R u r b a n scape

R U R B A N S C A P E

/ YRD, CHINA

an alternative morphological configuration and strategy of industrialising the rural-urban region

JIAN-JIE ZH0U AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM / O9-10

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to take this opportunity to thank my tutors for the continual support in the development of project.

Programme Director: Studio Masters:

Eva Castro Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico

Programme Staff:

Douglas Spencer Tom Smith

Workshop Tutors:

Hossein Kachaabi Enriqueta Llabres Bridget Mackean Teruyuki Nomura Clara Oloriz

I also would like to thank my family, friends and coursemates for the support during my study in London.

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CONTENTS

ACKOWNLEDGEMENTS

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INTRODUCTION

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II

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

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III

SITE ANALYSIS - WATER STUDY

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PROTOTYPE - STUDY OF SPATIAL POTENTIAL OF WWTP

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SITE IMPLEMENTATION

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VI

MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT

VII BIBLIOGRAPHY

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PROJECT AGENDA

AA Landscape Urbanism continous focus on China’s ambitions to build 400 new cities by the year 2020 as the basis for its brief. This year the research investigates the region Yangtze River Delta in China.

With the understanding of the term ‘Metabolic Rurbanism‘, the scheme Rurbanscape aims to challenge the homogeneous planning of generic industrial zoning and subsequently the polluted livelihoods with its inadequate wastewater treatments among a group of the rural villages under rapid industrialisation between Wuzhong and Wujiang in Suzhou.

By hybridising mechanical and natural wastewater treatment processes as responsive treatment infrastructure, its configuration attempts to generate alternative morphological framework for selfsufficient rural-urban corridor in mediating agricultural, municipal and industrial activities within the environmental ecology regionally.

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‘METABOLIC RURBANISM’ AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF LANDSCAPE URBANISM Tutor: Douglas Spencer Essay for Landscape Urbanism History and Theory, Submitted in January 2010

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INTRODUCTION In the nineteenth century, the adaptation of the ideas exhibited by metabolism for urbanization of cities, along with the concerns of social and environmental settings, began to be popularised in practice. During that period, the advancement of scientific research and development made an unprecedented progress. Such growth in significance stimulated the increasing use of scientific concepts and methods in social sciences as well as architecture. The concept of metabolism in biology was introduced into the understanding of urbanisation process and that a city is likened to an organism in which there exists a metabolic process in order to maintain life. In other words, the concept of metabolism is embraced by the development of cities to represent the circulatory movements of input and output of production processes with the increasing availability of labour. Prominent scholars such as Swyngedouw and Gandy explicate the importance of understanding the compound concept of urban metabolism and its contribution to the practice of urbanization.

In this essay, I will firstly define the term ‘metabolism’ through discussing the analysis from both Swyngedouw and Gandy. Further understanding will be laid upon the notions of ruralism and urbanism by introducing the phenomenon of ‘Desakota’ in which urban and rural activities in land-use are combined.

Hence, in this paper, with the understanding of Swyngedouw and Gandy’s analyses, an attempt will be made to define the concept of metabolism in regards to the practice of urbanisation. Then the examination of the notions of ruralism and urbanism is to be carried out with regard to the phenomenon of ‘Desakota’ which denotes the combined operations of urban and rural activities in land use. Hence, the introduced concept of metabolic rurbanism.

For the exemplification, a case study of Chinese rural urbanization, and the national policy ‘Township and Village Enterprise’ that encourages industrial participation in rural regions with the support from the government, is to be brought into the analysis in the paper. It will show that despite the increasing prosperity of economy, the implementation of such policy makes manifest the subsequent sacrifice in ecological protection.

Finally, remarks will be given upon the extent to which the concept of metabolic rurbanism posts a significant contribution to the theory and practice of Landscape Urbanism. Various themes will be brought up in order to examine in details the relevance and significance of such concept in contemporary urbanization.

METABOLISM

Before the term ‘Metabolism’ introduced in urbanization, it was used in the field of biological and physical science, which symbolise the processes to maintain the life of a living organism. With the urban context, cities not only operate as a mechanic device, but also a living entity. The material exchanges between different organs in the body imposes the equivalent process in our built environment.

Swyngedouw borrows Marx’s analysis to explain the metabolism as exchange of materials with nature and the notion of labouring is also a primary aspect to examine how the socio-metabolic production processes.

As mentioned above, the term ‘metabolism’ was used in Biology denoting the constructive as well as destructive chemical process in living organisms as the essential way to maintain life. With the introduction of the concept into the practice of urbanization, cities are no longer treated as a lifeless mechanic device, but a living entity. Different operating segments of our environment are likened to the parts of an organism, carrying out their own vital functions for the maintenance and development of the space in which we live. With the use of Marxist analysis, the society in which we live belongs to a ‘specific historical arrangement’ which carries out its own ‘mode of production’. The mode of production involves the ‘social relations of appropriation, production and exchange’ with the use of labour and nature.

“The circulation of goods, or of entities, is evidently directly associated with the notion of metabolism, which involves exactly a process of transformation-in-movement. Or in other words, metabolic circulation fuses together physical dynamics with the social regulatory and framing conditions set by the historically specific arrangement of the social relations of appropriation, production, and exchange or, in other words, the mode of production.” 1

Urban metabolism has a fundamental requirement that involves circular flows politically and economically. From the interpretation of Swyngedouw, Marx’s notion in metabolism is mobilisation of both nature and labour to generate economic flow. Swyngedouw emphasises the ‘Metabolism’ and ‘Circulation’ are significant conceptions toward better understanding in urbanisation. The network of mobilising the materials and products through the urban is the essential infrastructure to determine the consistency of functioning the city.

The notion of circulation is considered to be vital in the metabolic process of urbanization. Such notion indicates the on-going cycle of the input and output of social and economic productions that contribute to the maintenance and development of our living space. The network of infrastructure are produced and developed as a result of metabolic process of urbanization, which further feeds energy into them to maintain the circulatory movement of productions and thus the existing mode of production.

“Metabolic circulation, then, is the socially mediated process of environmental, including technological, transformation and trans-configuration, through which all manner of ‘agents’ are mobilised, attached, collectivised, and networked.” 2 From the innovation in circulation, it often implies the notion of industrial ecology, which suggests the importance of life cycle approach to minimise the impact of contaminated output to the environment. In addition to environmental consideration, the socio-economic relationship between urban and rural movement plays a significant role. While cities are expanding, the socio-ecological process proposes a new socio-spatial relationship between the rural and urban. The development of infrastructures, economic activities, mix land-uses are gradually transforming the rural landscape.

Nature and society are in this way combined to form an urban political ecology, a hybrid, an urban cyborg that combines the powers of nature with those of class, gender, and ethnic relations. 3

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With the understanding of metabolic circulation, it transforms the ecology environmentally, socially and politically. The rapid urban transformation often generates the social imbalance. Alongside the industrial ecology, the political ecology is relational and has intense interaction between socio-economic and environmental changes.

urbanisation is driven by market, private developers are in the dominant position to the development of the city.

The governmental investment in urban infrastructure and public facilities becomes less attractive. These are major contributors to the polarisation between the private and public service facilities.

… We need in the first instance to differentiate between those conceptions of metabolism that derive from nineteenth-century developments within the biological and physical sciences and those that originate within the field of political economy. 4

Because water infrastructure is one of the most indispensable components in everyday life, its coherency with the urban space can establish a concrete foundation in social environmental and technological framework. Gandy undeniably agrees the interpretation of metabolism from Swyngedouw, which began to investigate the power of water and concentrate the social and economic forces that generate the mobilisation of ‘metabolism’ and ‘circulation’.

The concept of hybridisation of the rural and urban is also being recognised. Following the significance of associating different disciplinary systems into urbanism, the fusion between rural and urban activities can be assessed in order to reinvigorate the potentiality of such revolutionary combination.

Gandy studies the relationship between water and urban space and introduce the bacteriological cities, which has been defined as New moral geographies; Modes of social discipline based upon ideologies of cleanliness, Towards a technocratic and rational model of municipal managerialism and a connection between urban infrastructures and citizenship rights. 5 Water is one of the most essential resources in the city. It transforms the socio-spatial quality of the urban space. With the immense human usage, there was substantial transformation happening in the sewer system across many European cities in the nineteenth century.

Both Swyngedouw and Gandy discuss the significance of water infrastructure and its consequence in the urbanisation.

They exemplify the social and economic impact of water and therefore its influence in cities. The former begins to investigate the urbanisation of water that developed from the metaphor of metabolism and circulation. Critically, the latter progressively explains the significance of reassessing water infrastructure from the emergence of ‘bacteriological city’. Since the metabolic system in the nineteenth century is considered as a monochrome approach to urbanisation, Gandy asserts that urban metabolic systems should be reinterpreted and refined with the advancement in technology and the contemporary social concerns.

“The economics of human manure was also progressively undermined by the development of synthetic fertilizers which began to play an ever greater role in agriculture.” 6 Gandy argues the linear flow-based model of metabolic urbanism has failed to confront the contemporary urbanism at its rapid growing rate. When the contemporary

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the city. There are intense socio-economic processes between these two principal territories.

In general, rural regions occupy a vast amount of agricultural plots and have low-density dwellings. Alongside cities’ developments, those adjacent rural regions are gradually becoming more industrialised and populated. Many villages and their local enterprises are progressively increasing the economic income for the regions. Predictably, these economic activities are provoking the social alteration.

Some people discontinue to work in the agricultural lands and begin to work in the local industries or even in the city. These rural regions certainly can be developed and urbanised into part of metropolitan regions.

However, there are also rural areas industrialised and determining to maintain their agricultural activities while the population is growing. The authority realises the political and economic threat of losing intolerable amount of agricultural lands. Nonetheless, villages are encouraged to incorporate with private enterprises to contribute substantial economic increase. These combinations between agricultural and nonagricultural undertaking reconstruct the spatial relationship among different rural and urban cores. In the late twentieth century, this kind of happening is being realised and studied in order to reconsider the approach toward rural development.

The conception of rurbanism can be also introduced with the emergent phenomenon of ‘desakota’, its emergence provides an opportunity to rethink the social and economic relationship between the country and the city. In terms of productivity, it implies the hybridisation of having rural and urban processes of land use; its development comprises agriculture and industrial sectors.

RURBANISM

Ruralism and urbanism are often misunderstood as mutually exclusive. Nevertheless, they are two interdependent bodies that are developing within certain social and economic structure in this own right. In the countryside, agriculture is the basic supporting industry to contribute and maintain the region economically. In the more populated region, they not only are relying on the agriculture that providing the commodity, but also non-agricultural activities to sustain

According to McGee’s analysis in The Emergence of Desakota Regions in Asia: Expanding a Hypothesis 7 , there are three types of Desakota happening. They are all associating with the change in economic growth and rural population. Type 1 desakota regions are mostly dominated by nonagricultural activities economically in the rural. Type 2 desakota are characterised by rural regions in which both agriculture and industry has considerable productivity. Contrastingly Type 3 desakota are characterised by slow economic growth in both agriculture and nonagriculture.

