Public Sector Leaders | October 2024

VEA ROAD MAINTENANCE AND CIVILS

Building Futures

Empowering South Africa, One Road at a Time

TRAILBLAZER

Rear Admiral Monde Lobese

A journey of dedication and service

SPORTING ACTION

“What happens to us, happens for us”

Bok Women - a giant leap for women’s rugby

FINANCIAL FITNESS

Goon news!

Low interest rates

How to take full advantage!

THE ICONIC EIGHT HOUR® CREAM

HYDRAPLAY

Skin Perfecting

Moisturizer

| Operation Phakisa

the potential in South Africa’s oceans 32 | Spotlight on Africa’s only penguins

A cherished symbol of South Africa’s unique coastal ecosystem 40 | Sustainable transport

the way for a greener future 42 | Transport in Africa

State-of-the-art Nairobi Expressway brings traffic congestion relief for commuters

Sporting Action One small step for Bok Women stars, one giant leap for women’s rugby

| Financial Fitness

convenience and its potential impact on our climate

The Eastern Cape’s fossil legacy: Boosting tourism through historical sites

to take advantage of low interest rates

|

Matters New visa regulations to unlock tourism opportunities for South Africa

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SUPPORTING SMES, STRENGTHENING THE ECONOMY

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Letter from Editor

Welcome to the October edition of Public Sector Leaders (PSL)

In his letter to the nation, penned on Monday, 14 October 2024, His Excellency President Ramaphosa focused on the 100+ days of the GNU and South Africa’s economic growth prospects.

“Just over 100 days have passed since the members of the Government of National Unity were sworn into office. In that time, we have witnessed a marked increase in confidence in the direction of our country. South Africans across society are increasingly rallying around the programme and work of the Government of National Unity. This is reflected in recent opinion polls. In

one of these polls, conducted by Ipsos, it is said that the proportion of participants who believe that the country is heading in the right direction has doubled since the last surveys were conducted in April and June this year,” – H.E. Ramaphosa

Our October cover icons are the women leading the way at VEA Road Maintenance and Civils: Thoko Tshabalala-Shandu (Managing Director), Georgina Motho (Site Agent), Terry-Anne Hart (Contract Manager), Bernice Brandt (Site Agent) and Carisha Mughoo (Safety Officer). Led by trailblazing Thoko TshabalalaShandu, VEA Road Maintenance & Civils has built a reputation for excellence, breaking barriers and setting new standards in the roadworks and civil construction industries.

In October the focus in SA is on transport and marine matters – so who better to be our Trailblazer than Rear Admiral Monde Lobese, the current Deputy Chief of the South African Navy? He has led an extraordinary life marked by bravery, resilience, and commitment to his country and his profession – which has earned him numerous honours and awards. Taking a broader dive into matters marine, we caught up with Nicky Stander, Head of Conservation at the Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) to give insight into the life of the unique African penguin, why it is at significant risk of extinction, and the efforts being undertaken to save the species. Continuing with the nautical focus, if you are interested in our Navy’s work in Antarctica, look no further than these pages!

In sync with the transport theme, this month the Women in Leadership spotlight falls on Honourable Barbara Creecy, a long-standing figure in South African politics, who was appointed Minister of Transport on 3 July 2024 under the newly established Government of National Unity. The question of transport and

EDITOR’S

BY FIONA WAKELIN

logistics is crucial for our economy and to put it into perspective, we bring you news of the Nairobi highway and how it is addressing congestion in Africa.

Going beyond our shores, In Other News we zoom in on the latest from COP29 and the sustainability drive to mitigate global warming.

Our regular features provide the usual cornucopia of edification and useful information: in Legal Matters you will find the latest on reducing the red tape for visas and most importantly in Financial Fitness it’s all about the good news of how to take advantage of the low interest rates. Sporting Action celebrates the progress made by the Springbok Women’s team as they prepare for next year’s World Cup.

If, like so many of us, you have a sedentary occupation, then the Health and Wellness article by Sue Ramathaur – “Movement is the best medicine” - is a must read.

Wandile Sihlobo shares important insights into all things agriculturethis month he takes a look at our Q3 exports:

“From a regional perspective, the African continent maintained the lion’s share of South Africa’s agricultural exports, accounting for 42% of the total value”.

And in a timeous article weaving tech, transport and climate change into one Dr Mmaki Jantjies raises critical issues which impact us all.

From myself and our amazing team, we hope you enjoy the read.

FIONA WAKELIN | GROUP EDITOR

BY FIONA WAKELIN

Improved sentiment is rooted in real economic progress

In his letter to the nation, penned on Monday, 14 October 2024, His Excellency President Ramaphosa focused on the 100+ days of the GNU and South Africa’s economic growth prospects.

