Final design journal 060217 by Tommy Heng

VOID CIRCULATION PROGRAM BOUNDARIES GALLERY WALLS LIGHT CONTEXT WEATHER MATERIAL CRAFT RECREATION HEIGHT PROPORTION SPACE RAMP RETAIL PARAMETRIC DIGITAL DESIGN POROSITY EPHEMERALITY INCLUSION ATMOSPHERE MATTER ATTRACTOR CELL HEIGHT COMMERCIAL NATURE BIOMIMICRY EDUCATION KINTEIC FIELDS GEOMETRY KITCHEN SYSTEM MEMORY MODULARITY CEILINGS PARTITION OFFICE DETAILS GOVERNMENT PEDAGOGY ACOUSTICS VOLUME EXCLUSION PUBLIC SPACE ROTATION FLOOR COMPLEXITY THERMAL LIBRARY FABRICATION STAIRS PERFORMANCE INSULATION BAR HEALTHCARE ORGANIC MINIMALISM FITNESS PLANES TEACHING STRUCTURE FINISHES FACADE RESTAURANT ROOFING CINEMA VISIBILITY FUNCTION THEATRE FORM COMMUNITY COLOUR WORSHIP DIMENSION CORRIDORS GARDEN MOVEMENT SUSTAINABILITY SHADING RESIDENTIAL FURNITURE ARCHIVE TRANSPARENCY CONNECTION CARPARK INFORMATION WATER SUSTAINABILITY DISRUPTION SCREENS CAFE FACTORY FARM COURTYARD DATA VIRTUAL MARKET SERVICES GYM COMPOSITION NIGHT CLUB SANITARY GROUND MUSEUM ENERGY ADAPTABILITY MAINTENANCE SYNTHESIS RAW SURFACE HERITAGE MANUFACTURING DISTURBANCE CEMETERY PRCOESS AIR ASSEMBLY TRADITIONAL CONSERVATION LAUNDRY

TEACHING

ADAPTABILITY

COMPLEXITY

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G E N E 1

“There is a need to realize that the economy cannot be analysed or predicted in isolation but rather as a whole and as part of a larger framework… wealth, resources and energy are always in abundance in which they are neither gained nor lost… we cannot accumulate limitlessly as this excess and our priority to preserve is what destroys us… giving rise to imbalance and inequality...it must be spent.” – George Bataille

THESIS STATEMENT T H E

S E L F L E S S

Architecture is incredibly selfish. Though we might claim that the designs and interventions that have emerged from the profession have always intended to benefit the people and the community, our buildings, monuments, plans, landscapes and ultimately cities are valued no different to any collection of extravagant or exuberant pieces of art we may find illustriously framed in museums and galleries around the world in which they only seek to represent, illustrate and reflect an individual’s ideals and vision of his or her emotional and clinical utopia. Insusceptible to change, hubris and miserly absorbed in their own value, they are designed and curated with and to a high degree of resolution and technical finesse. The architecture and product is wholesome, spectacular and timelessly predestined with no room for improvement. It is complete and utterly selfish. Re-awakened to the recollection that architecture is first and foremost an honest and civic profession, we must contest and challenge the current avaricious state of architecture and design both as a field of social influence and as a generator of natural and unnatural landscapes. With the hopes and ambitions of investigating the possibilities for a noble, magnanimous and most of all selfless means of expression within architecture, the thesis’ investigation will be based on three underlying premises of which the first seeks to examine the discourse upon which selfishness within architecture and design is largely attributed to the nature in which the profession has been conceived and reputed as being an exclusive discipline where it has become increasingly inaccessible to the public and society both intellectually and economically.

G E N E

The second layer of investigation is engaged in the formal interrogation upon which selfish architectural design has led to and necessitated a high level of ‘completeness’ within certain building typologies. Here, the objective would be to prove or disprove whether instability or the notion of incompleteness can indeed be formalized and materialized through architecture. Finally, in light of the concept of scale, selfishness and adversely selflessness would be reviewed in prospect as to whether small or big architecture is more effective in having a greater impact and field of influence within an urban context and environment. If we were to think and treat ourselves more as gardeners cultivating the grounds for fruitful conditions to occur as opposed to master architects planting garden gnomes, would it possible for us to design selflessly? Can we find the missing sequence, disturbance or language for selfless architecture? Does the selfless gene exist?

â&#x20AC;&#x153;To love is to value. Only a rationally selfish man, a man of self esteem, is capable of love - because he is the only man capable of holding firm, consistent, uncompromising, unbetrayed value. The man who does not value himself, cannot value anything or anyoneâ&#x20AC;? - Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness: A New Concept of Egoism

UNDERSTANDING SELFISHNES S A Y N

R A N D

Once known as the most widely read and sought after book after the Holy Bible, “The Fountainhead” was and still remains a highly influential book that advocates rational egosim and individualism to be fundamental concepts and values towards our psychological and human existential condition.

Whether or not this may be true and though I passionately disagree with her philosophy, the popularity and impact it has had on society indicates that the theme and subject of selfishness is inherent to us and fundamental with regards to the human condition. My thoughts and philosophy will hopefully reveal itself to you through my journal and process of investigation.

“The individual should exist for his or her own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others nor sacrificing others to himself”. - Ayn Rand

Ayn Rand claims that egosim is the only and most important value to have. I disagree.

Richard Dawkins reveals that when it comes down to the basic unit of evolution (the gene) - it is selfish. The gene simply wants to duplicate and replicate itself.

UNDERSTANDING SELFISHNES S R I C H A R D

Published in 1859, the “On the Origin of Species”, by Darwin completely revolutionised the science and theories surrounding evolutionary biology. Though its initial reception was perceived as being highly controversial and even condemned by Christians and various other religious groups around the world, the book has since become and been widely accepted as being the key text within the field of evolutionary biology and life sciences. Over a hundred and fifty since its publication, numerous advancements and developments based on Darwin’s theory have been established. One such significant contribution and extension of Darwin’s theory is the work of Richard Dawkins - “The Selfish Gene” and “The Extended Phenotype”. Whilst Darwin merely documented and demonstrated the scientific theory that populations and species go through evolution over the course

D A W K I N S

of generations in a process known as natural selection, Dawkins, in the Selfish Gene, goes on to explain the nature in which evolution occurs. As a means of expressing a gene-centred view of evolution, Dawkins uses the term “selfish gene” as a way to illustrate the concept in which the base unit of evolution is the individual gene. From my generally knowledge and basic grasp of the theory, the concept of the selfish gene does not necessarily imply that there are certain motives that cause genes to replicate and copy themselves, but instead that their effects can be “metaphorically and pedagogically described as if they were”. Though genes, the building blocks of life, cannot possibly possess without the complexity and necessary intellectual mechanisms to develop a sense of will or motive, I found it deeply fascinating to ask myself if whether it was possible at all for selflessness/

altruism to exist because clearly these were very real to me through the prospects of everyday life. Is architecture selfish simply because we are genetically programmed to be so? In one instance, Dawkin’s explains through his observations that genes occasionally possess seemingly altruistic qualities, and/or actions where they go against their individual interest (against their own sense of health and safety) namely because of the fact that by helping related organisms reproduce, they succeed in “helping” copies of themselves in other bodies to replicate. But if this is true, can these processes, actions and methods of operation be really considered to be altruistic or selfless? If they can be traced back to a selfish act based on the need to replicate and duplicate is anything capable of being selfless at all?

UNDERSTANDING SELFISHNES S G E N E T I C

R E P L I C A T I O N

UNDERSTANDING SELFISHNES S A R C H I T E C T U R A L

R E P L I C A T I O N

I N S T A N C E S O F A LT R U I S M

altruism (al-troo-iz-uh-m) noun 1. the principle or practice of unselfish concern for or devtion to the welfare of others (opposed to egoism) 2. Animal behaviour. behavior by an animal that may be to its disadvantage but that benefits others of its kind, as a warning cry that reveals the location of the caller to a predator. 3. refers to an action which is void of any sense of personal attachment.

In the presence of a predator, a single bird will squawk to warn the flock so that they may have adequate time to respond. By doing so, the sole bird commits an act of altruism in which it compromises its own safety for the sake of the group.

S E A R C H F O R A LT R U I S M E X A M P L E S

If we turn towards nature and observe the way in which the most basic forms of life operate, mutual coexistence and interdependency exists. Take a tree for example, in order for it to grow and sustain itself, the process of photosynthesis requires CO2 to produce C6H12O6 (sugar) for food in which an additional by-product is oxygen - an essential molecule that sustains and promotes the growth of many other life forms. Perhaps then though, referring once again to the â&#x20AC;&#x153;selfish geneâ&#x20AC;?, genes may appear in action to behave in a selfish manner, their complex

F R O M

N A T U R E

and multiplicitous operations give rise to an effect that is greater than their own fitness or survival. Though this has been observed and is evidently a prevalent quality within examples from nature, the theory does not necessarily explain how genes are able to establish, manage and orchestrate a sophisticated network of mutualism and coevolution. In his approach to tackling the question, Dawkins refers to the extended phenotype.

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 +6O2

THE GENE

SINGLE CELLED ORGANISM

MULTI-CELLULAR SYSTEM (ORGAN)

MULTI-CELLULAR COMPLEX ORGANISM

LONE BRICK

BRICK COURSE

BRICK WALL

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

“Even a brick wants to be something. It aspires. Even a common, ordinary brick... wants to be something more than it is. It wants to be something better than it is.” - Louis Kahn 19

genotype [jen-uh-tahyp, jee-nuh-tahyp]

phenotype [fee-nuh-tahyp]

noun, Genetics

1. the genetic makeup of an organism or group with reference to a single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits.