I Called desakota regions by McGee (1991) and ‘extended metropolitan regions’ by Ginsburg, Koppel and McGee (1991), they are complex fields or rural and urban interaction that reach 100km or more from major urban nodes. As such they defy classification as either rural or urban; yet they are absorbing increasing shares of national populations. 8 The change of rural density and the economic growth are two major factors that outline the characteristics of desakota. The agricultural and nonagricultural activities are the decisive components to shape their social and economic structure. Additionally, it also requires modern infrastructure and transporting system to support the rapid socio-economic growth. These distinctive desakota regions can be found effectively in the developing countries.

have been the consequences. At the same time, it establishes economic structure among townships and villages. There are two main categories in ownerships of enterprises, collective and private enterprises. The former is known as township and village enterprises and they are initially under purview of local governments. The latter is cooperative and individual enterprises with strict restrictions and regulations.

The Figure 3.1 shows the dramatic growth in TVE employment since 1985. 9 In contrast, it also illustrates the trend of privatisation in the TVE and the decline of collectives after 1995. In the early years with local governmental and communal supports, it was still dominated by the collective TVEs. Alongside the rapid grow in private sectors; the collectively owned firms were under pressure and TVEs had to reform considerably.

UNDERSTANDING

Among the developing countries, China is one of most dynamic and determined nations in its effort to urbanise especially with the help of the revolutionary economic reforms advocated in the eighties. With enormous political pressures coming down from the top, many rural areas were rapidly undergoing a series of urbanisations. Vast agriculture lands have been turned into potential sites for further investments in order to promote significant economic contribution toward its regions. Land-hungry developers actively looked for potential ‘cash-cows’ from places that undergo urbanization.

From the understanding of metabolism and rurbanism, it is imperative to study the outcome of combining nonagricultural and agricultural processes through case studies. With the exploration in classifying ‘desakota’, it brings three critical socio-economic attentions, change in rural population, household income and economic growth.

They are all associated with the rural industrialisation and how these industries influence the socio-economic transformation.

A specific instance in China can demonstrate the consequence of rural urbanisation by introducing ‘Township and Village Enterprises’. The term was formally put forward during 1980’s, this strategic national policy is used to avoid massive rural-urban migrations that would otherwise

Figure 3.1

The Employment of Township and Village Enterprise

In the wake of privatisation during the rural indutralisation, the emergence of industrial clusters is transforming the social and economic structure. This centrailised system minimises the logistic range between each industrial process in order to close the industrial chain. There are many services facilities that can be shared within the industrial complex. It also provides employment opportunities for local residents and contributes the economic growth to the region itself.

It is phenomenal to appraise the development of TVEs that imposes the rural urbanisation in a meaningful duration, where social and economic change associates substantially and simultaneously as well as environmental concern.

Many major economic regions such as Yangtze River Delta, it faces an extremely challenge in restoring many natural resources. Comprehensibly, the rural industrailisation must be compelled to confront the pollution crisis with sufficient ecological awareness and thus necessary precautions if needed. This emphasis upon the essence of metabolic urbanism is required to be more relational. It demands a tremendous endeavor in such complex conditions.

The term ‘Eco’ is repeatedly used as a branding tool to convince people that the user is being environmentally aware. For example, the concept of ‘Eco-industrial clusters’ is already being proposed with the global consciousness in ecology or it is happening because the trend of labeling everything with ‘eco’.

These industrial clusters in the rural-urban area are also encouraged with the tendency of deindustrialisation in the urban core. Many of heavy industries have been relocating from the city and the government is supporting the high-tech industries to be remained. In the case of this centralised cluster system of industries that provides an efficient industrial configuration, Yangtze River Delta is one of earliest region to imply the policy. For example, there are over 500 notable industrial clusters in Zhejiang Province, one of them in Zhuji Township is recognised with estimation in sock producton of 35% 10 in the total production of the global. This assessment verifies the TVEs strategy in the rural urbanisation or industrialization has certainly achieved its economic reform in a highly promising rate. Nevertheless, its restructuring in the last decade proves the significance in examining the social, ecological and technological relations. This TVEs reform has also transfigured the policy in order to maintain its municipal position over the private enterprises within the market-oriented system.

On the other hand, there are comparable features from TVEs can be easily recapitulated in relation to the case of Gandy’s analysis on water infrastructure and urban space.

As the practice of urban metabolism in the nineteenth century was not convinced to operate without contemporary awareness in advanced technology, Gandy recognises

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the economic benefits from human wastes for agriculture is being undervalued by the development of synthetic fertilizers.11 With the improvements among environmental, social and economic understandings, potentially the system is going to merge with many other disciplinary theories and practices. Gandy anticipates addressing the concurrent concerns during the booming urbanization, it insists on a more capable, relational and hybrised system.

In this case, the ‘metabolic rurbanism’ can be also perceived as development of the rural regions with the model provided by the concept of the metabolic urbanisation. Both metabolism and rurbanism necessitates articulated network and circulation in both political and economic context.

The intention of combining rural and urban processes is to generate a model that develops and evolves with the change of the surrounding. It is also can be related to urbanisation with proliferating socio-metabolic processes.

The impact from TVEs has been dramatic from economic growth to the decline ecological resources. It certainly has advantages in the blooming of economy. There is a significance imbalance between economic and ecological system. With the contradiction between environmental protection and economic growth, the policy making process from the government aims to play a great role in minimise the ecological impacts. TVEs is relevant in regard to metabolic rurbanism through the distinctive features such as combining both agriculture and non-agriculture processes.

SIGNIFICANCE IN LANDSCAPE URBANISM

“In viewing the city as a living ecology, landscape urbanism offers neither remedies nor fixes. Instead its protagonists look for opportunities to simply engage the dynamics of the city on their own terms, to be player, an agent continually looking for ways to make a difference.” 12 The understanding of ‘metabolic rurbanism’ provides significant insights and inspirations to the theory and practice of Landscape Urbanism. The hybridisation of rural and urban processes is not a permanent regional setting.

Moreover, its hybridised system is able to transform and evolve with changes which are brought about by social and economic influence. Landscape Urbanism is an adaptable

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system that provides multidisciplinary frameworks, it enables the prototype to integrate and transform with social, economic, environmental and technological insights.

As Corner indentifies, there are five general themes in Landscape Urbanism, Horizontality, Infrastructures, Forms of Process, Techniques and Ecology. 13 Each theme is employed to engage in the relation to metabolic rurbanism.

This began to demonstrate its significance in these five indicative subjects.

• Horizontality implies the movement of processes, such as mass migration, vehicular circulation and economic flow; they have an influential effect on the transformation of the landscape topographically. The circulation between the rural and urban is often perceived as horizontal interaction. The formation of surface, services and pathways, permeability are three integral features, which can be materialized and perform as infrastructure.

• Infrastructure not only is simply refer itself as the physical structures and organizational facilities in the urban, but also functioning as a relational network in socio-economic and ecological context. Accordingly, the development in engineering disciplines often delivers exceptional result to the framework. Regarding to the combination of rural and urban processes, urban infrastructure exploits the opportunity to optimise the performative value between agricultural and industrial movements socially and economically.

• Form of process compels to integrate different social and economic flows, it is forming the spatial relationship between the rural and urban. Their activities are the indispensable processes with socio-economic change as well as the environmental transformation. It is also a transitional and reciprocal process of from being rural and urbanised concurrently. With such complexity in processes, it determines a series of sophisticated technique to accomplish the both aesthetic and performative system.

Metabolic process is the central in urbanism, it represents a circular flow. The movement of the flow can be generated into the form of process.

• Combining landscape and urbanist techniques, to use diagramming can establish the existing agricultural and non-agricultural activities of a given rural-urban regions.

Alongside mapping a site, indexing is an implicit technique to manifest and differentiate the informative process effectively, which potentially thrives from indexical framework to sophisticated system of prototypes. Metabolic rurbanism certainly demands the techniques that used in Landscape Urbanism, where a diverse and precise analysis is taking place. The understanding in ecology indeed provides the principal framework to support the other four aspects.

• Ecology are integrated with socio-economic, environmental and technological understandings. From the example of TVEs of China, intelligibly it has shown the lack of ecological understanding in relation to industries network. Because rurbanisation involves agricultural and industrial activities, the concept of industrial ecology is an effective instrument where ecological principles are being applied into industrial structure alongside with socioeconomic consideration.

Rural industralisation necessitate an operative system such as Industrial Ecology, which encompasses the interconnections of socio-economy, technology and environment. This uncovers the full potential of industrial complex both ecologically and economically in the long-term prospect, which human health can be beneficial to. In terms of land-use planning in the rurbanisation, the theory and practice of Green Infrastructure give a meaningful guidance toward the hybridity of both rural and urban patterns.

However Landscape Urbanism is considered exceeds hybridization, its framework encompasses the processes of social, economic and environmental conditions.

CONCLUSION

The significance of understanding the concepts of Metabolism and Rurbanism is to reveal its potentiality in contemporary urbanism with the theory and practice of Landscape Urbanism. To hybridise the urban metabolic system with rural context allow the system to investigate the spatial relationship between rural and urban regions with social, economic and environmental concerns borne in mind. This study has explored how the concept of metabolic rurbanism works as a whole and its significance upon the practice of urbanisation.

I When architects are dealing with urbanism, the performance criteria of design should come first instead of the form and style. The modern design principle ‘Form follows function’ can be refined as ‘Form follows process’ within the context of urbanism. In other words, more emphasis has been placed upon the details of operations in order to achieve the maximal output. From the exploration between urban metabolism and rurbanism, the study gives recognition on the importance of water infrastructure and its sociospatial impact in the city. From understanding the concept of metabolic urbanism and its successor-concept metabolic rurbanism, the importance of constructing a functioning water infrastructure and knowing its socio-spatial impact upon the city must be recognized.

With the understanding in contemporary social-economic activities and technology, the metabolic system can be reinforced and applied into the rural. To enhance such revolutionary hybridisation, the system engages agriculture and non-agricultural activities, industry and ecology, infrastructure and social-economic structure. These factors enable the metabolic system to examine its potentials and problems in the rural regions. The system underlines every process with the essentials of the urban fabric and socioenvironmental movement. By understanding the concept of urban metabolism, rurbanism embraces the continuation of interaction with politics, economics, environment and technology. This also consistently preserves the cultural and historical value of the region. Township and Village Enterprises are a constructive example to reassess particular relations with ecological, sio-economic and technological realisation.

The significance of metabolic rurbanism can be systematised with the five comprehensive subjects embedded within the essence of Landscape Urbanism.

Progressively the transformation of rurbanism is better interpreted by integrating with other multidisciplinary methodologies relationally. Both ‘Industrial Ecology’ and ‘Green Infrastructure’ can contribute substantially in configuration of industries and land-use planning. It would be beneficial on using the techniques developed from Landscape Urbanism, such as mapping, diagramming and indexing for further studies; to investigate the social and economic ‘metabolic flow’ in the region. By registering the metabolic urbanization in the rural, it unfolds a new scope to ‘Rurbanscape’.