“Just over 100 days have passed since the members of the Government of National Unity were sworn into office. In that time, we have witnessed a marked increase in confidence in the direction of our country. South Africans across society are increasingly rallying around the programme and work of the Government of National Unity. This is reflected in recent opinion polls. In one of these polls, conducted by Ipsos, it is said that the proportion of participants who believe that the country is heading in the right direction has doubled since the last surveys were conducted in April and June this year,” – H.E. Ramaphosa

This improved sentiment is echoed by business and local and international investors across the world from Beijing to New York and London.

In September, the Bureau of Economic Research and Rand Merchant Bank published their first Business Confidence Index since the formation of the Government of National Unity and it too reflects “cautious optimism” about improving business conditions in key economic sectors – stating that

improved electricity supply and political certainty following the elections have been important factors in this improved business confidence.

“So how important is this improved ‘sentiment’ for our economy and country? Sentiment is more than a ‘warm and fuzzy’ feeling. It is made possible by real developments in the economy and the country. Business confidence goes beyond discussion in boardrooms and conference halls. It is about the interest that is shown in our economy by all investors, both local and offshore. Sentiment has a direct impact on people’s lives as it can manifest itself in increased investments that can result in job creation. Improved investment sentiment will benefit our country’s fiscus. A stronger economic outlook will improve South Africa’s credit rating, which in turn will facilitate greater access to global capital markets and lower our borrowing costs,” – President Ramaphosa.

With improved sentiment comes an increase in the value of our currency, which in turn reduces the cost of imports such as oil, which reduces the cost of fuel – which has the domino effect of reducing the cost of living for us all. When investors show increased optimism this is reflected in the investment of more capital and the expansion of existing operations, thereby increasing job opportunities.

Improved confidence also encourages the start-up of new businesses and increased local spend on goods and services further stimulates economic activity.

“It is still early days for the Government of National Unity. The growth of our economy is still to pick up pace. However, a firm foundation is being laid, our growth prospects are being revised upwards and we are heading in the right direction.

“It is clear that the improved confidence of the South African people and the positive sentiment among investors are wellfounded. Our task now is to work together to further encourage hope and optimism by making a real and substantial difference in the lives of all South Africans,”

– His Excellency Ramaphosa.

VEA Road Maintenance and Civils

Building Futures

Empowering South Africa, One Road at a Time

Paving the way for Diversity and Inclusion in Construction

VEA Road Maintenance and Civils is more than a roads construction company — it is an organisation committed to transforming South Africa through diversity, inclusion, and community empowerment. Led by their trailblazing Managing Director, Thoko Tshabalala-Shandu, VEA Road

Maintenance & Civils has built a reputation for excellence, breaking barriers and setting new standards in the roadworks and civil construction industries.

Diversity and inclusion are central to their mission. In an industry historically dominated by men, VEA Roads stands as a symbol of change. The company relentlessly focuses on empowering women, fostering inclusivity, and providing opportunities for all. This commitment is woven into every project, every team, and every kilometre of road they pave.

VEA’s work not only improves infrastructure but also uplifts the communities they serve. They create jobs, transfer skills, and contribute to South Africa’s long-term development goals. This dedication has earned VEA multiple accolades, including:

• Being proudly ranked in the Top 5 of South Africa’s Construction Sector for 2024, recognising their bold leadership, innovation, and operational excellence.

• Managing Director Thoko TshabalalaShandu’s 2nd place win for Exceptional Woman in Construction, showcasing her pioneering leadership in a traditionally male-dominated industry.

• Securing 2nd place for Project Delivery Excellence, a testament to VEA’s consistent ability to deliver highquality projects on time.

• Thoko’s Business Woman of the Year Award (BBQ Awards 2024), celebrating her contributions to advancing diversity, innovation, and community impact within the construction sector.

These accolades reflect VEA’s commitment to building a future where diversity and inclusion drive both their business and the broader South African landscape.

At VEA, the belief is that empowered women build empowered communities. Leading this charge is Managing Director Thoko Tshabalala-Shandu, whose passion for transforming the construction industry has earned her recognition as Business Woman of the Year 2024 by Black Business Quarterly. Under Thoko’s leadership, VEA Road Maintenance and Civils has embraced diversity not just as a company initiative but as a core business imperative.

"Our work is about more than just construction; it's about creating opportunities for women and underrepresented groups in this industry,” Thoko explains. “We are showing that women belong at every level, from the boardroom to the building site.”

Supporting Thoko is Contracts Manager Terry-Anne Hart, who brings over 20 years of industry experience to VEA Road Maintenance and Civils.