1. the appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment. 2. the observable constitution of an organism.

2. Inherited instructions carried within genomes (genetic materials)

S E A R C H F O R A LT R U I S M T H E

The phenotype has been first and foremost been well established to describe the morphology, biochemical and physiological properties, composition and formal qualities or characteristics an organism possesses. In short, it basically describes and explains why organisms and animals look and behave the way they are as a means and way of representing their unique genetic code or set of instructions. In the “Extended Phenotype”, Dawkins alludes to the arbitrariness of limiting the phenotype and its various form of expression of an organism’s genes in its own body. Instead, he argues for an extended affect or effect that engages with the organism’s environment and behaviour.

E X T E N D E D

P H E N O T Y P E

There are three suggested forms of extended phenotypes which Dawkins refers to in which I will later attempt to translate into architectural theory. They include: 1. The capacity of animals to modify their environment using architectural means of construction. 2. The impact or effect expressed through animal morphology (organisms physical character) but more importantly the behaviour. 3. Actions that occur at a distance of the parasite on its house that has an indirect impact which nonetheless benefits the gene or as Dawkins calls the “replicator”.

The extended phenotype is a quality observed and more evident in higher and more complex organisms.

NICHE C O N ST R U C T I O N

P HY SIC A L MOR P HOLOG Y

ACTIONS AT A DIS TANCE

S E A R C H F O R A LT R U I S M T H E

E X T E N D E D

P H E N O T Y P E

So how does or how could this be related and introduced into the discourse of architecture? Many people have questioned and asked whether a building would complement or substitute as being an extended phenotype of an architect and though the answer is no coming from the perspective of biology as an architect’s chances of having a family is independent of whether or not his or her latest design is well received, I would like to think otherwise. Yes we might argue that a person’s success may an increase an individual’s desirability towards otherwise and likewise increase his chances of producing offspring, however, I would like to suggest that we are perhaps viewing it from the wrong perspective.

The replicator or gene in the context of an architect is the idea. Architects want to express their ideas, views, to preserve their identities, establish legacies, to innovate, pioneer and then later claim that for themselves. For them to be able to achieve all this and to have successful careers, they need to be well known, build a certain reputation and style. Along with many years of planning, designing and the eventual unfolding of a prolific architectural/ practice portfolio, these form the basis and defines the architect’s “extended phenotype” - a machine or a vessel so to speak in which the idea may proliferate, exist and thrive.

THE DESIGN PROCESS ALLUDES TO T H E R E P L I C AT I O N P R O C E S S

A M AT T E R O F S C A L E

GENOME OF ARCHITECTURE

F U N C T I O N S P R O G R A M S

A P P R O A C H E S

C O N C E P T

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Tao gives birth to one; One gives birth to two; Two gives birth to three; Three gives birth to the ten thousand things.â&#x20AC;? - Lao Tzu, Dao De Ching,

P L A T O

LOST IN TRANSL ATION P L A T O â&#x20AC;&#x2122; S

T H E O R Y

O F

F O R M S

Theory of Forms In the theory of forms, Plato argues that not material or physical forms, but intangible ideas represent reality most accurately. Captured and illustrated through his dialogues and dialectics, namely the Republic, Plato asks us whether or not we have ever seen a perfect circle. Though we can all affirm that we know what a perfect circle looks like, it is safe to say that no one has actually seen one; at least back when computers didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t exist. In another instance, Plato asks us whether the perfect idea of a bed exists and if there is such thing, why then is it that no two beds are identical? Hence the argument follows is that if the idea is perceived to possess a lesser reality than the formal object itself, how could they direct and inform the maker/designer in the first place?

Based on this premise, it is possible to see how ideas could be likened to genes which seek to take form in the form of architecture or expressed through an animals morphology. Upon this revelation, it reaffirms for me the importance of having and developing an important and valuable idea/concept is of greater significance than the outcome it produces. Perhaps this is the reason that all architects and students face in that we often find a huge discrepancy between what was conceived versus what is represented.

pwer of a theory =

number of things explained number of things assumed

SO I F ARCHI TE CTU R E IS T HE P HE N OT Y P IC AL E XP R E S SION OF A GE N O T YPE , WHAT ARE THE SEL FE S S P R IN C IP L E S (IN FOR M AT ION / C OD E ) IT N E E DS T O R E P L IC AT E ?

Charles Darwin, 1859, Tree of Life

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DESCRIBING A GENETIC CODE OF ARCHITECTURE

A list of programs, approaches and concepts have been assigned ratings/values as to define a genetic pool in which architecture can be produced. The list here is incomplete and will inevitably grow just as we continue to discover new architectural genes.

TEACHING

ADAPTABILITY

COMPLEXITY

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WHAT IS MISSING IN THE GENOME

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1. Complexity is unselfish

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MATTER ATTRACTOR CELL HEIGHT COMMERCIAL NATURE BIOMIMICRY EDUCATION KINTEIC FIELDS GEOMETRY KITCHEN SYSTEM MEMORY MODULARITY CEILINGS PARTITION OFFICE DETAILS GOVERNMENT PEDAGOGY ACOUSTICS VOLUME EXCLUSION PUBLIC SPACE ROTATION FLOOR COMPLEXITY THERMAL LIBRARY FABRICATION STAIRS PERFORMANCE INSULATION BAR HEALTHCARE ORGANIC MINIMALISM FITNESS PLANES TEACHING STRUCTURE FINISHES FACADE RESTAURANT ROOFING CINEMA VISIBILITY FUNCTION THEATRE FORM COMMUNITY COLOUR

THE MISSING GENE C O M P L E X I T Y

So how should we then proceed if our buildings and landscapes can never actually truly represent our most genuine ideas? How might we generate and articulate a selfless form of architectural expression? As previously discussed, though genes and ideas want to act selfishly, acts of altruism arise within more sophisticated and complex organisms. Taking the body as an example, the various components, systems and organs operate interdependently so that a person might live. If the body detects an abnormality or failure within one of its functions, another part will often try to compensate and improve the body’s overall fitness at the expense of its own. This is likened to a power failure by which a backup generator is often in place for contingencies until the main system is back online. Hence, it may be reasonable to test and state that interdependency or otherwise complexity is form of selfless expression. What does complexity entail? In the Accursed Share (1949), Bataille posits a new theory of

economics known as the “general economy” in which the notion and concept of excess energy is central to his thinking. Firstly illustrating the economic operations surrounding a tire servicing business, Bataille criticises the narrow mindedness of restrictive economic principles which view the flow of finance, resources and energy within a finite an closed framework or system. This limited and restrictive view has led to an unhealthy economic model that fosters a debilitated accumulation of excess “energy” which is doomed and destined for unproductive use. In many ways, Bataille’s theory is similar to Dawkins’ observation of recursive feedback loops in that systems are complex in nature and require an intricate network of relationships to thrive and coexist. More importantly, though environments that are highly complex may often be difficult to deal with or design for, they are necessary for architectural and biological evolution. Complexity manifests and fosters selflessness.

The Sendai Mediatheque is a simple building, however, its complexity is found in the way its structure serves more than one function. The incorporation of services, circulation cores and its ability to serve as a light well allows the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s floor plans to be open.

Sendai Mediatheque, Toyo Ito, Sendai, 2000

Gehl Architects, TREE 0, Copenhagen

THE MISSING GENE C O M P L E X I T Y

Through the study of these precedents, we can observe how small scale systems may have an impact or output that far exceeds the size of the entire foot print of a building. The impact or output here is referred to accessibility and usability of a space or architecture. It is important to stress an important evolutionary feature of the work, namely that unity is not uniformity, but coherence and diversity aimed in collusion. The role of the architect here, is not so much to design a building or city as to catalyse them, to act that they may exclude. That is the secret of the great architect. The aim of evolutionary architecture is to achieve in the built environment the symbiotic behaviour and metabolic balance that are characteristic of the natural environment. - John Frazer, 1995

COMPLEXITY AND RELATIONSHIP MODEL

DIRECT LOOP

INDIRECT LOOP

A F

C D

COMPLEX LOOP 44

THE MISSING GENE C O M P L E X I T Y

In order for complexity to be selfless, a new relationship model needs to be established, one that is indirect. Most business models and systems of commerce/ trade operate on the basis of direct benefit - that is an expectation of immediate return when an investment is made. The problem with this is that this only leads to short term outcomes and leaves no time for systems to develop or proliferate or to develop more resilience. The diagrams you see to the left illustrate the direction in which complexity could emerge as a model or system in which investments or outputs only receive a return somewhere further down the line of a network. This way, systems are nurtured to harbor a more selfless character. A means to practice giving - architecture as a gift to the city and to the people.

THE MISSING GENE - COMPLEXITY

INDEPENDENT

INTERDEPENDENT 46

THE MISSING GENE C O M P L E X I T Y

Within the context of the city, complexity manifests itself in the ability of a building to be vulnerable and susceptible to change. A system, network or in this case a building could be networked through its utility and services such that it is connected to the grid in which it is able to sustain itself but also contribute a surplus of its energy and rsources to the network. Much like the way planning regulations dictate a building is to satisfy certain energy ratings or sustainable criterion, new building regulations could aid in determining whether a building exists or ceases to.