ENDNOTE (1) Swyngedouw. Erik, In the nature of cities: urban political ecology and the politics of urban metabolism, 2006. pp. 25 (2) Swyngedouw. Erik, 2006. pp. 33 (3) Swyngedouw. Erik, 2006. pp. 37 (4) Gandy. Matthew, Rethinking urban metabolism: Water, space and the modern city, 2004, pp. 364 (5) Gandy. Matthew, 2004, pp. 363 (6) Gandy. Matthew, 2004, pp. 366 (7) McGee. T.G, and Robinson. Ira M, The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia, 1995. pp.8,9 (8) McGee. T.G, and Robinson. Ira M, 1995. pp.50 (9) Naughton. Barry, The Chinese economy : transitions to growth, 2007. pp. 286 (10) Naughton. Barry, 2007. pp. 293 (11) Gandy. Matthew, Rethinking urban metabolism: Water, space and the modern city, 2004, pp. 366 (12) Coner. James, Landscape urbanism: a manual for the machinic landscape, 2003. pp. 59 (13) Coner. James, 2003. pp. 58-63

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YANGTZE RIVER DELTA, CHINA

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) economic zone refers to 16 cities in Shanghai, southern Jiangsu, eastern and northern Zhejiang. The region accounts for 20 percent of China’s Gross Domestic Product and is responsible for one third’s its imports and exports. The YRD Economic Zone is dominated by Shanghai which is mainland China’s financial center and other important economic hubs like Nanjing, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Ningbo and Xuzhou. The vast interior of the Yangtze River Delta is heavily industrialised with advanced transport infrastructure such as highways, expressways, airports and ports.

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Rapid Urbanisation As one of the important coastal development regions in China, the Yangtze Delta region has already become the nation’s most prosperous region in both the levels of urbanization and economic development.

By 2005 the Yangtze Delta region with 1 percent of the nation’s land and 6 percent of total population, it produced 18.6 percent of national gross domestic product (GDP) and absorbed 43.5percent of the nation’s total utilised foreign direct investment capital, its per capita GDP was 3.44 times of the national average.

Rural-Urban Migration China has witnessed the largest labor migration since the reform and opening up policies were implemented. According to the most recent statistics, the total number of rural to urban migrant workers reached 136 million.

During 1995–2000, total number of the migrants entering into yangtze River Delta [YRD] is 6.02 million and that from YRD to outside YRD is 1.11 million. It shows that YRD is becoming an important population congregation area in China. The net immigration population is around 4.91 million and the annual net migration rate is 2.1‰.

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Suzhou is a city on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Tai Lake in the province of Jiangsu, China. The city is renowned for its beautiful stone bridges, pagodas, and meticulously designed gardens which have contributed to its status as a great tourist attraction. Wujiang is one of Suzhou’s satellite cities in the south, IT industry is developing rapidly and has formed the supply chain locally as major industrial sector. The study site locates between Suzhou and Wujiang.

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Yangtze River Delta, China • Shanghai (Populaton of 14 million) • YRD Region (40% of the national economy) • Tai Lake Basin 2,250 km² (Greater London x 2)

• Site

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Suzhou 40 mins by train to Shanghai

Wujiang

City’s boundries

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Rural Urbanisation The proposed site situates at the east side of Tai Lake in the west-east axis, the green boundary shows the ecological corridor from the east exit of tai lake to others inner lakes. It is also being compressed by two urban growths between Suzhou in the north and Wujiang in the south. There is a group of rural villages and agricultural lands confronting the transformation of being industrialised.

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Satellite View Of The Proposed Site

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SU ZHOU CITY

WU ZHONG DISTRICT

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TAI LAKE WU JIANG CITY

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Existing Rural-urban Landscape • •

With the canal system, the existing rural-urban configuration consists of industries, urban villages, rural villages and agricultural lands.

Ecologically, The government realised the important of eco-corridor of Tai Lake and restore the lake space from reclaimed agricultural land to avoid the risk of flooding.

[Reclaimed Arable lands] 2006

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[Restore the lake space] 2009

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50

16

23 AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM - 2009-2010 - TOMMI JIAN-JIE ZHOU

Potentials In The Existing Site Condition • •

24

Regenerating the ecological corridor of East mouth of Tai Lake as new eco-tourism attraction.

Establishing alternative configuration by combining rural and urban activities.

1000

2500

LANDUSE MAPPING

5000

IN

Population Density & Income In Rural-Urban Context

Canals

Higher density & Income over ¥1000

Roads

Industries

Managers 30.5 sqm/person ¥ 1576 per month

Villages

Agriculture

Indutrialised Urban Villages

Technicians 42 sqm/person ¥ 1028 per month

20

26

36 15

14

10

30

14 7 4

12 13

6 9 3 4

24 26

13

4

12

32

14

13

4

13 13

8

10

4

2

5

15

4 10

17

16 11

1

3

10

9

10

26 33

8

7 16

3

8

8 7

25 2

7

5 8

10 3

3 3

2

14

3

7 19

36 11 3

3

3 20

5

3

4

2

17

23

4

9

20

5

20

4

5

19

6

3

7

16

18

5 14 27 17

14

Rural Villages 13

13

11

3

2

3

2

10

5

6

8

6

6

16

12

7 18

26

38

4 3

1

4

4 6

8

4

4

5

4

2

9

2

2 11

4

2

3

4

2

36

12

4

2

22

29 6

3

2

3

5

3

22

3 1

8

2

5

18 14 17

5

6

2

3

2

47

4

5

2

6

3 6

5 4

37 22

3

3

1

17

13

14

5

3 5

3

3 3

10

20

18

10

2

2

9 17

11

4

3

6

5 2

6 18

22

16 2

8

6 22 7

8

6

12

7

14

11

13 5 6

31

13

25

Farmers 63 sqm/person ¥ 391 per month

9 10

3

15

45

12

29

3

3

12

15

6

38 11

7

8

5

11

14 4

30

5

9

6

26

6

16 17

8 15

2

18 46

14

4

5

32

7 3

2

11

3 6

19

6

11

15 3

9 29 5

7

12 2

11

5 3

2

31

5

24

1

6

21

16

14

15

17

5

12

2

4

44 5

12

2

15

3 2

16 5

43

5

4

7 5

16

6 3

8

9

3

4 2

1

6

10

8

4 2 2

5 2

13

4

12

4

1

3

2

4

9

11

5

4 7

6

3 7

7 2

11

2

6

3

10 4 2

4

10

11 3

31

8

2

2 2

3

39

5

8

3 4

7

6

5

23

6 12 3

20 6

4

3

3 5

11

4

20

3

3

6

6

8

3

3

2

9

7 5

7

3

2

3

8

4 2

10

6

4 12

7

17 2

6

11

4

7

13

7

5

2 8 3 5

9

12

3

6

13

6

4

14

3

8

4 5

7

33

19

2

3

11

3

4 19

10

5

2

2 20

11

3 6

2

10

6

14

Low density & Low income

8

2

19

12 9

3

22

4

5

3

6 15

19

2

6

5

23

3 4

5

2

14

5

2

8

13

22

3

3

4

4

3 2

3

6

9

3

11

3 2

6

2

2

4

2 14

19

10

3

2

6

2

58

4

3

50

16

Indutrialised Rural Villages

8

3

Higher density & Low income Admins 42 sqm/person ¥ 832 per month Production workers 50 sqm/person ¥ 723 per month Services workers 50 sqm/person ¥ 676 per month

25 AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM - 2009-2010 - TOMMI JIAN-JIE ZHOU

Current Masterplan This is the top-down masterplan for the corridor, which acknowledge the uncontrolled agricultural uses that has damaged the ecosystem of Tai Lake.

The masterplan comprises a mixture of generic functional zoning, industrial [blue] & residential [yellow]. The proposed site consists the two isolated governmental masterplans and a dominant express way, which has created a buffer zone where a group of villages and agricultural land are abandoned.

Residential Zones

26

Industrial Zones

I

Eco-corridor

SU ZHOU CITY

WU ZHONG DISTRICT

TAI LAKE Completed Industrial Area

WU JIANG CITY

Dongwu Industrial Park

Yuexi Sub-City Center

High-tech Industrial Park

?

Wujiang Industrial Area

The site situates in-between two isolated masterplans

27

Constraint Created By The Current Masterplan • •

28

Creating homogeneous residential and industrial zones undervalues the socio-ecological potential of water-front, Lack of sufficient wastewater treatment for its development, polluting the existing waterways and agricultural lands for the local residents.

The governmental approach for collection and treatment of wastewater is to build a wastewater treatment plant in the agricultural lands.

I

Inadequate Landuse Because the human activities (agriculture & industrialisation) were contending with water for the land, the water area of lakes decreased gradually, so that the regulation capacity of lakes for flood and water logging water weakened greatly, thus the ecological and environmental problems also occurred. Simultaneously, large amounts of water conservancy and operation management become huge financial burden for government.

In addition, Southern Jiangsu Province experienced a heavy loss of arable land. Most of the residential and industrial areas are developed over rice paddies. This land cover change indicates a lack of coordinated planning and control between urban and rural development.

Polluted Livelihoods Despite the region’s dependence on the water resources of the Basin for water supply, the provision of environmental infrastructure and services, including the collection and treatment of wastewater, has failed to keep pace with the rapidly growing economy of the region.

Increasing flows of untreated domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater into the Basin’s rivers and lakes have put the region’s water resources under severe environmental pressure.

29

I

Problems: With the distinctive ecological features from the Tai Lake and its rural-urban context, Currently there is two problems of undervalue the socio-ecological potential of water front: The homogeneous residential and industrial buildings by [1] the generic functional zoning and contaminated by industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater output because of [2] the inadequate water treatments. The existing spatial pattern in both canals & roads has been considered as an isolated system in their development.

Potential: [1] Regenerating the ecological corridor and [2] Establishing alternative configuration. Roads and Canals are two primary infrastructural system that potentially can be integrated as a framework to hybridise rural and urban land-use process and to embrace intense mobilisation of industrial and non-industrial activities for industrial ecology.

Proposed System: To provide a framework integrating with different rural and urban settlements; progressively the local industrial ecology can be enhanced from the connectivity among industrial, agricultural production and municipal consumption.

The scheme aims to restore the ecology of the waterfront and maximise its socio-economic value by proposing a responsive infrastructure to the canals in order to integrate the grey infrastructure sufficiently into the ecosystem of eastern Tai lake basin.

31

II

I

INTRODUCTION

04

II

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

33

III

SITE ANALYSIS - WATER STUDY

53

IV

PROTOTYPE - STUDY OF SPATIAL POTENTIAL OF WWTP

69

V

SITE IMPLEMENTATION

85

VI

MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT

VII BIBLIOGRAPHY

101 123

33

Principle Frameworks For the Proposal • Industrial Ecology: to recycle and minimise the waste from rural and urban activities. The study of Industrial Ecosystem at Kalundborg, Denmark shows the features of Industrial Ecology, organisms consume each other’s waste materials and energy, as a result of becoming interdependent with each other. •

Green Infrastructure: to maximise the potential of canal system to integrate with the Tai Lake in order to generate a water based Rural-urban configuration.

Constructed wetland adjacent to chemical industrial buildings

34

Constructed wetland adjacent to water front

II

Industrial Ecology Industrial ecology is an approach to organising industrial systems that uses natural biological ecosystems as a model. The structure and processes of natural ecosystems, including the complex interactions of organisms with each other, are used as a basis for creating industrial networks.

This approach closes material cycles and reduces the need for raw material input and pollution output.