“We faced a monumental challenge during the N2 emergency roadworks project just before Easter this year. Working around the clock, we opened the road in time for holiday travellers, proving what teamwork and dedication can achieve,” - Terry-Anne Hart.

These achievements underscore the resilience and capability of VEA’s female leaders, demonstrating that diversity in leadership drives both innovation and success.

VEA Road Maintenance and Civils is committed to not only building roads but building brighter futures for the communities we work in. From supporting schools to caring for the elderly, VEA ensures that their projects leave a lasting, positive impact.

“We see our work as a way to uplift people. It’s not just about infrastructure; it’s about connecting communities and creating opportunities for growth,” - Thoko Tshabalala-Shandu.

Site Agent Georgina Couch builds on this by highlighting how successful road projects are not just about construction but also about fostering connection and growth within the communities they serve.

"A key part of what we do is about solving problems in a way that benefits the entire community, I encourage my team to actively participate in finding solutions. This doesn’t just help us on the job — it strengthens the communities around us by creating ownership and fostering accountability." - Georgina Couch.

Georgina’s emphasis on collaboration, solution-driven leadership, and her open-door policy fosters an environment where team members feel

Pictured from left to right: Georgina Motho (Site Agent), Terry-anne Hart (Contract Manager), Thoko Tshabalala-Shandu (Managing Director), Bernice Brandt (Site Agent), Carisha Mughoo (Safety Officer)

Women leading the way at VEA Road Maintenance and Civils

empowered to contribute, directly aligning with VEA’s broader mission to uplift the communities in which they operate. Her approach has played a crucial role in ensuring that VEA’s projects are not only completed successfully but that they also create long-term value for local communities.

“Road construction is the love of my life. I am passionate about using technology to ensure that our projects are efficient and delivered on time. But beyond that, what excites me is knowing that the ` roads we build connect people and bring development to underserved areas,”

- Bernice Brandt.

VEA Road Maintenance & Civils community outreach includes supporting communities donating supplies to local schools, elderly homes, and churches.

"True progress comes from uplifting others, Our work reflects our deep commitment to empowering the

communities we serve, and we have only just begun. We have exciting projects lined up that will allow us to expand our reach, create more jobs, and continue making a lasting difference in people’s lives. We’re looking forward to increasing our involvement in schools, healthcare, and community development projects as we grow,”

-Thoko Tshabalala-Shandu.

Safety and innovation are key pillars of VEA’s operational success. Safety Officer Carisha is dedicated to fostering a work environment where safety is more than just a protocol — it is a core part of the company culture.

“Safety is paramount. We ensure that every person on our sites returns home safely each day. Our safety strategies are directly tied to our project success,” - Carisha Mughoo.

In addition to safety, innovation is crucial in driving VEA Road Maintenance & Civils' efficiency

and project delivery. Site Agent Bernice utilises technologies like Google Earth and advanced project management software to manage large-scale roadworks effectively. “Technology helps us plan with greater precision and execute more efficiently, which ultimately saves time and resources. It’s critical to meeting and exceeding client expectations,” - Bernice Brandt.

This unwavering commitment to safety and innovation ensures that VEA consistently exceeds industry standards and delivers excellence on every project.

At VEA Road Maintenance and Civils, true excellence is born from a culture of inclusion, empowerment, and a relentless pursuit of innovation. VEA is more than a construction company — it is a driving force for positive change in South Africa, where every road built connects more than just places; it connects people, opportunities, and communities. The company’s vision is clear: to construct roads that not

Empowering

only link towns and cities but also lay the groundwork for economic growth, social development, and a more inclusive future.

From high-profile national projects with SANRAL, Gauteng Department of Roads and Transport, the Western Cape Government, and the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Transport, to routine provincial road maintenance across

the country, VEA’s work reflects its commitment to South Africa’s future. Every kilometre of road they pave tells a story of hard work, determination, and the power of a diverse, empowered team. With strong female leadership at the forefront and a clear focus on uplifting communities, VEA Road Maintenance and Civils is shaping a legacy that extends far beyond infrastructure

— it’s about building a future where everyone has the opportunity to thrive.

“Our roads are more than just pathways; they are bridges to better futures,” - Thoko TshabalalaShandu, Managing Director of VEA Road Maintenance and Civils.

"Every kilometre of road they pave tells a story of hard work, determination, and the power of a diverse, empowered team."

In February 2024, the MDB completed the municipal boundary re-determination process. As communicated through Circular 3 of 2024, the MDB deferred several municipal boundary re- determination proposals pending further research and stakeholder engagements.