THE MISSING GENE - COMPLEXITY

10 DESIGN PRINCIPLES FEEDBACK LOO - GALAPAGOS 2016

THE MISSING GENE - COMPLEXITY

10 DESIGN PRINCIPLES FEEDBACK LOO - GALAPAGOS 2016

THE MISSING GENE - COMPLEXITY

FLEXDAPTATION

INCLUSIVE KNOWLEDGE ORE MULTIPLYING GROUNDS

BIRTH AND REBIRTH

MOTHER2 NATURE

ECOCENTRIC

SELF SUFFICIENCY

INTELCHANGE

10 DESIGN PRINCIPLES FEEDBACK LOO - GALAPAGOS 2016 50

THE MISSING GENE - COMPLEXITY

FLEXDAPTATION

SECONDARY RELATIONSHIP

PRIMARY RELATIONSHIP

TERTIARY RELATIONSHIP

INCLUSIVE

KNOWLEDGE ORE

INCLUSIVE

KNOWLEDGE ORE

MULTIPLYING GROUNDS

PRIMARY RELATIONSHIP

SECONDARY RELATIONSHIP

PRIMARY RELATIONSHIP

ECOCENTRIC

MOTHER2 NATURE

ECOCENTRIC

MOTHER2 NATURE

ECOCENTRIC

TERTIARY RELATIONSHIP

SELF SUFFICIENCY

INTELCHANGE

SELF SUFFICIENCY

INTELCHANGE

FLEXDAPTATION

PRIMARY RELATIONSHIP INCLUSIVE KNOWLEDGE ORE

KNOWLEDGE ORE

PRIMARY RELATIONSHIP

BIRTH & REBIRTH

TERTIARY RELATIONSHIP

MOTHER2 NATURE

KNOWLEDGE ORE TERTIARY RELATIONSHIP

SECONDARY RELATIONSHIP

MULTIPLYING GROUNDS

ECOCENTRIC

MOTHER2 NATURE

ECOCENTRIC

MOTHER2 NATURE

ECOCENTRIC

SELF SUFFICIENCY

INTELCHANGE

10 DESIGN PRINCIPLES FEEDBACK LOO - GALAPAGOS 2016 51

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CEILINGS PARTITION OFFICE THEDETAILS MISSING GENE - COMPLEXITY GOVERNMENT PEDAGOGY ACOUSTICS VOLUME EXCLUSION PUBLIC SPACE ROTATION FLOOR COMPLEXITY THERMAL LIBRARY FABRICATION STAIRS PERFORMANCE INSULATION BAR HEALTHCARE ORGANIC MINIMALISM FITNESS PLANES TEACHING STRUCTURE FINISHES FACADE RESTAURANT ROOFING CINEMA VISIBILITY FUNCTION THEATRE FORM COMMUNITY COLOUR WORSHIP DIMENSION CORRIDORS GARDEN MOVEMENT SUSTAINABILITY SHADING RESIDENTIAL FURNITURE ARCHIVE TRANSPARENCY CONNECTION CARPARK INFORMATION WATER SUSTAINABILITY

THE MISSING GENE - COMPLEXITY

JOHN FRAZER, 1995, An Evolutionary Architecture John Frazerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s arduino programmed model which illustrated the ability for systems to be networked as to evolve and respond to real time changing digital environments. A complex adaptive systems model that is able to teach, learn and constantly evolve. 53

THE MISSING GENE - SYSTEMS FOR TEACHING

Melbourne School of Design, 2014, John Wardle Architects & NADAA 54

THE MISSING GENE T E A C H I N G

As deduced from studying the characters and attributes of a gene, teaching is an integral function and part of continuity and growth that is, the ability for a system or organism to pass on its code to its descendents or next generation of offspring. Though a building or an architect may possess the ability to learn and translate this knowledge into a built form, the illegibility and inability for others to learn from it is selfish and lacking. This inadvertently prevents evolution from occuring.

L E A R N I N G

The Melbourne School of Design in its approach as a design, the built pedagogy, is a good example of a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s potential to serve as am educational tool which possesses the ability to teach as well as learn from its daily operations. Designed with the intent to express its functionality and operations in its entirety, raw data can be digitally recoreded and extracted; thus providing users and occupants to reinterpret a large portion of the building to suit its changing needs and requirements.

TEACHING - DESIGN PRECEDENT

Melbourne School of Design, 2014, John Wardle Architects & NADAA 56

TEACHING - DESIGN PRECEDENT

Melbourne School of Design, 2014, John Wardle Architects & NADAA (Image by Nils Koenig) 57

THE MISSING GENE - SYSTEMS FOR TEACHING

ENERGY READING

WATER USAGE

INGRESS.EGRESS RATES

VERTICAL MOVEMENT/CIRCULATION

HEATING/COOLING MONITORING

SOLAR ENERGY INPUT

RAIN WATER HARVESTER

MONITORING

THE MISSING GENE - SYSTEMS FOR TEACHING

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CORRIDORS GARDEN MOVEMENT SUSTAINABILITY THE MISSING GENE - ADAPTABILITY SHADING RESIDENTIAL FURNITURE ARCHIVE TRANSPARENCY CONNECTION CARPARK INFORMATION WATER SUSTAINABILITY DISRUPTION SCREENS CAFE FACTORY FARM COURTYARD DATA VIRTUAL MARKET SERVICES GYM COMPOSITION NIGHT CLUB SANITARY GROUND MUSEUM ENERGY ADAPTABILITY MAINTENANCE SYNTHESIS RAW SURFACE HERITAGE MANUFACTURING DISTURBANCE CEMETERY PRCOESS AIR ASSEMBLY TRADITIONAL CONSERVATION LAUNDRY

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THE MISSING GENE A D A P T A B I L I T Y

The only that that is certain is that nothing is certain. In a context and environment that is ever shifting and dynamic in nature, resilience is only possible through the ability to adapt. As stated in my the introduction, the question that still persists is whether it is in fact necessary for buildings to be designed to such a high degree of resolution. Though we might strive to conceive buildings as perfect timless objects, they are in fact rigid, limited

and selfish formally and morphologically. If a building is designed to have an expiration date of typically 25-50 years, why canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t we design for obsolescence and change? The selfish desire for an archtiectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building and design to last the ages and stand through the test of time is meaningless.

FLEX-ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS - DESIGN PRECEDENT

Plan for Tokyo, Kenzo Tange, 1960 62

FLEX-ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS - DESIGN PRECEDENT

Centre Georges Pompidou, Rogers and Piano, 1977

THE MISSING GENE A D A P T A B I L I T Y

p r e c e d e n t

s t u d y

It is a fact that some of the most flexible and adaptive designs have never made it past the pen and paper, however, their ideas have had a lasting impact on us and have inspired a long list of buildings today.

CEDRIC PRICE, 1961, Fun Palace

Cedric Price’s Fun Palace, which proved to be one of his most influential projects that inspired Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano’s Centre Georges Pompidou 1977 was novel in its proposition for a framework in which architecture was described through social and economical programming

and activity as opposed to a formal approach. In his Fun Palace, diversity is cultivated through technology and density where inhabitants are free to do what they like where they like. It is indeed fascinating to realise the lack of typical “architecture”.

FLEX-ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS - INCOMPLETE TYPOLOGIES

THE MISSING GENE A D A P T A B I L I T Y

i n c o m p l e t e n e s s

Much of the work you see over the next few pages documents and illustrates building typologies that were observed in the Galapagos Islands. Being in such a remote area of the world, local residents of the island do not have convenient access to conventional building materials. Coupled with a developing a slow growing economy based larglely on tourism, locals build their homes in stages over decades.

The result of this is an eclectic and aggregated form of architecture from which the story of a familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s journey is told through the building. In its rawest state, evolutionary architecture is formally expressed and captured. Though rough, unfinished and worn, it remains to be a beautifully natural. Once again, this begs the question of whether architecture needs to be complete.

FLEX-ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS - INCOMPLETE TYPOLOGIES

UNSTABLE TYPOLOGIES GALAPAGOS 2016

FLEX-ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS - FLEX-ADAPTVIE SPACES

MULTIPLYING GROUNDS PRIVATE (50%) + PUBLIC (25%) + 2 x GREY SPACE (50%) = TOTAL = 125% 69

FLEX-ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS - FLEX-ADAPTIVE SPACES

MULTIPLYING GROUNDS PRIVATE (30%) + PUBLIC (40%) + 2 x GREY SPACE (30%) = TOTAL = 130% 70

FLEX-ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS - INCOMPLETE TYPOLOGIES

FLEXIBILE VS. RIGID

FLEX-ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS - INCOMPLETE TYPOLOGIES

FLEXIBLE VS. RIGID (HIGH RISE)

FLEX-ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS - INCOMPLETE TYPOLOGIES

QUESTION OF ADAPTABILITY

SELFLES S OEPRATORS T H E

The three design principles, though they form the basis for selflessness, do not yet actually allow for architecture to be defined or described. Hence, as a means to quantify selflessness, I developed five methods or operators as a means to construct a framework for design.

M E T H O D S

formulas which work in tandum to produce a selfless rating. The following pages illustrate and document the process of testing these formulas against a variety of building typologies.

