ATLAS OF WORLD HISTORY
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t h e wo r l d t ra n s fo r m e d 1500–1900
The World Transformed
t h e wo r l d t ra n s fo r m e d 1500–1900
1500–1900 The emergence from around 1500 of powerful and ambitious maritime nation states in Europe, and their impact on the wider world that included contacts with the empires of South and East Asia, and in the hitherto largely separate Americas, saw the emergence of a global pattern of trade, influence, and empire which has continued down to the modern age. This development was not, however, achieved without enormous cost: the native populations of the Americas were decimated by diseases imported by the Europeans. Many millions of Africans were transported across to Atlantic to work as slaves in the Americas, and the once grand empires of India, Southeast Asia and China were gradually reduced by coercion and brute force.
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t h e wo r l d t ra n s fo r m e d 1500–1900
The World Transformed 1500–1900 Fusce vehicula rhoncus luctus iaculis, elit nibh dictum orci, nec vulputate quam mi sit amet mi. Praesent posuere, ipsum vel ultrices adipiscing, quam orci luctus enim, ut lacinia metus nisl in neque lementum nulla non or osuere, ipsum ve ipsum vel ultrices. Quisque varius convallis lectus quis vestibulum. Aenean sodales, ipsum ultrices tristique iaculis, elit nibh dictum orci, nec vulputate quam mi sit amet mi. Praesent posuere, ipsum vel ultrices adipiscing, quam orci luctus enim, ut lacinia metus nisl in neque. Nam id est sit amet est pulvinar sagittis nec at massa. Aliquam ultrices tellus nunc. Duis blandit iaculis lacus non malesuada. Praesent eget massa sagittis tortor lacinia vehicula et quis massa. Pellentesque elementum nulla non orci vulputate pellentesque. Curabitur aliquam mi vel sem faucibus blandit. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Donec non nulla mi, in porta velit. Curabitur dolor eros, adipiscing non elementum in, malesuada eu est.Fusce aliquet elementum turpis non fermentum. Praesent feugiat condimentum pulvinar. Nam et leo sed sapien dignissim congue et vel tellus. Pellentesque rutrum aliquam rutrum. Duis quis tortor nisl. Curabitur pellentesque
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The World Transformed 1500–1900 1500
396: Roman Empire divided into eastern and western halves xx
370: Huns enter Europe
1600
238: First Germanic incursions into Roman Empire
370: Huns enter Europe 200: Han dynasty collapses
t h e wo r l d t ra n s fo r m e d 1500–1900
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Charles V Ducipsum nat at vendistrum laborepel incium eos elluptas corio tet laboreptati ditio. In porem remperum qui bera volupta tiosape rundundel maxime nam, sandelis estempero mod eostrumqui conem ne ommoluptias pa sundae ma doles modistiis sit ipiet, cus quam, tem quis et fugit, odipsandi omnihilit, ate quis a doluptam, omnihic tiorios diciumquo eaque nobit aspedignis ut et eum sit qui dolorib earum, ideratenit odipsum que odit dolorepedis ut que inullac estorib ernatiae eturese quaerep taturent dunto te.
1800
c.150: Ptolemy publishes first World Atlas
117: Roman Empire at greatest extent 31: Roman victory at Actium consolidates
60: Establishment of Kushan Empire
1900
141: Wudi expands Han power into Central Asia xx
t h e c l a ss i c a l wo r l d
Trade in the Ancient World c.150 bce–400 ce Fusce vehicula rhoncus luctus iaculis, elit nibh dictum orci, nec vulputate quam mi sit amet mi. Praesent posuere, ipsum vel ultrices adipiscing, quam orci luctus enim, ut lacinia metus nisl in neque lementum nulla non or osuere, ipsum ve ipsum vel ultrices adipiscing.
Trade in the Ancient World 150 BCE–400 BCE 396: Roman Empire divided into eastern and western halves
400
370: Huns enter Europe 238: First Germanic incursions into Roman Empire
300
224: Beginning of Sassanian control in Persia 200: Han dynasty collapses
200
c.150: Ptolemy publishes first World Atlas
100
60: Establishment of Kushan Empire
1CE
31: Roman victory at Actium consolidates control of eastern Mediterranean 100 BCE
141: Wudi expands Han power into Central Asia
xx
200 BCE
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117: Roman Empire at greatest extent
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The Silk Trade Silk was one of the most treasured imports from the East, and huge caravans of camels were assembled to transport the material from China to the markets of Central Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean.