The MDB will be continuing with the research and stakeholder engagement process between July 2024 and end of

UPDATE ON THE DEFERRED CASES Municipal Boundary Redetermination Process

March 2025. Thereafter, if the MDB is of a view that municipal boundaries should be re-determined, the municipal boundary re-determination process will be conducted between April 2025 for completion by September 2025.

It should be noted that, the ward delimitation process for the municipalities affected by these municipal boundary redetermination proposals will be conducted on completion of this process.

In this regard, the Ward Delimitation

process for the deferred cases is tentatively planned to take place between October and December 2025. However, all this is dependent on the outcome of the municipal boundary re-determination process, which could be completed earlier than September 2025. The MDB will keep all affected stakeholders updated on the progress regarding the municipal boundary re-determination process for the deferred cases and the subsequent ward delimitation process.

Deferred Municipal Redeterminations Proposals, which require further research, public consultation, and/or stakeholder engagements

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Proposed redetermination of the municipal boundaries of Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality (EC129), Amathole District Municipality (DC12), Blue Crane Route Local Municipality (EC102) and Sarah Baartman District Municipality (DC10) by excluding Bedford town community from the municipal areas of Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality (EC129) and Amathole Local Municipality (DC12), and by including it into the municipal areas of Blue Crane Route Local Municipality (EC102) and Sarah Baartman District Municipality (DC10).

Proposed redetermination of the municipal boundaries of Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality (EC139) and Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality (EC131) by excluding Hofmeyer community (portions of Wards 28 and 34) from the municipal area of Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality (EC139), and by including it into the municipal area of Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality (EC131).

Proposed redetermination of the municipal boundaries of Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality (EC139) and Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality (EC131) by excluding the Hofmeyer community from the municipal area of Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality (EC139), and by including it into the municipal area of Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality (EC131).

Proposed redetermination of the municipal boundaries of Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality (MAN), Mohokare Local Municipality (FS163) and Xhariep District Municipality (DC16) by excluding the former Naledi towns (Dewetsdorp, Wepener and Vanstandensrus currently constituting Wards 43 and 50) from the municipal area of Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality (MAN); by excluding the broader Zastron area (Wards 1, 3, 7 and a portion of Ward 5 (including Ethelia farm) from the municipal areas of Mohokare Local Municipality (FS163) and Xhariep District Municipality (DC16), to establish a new Category B, Local Municipality in Free State.

Proposed redetermination of the municipal boundary of Maluti a Phofung Local Municipality (FS194) excluding the Greater Harrismith Area (Wards 1, 3, 4, 5 , 6 & 22 including towns of Kestell, Harrismith and surrounding areas, Tlholong, Intabazwe, Selahlilwe Informal Settlements, Wilgepark, Schoomplaas, Kings Hill, Bergsig, Westerson, Tshiame A, B and C and Makholokweng Tribal Areas, Sterkfontein Dam, Nature Reserve and Swinburne Village) from Maluti a Phofung local Municipality, to create a new municipality.

Proposed redetermination of the municipal boundary of Maluti a Phofung Local Municipality (FS194) by excluding 29 wards of the former Qwa-Qwa Homeland area (Including the former TLCs of Phuthaditjhaba and Qwa-Qwa Rural) from Maluti a Phofung Local Municipality (FS194), to create a new municipality.

Proposed redetermination of the municipal boundaries of Msunduzi Local Municipality (KZN225), Richmond Local Municipality (KZN227) and Umgungundlovu District Municipality (DC22) by amalgamating the two Local Municipalities, to establish a new Category A, Metropolitan Municipality in Umgungundlovu District Municipality (DC22) in KwaZulu Natal.

Proposed redetermination of the municipal boundaries of Makhado Local Municipality (LIM344) and Collins Chabane Local Municipality (LIM345), by excluding a portion of Bungeni traditional council area from the municipal area of Makhado Local Municipality (LIM344), and by including it into the municipal area of Collins Chabane Local Municipality (LIM345).

Proposed redetermination of the municipal boundaries of Thulamela Local Municipality (LIM343), Musina Local Municipality (LIM341) and Vhembe District Municipality (DC34) by excluding portions (following the former Mutale Local Municipality boundary) from the municipal area of Thulamela Local Municipality (LIM343) and Musina Local Municipality (LIM341), to establish a new Category B, Local Municipality in Vhembe District Municipality (DC34).

Proposed redetermination of the municipal boundaries of Makhuduthamaga Local Municipality (LIM473) and Elias Motsoaledi Local Municipality (LIM472), by excluding portions of farm KLIPSPRUIT 870 KS from the municipal area of Elias Motsoaledi Local Municipality (LIM472), and by including it into the municipal area of Makhuduthamaga Local Municipality (LIM473).