The five operators - SCALE, TYPOLOGY, NETWORK, INCOMPLETENESS AND ACCESSIBILITY, consist of five equations/

BIOMIMICRY PARTITION EDUCATION OFFICE KINTEIC DETAILS FIELDS GOVERNMENT GEOMETRY PEDAGOGY KITCHEN ACOUSTICS SYSTEM VOLUME MEMORY EXCLUSION MODULARITY PUBLIC SPACE CEILINGS ROTATION PARTITION FLOOR OFFICE COMPLEXITY DETAILS THERMAL GOVERNMENT LIBRARY PEDAGOGY FABRICATION ACOUSTICS STAIRS VOLUME PERFORMANCE EXCLUSION INSULATION PUBLIC SPACE BAR ROTATION HEALTHCARE FLOOR ORGANIC COMPLEXITY MINIMALISM THERMAL FITNESS LIBRARY PLANES FABRICATION TEACHING STAIRS STRUCTURE PERFORMANCE FINISHES INSULATION FACADE BAR RESTAURANT HEALTHCARE ROOFING ORGANIC CINEMA MINIMALISM VISIBILITY FITNESS FUNCTION PLANES THEATRE TEACHING FORM STRUCTURE COMMUNITY FINISHES COLOUR FACADE WORSHIP RESTAURANT DIMENSION ROOFING CORRIDORS CINEMA GARDEN VISIBILITY MOVEMENT FUNCTION SUSTAINABILITY THEATRE SHADING FORM RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY FURNITURE COLOUR ARCHIVE WORSHIP TRANSPARENCY DIMENSION CONNECTION CORRIDORS CARPARK GARDEN INFORMATION MOVEMENT WATER SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY SHADING DISRUPTION RESIDENTIAL SCREENS FURNITURE CAFE ARCHIVE FACTORY TRANSPARENCY FARM CONNECTION COURTYARD CARPARK DATA INFORMATION VIRTUAL WATER MARKET SUSTAINABILITY SERVICES DISRUPTION GYM SCREENS COMPOSITION CAFE NIGHT CLUB FACTORY SANITARY FARM GROUND COURTYARD MUSEUM DATA ENERGY VIRTUAL ADAPTABILITY MARKET MAINTENANCE SERVICES SYNTHESIS GYM RAW COMPOSITION SURFACE NIGHT CLUB HERITAGE SANITARY VOID MANUFACTURING GROUND CIRCULATION DISTURBANCE MUSEUM PROGRAM CEMETERY ENERGY BOUNDARIES PRCOESS ADAPTABILITY GALLERY AIR MAINTENANCE WALLS ASSEMBLY SYNTHESIS LIGHT TRADITIONAL RAW CONTEXT CONSERVATION SURFACE WEATHER LAUNDRY HERITAGE MATERIAL MANUFACTURING CRAFT DISTURBANCE RECREATION CEMETERY HEIGHT PRCOESS PROPORTION AIR SPACE ASSEMBLY RAMP TRADITIONAL RETAIL CONSERVATION PARAMETRIC LAUNDRY DIGITAL DESIGN POROSITY EPHEMERALITY INCLUSION ATMOSPHERE MATTER ATTRACTOR CELL HEIGHT COMMERCIAL NATURE BIOMIMICRY EDUCATION KINTEIC FIELDS GEOMETRY KITCHEN SYSTEM MEMORY MODULARITY CEILINGS PARTITION OFFICE DETAILS GOVERNMENT PEDAGOGY ACOUSTICS VOLUME EXCLUSION PUBLIC SPACE ROTATION FLOOR COMPLEXITY THERMAL LIBRARY FABRICATION STAIRS PERFORMANCE INSULATION BAR HEALTHCARE ORGANIC MINIMALISM FITNESS PLANES TEACHING STRUCTURE FINISHES FACADE RESTAURANT ROOFING CINEMA VISIBILITY FUNCTION THEATRE FORM COMMUNITY 032 036

031

A C C E S S I B I L I T Y

041 046 050 041 053

040 042 043 034 049

044 047

051

046

040

035 045 044

059

038 043 057 049

048 054

053

033 052

042

059

056 062 056 069

037

045 052

060

055 058

067

065 070

061 057

066 058

054 063 068 074

064 064

I N C O M P L E T E N E S S

050 077 091

076

073 067

076

062 069

078

065

048 063 072

073

070

061 071

080

060

055 079 083

066 075 072

086 087 078

081 085 081 085 094

071

088 080

082 089

084

075

088 100

082

079

083 089099

092 092

084

090 096

095

074

090

097 095

098

093

098

039

N E T W O R K

28 29

077 091 111

101 108

102 106 109

002 005

112

094

105 107

104 104

103 099 103 115

102

111

101 108 112

114

105 116 006 114124

100

051 122

004 118

113 001 121

109

047

068 097 123

110

011 116

107 120

117 009 115 010

122 016 019

106

113 121

119

T Y P O L O G Y

086 021 041

087 015

013 018 124

024 029

023 031

117 022 026 043

017 025 032 034

003

049

028 036

096 020

S C A L E

007 046 050

033 053

040 056

059 062

045

038 044

027

067

042 057

030 054

093

069

037 052 058

123

110 039 064

073

035

120 014 061 065 070

051 060 071

118 048 055

008

066 075

012 119 063 072

047

068 074

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS

HYPOTHETICAL TEST SITE

S C A L E

SELFLES S OEPRATORS S C A L E

SCALE OF INFLUENCE

E Q U A T I O N

NO. OF PEOPLE IT SERVICES + NO. OF ADDITIONAL PEOPLE IT AFFECTS (PER DAY) NO. OF PEOPLE IT SERVICES

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - SCALE

900 + 150 900

400 + 300 400

800 + 100 800

750 + 50 750

200 + 250 200

116%

175%

113%

106%

225%

OFFICE TOWER

MIXED USE OFFICE TOWER

RESIDENTIAL

LOW-COST HOUSING

LOW-COST HOUSING 79

T Y P O L O G Y

AUTO DEALERSHIP

GALLERY

MARKET

TRANSPORTATION

SUPERMARKETS

LAUNDRY

COMMERCIAL SERVICES

RETAIL

RESTAURANTS

WORSHIP

OUTPATIENT CENTRES

CEMETERY

HEALTHCARE

WAREHOUSE

FARM

LIVESTOCK FARM

HOTELS/MOTELS

PRISONS

PARKS/PUBLIC SPACE

OFFICES

FIRE/POLICE STATIONS

COURTHOUSE

ZOO

THEATRE

BROADCASTING STUDIOS

CASINOS

AQUARIUM

UTILITIES

WORKSHOP/MANUFACTURING

DATA CENTRES

RESEARCH LABORATORY

GYMNASIUM/FITNESS

STUDENT HOUSING

ELEMENTARY/HIGH SCHOOL

DAY CARE CENTRE

COLLEGES/UNIVERSITY

CLASSROOMS

CAFETERIAS

BOARDING SCHOOLS

MUSEUMS

LIBRARIES

CONVENTION

COMMUNITY CENTRE

CLUBS

AUDITORIUM

SERVICE & GAS

CAR WASH

AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - TYPOLOGY

SELFLES S OEPRATORS T Y P O L O G Y

TYPOLOGY 1 RATING x PRIVATE/SEMI-PUBLIC/PUBLIC RATIO x PERCENTAGE OF BUILDING TOTAL VOLUME

TYPOLOGY 2 +

RATING x PRIVATE/SEMI-PUBLIC/PUBLIC RATIO x PERCENTAGE OF BUILDING TOTAL VOLUME

TYPOLOGY 3 +

RATING x PRIVATE/SEMI-PUBLIC/PUBLIC RATIO x PERCENTAGE OF BUILDING TOTAL VOLUME

= TOTAL TYPOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - TYPOLOGY

0.71 x 0.5 x 80%

0.8 x 1.5 x 5%

0.99 x 0.5 x 10%

0.6 x 1.5 x 5%

0.71 x 0.5 x 50%

0.68 x 1.1 x 15%

0.81 x 1.1 x 10%

0.90 x 1.5 x 25%

0.85 x 0.6 x 90%

0.75 x 1.5 x 4%

0.88 x 1.5 x 6%

31.6%

4.95%

4.5%

17.75%

11.22%

8.91%

33.75%

45.9%

4.5%

7.92%

OFFICE

RESTAURANT

DATA

RETAIL

OFFICE

CLUBS

DAY CARE

HEALTH CARE

RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL SERVICES

MARKET

CENTER

TOTAL = 43.5%

TOTAL = 71.63%

TOTAL = 58.32% 83

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - TYPOLOGY

0.85 x 1.1 x 75%

0.98 x 1.5 x 25%

0.9 x 1.1 x 18%

0.94 x 1.5 x 12%

0.94 x 0.6 x 10%

0.77 x 1.1 x 50%

0.89 x 1.5 x 10%

70.125%

36.75%

17.82%

16.92%

5.64%

42.35%

13.35%

RESIDENTIAL

PUBLIC SPACE

COMMUNITY

PUBLIC LIBRARY

PRIVATE LIBRARY

STUDENT HOUSING

GYMN ASIUM

TOTAL = 106.875%

TOTAL = 96.08% 84

N E T W O R K

SELFLES S OEPRATORS N E T W O R K

NO. OF PROGRAMS/BUILDINGS IT CONNECTS NO. OF BUILDINGS IT CAN CONNECT

0.5 (HALF OF NETWORK COEFFICIENT)

% OF ENERGY INPUT/OUTPUT

0.5 (HALF OF NETWORK COEFFICIENT)

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - NETWORK

(0) 4

25%-100% (ENERGY OUTPUT)

0%-100% (ENERGY OUTPUT)

NETWORK COEFFICIENT = 0.25

NETWORK COEFFICIENT =0 87

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - NETWORK

(0) 4

5%-100% (ENERGY OUTPUT)

0%-100% (ENERGY OUTPUT)

10%-100% (ENERGY OUTPUT)

NETWORK COEFFICIENT = 0.05

NETWORK COEFFICIENT =0

NETWORK COEFFICIENT = 0.1 88

I N C O M P L E T E N E S S

NO. OF INTERFACED BOUNDARIES NO. OF SIDES THAT CAN BE INTERFACED x FLOORS OF BUILDING

PUBLIC(%) + PRIVATE(%) + [2xPUBLIC/PRIVATE] PUBLIC(%) + PRIVATE(%)

