939
78
historic ground
OLD TRAFFORD, MANCHESTER Situated on the De Trafford estate and first used by Manchester CC from 1857, Old Trafford became the home of the Lancashire county club from its establishment in 1864. It became England’s second Test match venue in 1884, and in 1898 it was bought from the De Trafford family by Lancashire CCC. The original pavilion, built in 1894, was badly damaged during an air raid in December 1940, but was rebuilt, and it underwent a substantial refurbishment in 2010-13. The ground has been radically redeveloped in recent decades, including the turning of the square through 90
City with Test ground First Class county v Australia v South Africa v West Indies
Old Trafford Won 3
Headingly
Drawn 10
v New Zealand
Won 2 Drawn 4 Lost 2
YORKSHIRE
v India
Leeds
Headingley, 1899
LANCASHIRE
Manchester Old Trafford
Trent Bridge Won 1 Drawn 3 Lost 2
NOTTS
DERBYSHIRE
Nottingham
Edgbaston
Trent Bridge
Won 1 Drawn 1
LEICESTERSHIRE
Birmingham Edgbaston
WALES
NORTHANTS
WARWICKSHIRE WORCESTERSHIRE
ENGLAND GLOUCESTERSHIRE GLAMORGAN
Maurice Tate Rum fugitini am fuga. Ut liquasp itaquas eum fugitae dit eturia eossunti dolorest ut et quibus moluptur sent eium que velenimo dolor simus rem untoresto voluptat. Eum fugitae dit eturia eossunti dolorest ut et quibus moluptur sent eium que velenimo dolor simus rem untoresto voluptat.
MIDDLESEX Lord’s, 1884
SURREY
ESSEX
LONDON
Kennington Oval, 1880
KENT SOMERSET HAMPSHIRE
SUSSEX
Kennington Oval Lord’s Won 7 Drawn 5 Lost 4
Lost 2
Won 6 Drawn 6
xx
Despite its British imperial roots, cricket is now a truly global game, played in many countries across the world, with a huge and dedicated following across a largely Englishspeaking world market. Cricket fans revel in details and statistics, and this innovative publication provides a fresh and attractive presentation of the sport’s history, great personalities, astonishing achievements and in-depth facts and figures from the game’s origins in the 18th century right up to today.
This unique book will provide: • 300 years of world cricket history in eye-catching graphic form • Balanced presentation of maps, text, tables and archive photography • Comprehensive coverage of the international and domestic game across the major cricket nations • A strong emphasis on contemporary developments, including the emergence of Twenty20 cricket • Proposed publication date: the eve of the 2015 World Cup
Conceived and written by Roderick Lyall Design and infographics: Tom Coulson www.encompass-graphics.co.uk contact: tom@encompass-graphics.co.uk