Proposed redetermination of the municipal boundaries of Polokwane Local Municipality (LIM354), Molemole Local Municipality (LIM353) and Blouberg Local Municipality (LIM351) by excluding portions of the municipal area of Polokwane Local Municipality (LIM354), Molemole Local Municipality (LIM353) and Blouberg Local Municipality (LIM351), to create a new Category B, Local Municipality (former Aganang Local Municipality).

Proposed redetermination of City of Mbombela Local Municipality (MP326) by excluding the former Umjindi area from the municipal area of City of Mbombela (MP326), to establish a new Category B, Local Municipality (former Umjindi Local Municipality) in Ehlanzeni District Municipality (DC32).

Proposed redetermination of the municipal boundaries of JB Marks Local Municipality (NW405), by disestablishing the municipal area of JB Marks Local Municipality into two Category B, Local Municipalities (following the former municipal boundaries of Tlokwe Local Municipality and Ventersdorp Local Municipality) in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality (DC40). DESCRIPTION

Supporting South Africa’s maritime growth SAIMI

As South Africa’s oceans economy grows in strategic importance, the South African International Maritime Institute (SAIMI) is at the forefront of ensuring that the benefits of this sector are felt across all levels of society. SAIMI’s mission goes beyond education and research; it is about transforming lives, creating opportunities, and fostering inclusive growth in a sector poised to be a major contributor to South Africa’s economic future.

OPERATION

PHAKISA AND THE OCEANS ECONOMY: BUILDING A STRONG FOUNDATION

Launched in 2014, Operation Phakisa serves as a powerful framework for unlocking the potential of South Africa’s vast marine resources. SAIMI has been instrumental in translating this vision into tangible outcomes. By driving maritime skills development and aligning education with industry needs, SAIMI is helping to build a workforce that is not only highly skilled but also equipped to contribute to sustainable and inclusive growth within the oceans economy.

This impact is not just seen in economic figures but also in the individuals and communities whose lives are being transformed. Through programmes like the National Seafarer Development Programme, young South Africans are gaining access to careers that were previously out of reach, particularly in marginalised

communities. These initiatives are opening doors, providing skills that lead to meaningful employment, and empowering individuals to shape their own futures within the maritime industry.

EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES THROUGH SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

At its core, SAIMI’s mission is about empowerment. The institute’s various training and capacitybuilding programmes, developed in partnership with academic institutions and the private sector, are designed to ensure that South Africa’s maritime industry reflects the diversity of the nation. SAIMI’s commitment to inclusion is clear in its efforts to bring women and previously disadvantaged groups into the sector through targeted initiatives like the Imbokodo Women in Maritime Transformation Programme.

By providing leadership development, mentorship, and training opportunities, SAIMI is ensuring that the maritime industry not only grows but grows in a way that is equitable and inclusive. This focus on broad-based socioeconomic transformation is vital in ensuring that the benefits of the oceans economy reach all South Africans, not just a select few.

DRIVING INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH

As the maritime industry evolves, so too does SAIMI’s approach to innovation and sustainability. In alignment with Operation Phakisa’s focus on sustainable development, SAIMI is championing research

and innovation that promotes environmental stewardship and drives technological advancement in the sector. Through partnerships with local universities and research institutions, SAIMI is supporting meaningful projects in maritime technology, ocean governance, and climate resilience. These efforts are not only enhancing the efficiency and competitiveness of South Africa’s maritime operations but also ensuring that the sector remains sustainable for future generations. SAIMI’s focus on innovation underscores its commitment to building a future where the oceans economy contributes to both economic growth and environmental preservation.

A VISION FOR THE FUTURE

Looking ahead, SAIMI is committed to expanding its impact. As the oceans economy continues to grow, SAIMI’s initiatives are poised to play an even greater role in transforming communities, providing opportunities, and shaping a maritime sector that is both dynamic and inclusive. By fostering collaboration, driving skills development, and promoting innovation, SAIMI is ensuring that South Africa’s oceans economy remains a vital engine of growth, offering benefits that reach far beyond the coastline.

The transformation SAIMI is spearheading is already visible in the lives it has touched and the communities it has empowered. As it continues to implement its vision, SAIMI is not just shaping the future of the maritime industry, it is shaping the future of South Africa itself.

BY JESSIE TAYLOR

Rear Admiral Monde Lobese

A journey of dedication and service

Rear Admiral Monde Lobese, the current Deputy Chief of the South African Navy, has led an extraordinary life marked by bravery, resilience, and commitment to his country and his profession.

Rear Admiral Lobese’s service to the South African Navy and his country has earned him numerous honours and awards. These include the Merit Medal in Silver (MMS), Merit Medal in Bronze (MMB), Unitas Medal, and several loyal service medals for 10, 20, and 30 years.