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - INCOMPLETENESS

4 (INTERFACES) 4 (SIDES) x 30 (FLOORS)

5% (PUBLIC) + 85% (PRIVATE) + [2 x 10% (PUBLIC/PRIVATE)] 5% (PUBLIC) + 85% (PRIVATE)

62.7%

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - NETWORK

3 (INTERFACES) 4 (SIDES) x 23 (FLOORS)

8% (PUBLIC) + 83% (PRIVATE) + [2 x 9% (PUBLIC/PRIVATE)] 8% (PUBLIC) + 83% (PRIVATE)

61.53%

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - INCOMPLETENESS

4 (INTERFACES) 4 (SIDES) x 34 (FLOORS)

7% (PUBLIC) + 87% (PRIVATE) + [2 x 8% (PUBLIC/PRIVATE)] 7% (PUBLIC) + 87% (PRIVATE)

61.45%

A C C E S S I B I L I T Y

- TYPOLOGY 1 PROGRAM % HOURS OF OPERATION x % OF PROGRAM WITHIN OVERALL BUILDING VOLUME

- TYPOLOGY 2 PROGRAM % HOURS OF OPERATION x % OF PROGRAM WITHIN OVERALL BUILDING VOLUME

- TYPOLOGY 3 PROGRAM % HOURS OF OPERATION x % OF PROGRAM WITHIN OVERALL BUILDING VOLUME

= TOTAL RATING FOR ACCESSIBILITY

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - NETWORK

42%(HOURS) x 80% (VOLUME) = 33.6% (OFFICE)

37.5%(HOURS) x 50% (VOLUME) = 18.75% (OFFICE)

58.3% (HOURS) x 5% (VOLUME) = 2.9% (RESTAURANT)

29.2% (HOURS) x 15% (VOLUME) = 4.38% (CLUBS)

100% (HOURS) x 10% (VOLUME) = 10% (DATA CENTRE)

37.5% (HOURS) x 5% (VOLUME) =1.88% (RETAIL)

45.8% (HOURS) x 10% (VOLUME) =4.58% (RETAIL)

TOTAL = 48.38%

TOTAL = 37.71%%

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - INCOMPLETENESS

100%(HOURS) x 90% (VOLUME) = 90% (RESIDENTIAL)

33.3% (HOURS) x 4% (VOLUME) = 1.3% (COMMERCIAL SERVICES)

41.2%(HOURS) x 18% (VOLUME) = 7.4% (COMMUNITY)

45.8% (HOURS) x 12% (VOLUME) = 5.5% (PUBLIC LIBRARY)

33.3% (HOURS) x 10% (VOLUME) = 3.3% (PRIVATE LIBRARY) 33.3% (HOURS) x 6% (VOLUME) = 2% (MARKET)

100% (HOURS) x 50% (VOLUME) = 50% (STUDENT HOUSING)

66.7% (HOURS) x 10% (VOLUME) = 6.7%

TOTAL = 93.3%%

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - NETWORK

100%(HOURS) x 75% (VOLUME) = 75% (RESIDENTIAL)

100% (HOURS) x 25% (VOLUME) = 25% (CLUBS)

TOTAL = 37.71%%

THE 5 PHENOTYPICAL OPERATORS - INCOMPLETENESS

SCALE - 116%

SCALE - 175%

SCALE - 113%

SCALE - 106%

SCALE - 225%

TYPOLOGY - 10.88%

TYPOLOGY - 17.91%

TYPOLOGY - 14.58%

TYPOLOGY - 26.72%

NETWORK - 6.25%

NETWORK - 0%

NETWORK - 1.25%

NETWORK - 2.5%

INCOMPLETENESS - 15.68%

INCOMPLETENESS - 15.38%

INCOMPLETENESS - 15.36%

INCOMPLETENESS - 28.13%

ACCESSIBILITY - 10.85%

ACCESSIBILITY - 9.28%

ACCESSIBILITY - 23.33%

ACCESSIBILITY - 9.43%

TOTAL = 50.63%

TOTAL = 74.49%

TOTAL = 57.79%

TOTAL = 68.06%

TOTAL = 150.23%

HYBRID TESTING - MELBOURNE 2046

NETT ZERO 2046 MORGUE 2046 PANTRY AGRIKITCHEN APPRENTICESHIP ARTS CLUSTER BLACK SPRINGS CARFE BAR

100

HYBRID TESTING - MELBOURNE 2046

CLUB CARE DEBAUCHERY FOOD FOR THE SOUL FOODSHELVES HAVEN HIVE KEYSTONE KITCHEN MUSEUM

101

HYBRID TESTING - MELBOURNE 2046

MOBILE GYM PACE MAKER RESIPODS STIMULCATION STOCK EXCHANGE VEGEPATCH WORK HOTEL CATALOGUE

102

HYBRID TESTING - MELBOURNE 2046

20 (SERVICES) + 500 (AFFECTS) 20 (SERVICES) = 2600% S C A L E

T Y P O L O G Y

99% (DATA CENTRE) x 1 (SEMI-PUBLIC) x 25% (VOLUME) + 71% (OFFICES) x 1 (SEMI-PUBLIC) 10% (VOLUME) + 39%(WAREHOUSE) x 1 (SEMI-PUBLIC) 35% (VOLUME) + 83% (WORKSHOP) x 1.5 (PUBLIC) 30% (VOLUME) = 82.85% (RATING)

4 (CONNECTED) 5 (CONNECTABLE)

NETT ZERO

+ 40% (RESOURCES INPUT/OUTPUT)

N E T W O R K

= 60% (NETWORKED) 103

HYBRID TESTING - MELBOURNE 2046

2 (INTERFACED) 4 (INTERFACABLE) x 2 (INTERFACABLE FLOORS)

I N C O M P L E T E N E S S

35% (PUBLIC) + 30% (PRIVATE) + [2xPUBLIC/PRIVATE] 65% (PUBLIC + PRIVATE)

= 116.3% (INCOMPLETE)

100% (HOURS) x 25% (VOLUME) + 42% (HOURS) x 10% (VOLUME) + 100% (HOURS) x 35% (VOLUME) + 42% (HOURS) x 30% (VOLUME)

NETT ZERO A C C E S S I B I L I T Y

= 76.8% (ACCESSIBILITY)

104

HYBRID TESTING - MELBOURNE 2046

= 2600%

S C A L E

= 82.85%/4

T Y P O L O G Y

= 60%/4

= 2185%

+ N E T W O R K

= 116.3%/4

+ NETT ZERO

I N C O M P L E T E N E S S

= 76.8%/4

A C C E S S I B I L I T Y

105

TESTING HYBRIDS

106

HYBRID TESTING - MELBOURNE 2046

450 (SERVICES) + 5000 (AFFECTS) 450 (SERVICES) = 1200% S C A L E

T Y P O L O G Y

83% (MANUFACTURING) x 1 (SEMI-PUBLIC) x 25% (VOLUME) + 100% (UTILITIES) x 1.5 (PUBLIC) 25% (VOLUME) + 98%(PUBLIC SPACE) x 1.5 (PUBLIC) 10% (VOLUME) + 91% (FARM) x 1 (SEMI-PUBLIC) 15% (VOLUME) + 21% (LIVESTOCK) x 1 (SEMI-PUBLIC) 10% (VOLUME) + 60% (RETAIL) x 1.5 (PUBLIC) x 15% (VOLUME) = 102.2% (RATING)

4 (CONNECTED) 2 4 (CONNECTABLE) + 150% (RESOURCES INPUT/OUTPUT)

STOCK EXCHANGE

N E T W O R K

= 125% (NETWORKED) 107

HYBRID TESTING - MELBOURNE 2046

450 (SERVICES) + 5000 (AFFECTS) 450 (SERVICES) = 1200% S C A L E

T Y P O L O G Y

83% (MANUFACTURING) x 1 (SEMI-PUBLIC) x 25% (VOLUME) + 100% (UTILITIES) x 1.5 (PUBLIC) 25% (VOLUME) + 98%(PUBLIC SPACE) x 1.5 (PUBLIC) 10% (VOLUME) + 91% (FARM) x 1 (SEMI-PUBLIC) 15% (VOLUME) + 21% (LIVESTOCK) X 1(SEMI-PUBLIC) 10% (VOLUME) + 60% (RETAIL) X 1.5 (PUBLIC) x15% (VOLUME) = 102.2% (RATING) 4 (CONNECTED) 4 (CONNECTABLE)

STOCK EXCHANGE

+ 150% (RESOURCES INPUT/OUTPUT) N E T W O R K

= 125% (NETWORKED) 108

HYBRID TESTING - MELBOURNE 2046

7 (INTERFACED) 4 (INTERFACEABLE) x 4 (INTERFACEABLE FLOORS)

+ 55% (PUBLIC) + 20% (PRIVATE) +[2x 25% (PUBLIC/PRIVATE)] 75% (PUBLIC + PRIVATE)

I N C O M P L E T E N E S S

=166.7% (INCOMPLETE)

STOCK EXCHANGE A C C E S S I B I L I T Y

- MANUFACTURING + 46%% (HOURS) x 25% (VOLUME) + UTILITIES 100%(HOURS) x 25% (VOLUME) + - PUBLIC SPACE 70% (HOURS) x 10% (VOLUME) + - FARM 50% (HOURS) X 10% (VOLUME) + - LIVESTOCK 50% (HOURS) X 10% (VOLUME) + - RETAIL 37.5% (HOURS) X 15% (VOLUME) = 61.6% (ACCESSIBILITY)

109

HYBRID TESTING - MELBOURNE 2046

= 1200%

S C A L E

= 102.2%/4

+ T Y P O L O G Y

= 125%/4

= 1366%

+ N E T W O R K

= 166.7%/4

+ STOCK EXCHANGE

I N C O M P L E T E N E S S

= 61.6%/4

A C C E S S I B I L I T Y

110

- F R OM THEOR Y TO DESIG N TESTING VIA DESIG N

111

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY

TYPICAL MELBOURNE CITY BLOCK

112

SELFLES S APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY S M A L L

s p r i n g

s t

/ /

l o n s d a l e

S C A L E

s t

I N T E R V E N T I O N S

/ /

e x h i b i t i o n

Having tested and refined the equations and formulas, the rating system was tested on a Melbourne city block as to determine which buildings required an intervention to achieve a higher sefless rating value. Hypothetically, the model can be used to evaluate buildings of various scales - single buildings, city blocks, suburbs etc.