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A F R I C A
Juba Congo
Supplying Rome By 150 BCE Rome was the largest city in Europe, consuming vast quantities of food, supplies and material. To supply the taste for blood sports, exotic animals were imported from sub-Saharan Africa.
t ra d e i n t h e a n c i e n t wo r l d 150 b ce – 400 ce
Eurasian and African trade c.1 CE
Trade under Sail
Goods traded
Roman Empire and client states
Although China remained uninterested
in developing trading infrastructures,
amber animals clothing gold silver grain horses incense ivory olive oil precious stones silk slaves spices timber tin tortoiseshell wine
Han Empire
the civilizations of the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean were keen to
Trade routes
exploit new technologies to suport their
Roman Indian Ocean Silk Road China East Africa amber incense other
trading emporia. While square-rigged Roman galleys plied the Mediterranean and the coast and rivers of Europe (right), Arab lateen-rigged dhows exploited the monsoon system of the Indian Ocean to link trading posts.
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Trading Cities Petra, in Jordan, is a fine example of the transient wealth that was accumulated by sites that straddled key trading routes in the ancient world. Its ruins today belie the volume of traffic and importance of the site in the valuable incense trade.
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t h e o r i g i n s o f t h e m o d e r n wo r l d
The Colonization of Africa 1800–1900 Fusce vehicula rhoncus luctus iaculis, elit nibh dictum orci, nec vulputate quam mi sit amet mi. Praesent posuere, ipsum vel ultrices adipiscing, quam orci luctus enim, ut lacinia metus nisl in neque lementum nulla non or osuere, ipsum ve ipsum vel ultrices.
370: Huns enter Europe 238: First Germanic incursions into Roman Empire
300
224: Beginning of Sassanian control in Persia 200: Han dynasty collapses
200
c.150: Ptolemy publishes first World Atlas 117: Roman Empire at greatest extent
100
60: Establishment of Kushan Empire
1CE
31: Roman victory at Actium consolidates control of eastern Mediterranean 100 BCE
xx
141: Wudi expands Han power into Central Asia
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Ottoman possessions Portugese possessions AL
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The Colonization of Africa 1800–1900
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African States c.1830
PORTUG
The Wealth of Benin The small but wealthy kingdom of Benin, in West Africa, with its sophisticated trading system and advanced bronze technology, was one of many states invaded and subdued by European colonialists in the 1890s.
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AST CO itain r LD GO 21 to B 18
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t h e co lo n i z a t i o n o f a f r i c a 1800–1900
The Scramble for Africa The bitterness of the struggle to control Africa was extraordinary. Throughout the 19th century ‘punitive’ expeditions were mounted which resulted in the decimation of whole tribes and societies. The struggle was not limited to the native populations:
The Kingdom of Kongo By the 18th century, Europeans were sending trading missions to the courts of many African rulers and states. Here emissaries prostrate themselves before the ruler of Kongo.
a Massawto Egypt
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MERINA
Spain Independent states British dominion
Walvis Bay
GERMAN EAST AFRICA
NORTHERN RHODESIA
Pemba Zanzibar
SOUTHERN PORTUGUESE RHODESIA EAST AFRICA BECHUANALAND SWAZILAND
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA
Aldabra Is Comoro Is
BASUTOLAND
Colonial Possessions 1890 The European powers partitioned their possessions in Africa largely by treaty agreements between themselves. Areas of control were demarcated with little understanding of cultures and societies, which contributed to many of the problems that confronted newly-independent African states in the 1960s.
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ubia
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long-standing Dutch settlers, the
TUNISIA
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resisted European incursions, as did Boers, in the far south.
a n S e xaandria
rane diter
Wahhabi jihadists in the Muslim north
Colon CapeBritain
nds 1795 to therla the Ne 1803 to Britain to 4 1 1806–
African Exploration Although often sponsored by religious or scientific foundations, the motivations behind African exploration were largely imperialist. In a short century the continent was transformed from a rich trading complex to one dominated by European powers. xx
Design and cartography: Tom Coulson For design and cartography commissions email: tom@encompass-graphics.co.uk Work portfolio: www.encompass-graphics.co.uk