He also received the Good Service Medal in Bronze and the Operational Medal for Southern Africa, highlighting his commitment to his country and the broader African region.

A lifetime of service

Born in New Brighton, Gqeberha, Rear Admiral Lobese left South Africa in 1985, joining Umkhonto We Sizwe (MK), the armed wing of the ANC. He began his military training in Kakulama, Angola, which led him to his exceptional navy career. While in exile, Rear

Admiral Lobese trained in Germany and the former USSR and was appointed tactics instructor in the Quibaxe Camp, Northern Angola.

Upon his return to South Africa, Rear Admiral Lobese became MK’s local commander in Gqeberha and played a pivotal role in the military integration process that followed the end of apartheid. In 1994, he officially joined the South African Navy. Rear Admiral Lobese’s career in the Navy is a testament to his expertise and

leadership, and he quickly moved up the ranks. In 2001, he was promoted to Commander and appointed Deputy Project Officer for Project WILLS, overseeing the acquisition of submarines built in Kiel, Germany. In 2007, he completed the General/ Admiral Staff Programme at the German Defence Force Leadership Academy in Hamburg. Following this achievement, he was promoted to Captain and appointed as SSO Systems Manager for Command and Logistics Information Systems in Simon’s Town.

In 2015, Rear Admiral Lobese was appointed Director of Operations Support at the Joint Operations Division Headquarters in Pretoria, a post he held until his current appointment as Deputy Chief of the SA Navy. This role saw him promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral, cementing his place as one of the most respected leaders in the South African military.

The SA Navy’s needs and challenges

As Deputy Chief of the South African Navy, Rear Admiral Lobese is acutely aware of the challenges facing the force. Speaking at a long-service medal parade in Simon’s Town earlier this year, he emphasised the need for additional vessels to fulfil the Navy’s constitutional mandate of protecting South Africa’s vast maritime environment. With shipping routes being diverted around the Cape due to instability off the Horn of Africa and in the Red Sea, Rear Admiral Lobese believes that now, more than ever, the Navy needs to be adequately equipped.

His primary concern is the lack of ships and modern equipment, which makes it difficult for the Navy to effectively carry out its

Source: Defence Web | SA Navy

duties. While the government has procured new inshore patrol vessels, such as the SAS King Shaka Zulu and others under Project Hotel, Rear Admiral Lobese stressed that the Navy requires at least 15 inshore patrol vessels and 15 larger offshore patrol vessels to meet its obligations.

Rear Admiral Lobese remains hopeful that the constant budget cuts that have plagued the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) will be reversed, allowing the Navy to sail its ships and protect the country’s coastline. He believes the government is beginning to hear the Navy’s plea for more resources and is optimistic that the Navy will soon be able to operate at full capacity. Despite the challenges, Rear Admiral Lobese is committed to addressing the issues affecting morale within the Navy.

During his address at the medal parade, he acknowledged the frustrations caused by the Navy’s lack of resources but assured personnel that progress is being made. He encouraged them

to take advantage of training opportunities abroad to expand their skills and contribute to the Navy’s future success.

Rear Admiral Lobese’s leadership philosophy is rooted in his personal experiences, having received training overseas and understanding the value of learning from other, more established navies. He urged Navy personnel to seize these opportunities and return with new knowledge that could be applied to strengthening the South African Navy.

As the Deputy Chief of the SA Navy, Rear Admiral Lobese remains a dedicated leader, committed to overcoming the challenges facing the Navy and ensuring that it continues to serve South Africa’s maritime interests effectively. His journey from liberation fighter to naval commander is a testament to his unwavering commitment to his country and his determination to lead the South African Navy to greatness. n

BY SHUMIRAI CHIMOMBE

The South African National Antarctic Programme

Conserving and safeguarding the environment of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean

South Africa has long had an Antarctic research programme and is the only African country with a base on that continent.

There are three research stations that fall under the South African National Antarctic Programme (SANAP) - the SANAE IV which is based in the Antarctic, and one station each on the subantarctic Gough Island and Marion Island. The stations are managed and administered by the South African government’s Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the

Environment (DFFE). Voyages to transport researchers and supplies to the stations take place annually on the S.A. Agulhas II - a well-equipped icebreaking polar supply and research ship owned by the DFFE. The vessel was built in 2012 by STX Finland and it was designed specifically to carry out both scientific research and supply the stations in the Antarctic. The ship replaced the S.A. Agulhas, which was retired from SANAP duty after more than 30 years of service (1978 - 2012), but it has continued to function as a training vessel with the South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA).