= < 50%

AVERAGE

/ /

l a

t r o b e

s t

rating that might have just fallen short of a high rating would only require a slight reinterpretation to boost its value as to be deemed as a selfless building. As found within the tests done previously, it appears utility and shared public buildings which have a high scale factor are often the ones that perform the best in the system. As a result you will see that most of the proposed interventions are mainly to do with infrastructure, energy and resources.

The basic and premise and idea here is that if a building or space was found to possess a low rate, it would have to undergo major appropriation or redevelopment. A building with an average

LOW

s t

50 - 100%

HIGH

>100%

113

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY

POSTULATED SELFISH SITES & BUILDINGS

114

UPSCALING ANALYSIS - BETWEEN CITY BLOCKS

115

C A SE STUDY I

116

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY

TESTING GROUNDS - LA TROBE/EXHIBITION/LONSDALE/SPRING 117

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY

CALCULATED BUILDING SELFESS RATINGS 118

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY

PROPOSED MAJOR REDEVELOPMENT - MIXED USE RESIDENTIAL HOUSING 119

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY

PROPSED MINOR RE-APPROPRIATION AND INTERVENTION 120

DESIG N IN TERVEN TION S

121

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY - DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

TOTAL = 6.77% -> 22,222%

25% -> 300000%

30% -> 100%

0% -> 133%

58.3%

20% -> 5%

ORGANIC WASTE TREATMENT PLANT 122

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY - DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

TOTAL = 6.77% -> 255.%

87.5% -> 280%

77.18% -> 106%

0% -> 75%

58.3% -> 84%

20% -> 100%

RESIDENTIAL APARTMENTS & PUBLIC SPACE 123

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY - DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

TOTAL = 25.5% -> 158% 50.65% -> 105% 71.01% -> 104%

100% -> 210% 133% -> 170% 118% -> 175%

84% -> 93.4% 55.86% 85.85%

0% -> 50% 0% -> 30% 16.7% -> 33%

0%-> 57.53% 55.2% -> 63.8% 51.4% -> 56%

100% 91.25% -> 96.2% 55.5% -> 63.5%

BICYCLE PARKING & LANEWAY CONNECTION 124

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY - DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

TOTAL = 0% -> 413%

0% -> 800%

80.46% -> 136.5%

0% -> 25%

7.5%

20% -> 37.5%

URBAN FREIGHT FARMING 125

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY - DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

TOTAL = 47.94% -> 2115.2%

160% -> 32480%

78.1% -> 93.7%

4% -> 62%

50.6% -> 67.3%

37.5%

COFFEE SHOP AND COMPOSTING STATION 126

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY - DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

TOTAL = 76.5% -> 114.8%

150% -> 210%

94.6% -> 99%

16.7%

58.3%

33% -> 44.6%

COMMUNITY HOUSING ADDITION 127

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY - DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

TOTAL = 75.54% -> 114.61%

157% -> 171%

80.1% -> 84.5%

15.1% -> 74.4%

55.6% -> 63%

41.6% -> 46.2%

PUBLIC ROOF GARDEN 128

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY - DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

TOTAL = 69.95% -> 139.6%

173% -> 240%

112.24% -> 118.4%

10% -> 25%

50%

39.6%

RAINWATER HARVESTING 129

130

131

PART 2 MAJOR DESIGN INTERVENTION

132

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS A

F R A M E W O R K

We have now seen, with the aid of the developed selfless rating model, how and when we may intervene. By changing or modifying a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s program or by even formally and spatially tweaking elements within structures, we are able to significantly network the built form and environment. The model and rating system also provides serves as a means to provide opportunities to rejuvenate the city more effectively and efficiently. However, what should and could happen when a building or site is observed to have

F O R

T H E

C I T Y

a really low value? The cost to modify and re-appropriate high rises and skyscrapers are often expensive and uneventful. If so, what kind of architecture embodying the selfless principles are to occupy these sites? How does selfless design manifest and express itself? Part II, which consists of my final design explorations documents the processes lading to my design proposal. Once again, the site of focus is the block defined within Spring, Lonsdale, La Trobe and Exhibiton Street.

133

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY - DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

Melbourne 1866, De Gruchy and Leigh 134

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY - DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

Bourke Street 1858, Antoine Fauchery

Collins Street East, 1875-1885, Ferguson and Urie 135

136

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS C U R S E

Part and parcel of my hypothesis is that selfishness arises from the curse of a generic city; that is, a city fabric and grain bred from the premise of unrestricted, unregulated and undefined growth. If we were to compare Melbourne and many other 19th century cities around the world with what they looked like 150 to 200 years ago, we find that they have lost a lot of their character and expression as a result of numerous large scale developments - money making scrapers. From the images sampling Melbourne over its 200 years of settlement and from maps of the Hoddle Grid, we may

O F

T H E

G E N E R I C

observe a loss of diversity in which the grain of the city has seen to be lost. In order for me to test my theory in which small architecture is perhaps more effective and efficient in sparking a new form of vibrancy and intensity within the city, it was my vision and proposal to re-introduce diversity by once again increasing the grain and plot once again. In the following pages, the proposed development model posits that any given site or building that is found to fall into a low selfless rating category is to undergo redevelopment. Redevelopment occurs in 5 stages.

C I T Y

1. The site or building acquisition by city or state. 2. The site or building is redistributed and subdivided for multiple ownership. 3. Investors purchase volumes in space. 4. Infrastructure is weaved and provided by city council or state government. 5. Architects design each volume.

137

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY - DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

1850â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ORIGNAL HODDLE GRID PLOT SUBDIVISION

138

TYPICAL PLOT DIVISION

139

SELFLESS APPLICATIONS TO THE CITY - DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

PRESENT DAY CITY GRID SUBDIVISION

140

TYPICAL PLOT DIVISION

141

DIVERSITY REGENERATION SCHEME

EXISTING BUILDING

SITE AREA

INITIAL SUBDIVISION PROPOSAL

142

TWO DIMENSIONAL VS. THREE DIMENSIONAL OUTLOOK

CURRENT 2D PLANNING AND PLOT SUBDIVISION (SELFISH)

PROPOSED 3D PERSPECTIVE

GROUNDS FOR GENERATIVE AND EVOLUTIONARY NETWORKING (SELFLESSNESS)

143

PLOT RATIO DERIVED MODEL

EXISTING GFA - 38,000 SQM PLOT RATIO - 5.5

MAX VOLUME EXTRUSION ACCORDING TO EXISTING PLOT RATIO AND GFA

3D SUBDIVISION INTO SPATIAL VOLUMES (CELLULAR UNITS)

144

NEW DEVELOPMENT MODEL

1. PURCHASE OF VOLUMES

2. INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN

3. ARCHITECTURE

145

PLANNING REGULATION STRATEGY - SUN GOD CITY -

146

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS P L A N N I N G

R E G U L A T I O N

In a new building typology defined in three dimensions, the planning regulations and codes of construction would be radically different from that of typical plots of landed properties. As there is a trend and increasing focus in sustainable and environmental criterion, a three dimensional city would first need to consider lighting conditions.

S T R A T E G Y

The following pages documents simulations I had runned and tested based on a number of basic structural configurations and conditions. Though the modell and program is simple in nature, it would later inform a set of design rules in which I would use to regulate cells and volumes. Though in its early stages, this would form a regulatory framework for three dimensional architecture.

Developed in 1994, SUNGOD CITY was a project developed by Makato Sei Watanabe. The complex adaptive modelling software simulates pixels/ cells and their capacity to exist in a three dimensional space in response to the simple criteria of receiving a minimum of three hours of natural sunlight.