Hydro-Rurbanism The conception of rurbanism can be also introduced with the emergent phenomenon of ‘desakota’. The proposal aims to recapture the waterfront and maximise its ecological and socio-economical value with hybridising both industrial and non-industrial activities.

As the notion of metabolic urbanism underlines circular flows, mobilsation and processes, through the innovative underground system, the hydrological movement of stormwater is being acknowledged and incorporated into the regional ecosystem.

35

Proposed Strategy To rethink the spatial adjacencies between roads and canals in rural-urban condition. As the governmental proposal shows the generic zoning pattern is simply placed on top of the existing canals and rural villages. The alternative proposing pattern aims to maximise the ecological & socio-economic value of the waterfront with the landscape along the canals.

There are two main water studies of the site that can inform the framework for rural-urban configuration. • Studying wastewater output and treatment is to integrate the concept of industrial ecology in order to inform the modification of the existing canals. • Studying stormwater runoff is to understand the distribution in different landuse for generating new built corridor associating with wastewater treatment.

36

II • High point of urban plots Industrial Ground (0.8-0.9) Municipal Ground (0.6-0.7)

Roads

Agricultural Ground (0.2-0.3)

* Ground Cover (Runoff Coefficient)

• Landscape terrain Canals

• Primary / Logistics Network • Proposing pattern

Stormwater Runoff

• Secondary / Local Transport • Tertiary / Pedestrian

Roads Canals

• Governmental proposed pattern of roads & canals

• Governmental proposed wastewater treatment plant adjacent to rural area 37

Water Input & Wastewater Output of Different Landuses in Suzhou From the findings of water usages in Suzhou, the agricultural lands are declining and industries are growing dramatically. As the wastewater is the dominant pollutants along the canals, obtaining the amount of water input and wastewater output from three major landuse informs the further wastewater study on the site.

38

II

Agricultural usage

Agricultural land / 209,110 ha

Rural usage Urban usage

Municipal land / 113,700 ha

Industrial usage Wastewaster output

Industries land / 149,120 ha

Total water usage of Suzhou in 2004 - 5.91 billion m3

Wastewater output - 1.50 billion m3

•

Agricultural usage / wastewater

•

2,195,000,000 / 602,633,267 m3 [27.4%]

• Municipal usage / wastewater

830,000,000 / 279,690,000 m3 [33.7%]

Industrial usage / wastewater

Agricultural land area

Settlement area

Indutries area

209,109.6 ha 2,091,096,000 m2

113,700 ha 1,137,000,000 m2

149,120 ha 1,491,200,000 m2

Usage / wastewater per unit

Usage / wastewater per unit

Usage / wastewater per unit

10,497 / 2,882 m3/ha 1.05 / 0.29 m3/m2 [m]

7,299 / 2,460 m3/ha 0.73 / 0.25 m3/m2 [m]

21,573 / 4,186 m3/ha 2.1 / 0.42 m3/m2 [m]

3,217,000,000 / 624,259,900 m3 [19.4%]

1997 - 4.17 billion m3

2001 - 5.16 billion m3

2010 - 7.40 billion m3

39

Water Input And Wastewater Output of Different Landuses per unit area Since industrial, municipal and agricultural activities are three main categories in the the water usage and wastewater output, Each category shows its major landuse type and the area required for its mechnical and natural treatment per unit area.

40

II

1.80

25.2 m3/ha/day Paper & Petrochemical

3.77 m2

1.26

10.7 Iron & Steel

1.61 m2

1.08

16.1 Pharmaceutical & Food

2.42 m2

0.90

14.3 Building Material, Textile & Apparel

0.72

2.14 m2

10.6 Machinery & Plastics

• Area required of Wastewater Treatment Plant / Trickling Filter for Industrial output

1.58 m2

0.43

6.8 Eletronics & Equipments

1.02 m2

0.68

6.3 Municipal

• Area required of Constructed Wetland / Oxidation Ponds for Non-industrial output

0.40

84 m2

3.6 Domestic

0.34

48.6 m2

2.5 Frostry

0.42

38.9 m2

3.2 Livestock

0.45

42.1 m2

3.3 Vegetable

0.60

44.4 m2

4.4 Fishery

0.90 m3/m2/year

59.2 m2

6.7 Rice

88.8 m2

41

Material and Energy Exchange of Industrial Ecology I conducted the research on the subject of Industrial Ecology by the gathering data from various studies, such as Industrial Ecosystem at Kalundborg, Denmark. Since Industrial, Municipal and Agricultural landuse are three primary categories. This flow diagram demonstrates how the framework of Industrial Ecology can be integrated with the rural-urban activities.

42

II INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION

MATERIAL SOURCE

Power Station

MUNICIPAL COMSUMPTION

WASTE RECOVERY Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater

Treated Water

WASTE RECOVERY Constructed Wetland

Sludge

Sludge

Municipal Waste

Wastewater

Pharmaceutical & Food

Organic Sludge

Warehouses

Air Emissions

Agricultural & Forest Residues

Treated Water

Biomass Plant Electricity

Water input

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

Warehouses

Wastewater output

Paper & Petrochemical

Institutional & Educational

Fishery

Pulp and paper industry residues

Local Market

Iron & Steel

Sludge

Building Material & Textile

fertiliser and pesticide

Financial & Commercial

Scrap Materials

Civic & Leisure

Rice

Fish Waste

Vegetable Sludge

Villages

Machinery & Plastics

Residential

Warehouses

Livestock

Yiest

Warehouses Logistics

Packaging materials

Eletronics, Equipments & Apparel

i.e. Cotton Combined Heat and Power systems

Frostry

Organic Sludge

43

Existing Material Exchange Of Adjacency Relationship Because the top-down masterplan has problem of isolating Industrial, Municipal and Agricultural activities, many canals are removed and caused the issue of flooding and disruption of the canals system as well as the ecological system.

44

II

Iron & Steel

Industrial Villages

Transport Networks

Commercial

Eletronics, Equipments & Apparel

Canals Disappear

Machinery & Plastics

Industrial Villages

Building Material & Textile

Workforce

Warehouses

Civic & Leisure

Paper & Petrochemical

Pharmaceutical & Food Hydraulic Networks

Organic Sludge

Institutional & Educational

Organic Sludge

Frostry

Rural Villages

Warehouses

Fishery

Urban Villages

Local Market

Fish Waste

Livestock

Rural Villages

Rice

Rural Villages

Vegetable

45

Diagram Of New Built Corridor Material Exchange Of Adjacency Relationship This diagram illustrates the proposed distribution of different landuse is to accommodate industrial activities at the high point of the plot where primary roads are built.

The agricultural and municipal activities adjacent to the canals.

46

II

Iron & Steel

Villages

Rice

Villages Machinery & Plastics

Warehouses

Civic & Leisure Livestock

Organic Sludge

Frostry Commercial

Warehouses

Hydraulic Networks

Vegetable

Organic Sludge

Transport Networks

Building Material & Textile

Institutional & Educational Fishery Eletronics, Equipments & Apparel

Pharmaceutical & Food Villages

Paper & Petrochemical

Local Market

47

Proposing Micro-Strategies & Scenarios This is the sectional studies of introducing the industrial and municipal activities adjacent to road infrastructure. The strategy of establishing landscape corridor along the canals to improve the water front quality for both human and natural inhabitation.

48

II

500 - 1000 m Rural Villages

Waterfront Regeneration

Agriculture

Agriculture

+ Wetland Park

+ Housing

+ Housing

+ Institutional & Educational

Self-sufficient Water Management

+ WWTP

+ Housing

+ Employments

+ Housing, Warehouses & Commercial

+ Employments

Agriculture

+ Housing & Civic & Leisure

High Water Usage Settlements

Canals

49

The Overall Proposal Aims To Regenerate The Socio-Ecological Corridor With The Tai Lake • •

50

To remediate the existing canals system from studying the wastewater treatment To emphasise the significance of ecological corridor at the east mouth of Tai Lake

II

Suzhou

Site

Tai Lake

Wujiang

51

III

I

INTRODUCTION

04

II

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

33

III

SITE ANALYSIS - WATER STUDY

53

IV

PROTOTYPE - STUDY OF SPATIAL POTENTIAL OF WWTP

69

V

SITE IMPLEMENTATION

85

VI

MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT

VII BIBLIOGRAPHY

101 123

53

Indexing Intensity Of Transport Network Among The Major Landuses Since the existing roads infrastructure contributes significant amount wastewater from stormwater runoff, this analytical drawing of transport intensity also indicates the connectivity of rural and urban processes which is informing the potential area for industrialisation.

54

III

Urban Villages + Local Market

100 LOW

500

1km

Urban Villages

Canals Network Urban Villages

Existing Industries Urban Villages

Existing Villages Urban Villages

Existing Urban Villages Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

Roads Network Industries Plots

Industries Plots

Logistics in Industrial production Industries Plots

Logistics in agricultural production

Industrial Types Urban Villages

Existing Industries Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

Paper & Petrochemical Iron & Steel Pharmaceutical & Food

Industries Plots

Urban Villages

Building Material & Textile Industries Plots

Machinery & Plastics Eletronics, Equipments & Apparel

HIGH

Agricultural Types Frostry Livestock Fishery

Rural Villages

Industries Plots

Rural Villages & Agricultural Plots

Rural Villages & Industries Plots

Vegetable Rice

Existing Rural Villages & Agricultural Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

Urban Villages & Industries Plots + Local Market

Urban Villages

Existing Urban Villages & Industrial Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

Industries Plots

Urban Villages

55

Wastewater Output Level There is a series of indexical drawings investigating two types of wastewater contributed on the site. •

Wastewater Output

The wastewater output can be calculated from the existing footprints of three main landuse, they are Industrial, Municipal and Agricultural. •

Stormwater Runoff

The stormwater runoff can be obtained from the footprint of plots, the rainfall and coefficient number of imperviousness from each plot.

56

III

Urban Villages + Local Market

100

500

1km

Urban Villages

Tertiary Canal

Canals Network Urban Villages

Secondry Canal

Urban Villages

Primary Canal

Industries Urban Villages

Main Waterway

Existing Urban Villages Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

Urban Villages Industries Plots

Rural Villages Industries Plots

Agriculture Industries Plots

High Wastewater Output Medium Wastewater Output Urban Villages

Existing Industries Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

Low Wastewater Output Industries Plots

Urban Villages

Industries Plots

Rural Villages

Industries Plots

Existing Rural Villages & Agricultural Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

Rural Villages & Agricultural Plots

Rural Villages & Industries Plots

Urban Villages & Industries Plots + Local Market

Urban Villages

Existing Urban Villages & Industrial Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

Industries Plots

Urban Villages

57

Indexing Wastewater Output Along the Existing Canals With the qualitative data of wastewater output from different landuse, this indexical drawing indicates the accumulation of the wastewater output along the existing canals.

This analysis also informs the hydraulic flow of the existing canals system, subsequently the proposal is to remediate the existing polluted waterfront.