All expeditions leave from Cape Town which is one of the five Antarctic gateway cities in the world.

Annual departures to the stations are usually as follows:

• Sanae IV - December

• Marion Island - April

• Gough Island - September

The environmental research value

The SANAP recognises the global and national importance of conserving and safeguarding the environment of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean, a ‘living laboratory’ that is known as the coldest, windiest and driest place on Earth. Despite the desolation and extreme conditions of this region, it is also environmentally vulnerable, and a substantial part of the South African research work here is aimed at protecting this

delicate wilderness and its marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Studies conducted in the Antarctic are linked to understanding the entire Earth system, and the signals that are identified in Antarctica indicate past and future global changes. The scientific data that is collected during voyages is critical to understand issues of global significance such as the impacts of climate change and weather information associated with extreme events.

BY SHUMIRAI CHIMOMBE

The research stations

SANAE IV

The SANAE IV station in Antarctica is built at Vesleskarvet - a nunatak which is a rocky outcrop which protrudes from an icefield or glacier. The research conducted at the base is divided into four programmes:

• Physical sciences

• Earth sciences

• Life sciences

• Oceanographic sciences

Only the physical sciences programme is conducted year-round, while the other three are conducted during the short summer period when the temperatures and weather permit field work and the extent of the sea ice is at its minimum.

MARION ISLAND

Marion Island is 19 km long and 12 km wide and is the larger of the two Prince Edward islands (Marion and Prince Edward) which politically form part of South Africa’s Western Cape province. The islands are volcanic in origin, with Marion having many hillocks (secondary craters) and small lakes. Prince Edward Island has spectacular cliffs that reach up to 490m high on its south western side.

The Marion Island station focuses primarily on biological/environmental research and weather data collection. The research has resulted in an enormous output of scientific papers and postgraduate theses, and the long-term biological monitoring programmes provide valuable research potential and insight into the rate and impacts of climate change as a result of global warming.

The research focuses mainly on the following themes:

• Weather and climate studies

• The interactions between marine and terrestrial systems

• The life histories of seals, seabirds and killer whales

• The structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems

• The structure and functioning of nearshore ecosystems

GOUGH ISLAND

Gough Island (also known historically as Diego Alvarez) is a volcanic island rising from the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a dependency of Tristan da Cunha, which in turn is a dependency of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena. It is a remote place about 400 km southeast of the other islands in the Tristan da Cunha group and 2600 km from Cape Town.

South Africa has been operating a weather station on the island since 1956. This weather office operates similarly to stations in South Africa with hourly climate observations and upper-air ascents. The 8 to 10 expedition members who maintain the weather station are the only inhabitants of the island.

Gough and Inaccessible Islands form a protected wildlife reserve, which has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It has been described as one of the least disrupted ecosystems of its kind and one of the best shelters for nesting seabirds in the Atlantic.

Interesting fact

• 1 December is International Antarctica Day to commemorate the signing of the AntarcticTreaty in 1959 by 12 countries including South Africa in which the signatories undertook to ensure that the Antarctic region will be used for peaceful and scientific purposes only, and to protect and preserve the environment.The treaty, which now has 53 parties.

Sources: South African National Antarctic Programme (SANA) website

OPERATION PHAKISA: THE OCEANS ECONOMY

BY SHUMIRAI CHIMOMBE

Operation Phakisa: The Oceans Economy

Unlocking the potential in South Africa’s oceans

The wealth within the waters In 2014, the South African Government launched Operation Phakisa for the Oceans Economy, a national initiative to fast track development in the maritime sector.

This is part of the broader Operation Phakisa initiative designed to implement priority development programmes more effectively. “Phakisa” means “hurry up” in Sesotho, indicating the government’s urgency to address the pressing issues highlighted in the National Development Plan (NDP) 2030 such as poverty, unemployment and inequality.

South Africa has a coastline that spans over 3000 km and is surrounded by three oceans, namely the Atlantic, Indian and

Southern oceans. This makes it strategically located on one of the world’s major shipping routes which is critical to global marine transportation. It is the strategic African hub for maritime operations in the South-South trade corridor from Asia to the East Coast of South America, and for the connector routes along the East and West coasts of Africa.

The coastal waters support thousands of jobs across various ocean-based industries. Stats SA reported that the number of persons employed in the ocean (marine) fisheries and related services industry in 2019 was 16 744, and the total income was R17,6-billion. The figure represents an annualised percentage increase of 8,1% over the total income reported in 2017 (R15-billion).

Add to that, as one of the most biodiverse marine nations in the world with 13 000 species recorded in its waters, together with its extensive coastline, South Africa’s oceans and beaches are also a global tourist attraction contributing billions to the economy. Yet the vast wealth within the oceans remains to be fully explored.