147

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - SUNGOD CITY

CENTRAL CORE

MAKATO SEI WATANABE - SUN GOD CITY 148

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - SUNGOD CITY

G E NE RAT I ON 122

G E NE RAT I ON 320

G E NE RAT I ON 478

G E NE RAT I ON 2 1 7

G E NE RAT I ON 3 5 0

G E NE RAT I ON 4 9 1

G E NE RAT I ON 2 7 8

G E NE RAT I ON 3 7 3

G E NE RAT I ON 5 0 6

G EN ERATIO N 311

G EN ERATIO N 410

G EN ERATIO N 573

149

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - SUNGOD CITY

MULTIPLE CORES

MAKATO SEI WATANABE - SUN GOD CITY 150

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - SUNGOD CITY

G E N ERATION 183

G E NE RAT I ON 3 0 4

G E NE RAT I ON 3 4 8

G EN ERATIO N 380

G E N ERATION 391

G E NE RAT I ON 4 2 0

G E NE RAT I ON 4 3 6

G EN ERATIO N 440

G E N ERATION 462

G E NE RAT I ON 4 8 3

G E NE RAT I ON 4 9 5

G EN ERATIO N 561

151

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - SUNGOD CITY

CAP END CORES (NORTH-SOUTH ORIENTATION)

MAKATO SEI WATANABE - SUN GOD CITY 152

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - SUNGOD CITY

GEN ERATION 310

G E NE RAT I ON 3 8 5

G EN ERATIO N 415

GEN ERATION 432

G E NE RAT I ON 5 4 2

G EN ERATIO N 588

GEN ERATION 591

G E NE RAT I ON 6 0 2

153

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - SUNGOD CITY

CAP END CORES (EAST-WEST ORIENTATION)

MAKATO SEI WATANABE - SUN GOD CITY 154

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - SUNGOD CITY

G E NE RAT ION 236

G E NE RAT I ON 2 7 9

G E NE RAT I ON 4 1 7

G EN ERATIO N 439

G E NE RAT ION 502

G E NE RAT I ON 5 1 6

G E NE RAT I ON 5 4 5

G EN ERATIO N 578

G E NE RAT ION 601

G E NE RAT I ON 6 2 4

G E NE RAT I ON 6 3 8

155

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - SUNGOD CITY

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CORE CONFIGURATION

MAKATO SEI WATANABE - SUN GOD CITY 156

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - SUNGOD CITY

GEN ERATION 167

G E NE RAT I ON 2 6 5

G EN ERATIO N 332

GEN ERATION 363

G E NE RAT I ON 4 0 7

G EN ERATIO N 505

GEN ERATION 538

G E NE RAT I ON 5 6 1

157

DESIGN/PLANNING RULES

1. 3 OPEN FACES 2. MAX DEPTH OF 5 CELLS 3. LINKING CONDITIONS

158

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS D E S I G N

Based off of the outcomes and simulations through Watanabeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s various programs, three key principles emerged which are to inform a planning framework for a new three dimensional topology.

P L A N N I N G

d i m e n s i o n a l

R E G U L A T I O N S

c i t y

open in anticipating possibilities for future growth and expansion. The configurations and matrix of formal configurations are illustrated on the following pages. 2. MAXIMUM DEPTH OF 5 CELLS

1. 3 OPEN FACES Through the study of cells resutling from the simulations, three of the six faces any given cell has must be open. The reason for this is to provide and accommodate for natural lighting to any built volume. Furthermore, these open faces, though prohibited from being spaces in which owners can extend into, are deliberately left

In order for enough light to penetrate such a dense space, buildable volumes or cells should be limited to a depth of 5 on any particular axis. This rule ensures pockets of void spaces or light wells to penetrate within the volume. Furthermore, this rule also places a restriction and limit into how much volume any building may occupy.

3. LINKING CONDITIONS To prevent the same conditions we see today in the city, with buildings occupying large plots of land; standing alone in isolation, a rule has been developed to have public spaces which come in the form of link bridges, break out platforms etc, in the circumstance where two volumes border upon each otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thresholds. Once each owner has expanded or taken over the maximum volume they can occupy, they have the ability to negotiate with council to build and provide connecting spaces in which the first rule of three open spaces may be voided.

159

3 OPEN FACES

160

MAX 5 CELL DEPTH

161

2 CLUSTER/UNITS

CLUSTERS GROW

CLUSTER GROWTH THRESHOLD

LINKING CONDITIONS

SERVICE/INFRASTRUCTURE LINK ESTABLISHED

(LINKING OPTIONS)

162

OCCUPIED VOLUMES IN SPACE

163

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - SUNGOD CITY

PLOT 1

PLOT 2

PLOT 3

PLOT 4

PLOT 5

PLOT 6

PLOT 7

PLOT 8

PLOT 9

PLOT 10

PLOT 11

PLOT 12

PLOT 13

PLOT 14

PLOT 15

PLOT 16

PLOT 17

PLOT 18

PLOT 19

PLOT 20

PLOT 21

PLOT 22

PLOT 23

PLOT 24

PLOT 25

PLOT 26

PLOT 27

PLOT 28

PLOT 29

PLOT 30

PLOT 31

PLOT 32

PLOT 33

PLOT 34

PLOT 35

PLOT 36

VOLUME PLANNING AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS 164

INFRSTRUCTURE & STRUCTURAL INSERTION

165

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - STRUCTURAL INTERROGATION

EVOLUTIONARY MODEL & NETWORKED OWNERSHIP 166

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS DESIGN

167

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS S T R U C T U R E S

s e a r c h

Once again, comparing the architect to a gardener, the task is not set on the search for a structural system and framework that would accommodate a diversity of architecture. A strucutral system, much like submarine or a ship that is constituted of parts in which sections could be modified, upgraded and reconstituted to accommodate for change and an evolutionary process. One that understands the nature in which architectural design stubbornly wants to timelessly

f o r

T H A T

A C C O M M O D A T E

f l e x i b l e

f r a m e w o r k

exist and is yet possesses the ability to nurture, and perhaps inspire change and adaptive designs.

1. Open ground floor plane.

With the wish of achieving such a structure, I have set 4 criteria inspired by much of Archigramâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mega structural framework, Priceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fun Palace and the essence of metabolism in which infrastructure is to be integrated as being part of the structure. The four criterion include:

3. Adaptability.

2. An expressed structural system.

4. Integrated circulation

168

1. OPEN GROUND FLOOR PLANE

2. VISIBLE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM STRUCTURAL/ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTIVES

3. ADAPTABILITY

4. INTEGRATED CIRCULATION (EXTENSION OF STREET)

169

STR UC TURA L IN TER R OG ATION & SY STEMS DESIG N

170

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - STRUCTURAL INTERROGATION

TEST OUTCOME NOTES: CIRCULATION CORE

- Obstructive structural elements - Limited number of cores - Not fully integrated services

STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK

STR UC TUR E SY STEM 1

171

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172

INFRSTRUCTURE & STRUCTURAL INSERTION

173

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - STRUCTURAL INTERROGATION

TEST OUTCOME NOTES: - Structure caps growth - Limited number of cores - Rigid structure

STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK

CIRCULATION CORE

STRUCTURE SYSTEM 2

174

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - STRUCTURAL INTERROGATION

TEST OUTCOME NOTES: Modelled after the Sansbury Institute. - Structure capped at 2 ends - Structural system far too dense

STRUCTURE SYSTEM 3

175

C HOSEN STR UC TURA L SY STEM

176

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - STRUCTURAL INTERROGATION

TEST OUTCOME NOTES: - Multiple cores accommodated - Intergrated services and circulation - Structure caps top plane

STRUCTURE SYSTEM 4 (CHOSEN) 177

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - STRUCTURAL INTERROGATION

STRUCTURE SYSTEM 4 (CIRCULATION) 178

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - STRUCTURAL INTERROGATION

Cantilever strucutral beams

Steel bracing X-Frame

Modular structural steel column

Lift core

AXO DETAIL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM (LIFT CORE)

179

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - STRUCTURAL INTERROGATION

Stair Core

Modular structural steel column

Steel bracing X-Frame

AXO DETAIL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM (STAIR CORE)

180

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - STRUCTURAL INTERROGATION

Steel bracing X-Frame

Water, Electrical,Waste service pipes

Modular structural steel column

Horizontal steel X-Frame

AXO DETAIL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM (SERVICES)

181

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - STRUCTURAL INTERROGATION

182

A C C OMMODATIN G TY P OLOG IC A L DIVER SITY

183

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS T Y P O L O G I C A L

a n

D I V E R S I T Y

a c c o m m o d a t i v e f r a m e w o r k f o r a r c h i t e c t u r e

Having established a framework in which more than thirty two volumes of space can be occupied and designed, a plethora of architectural gestures are allowed to proliferate thus creating a diversity of designed spaces as opposed to a typical commerical tower or highrise. Likened to a new breed of departmental stores, the design is the antithesis of any developerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s project in which the illusion of choice is masked behind type one, two or three A, B, C or D units. Moreover, the framework serves more than itself, but also acts as a public utilities building serving the city block and ultimately the city and its inhabitants.

184

ARCHITECTURAL DIVERSITY

185

ARCHITECTURAL DIVERSITY

186

ARCHITECTURAL DIVERSITY

187

STRUCTURE SYSTEM 1 (WITH BUILDING TYPOLOGIES) 188

189

RAINWATER HARVESTER AND HYDROELECTRIC RESERVOIR

190

POWER AND ELECTRICAL UTILITY SERVICE (HYDROELECTRIC)

191

STRUCTURE SYSTEM 4 (OCCUPIED)

192

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - SELFLESS ARCHITECTURE

193

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - STRUCTURAL INTERROGATION

194

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - STRUCTURAL INTERROGATION

CITY BLOCK NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES

195

196

EXPA NDIN G THE SITE

197

198

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS M O D I F I C A T I O N S

W I T H I N

d i m e n s i o n a l

T H E

C I T Y

n e t w o r k i n g

Thus far, the rating system and design have only been tested and limited to a single block within the city. Recognising and acknowledging that complex networks are part of an open system which also depend on external factors, the site has been expanded to accommodate an additonal half a city block on each side. Applying the same selfless rating equation to the new site, new buildings and plots have been identified to be the site of new selfless architectural interventions.