•

58

Agricultural usage / wastewater

•

2,195,000,000 / 602,633,267 m3 [27.4%]

• Municipal usage / wastewater

830,000,000 / 279,690,000 m3 [33.7%]

Industrial usage / wastewater

Agricultural land area

Settlement area

Indutries area

209,109.6 ha 2,091,096,000 m2

113,700 ha 1,137,000,000 m2

149,120 ha 1,491,200,000 m2

Usage / wastewater per unit

Usage / wastewater per unit

Usage / wastewater per unit

10,497 / 2,882 m3/ha 1.05 / 0.29 m3/m2 [m]

7,299 / 2,460 m3/ha 0.73 / 0.25 m3/m2 [m]

21,573 / 4,186 m3/ha 2.1 / 0.42 m3/m2 [m]

3,217,000,000 / 624,259,900 m3 [19.4%]

200

Urban Villages

8

100

13

Canals Network

7

8

4 10

Urban Villages

5

Rural Village Plots 4

Industries Plots

400

Industries Plots

Wastewater Flow + Footprint /h Wastewater Output /m3

600

7

5

4

2

Agriculture Plots 500

Existing Urban Villages Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

2

8 8

3

2

6

2

7

Industries Plots

Villages Wastewater Source

2

7

5

6

5

4

3

Existing Industries Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

4 1

700

Agriculture Wastewater Source

3

1

2

1

Urban Villages

Industries Wastewater Source

4 2

13

6

1km

7

Industries Plots Urban Village Plots

500

8

5

Urban Villages

Urban Villages 300

3

12

50 m3 100

III

6

Urban Villages

1

1

2

Industries Plots 800 Urban Villages

High Wastewater Output 900

7

14

2

4 5

Industries Plots 9

Medium Wastewater Output Low Wastewater Output

6

Rural Villiages

3

Agricultural Plots

5

7

2

5

5

7

11

6 6

1000

3

3 3 7

2 3

8

4

5

5

7 9

4

Rural Villiages & Agricultural Plots

2

6

4

6

3

5

6

1

6

1 2

18

6

11 2 3

4

3

6

5

13

16 5

20 7

8

4

9

Agricultural Plots

25

8

4

Existing Urban Villages & Industrial Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

3

7 1

9 14 12

Rural Villiages

3 3

3

15

10

Industries Plots

5

6

Rural Villiages & Agricultural Plots

Rural Villiages & Agricultural Plots

6 3

3 5

3

5

9

5 4

2

Existing Rural Villages & Agricultural Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

10 11

3

3 6 5

12 7

59

Indexing Stormwater Runoff Along the Canals in The Wet Season Because of different ground condition in rural and urban plots, the simulation has shown the impact of the local stormwater runoff on existing canals, specifically industrial landuse plots.

60

III

Urban Villages 25 m3 50 75

100

12

25

500

1km

53

Urban Villages

Canals Network 51

Urban Villages

Industries Urban Villages

100

21

Villages

Existing Urban Villages Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

33 35

Urban Villages

72

39

34

Stormwater Flows Industries Plots

125

43

27

Runoff Contours Industries Plots

9

35

150

Stormwater Runoff /m3 200

250

40 mm 160 mm

Coefficient: Industrial plots: Urban plots: Agricultural plots:

0.8 - 0.9 0.6 - 0.7 0.2 - 0.3

21

20

R = Area [m2] x RainFall [mm] x Coefficient Rainfall: Dry season: Wet season:

47

30

Industries Plots

17

Existing Industries Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

39

100

24 34

Urban Villages 13

Industries Plots

60

29

300 78

Urban Villages

Industries Plots

70 22

92

350

1

12

Existing Rural Villages & Agricultural Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

1 30

Rural Villiages

24

32

11 13

400

•

Perspective view of Runoff Particles show how buildings affect the stormwater runoff

46

15

30

Agricultural Plots

29

35 28

Rural Villiages & Agricultural Plots

36

3

5

6

Rural Villiages & Agricultural Plots

40

34

23 30

15

55

Rural Villiages & Agricultural Plots

Existing Urban Villages & Industrial Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

84 70

23 26

Agricultural Plots 30

14

Industries Plots

36

18

80 33 3

Rural Villiages

4

8 13

61

Indexing Stormwater Runoff Along the Canals in The Dry Season Further study on the impact of the local stormwater runoff, potentially this indexical drawing of stormwater runoff informs the modification of particular overloaded canals, specifically adjacent to the industrial landuse plots.

62

III

Urban Villages 25 m3 50 75

100

12

25

500

1km

53

Urban Villages

Canals Network 51

Urban Villages

Industries Urban Villages

100

21

Villages

Existing Urban Villages Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

33 35

Urban Villages

72

39

34

Stormwater Flows Industries Plots

125

43

27

Runoff Contours Industries Plots

9

35

150

Stormwater Runoff /m3 200

250

40 mm 160 mm

Coefficient: Industrial plots: Urban plots: Agricultural plots:

0.8 - 0.9 0.6 - 0.7 0.2 - 0.3

21

20

R = Area [m2] x RainFall [mm] x Coefficient Rainfall: Dry season: Wet season:

47

30

Industries Plots

17

Existing Industries Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

39

100

24 34

Urban Villages 13

Industries Plots

60

29

300

•

Top view of Site Model with Runoff Particles

78

Urban Villages

Industries Plots

70 22

92

350

1

12

Existing Rural Villages & Agricultural Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

1 30

Rural Villiages

24

32

11 13 46

15

400

30

Agricultural Plots

29

35 28

Rural Villiages & Agricultural Plots

36

3

5

6

Rural Villiages & Agricultural Plots

40

34

23 30

15

55

Rural Villiages & Agricultural Plots

Existing Urban Villages & Industrial Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

84 70

23 26

Agricultural Plots 30

14

Industries Plots

36

18

80 33 3

Rural Villiages

4

8 13

63

Indexing Stormwater Runoff with Governmental Proposed Industrial Zone This drawing is based on the top-down masterplan of zoning different landuse. By combining the wastewater output, it suggests further modification of a number of secondary and tertiary canals.

64

III

Urban Villages 25 m3 50 75

100

12

25

500

1km

53

Urban Villages

Canals Network 51

Urban Villages

Existing Industries Urban Villages

100

21

Existing Villages

Existing Urban Villages Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

33 35

Urban Villages

72

39

34

Area in Construction Industries Plots

125

43

27

150

Change in Stormwater Runoff from the Existing Runoff

Industries Plots

250

300

40 mm 160 mm

Coefficient: Industrial plots: Urban plots: Agricultural plots:

0.8 - 0.9 0.6 - 0.7 0.2 - 0.3

17

100 34

Urban Villages 13

Industries Plots

60

29

78

Urban Villages

Industries Plots

70 22

92

Governmental Proposed Residential Area

1

12

Governmental Proposed Industrial Area

Existing Rural Villages & Agricultural Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

1 30

Rural Villages

24

32

11 13 46

15

400

30

Industries Plots

29

35

Wuzhong Downtown

28

Rural Villages & Agricultural Plots

36

3

5

6

Rural Villages & Industries Plots

Completed Industrial Area

30

15

55

Urban Villages & Industries Plots

Dongwu Industrial Park

?

Wujiang Industrial Area

Existing Urban Villages & Industrial Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

84 70

High-tech Industrial Park

40

34

23

Yuexi Sub-City Center

Existing Industries Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

39

24

Existing Industrial Area 350

21

20

R = Area [m2] x Rainfall [mm] x Coefficient Rainfall: Dry season: Wet season:

47

30

Industries Plots

Stormwater Runoff /m3 200

9

35

23 26

Urban Villages 30

14

Industries Plots

36

18

80 33 3

Urban Villages

4

8 13

65

Proposing Treatment Corridor To Enhance Water Remediating System By realising the problems of governmental proposal in Stormwater Runoff and Wastewater Accumulation, The new proposed canals aim to neutralise the highly floodable area in the industrial plots.

Based on the indexical drawings of Wastewater Output and Stormwater Runoff, the preliminary strategy is to modify and classify the existing canals in order to promote sufficient canals system for stormwater runoff and establish the wastewater treatment corridors along the primary canals on the site.

The further study is undertaking the study of spatial potential of wastewater treatment processes [wwtp].

66

III

Urban Villages

100

25 m3 50 75

1km

Canals Network Urban Villages

Wastewater Output Urban Villages

100

500

Urban Villages

Stormwater Runoff Urban Villages

Existing Urban Villages Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

Industries Plots

125

New Proposed Canals Industries Plots 150

Existing Transport Intensity Industries Plots

Existing Primary Canals 200

Existing Effluent Points Proposed Treatment Corridor Urban Villages

250

Existing Industries Plots [Wuzhong District / Suzhou]

Industries Plots 300 Urban Villages

Industries Plots 350

Rural Villages

400

Industries Plots

Existing Rural Villages & Agricultural Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

Rural Villages & Agricultural Plots

Rural Villages & Industries Plots

Urban Villages & Industries Plots

Urban Villages

Tai Lake Mouth

The Grand Canal

Existing Urban Villages & Industrial Plots [Wujiang City / Suzhou]

Industries Plots

Urban Villages

67

IV

I

INTRODUCTION

04

II

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

33

III

SITE ANALYSIS - WATER STUDY

53

IV

PROTOTYPE - STUDY OF SPATIAL POTENTIAL OF WWTP

69

V

SITE IMPLEMENTATION

85

VI

MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT

VII BIBLIOGRAPHY

101 123

69

Case Study - Shanghai Chemical Industrial Park

Reused in Chemical Plant

Excess to Hangzhou Bay

SCIP Infrastructure Water control structure

• BOTANICAL WETLAND Botanical wetland areas were designed to have greater diversity. An additional 25 species were selected for the botanical wetlands based on their aesthetic characteristics and hardiness.

• FREE SURFACE WETLAND

Berm Rainwater Input

The free surface wetland (FSW) has a total area of just over 22 hectares, including almost 19 hectares of wetland and 3.5 hectares of open water. It is divided into two parallel treatment systems. The upstream wetland cells, where the majority of the treatment will occur, are designed as thickly monodominantemergent vegetation stands with no open water to limit high-value wildlife habitat. With the exception of the two last cells, the entire wetland is lined with an impermeable high-density polyethylene liner to prevent groundwater interaction.

SCIP Masterplan Total Area 30 Ha 22,000 Cubic meters of water per day

• THE COD DEGRADATION POND Leaving the filters, water enters two parallel, chemical oxygen demand (COD) degradation ponds, each with an area of approximately 7,300 m2. Water spends a minimum of 4.5 hours in these shallow, gravel-lined ponds, where it is exposed during the day to natural ultraviolet-light and aeration from algae. While much of the COD is difficult to degrade, this design exposes the COD to an intense, oxidising environment before it enters the free surface wetland.

Constructed wetlands created for anthropogenic discharge such as:

• RESEARCH WETLAND CELLS The research wetlands are located at the southern end of the site near the effluent inflow. A total of seven wetland cells make up this unit. Three cells are 85m x 7.5m, and four cells are 20m x 7m. These research cells make experiments possible that inquire into the characteristics and removal efficiencies for specific constituents of the effluent, cell configurations and various vegetation types as well as providing research opportunities for local universities.

• THE TRICKLING FILTER Waste water enters the system through 4 trickling filter towers, each 4.5 meters tall by 15 meters wide, and packed with plastic media. Water is pumped through distributors at the top of each tower, and as it trickles through the media, ammonia is removed. One of the primary concerns of effluent quality is the concentration of ammonia which is toxic to fish even at low levels.