199

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS E X P A N D I N G

w i d e

s c a l e

T H E

a n a l y s i s

S I T E

o f

t h e

c i t y

A total of more than 150 buildings have been analysed and rated. The ratings and outcomes are illustrated and documented in the form of a graph as to allow for the comparison between building typologies. Sites of intervention are once again chosen based on their value.

200

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - BUILDING TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

201

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - BUILDING TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

202

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - BUILDING TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

203

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - BUILDING TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

204

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - BUILDING TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

205

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - BUILDING TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

206

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - BUILDING TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

207

208

209

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - BUILDING TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

148-151 La Trobe Street 98.0% 89.0% 15.0% 4.0% 100.0% 51.0% 141-149 La Trobe Street 369% 74% 7% 29% 44% 142.1% 123 La Trobe Street 107.0% 89.0% 14.0% 5.0% 100.0% 55.6% 68 La Trobe Street 120% 84% 33% 35% 70% 66.6% 58-66 LaTrobe Street 200% 95% 5% 24% 96% 110.0% 56 La Trobe Street 62% 72% 3% 9% 49% 20.6% 52 La Trobe Street 135% 71% 4% 12% 64% 51.0% 50 La Trobe Street 140% 73% 9% 8% 44% 46.9% 42-46 La Trobe Street 143% 87% 5% 16% 36% 51.5% 33 La Trobe Street 117% 89% 17% 7% 100% 62.3% 32 La Trobe Street 141% 89% 11% 10% 92% 71.2% 28 La Trobe Street 320% 99% 0% 5% 100% 163.2% 8 La Trobe Street 75% 68% 6% 2% 38% 21.4% 6 La Trobe Street 77% 70% 15% 16% 36% 26.4% 355-357 Exhibition Street 155% 77% 21% 41% 45% 71.3% 333 Exhibition Street 131% 81% 25% 27% 87% 72.1% 321 Exhibition Street 161% 86% 33% 24% 62% 82.5% 311 Exhibition Street 450% 79% 13% 31% 64% 210.4% 309 Exhibition Street 315% 80% 17% 34% 67% 155.9% 300-326 Exhibition Street 83% 72% 3% 4% 45% 25.7% 287-293 Exhibition Street 91% 89% 7% 4% 100% 45.5% 265 Exhibition Street 90% 89% 16% 11% 100% 48.6% 275 Exhibition Street 411% 80% 12% 37% 64% 198.3% 231-235 Exhibition Street 288% 66% 8% 2% 68% 103.7% 237 Exhibition Street 377% 67% 8% 2% 72% 140.4% 242 Exhibition Street 335% 78% 12% 7% 69% 139.0% 242a Exhibition Street 224% 73% 41% 18% 52% 103.0% 242b Exhibition Street 256% 75% 16% 4% 56% 96.6% 222 Exhibition Street 212% 77% 49% 31% 60% 115.0% 204 Exhibition Street 341% 70% 10% 11% 39% 110.8% 186 Exhibition Street 198% 81% 28% 25% 93% 112.4% 168 Exhibition Street 127% 72% 11% 19% 52% 48.9% 318 Russell Streets 137% 89% 37% 5% 91% 76.0% 300 Russell Street 177% 62% 16% 13% 66% 69.5% 298 Russell Street 179% 66% 19% 15% 61% 72.0% 276 Russell Street 239% 62% 9% 8% 53% 78.9% 150-162 Lonsdale Street 138% 82% 14% 12% 81% 65.2%

123-129 Lonsdale Street 181% 74% 10% 21% 59% 74.2% 122 Lonsdale Street 147% 72% 2% 30% 41% 53.3% 121 Lonsdale Street 242% 70% 12% 23% 72% 107.1% 117 Lonsdale Street 164% 75% 23% 26% 67% 78.3% 115 Lonsdale Street 158% 76% 4% 8% 66% 60.8% 103 Lonsdale Street 364% 73% 20% 13% 78% 167.4% 92-106 Lonsdale Street 156% 81% 56% 20% 90% 96.3% 72-74 Lonsdale Street 105% 71% 6% 11% 51% 36.5% 70 Lonsdale Street 785% 65% 8% 4% 39% 227.7% 68 Lonsdale Street 336% 90% 7% 6% 53% 131.0% 59 Lonsdale Street 286% 93% 13% 9% 80% 139.4% 53-57 Lonsdale Street 449% 75% 5% 12% 57% 167.3% 50 Lonsdale Street 244% 74% 43% 28% 63% 126.9% 47 Lonsdale Street 92% 89% 12% 8% 95% 46.9% 39-41 Lonsdale Street 206% 85% 19% 10% 91% 105.6% 38-44 Lonsdale Street 312% 68% 14% 27% 49% 123.2% 32 Lonsdale Street 391% 75% 37% 39% 43% 189.6% 2/31 Lonsdale Street 225% 73% 47% 34% 55% 117.6% 19-21 Lonsdale Street 177% 83% 17% 19% 87% 91.2% 287-299 Spring Street 94% 89% 16% 8% 100 50.1% 283 Spring Street 93% 89% 9% 8% 100 47.9% 267-271 Spring Street 347% 81% 15% 7% 72% 151.8% 261 Spring Street 35% 50% 3% 4% 18% 6.6% 250-290 Spring Street 64% 68% 4% 9% 38% 19.0% 215 Spring Street 211% 73% 21% 11% 63% 88.6% 199-207 Spring Street 282% 82% 6% 3% 92% 129.0% 185-197 Spring Street 115% 71% 3% 5% 54% 38.2% 166 Little Lonsdale Street 333% 77% 11% 6% 40% 111.6% 160 Little Lonsdale Street 88% 89% 12% 2% 100 44.7% 152 Little Lonsdale Street 122% 72% 1% 8% 61% 43.3% 146 Little Lonsdale Street 95% 76% 5% 7% 61% 35.4% 132 Little Lonsdale Street 133% 74% 2% 4% 58% 45.9% 130 Little Lonsdale Street 161% 67% 5% 1% 73% 58.8% 124-126 Little Lonsdale Street 155% 70% 3% 2% 52% 49.2% 122 Little Lonsdale Street 71% 68% 2% 3% 37% 19.5% 113 Little Lonsdale Street 82% 71% 1% 5% 56% 27.3% 109-111 Little Lonsdale Street 104% 71% 3% 6% 55% 35.1% 210

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - BUILDING TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

44-46 Little Bourke Street 514% 81% 9% 31% 56% 227.4% 43 Little Bourke Street 446% 76% 7% 3% 88% 194.0% 37 Little Bourke Street 429% 78% 5% 4% 69% 167.3% 24 Little Bourke Street 82% 86% 37% 22% 94% 49.0% 20-22 Little Bourke Street 79% 90% 8% 2% 100% 39.5% 27 Rathdowne Street 42% 81% 4% 5% 52% 14.9% 62-68 Hayward Lane 88% 89% 11% 9% 100% 46.0% 54-60 Hayward Lane 91% 89% 10% 1% 100% 45.5% 11-29 Punch Lane 109% 89% 13% 8% 100% 57.2% 31-37 Punch Lane 95% 89% 7% 2% 100% 47.0% 30 Crossley Street 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0.0% 28 Crossley Street 5% 39% 2% 3% 0% 0.6% 27-29 Crossley Street 387% 73% 8% 8% 49% 133.5% 18-26 Crossley Street 392% 68% 12% 2% 43% 122.5% 11-25 Crossley Street 261% 69% 12% 2% 48% 85.5% 29-33 McKenzie Street 126% 89% 21% 6% 100% 68.0% 24-28 Victoria Street 309% 80% 6% 5% 82% 133.6% 19-21 Victoria Street 157% 71% 12% 13% 70% 65.2% 13a Victoria Street 207% 80% 5% 7% 71% 84.4% 12-22 Victoria Street 101% 71% 6% 4% 45% 31.8% 11-17 Victoria Street 99% 74% 7% 10% 40% 32.4% 1-12 Victoria Street 111% 75% 9% 1% 42% 35.2% 25 Bennetts Lane 141% 79% 1% 12% 81% 61.0% 23 Bennetts Lane 81% 71% 2% 3% 51% 25.7% 22-24 Bennetts Lane 100% 76% 0% 15% 56% 36.8% 20 Bennetts Lane 100% 88% 3% 21% 100% 53.0% 18 Bennetts Lane 106% 89% 5% 8% 100% 53.5% 10-14 Bennetts Lane 117% 89% 26% 22% 100% 69.3% 6 Bennetts Lane 108% 71% 8% 7% 53% 37.5% 21 Liverpool Street 286% 79% 3% 9% 62% 109.4% 15-19 Liverpool Street 639% 80% 1% 24% 67% 274.8% 11-17 Cohen Place 138% 85% 12% 11% 94% 69.7% 20-24 Cohen Street 271% 83% 46% 30% 69% 154.5% 18-26 Drummond Street 186% 87% 11% 6% 55% 73.9% 2-14 Drummond Street 89% 77% 19% 7% 41% 32.0% 17 Casseldon Place 12% 41% 1% 5% 7% 1.6% 15 Exploration Lane 91% 89% 10% 4% 100% 46.2%

8 Exploration Lane 14-18 Davisons Place 5 Davisons Place 1-3 Evans Lane

162% 82% 27% 20% 88% 87.9% 100% 89% 9% 23% 100% 55.3% 114% 89% 19% 9% 100% 61.8% 67% 69% 8% 25% 52% 25.8%

211

A X O N O M E T R I C

S E C T I O N

212

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - BUILDING TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

213

MANIFESTING SELFLESS-NESS - BUILDING TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

214

215

216

217

218

T I M E L I N E

D R A W I N G S

219