70

Maintenance Road

Input

1. Wastewater 2. Stormwater runoff 3. Sewage treatment 4. Habitat 5. Reclamation after Mining or other disturbance 6. Waste water from farming

Physical & Biological Treament

Free Surface Wetland

Biological Treament

Trickling Filter [Remove Ammonia]

Physical, Chemicla & Biological Treament

Conventional Primary & Secondary Wastewater Treament

Raw Untreated Effluent

Industrial Discharge

Hybridised Constructed Wetland Systems

IV

Type 1: Subsurface-flow wetlands Advantages: no mosquitoes, less land take Disadvantages: poor habitat creation

Type 2: Surface-flow wetlands Advantages: Diverse habitat creation Disadvantages: More land take, mosquitoes

71

Wastewater Treatment Processes There are four key processes happening in the wastewater treatment: Preliminary, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary.

The diagrams illustrates the processes within the wastewater treatment and the relationship in terms of volumes, time and velocity. It begins to informs its morphological framework linearly.

72

IV •

Preliminary/ large objects

Pr[E]liminary / Pre-treatment

E

E1 screening

E2 grit removal

(and in cases oil removal to collect the fats) • [P]rimary / Phase 1

seperates the suspended solids

P1 clarification in septic tanks, lagoons and activated sludge plants, or

P2 filtering on planted beds • [S]econdary / Phase 2

eliminates carbon pollution (organic matter)

dissolved by bacteria that consume oxygen. to recreate an environment that is favourable to the development of these bacteria, oxygen must be supplied

S1: mechanical aeration with conventional techniques used in activated sludge plants, or

S2: or filtering plants or beds in solutions which closely resemble natural phenomena •

Primary/ suspended solids

P

Screen *20

Grit *4

Tertiary: remove nutrients and phosphorus

Secondary/ carbon pollution (organic matter)

S

Pre*5

Primary *13

Pre-aeration channels

T

Pump *7 Sludge holding tanks

Aeration *7

Digesters *7 Centrifuge *5

Secondary *14

Sand *4(15)

Pump *12

Heat pump plant

240,000 m3

stormwater

2,400 m3 / 5-10 mins 4*800 m3

30,000 m3 / 1-2 hrs 8,200 m2/ 13 [630 m2 avg] 70x10x4m *13

15x15x4m

[T]ertiary / Phase 3 eliminates nitrogen and phosphorous

Pre*3

T1: complementary treatment can eliminates nitrates, heavy metals, and pathogenic germs.

Screen *6

Grit *2

204,000 m3 / 7-13 hrs 30x10x5m *1 40x10x12m *5 15x10x5m *1

58,000 m3 / 2-4 hrs 11,000 m2 80x10x6m *14

Pump *12

Pump *4 Primary *6

3,600 m2 60 m2 *6 *10H x15 x4

Aeration *3

Secondary *6

Sand *4(15)

Heat pump plant

120,000 m3

2

2

6

3 1,200 m3 / 5 mins 2*800 m3 15x15x4m

10 m3/s

3

3

4 m3/s

4 m3/s

6

2

4

6

15,000 m3 / 1 hrs 4,100 m2/ 6 [680 m2 avg] 70x10x4m *6

0.7-1.2 m3/s

102,000 m3 / 6 hrs 30x10x5m *1 40x10x12m *3 15x10x5m *1

8 m3/s

2 1,800 m2 60 m2 *6 *10H x15 x2

29,000 m3 / 2 hrs 5,500 m2 80x10x6m *6

8 m3/s

0.75-1.1 m3/s

73

Wastewater Treatment Processes The following flow diagrams illustrate different types of treatment can be utilised for different types of wastewater.

BOD

5-55%

BOD

25-40%

BOD

50-90%

BOD

50-90%

TSS

5-55%

TSS

50-70%

COD

50-90%

COD

50-90%

Preliminary

Wastewater Types

E1

M.3

420m2

High variability/ nitrates & phosphorous M.3: Paper & Petrochemical / Iron & Steel / Machinery & Plastics

Primary

E2a

E2b fine screen

coarse screening

CPI [Coalescing Plate Interceptor] / 7 x 20m 300m2

M.2

grit removal

T1a

[15m dia.] Equalisation Tank /PHY

P2 P3

Tank

700 Food m2 [13-80m dia.] Coagulation - Flocculation Tank /CHE [15m dia.] DAF [Dissolved Air Flotation]

S3

[15m dia.]

Clarifier

S4

M.1:Electronics, Equipment & Apparel / Municipal / Surface runoff

P5 3000m2

A.1

High nitrogen and phosphorous

(Brine) Evaporation /PHY

Advanced Oxidation [AOP] / PHY-CHE Leisure pools

T1b

T3

Sequential Biological Reactor [SBR] /BIO 1000 m2

MF [Membrane Filtration] /PHY-BIO UF [Ultra Filtration] /PHY

P3

MBBR [Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor] /BIO [15m dia.] DAF [Dissolved Air Flotation]

Disinfection /CHE

Retention Basin

P5 1000 m2

Pulp & Paper

Conventional Activated Sludge [15m dia.]

Clarifier

S5 3000m2

[20m2 x8] Aerated Lagoons

A.2:Rice / Fishery / Vegetable / Livestocks / Forestry _ Agricultural

RO [Reverse Osmosis] /PHY

500

S2 m2

Petrochem

High suspended solids

T2

25m dia. x 6m Membrane Bioreactor [MBR] /PHY-BIO

600 m2 (20x15x4h) x2 UASB /BIO

700 P4 m2

M.1

Programme

500 m2

Micro-straining or Centrifugation

E4 15m dia. Neutralisation

M.2:Pharmaceutical & Food / Building Material, Textile & Apparel

Tertiary

400 P1 m2

200 E3 m2

High pH / organic pollutant

Secondary

D1b secondary sludge thickeners

D1a

D2

D3

HYDRAULIC FLOW

TREATMENT COMPONENTS

Add precipitator CHEM

Soil Filtration & Bio Puri.

P6

SLUDGE COLLECTION

Constructed Wetlands

74

Natural aeration Bio Puri.

Wastewater Intake

Water settling & precipitation

Natural aeration Bio Puri.

Primary sludge removal Picket Fence Thickener

digester buffer tank

pasteurisation digester secondary plant digester tanks

Centrifuges / De-watering plant sludge + skips

S6 terraces for aeration & bio-purification

sub-surface flow filtration

Stormwater Runoff

heavy metal removal & bio-purification

pathogen removal + bio puri

Sludge Treatment

natrient removal

aeration + bio puri

water quality stabilisation + natural filtration & control bio puri

Proposed Wastewater Treatment Prototypes Preliminary

IV

Primary

• With the understanding of different processes for the treatment, the treatment prototype is proposed as the performative infrastructure. The further study is to investigate its spatial potential in the rural-urban configuration.

Hydraulic Flow

Secondary

Treatment Components Tertiary + Programme 100m 250m

350m

550m

750m

200m

250m

1000m

Programme

E1

E2a

E2b E3

E4

E2a

P3

S3

P4

P3

T1a

T1b

S2

T2

T3

T3

T2

Preliminary/ large objects

Primary/ suspended solids

3000 m3/day Retention Time: 1-2 hrs

E2a

E2b E3

P2 S4

P5

T1b

T2

P5

Tertiary: remove nutrients and phosphorus

Retention Time: 3-6 hrs

T3 2m

E2a

Secondary/ carbon pollution (organic matter)

20m

110m

150m

200m

S5

Sludge Treatment Plant

75

Definition Of Formal Variation Catalogue Using the Seelye chart, the treatment Time can be translated into Length with two relational parametres: Slope and Imperviousness of the ground condition.

Treatment Types [Variations]

T/min

T3

S/%

C/0.X

L/metre

T2 T1b: 22 /4 T1a

60

[T]ertiary

55

S6

50

S5: 60*24 /8*6

45

E

1000

P

S

T

S5: 400m*8*6

500 40

S4 S3: 240 /12

*30

35

300

30

200

P5: 200m*8*6

150

S2

paved

25

S1: 288 /12 *4

0.80

*20

20

[S]econdary P5: 60*24 /8*6

1:200

*15

*12

15

*10

1:100

1.0

1:50

2.0

13

1:25 1:16.7

5.0

1:10

10.0

1:5 1:3.3 1:2.5 1:2

20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

1:1

100%

10

poor grass

125 100

0.70

75

0.60

60

0.50 0.45

50

S3: 110m*12 P3: 80m*10

0.5

12 11

P3: 120 /10

bare soil

0.0

14

P4: 120 /3*4

0.90

average grass dense grass

0.35 0.30

30

0.20

24

0.15

E3: 65m*10 S1: 70m*4*12

20

10

9 8

P2

P4: 55m*3*4

7

P1

[P]rimary

*6 *5.5 *5

5

6

5

E2b: 50m*2

E3/4: 90 /10 E2: 10 /2

T1b: 45m*4

E1: 18 /3

Pr[E]liminary Wastewater Output 100,000 m3

76

Inlet time of concentration in minutes

Percentage Slope

Pivot Line

Coefficient of imperviousness

Length in metre

E1: 25m*3

Performance Measured On The Variations In The Catalogue

IV

By categorising the percentage of the Slope, each treatment process can be translated into Length that has specific Time and Imperviousness. This drawing is informing the spatial adjacencies in plan view.

Slope [U/V]

5 1:200

1:100

1:50

1:25

1:16.7

1:10

1:5

1:3.3

1:2.5

1:2

1/2 day

R(D)etention Time [Min]

10

20

30

*2

*3

*4

*5

*6

*12

*18

1

5

10

15

*24

*120

*240

*360

0.5%

1% S5:9600 5*40m*8*6

2%

P5:9600 5*40m*8*6

4% S3:1320 5*22m*12

6% P3:800 10*8m*10

10%

E3: 650 65m*10

20%

P4:660 10*16.5m*4

30%

40%

S1:3360 10*28m*12

E2:100 5*10m*2 T1b:180 5*9m*4

50% E1:75 5*5m*3

1:1 100%

77

Catalogue Of Various Slopes The sectional drawings for water flows is used to produce a catalogue of water ponds, infrastructure and landscape. This catalogue determines different types of slope can be implemented to differentiate areas in relations to the treatment types. This would help to define different landscape and to allow the ground to be responsive to variations in its use with interactions to people.

Slope [U/V]

1:200

1:100

1:50

1:25

1:20

1:10

1:5

1:3.3

1:2.5

1:2

Types

0.5%

0.5 / 100 m

1%

1 / 100 m

2%

1 / 50 m

4%

2 / 50 m

5%

2 / 40 m

Wetland

10%

5 / 50 m

Bridge

20%

5 / 25 m

Phase 2 [S] Secondary Pond

30%

5 / 16.5 m

Phase 1 [P] Primary Pond

40%

5 / 12.5 m

Phase 3 [T] Tertiary Pond

50%

5 / 10 m

Phase 0 [E] Preliminary Pond

5/5m

Phase 0 [E] Preliminary Pond

1:1 100%

78

Depth / Length

Arable

Park

Park

Sectional Studies Of Treatment Ponds And Change In Accessibility According to Treatment Process

• The slope is more steep that gives lower accessibility, as the water is still contaminated in the preliminary stage.

IV

• The slope is more gentle that offers higher accessibility, as the treated water can be introduced with inhabitable area.

79

Catalogue Of Various Imperviousness Of Different Landuse The colour and size of the squares describe the imperviousness of different rural-urban activities. This catalogue determines a range of landuses that can be deployed to differentiate the slope in relation to the stormwater flows.

Landuse Types

Water bodies

Landscape

Water 0.07 Lakes

Open 0.15

Fishery

Frostry

2/3

2/3

2/3

Vegetable

Livestock

2/3

2/3

Park [4%]

Leisure park

Park [7%]

80

1/2 Wetland park

Contact pond

2/3

Recreation

2/3

Urban villages Bus station

1/2

0/1

Car park

0/1

2/3 Park & Ride

2/3

2/3

1/2

School /Edu

1/2

Public services

Colleges /Edu

Civic square

2/3

Library Commercial & office

Community centre

1/2

2/3

Hopspital Post office

1/2

Filtration pond

2/3

Low-rise hotels

2/3

0/1

Settling pond

Industrial

2/3 Commercial recreation

Low-den' villages

Services

2/3

2/3

0/1

Municipal

Communication utilities 1/2

Highways Local market

2/3

Swimming pool

Rice

Roads

Urban 0.6-0.7

Large ponds

Park [2%]

Pedestrian

Industrial 0.8-0.9

2/3

Open space

Arable 0.2-0.3

Rural 0.4-0.5

Reservoirs

Rural

2/3

2/3

Government offices 2/3

2/3

1/2

Warehouses 0/1

Research centre

Offices Convention centre Retail trade Shopping centre

2/3

1/2

0/1

0/1

1/2

High-den' housing High-rise hotel Industrial park

1/2

1/2

0/1

Typological Building Bands In Association Of Landuses And Open Spaces

IV

With the study of imperviousness of different landuse, this typological building bands study is suggesting their differentiation in creating opening spaces adjacent to the band itself. The band can be conceived as new built fabric and has various interaction with roads and canals infrastructure.

80m Type 1: one linear open space

Road

Water 0.07

Canal Open 0.15

Type 2: Two seperate open spaces

400m/5min

The proposal aims to estalish 50% of the arable land as built fabrics to establish a ground condition with imperviousnes of 0.5-0.6.

The following diagram shows various interaction between building band and open spaces as well as their contact with infrastrcuture. i.e. road or waterways

Building Frontage

Waterways

Arable 0.2-0.3

Rural 0.4-0.5

Type 3: turning twice / three open spaces

Urban 0.6-0.7

Type 4: turning once / three open spaces Industrial 0.8-0.9

81

Principal Diagram Of New Built Corridor Based on the studies of the slope for stormwater flows and imperviousness of built plots as well as the variation of building bands, the spatial adjacencies and interactions between new built corridor and treatment landscape corridor can be defined. There are three intervention stages of proposal can be identified: Stage 1.

Stage 2.

Stage 3.

the treatment corridor associating with landscape terrain the infrastructure for new building bands the intensification new built fabric as the urban corridor

With realising the hydraulic flow direction and identifying the intersection point of the primary road and canal as the wastewater intake, [Stage 1] the treatment and landscape corridor can be established and hybrised along the canal. [Stage 2] The open spaces between building bands differentiate the continuousness in relation to the treatment process. At the beginning of treatment processes, they are deployed as discontinues open spaces to discourage the interaction with the preliminary treatment.

As the treated water is much less contaminated, the open spaces become continuous and intend to encourage people to inhabit at the water front as the public space.

[Stage 3] The new built fabrics on the building bands would be intensified according to their surrounding landuse.

82

Spatial Adjacencies And Interactions Among Different Corridors

IV

Existing Primary Road

Stormwater Paths

Treatment Corridor

Existing industries

Type 1

Preliminary / E.0 1/2hr + Discontinous

Type 2' Existing villages

open space

Primary / P.1 2hr

Discontinous

Type 2

+ Discontinous open space

Type 2

Type 2'

Existing villages

Type 3

+ Continous open space

Tertiary / T.3 2hr + Continous

Continous open space

Secondary / S.2 3-6hr

open space

Type 3' NEW BUILT CORRIDOR Continuous Landscape Buffer area

Hybridised Green Corridor

Changing its slope to generate interaction between people and clean water

Secondary Canal

Implementing the typological building bands along the treatment and landscape corridor on the site.

Primary Canal Programmatic section 83

V

I

INTRODUCTION

04

II

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

33

III

SITE ANALYSIS - WATER STUDY

53

IV

PROTOTYPE - STUDY OF SPATIAL POTENTIAL OF WWTP

69

V

SITE IMPLEMENTATION

85

VI

MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT

VII BIBLIOGRAPHY

101 123

85

Structuring The Site In East-West Axis In 80 M Walking Distance [1mins] The principle infrastructure is a distributed network that connects the system with the existing urban fabric and the significant water front in both North-South and EastWest axis. Based on the 80 metre divisions, a secondary infrastructure can feeds the rest of the site.

Since the lake front is the primary socio-ecological resource, the 5 mins walking distance (400 metre) proposes the high accessability to the Tai Lake. Potentially, the water front is dominated by distributing the cultural and public programmes in order to regenerate its socio-ecological value.

86

V 100

500

1km

Existing built fabrics Existing Industries

Industries

Villages Linkages

Urban Villages

Industries Linkages Access Points Proposed Canals Existing Canals Industries

Proposed Road [N-S] Urban Villages

East-west paths at 80m divisions

Industries

Intersections Types Lake front Main roads Industries

Urban Villages

80m

villages Canals

Rural Villages

160m

240m

320m

r = 400m

Urban Villages

N

[5mins walking distance]

87

Establishing Treatment Corridor Associating Landscape Terrain In North-South Axis

88

•

Framework 1:

Establishing the North-South treatment corridor associating with adjacent landscape buffer zones.

V 100

500

1km

Treatment prototype Landscape buffer corridor [N-S]

Industries

Urban Villages

High accessibility

Industries

Low accessibility Urban Villages Industries

Urban Villages

Rural Villages

Urban Villages

N

89

Establishing Primary Built Corridor Associating Green Pockets In East-West Axis

90

•

Framework 1:

Establishing the North-South treatment corridor associating with adjacent landscape buffer zones.

•

Framework 2:

Establishing the East-West infrastructural linkage with green public pockets towards to the water front.

V 100

500

1km

Treatment prototype Landscape buffer corridor [N-S]

Industries

Green public pockets

Urban Villages

Porposed built corridor [E-W] High accessibility

Industries

Low accessibility Urban Villages Industries

Urban Villages

Rural Villages

Urban Villages

N

91

Principle Interactions Between The Treatment Landscape and Built Corridor There are two main elemental components shown in this diagram, 1. The wastewater treatment prototype, 2. The green public pocket.

The definition of the wastewater treatment is determined by the wastewater output and its stromwater runoff. With different treatment process and its adjacent landuse, The treatment ponds are gradually becoming more inhabitable from the mono-functional infrastructural device as the early treatment processes.

92

V Treatment prototype Landscape buffer corridor [N-S]

E/ Prelinminary - Contact pond

Wastewater input 3200 m3 per day Treatment Ponds

P/ Primary - Settling pond

Public green pockets

S/ Secondary - Settling Pond

40 metre minimum width 80 metre maximum width 1 mins walking distance

T/ Tertiary - Filtration Pond

320 metre maximum length

F / Quaternary - Retention Pond to encourage inhabitation

93

Establishing Building Bands Along The Primary Built Corridor

94

•

Framework 1:

Establishing the North-South treatment corridor associating with adjacent landscape buffer zones.

•

Framework 2:

Establishing the East-West infrastructural linkage with green public pockets towards to the water front.

•

Framework 3:

Intensifying the building bands along the main linkages with various discontinuous and continuous open spaces according to the different stage of the treatment.

V 100

500

1km

Treatment prototype Landscape buffer corridor [N-S]

Industries

Green public pockets

Urban Villages

Proposed built corridor [E-W] Building bands

Industries

Urban Villages Industries

Urban Villages

Rural Villages

Urban Villages

N

95

Phase 1

Industries

Urban Villages

Urban Villages Industries

Urban Villages Industries

Urban Villages

•

Phase 1

Rural Villages

High water-usage band i.e. mainly industries

high-rise residential •

Phase 2

Medium water-usage band i.e. commercial + residential

recreational + educational •

Phase 3

Low density band i.e. cultural + recreational

low rise housing

96

Urban Villages

Phasing The Built Corridor

V 100

500

1km

Treatment prototype Landscape buffer corridor [N-S]

Industries

Green public pockets

Urban Villages

Proposed built corridor [E-W] Phase 1 / High Density Phase 2 / Med Density Phase 3 / Low Density

Urban Villages Industries

Urban Villages Industries

Urban Villages

Rural Villages

Urban Villages

N

97

Phase 2

Industries

Urban Villages

Urban Villages Industries

Urban Villages Industries

Urban Villages

•

Phase 1

Rural Villages

High water-usage band i.e. mainly industries

high-rise residential •

Phase 2

Medium water-usage band i.e. commercial + residential

recreational + educational •

Phase 3

Low density band i.e. cultural + recreational

low rise housing

98

Urban Villages

Phase 3

V

Industries

Urban Villages

Urban Villages Industries

Urban Villages Industries

Urban Villages

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Phase 1

Rural Villages

High water-usage band i.e. mainly industries

high-rise residential •

Phase 2

Medium water-usage band i.e. commercial + residential

recreational + educational •

Urban Villages

Phase 3

Low density band i.e. cultural + recreational

low rise housing

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VI

I

INTRODUCTION

04

II

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

33

III

SITE ANALYSIS - WATER STUDY

53

IV

PROTOTYPE - STUDY OF SPATIAL POTENTIAL OF WWTP

69

V

SITE IMPLEMENTATION

85

VI

MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT

VII BIBLIOGRAPHY

101 123

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Phasing Strategy With Different Landuse Comparing to the isolated functional zoning by government, the spatial infilling of the building band is tested based on the relations of the industrial and urban fabric.

The phasing strategy of new built corridor associating with different landuse can be demostrated in the following page.

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VI

Existing Governmental Landuses

Proposed Landuses Of Selected Area

Industrial Zone 1

Warehouses

Industrial Zone 2

Paper & Petrochemical

Medium rise Housing

Machinery & Plastics

High rise Housing

Electronics & Equipments

Agricultural area

High rise Mixed uses

Construction area

Medium rise Housing

Undeveloped area

Low rise Housing

Phase 1

Local Market Culture Public Facilities Institutionals Governmental Facilities

Phase 2

Phase 3

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Urban Plot Distribution Domestic

Commercial High rise residential

Municipal

Industrial

High rise Mixed uses

9-16 storey

Density 2.0 +

Hotels

Density 1.8-2.0

8 storey

Density 1.4-1.8

5 storey Med rise Residential

Mixed uses

Offices

Commercial Offices

Density 1.0-1.4

4 storey

School

Density 0.5-1.0

3 storey Low rise Residential

Density 0.1-0.5

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Low rise + courtyard

Market place

Retail stores

Civic centre

Convention centre

Warehouse

Industrial park

2 storey

Typological Urban Models In Relation To Different Movements At The Ground Level Each Plot is 80 x 80m. At the ground level, these typological urban plots is exploring the distribution of the pedestrian flows of different landuse.

For the semi-private space, the space between buildings can be evenly distributed. For the public space, such as courtyard and street-like space can be established for commercial and cultural buildings. As the footprint of building is expandning for industrial use, the pedestrian flows have high connectivity with the main roads.

VI

[9 - 16 Storey]

High Rise

[6 - 8 Storey]

Med Rise

[5 Storey]

Low Rise

[4 Storey] [3 Storey] [2 Storey]

The pedestrian flows

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Study of Zoom In Areas 1.

2.

3.

106

Built Corridor + Existing Villages Built Corridor + Treatment Landscape Built Corridor + Industrial Bands

VI 100

500

1km

1 2

3

107

The Spatial Interaction Between Existing Villages And Proposed Built Landscape Corridor

New Built Fabrics

Road

Landscape Bridge + Pedestrian Paths

Landscape Terrain + Wetlands Ponds

Section AA

108

Zoom In Area 1. Built Corridor + Existing Villages

VI

Existing Industries

Cultural & Public

Existing Villages

A

Cultural & Public

A

Public & Commercial Buildings

Mixed Use + Residential

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The Spatial Adjacency Between New Built Fabrics And Treatment Landscape Corridor

New Built Fabrics

Landscape Buffer + Pedestrian Paths

Treatment Settling Ponds

Existing Canal

Section BB

110

Zoom In Area 2. Built Corridor + Treatment Landscape

VI

Public and Commercial Buildings

Public and Commercial Buildings

B

B

Public and Commercial Buildings

Public and Commercial Buildings

Mixed Use and Residential Buidings

Cultural and Public Facilities

111

The Spatial Interaction Within The Proposed Corridor

112

Existing Rural Villages

Existing Urban Villages

Cultural and Medium Rise Residential Bands

High Rise Mixed-use Residential Bands

Governmental & Institutional Band

Industrial Band

Zoom In Area 3. Built Corridor + Industrial Bands

VI

Existing Urban Villages

Industrial Buildings

Industrial Buildings

Industrial Buildings

Industrial Buildings

Governmental and Institutional Buildings

Public and Institutional Buildings

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114

Existing Rural Villages

Existing Urban Villages

Cultural and Medium Rise Residential Bands

High Rise Mixed-use Residential Bands

Governmental & Institutional Band

Industrial Band

Bird-Eyes View Of The Industrial Band Along The Main Roads

Governmental & Institutional Band

VI

Industrial Band

High Rise Mixed-use Residential Bands Med Rise Mixed-use Residential Bands

Existing Urban Villages

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116

Existing Rural Villages

Existing Urban Villages

Cultural and Medium Rise Residential Bands

High Rise Mixed-use Residential Bands

Governmental & Institutional Band

Industrial Band

Bird-Eyes View Of The New Villages Band With The Existing Villages

High Rise Mixed-use Residential Bands

VI

Governmental & Institutional Band

Cultural and Medium Rise Residential Bands

Existing Urban Villages Existing Rural Villages

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118

Existing Rural Villages

Existing Urban Villages

Cultural and Medium Rise Residential Bands

High Rise Mixed-use Residential Bands

Governmental & Institutional Band

Industrial Band

Bird-Eyes View Of The Cultural Band At The Waterfront

VI

Cultural and Medium Rise Residential Bands

High Rise Mixed-use Residential Bands

Existing Rural Villages Existing Rural Villages

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100

120

500

1km

Top View Of The Overall Masterplan

VI

Existing Rural Villages

Existing Urban Villages

Cultural and Medium Rise Residential Bands

High Rise Mixed-use Residential Bands

Governmental & Institutional Band

Industrial Band

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VII

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following are a consolidtaed list of books, journals and online resources have been referenced for the design project and four essays submitted during the course.

•

Essays Submitted in January 2010

1.

What do you understand by the term ‘Metabolic Rurbanism’ and what is its significance for the theory and practice of Landscape Urbanism?

2.

What do you understand by the terms ‘Green Infrastructure’ and ‘Ecosystem Services’ and what is their significance to the practice of Landscape Urbanism?

•

Essays Submited in May 2010

3.

Positions and Perspectives in Contemporary Practice: Critically examining the scheme ‘River + City + Life’ by Stoss Landscape Urbanism in the Toronto’s Lower Don Lands Competition 4. Investigating constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment through case study of the Shanghai Houtan Park and its significance to the practice of Landscape Urbanism

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BOOKS AND JOURNALS: Braun. Bruce, ‘Towards a New Earth and a New Humanity: Nature, Ontology, Politics’, pp 191-222, in Castree. Noel and Gregory. Derek (eds), David Harvey: Critical Reader, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006 Bendict. Mark A, McMahon. Edward T, Green infrastructure: linking landscapes and communities, Washington, DC : Island Press, 2006.

Campbell. Craig S, Ogden. Michael, Constructed wetlands in the sustainable landscape, New York ; Chichester : Wiley, 1999.

Corner, James, ‘Landscape Urbanism’, pp 58-62, in Landscape Urbanism: A Manual for the Machinic Landscape, London: AA Publications, 2003 Corner. James, Landscaping, pp. 122-125, in Waldheim. Charles, Daskalakis. Georgia et al, Stalking Detroit, Barcelona, Actar, 2001 Gandy. Matthew, Cyborg Urbanization: Complexity and Monstrosity in the Contemporary City, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 29.1, March 2005, pp. 26-49 Gandy. Matthew, Rethinking urban metabolism: Water, space and the modern city, City, Vol.8, No. 3, December 2004, pp. 363-379 Ginsburg. Norton, Koppel. Bruce, McGee. T.G, The extended metropolis: settlement transition in Asia, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991.

Guattari. Felix, On Machines, Complexity: Architecture / Art / Philosophy (Journal of Philosophy & the Visual Arts), No 6, June 1995, pp. 8-12 Guattari. Felix, The three ecologies, translated by Pindar. Ian and Sutton. Paul, London and New York, Continuum, 2000 Harvey, David, Part IV ‘Justice, Difference and Politics’, pp 329-438 in Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference, Malden, MA and Oxford, Blackwell, 1996 Heynen. Nik, Kaika. Maria, Swyngedouw. Erik, In the nature of cities: urban political ecology and the politics of urban metabolism, London: Routledge, 2006. pp. 21-40

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McGee. T.G, and Robinson. Ira M, The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia, Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995.

McGee. Terry, China’s Urban Space: Development Under Market Socialism, London: Routledge, 2007.

McHarg, Ian, Design With Nature, New York: Wiley, 1995 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Alcamo. Joseph, Bennett. Elena M, Ecosystems and human well-being : a framework for assessment, Washington, DC : Island Press, 2003.

Mostafavi. Mohsen, Najile. Ciro, Landscape urbanism: a manual for the machinic landscape, London: Architectural Association, 2003.

Naughton. Barry, The Chinese economy : transitions to growth, Cambridge : MIT Press, 2007.

Nuttall. P.M, Boon. A.G, Rowell. M.R, Review of the design and management of constructed wetlands, London : Construction Industry Research and Information Association, 1997.

Swyngedouw. Erik, Social power and the urbanization of water: flows of power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Shane, Graham, The Emergence of “Landscape Urbanism”, Harvard Design Magazine, Number 19, Fall 2003/Winter 2004, pp. 1-8 Shannon. Kelly, Can landscape save Asian urbanism?, Landscape Architecture China, Issue.7, No. 5, 2009, pp. 31-45 (In Chinese and English.)

Shannon. Kelly, Water urbanisms, Amsterdam, SUN, 2008.

Stenier. Fredrick, Ian McHarg & Sex Parks for Fish, Landscape Architecture China, Issue.7, No. 5, 2009, pp. 20-24 (In Chinese and English.)

Swyngedouw. Erik, ‘Metabolic urbanisation: the making of cyborg cities’, pp. 21-40, in Heynen. Nik, Kaika. Maria, Swyngedouw. Erik, In the nature of cities: urban political ecology and the politics of urban metabolism, London: Routledge, 2006

VII

Swyngedouw. Erik, Social power and the urbanization of water: flows of power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Waldheim. Charles, Daskalakis. Georgia, Stalking Detroit, Barcelona, Actar, 2001 Waldheim. Charles, Landscape urbanism reader, New York, Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.

ONLINE RESOURCES: The Desakota Study Team, Final Report Desakota, Part I. Reimagining the Rural-Urban Continuum, Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-Nepal (ISET-N), Kathmandu, 2008.

Online Available HTTP: <http://www.research4development.info/ PDF/Outputs/EnvRes/FinalReport_Desakota-PartI.pdf> (accessed 29 November 2009) Davis, L., A Handbook of Constructed Wetlands A Guide to Creating Wetlands for: Agricultural Wastewater, Domestic Wastewater, Coal Mine Drainage, Stormwater in the Mid-Atlantic Region, Volume 1: General Considerations. Prepared for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region III in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, 1995 Online Available HTTP: <http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/pdf/ hand.pdf> (accessed 24 April 2010) Liu Jing, Wilko Schweers, Liang Shumin, Zhu Lizhi, Cai Dianxiong, and Zheng Haixia, Final Report Desakota, Part II G2. Miyun, China Case Study. Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-Nepal (ISET-N), Kathmandu, 2008 Online Available HTTP: <http://www.research4development.info/ PDF/Outputs/EnvRes/Desakota-Part-II-G2- CaseStudyMiyunChina. pdf> (accessed 4 Janunary 2010)

Online Availiable HTTP: <http://www.sunvalleywatershed.org/ watershed_management_plan/wmp-3.pdf> (accessed 4 Janunary 2010) Ping Sze, Lo. UNEP Environmental Assessment Expo 2010 Shanghai, China, United Nations Environment Programme, 2009, pp.117 Online Available HTTP: <http://www.unep.org/pdf/shanghai_report_ fullreport.pdf> (accessed 24 April 2010) Unknown author, The jury report, [Review the May 2007 Jury Report that describes the process and why the MVVA design was selected] Online Available HTTP: <http://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/widgets_document/downloaddocument/piece_id/1434/file_number/0> (accessed 17 March 2010) Unknown Author, Shanghai Houtan Park: Landscape as a Living System, 2010 Online Available HTTP: <http://www.asla.org/2010awards/006.html> (accessed 27 April 2010) Waldheim. Charles, Ecology as Urbanism; Urbanism as Ecology [Course Description], Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Design School, 2010 Online Available HTTP: <http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb. topic660836.files/Waldheim_GSD_3443.pdf> (accessed 20 April 2010) Waldheim. Charles, Planning, Ecology, and the Emergence of Landscape [Lecture], London: Architectural Association School of Architecture, 09 February 2009.

Online Available HTTP: <http://www.aaschool.ac.uk//VIDEO/lecture. php?ID=43> (accessed 17 March 2010) Xie. Yichun, Batty. Michael, Zhao. Kang, Simulating Emergent Urban Form: Desakota in China, August 2005.

Online Available HTTP: <http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/working_papers/ paper95.pdf> (accessed 29 November 2009)

Montgomery Watson Harza (MWH), Sun Valley Watershed Management Plan, County of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, May 2004.

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NOTE

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