Unlocking the potential of the waters

Operation Phakisa aims to harness the potential of several priority areas within the oceans economy, with the sector expected to contribute between R129-billion and R177-billion to the GDP and create just over one million jobs by 2033, according to the national Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE).

The six priority growth areas or workstreams that have been identified to boost economic grown in oceans economy are:

AQUACULTURE

The aquaculture sector has high growth potential due to the increasing demand for fish. It also offers significant opportunities for rural development especially for the marginalised coastal communities. The areas that have been identified for growth include selecting 24 projects such as fish farms across the country, creating an enabling regulatory environment, funding support, increasing the skills pool in the sector, and improving access to markets.

COASTAL AND MARINE TOURISM

This workstream will identify high impact coastal tourism initiatives and projects, as well as to explore the potential of non-urban coastal tourism.

MARINE PROTECTION AND OCEAN GOVERNANCE

South Africa has jurisdiction over a very large exclusive economic zone extending one and a half million square kilometres. With such a large ocean jurisdiction, it is critical to have effective governance. This workstream aims to develop an overarching, integrated ocean governance framework for the sustainable growth of the ocean economy. The plan also includes protecting the ocean environment from illegal activities, and to promote its multiple economic benefits

MARINE TRANSPORT AND MANUFACTURING

This area focuses on the opportunities to exploit Africa’s strategic location, its infrastructure and skills base.. Each year about 300 million tons of cargo moves through its ports in imports and exports and about 1.2 million tonnes of liquid fuels move along the coast, while the rapidly expanding offshore oil and gas activities require a supporting fleet of vessels.

South Africa is ideally positioned to serve the East-West cargo traffic and the booming African offshore oil and gas industry, through marine manufacturing, which includes ship and rig repair, refurbishment and boatbuilding. This workstream has developed initiatives that aim to expand the country’s capacity for repair work for oil ships and oil rigs; increase the local manufacturing capacity using local components for boat and ship building; and increase the amount of minerals exported on South African ships.

OPERATION

OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION

South Africa’s coast and adjoining waters have extensive oil and natural gas resources that have not yet been fully exploited. This workstream aims to create an enabling environment to increase investor confidence in this capital-intensive sector, such as developing a legislative framework governing offshore oil and gas to benefit all parties including government, industry, and society. It will also take advantage of the research opportunities presented by offshore oil and gas explorations to identify data ecosystems, marine resources, and ocean related renewable energy.

SMALL HARBOUR DEVELOPMENT

This workstream will develop small harbours that have the potential for harbour infrastructure, marine and offshore aquaculture, small town precinct development, tourism and job creation. It will be centred on the towns Boegoebaai, Cape St Francis, Hibberden, Port Alfred, Port Edward, Port Grosvenor, Port Nolloth, Port Shepstone, and Port St Johns. It is expected that this could create up to 12 000 new jobs and contribute significantly to the GDP.

ENABLING THE PROGRESS OF OPERATION PHAKISA

Two cross-cutting focus areas have been identified to enable developing the six focus areas.

Skills development and capacity building

The South Africa International Maritime Institute (SAIMI) was established to coordinate all skills and capacity building activities. The institute was awarded a R296-million grant to establish the National Cadet Programme. This offers practical training and seatime experience with international shipping lines, enabling maritime

students to obtain internationallyrecognised STCW (Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping) qualifications and become globally sought -after seafarers.

Research, technology and innovation

The South African Marine Research and Exploration Forum (SAMREF) was established to facilitate new collaborative offshore studies to increase knowledge of the offshore marine environment related to renewable energy potential, marine biodiversity and ecology, climate change and ecosystem functioning.

Sources: Operation Phakisa website | South African International Maritime Institute (SAIMI) Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE) \ Stats SA

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BY SHUMIRAI CHIMOMBE

Spotlight on Africa’s only penguins

A cherished symbol of South Africa’s unique coastal ecosystem

It is probably not widely-known that there is a unique species of penguins that exists on the African continent, and that they can only be found along the coastlines of South Africa and Namibia. They occur mostly on islands along the coast, such as on Robben Island, but there are two land-based colonies in Western Cape: one on Boulders Beach near Simonstown and the other on Stony Point near Betty’s Bay.

With its distinctive black-and-white plumage, The African penguin is a cherished symbol of South Africa’s unique coastal ecosystem and an iconic attraction for both locals and tourists alike. Yet the species - known for its playfulness and social bonds - has already lost 97% of its population and could be extinct in the

wild by 2035 if current threats persist, particularly from commercial fishing of the fish populations that penguins feed on - primarily sardines and anchovies.

We caught up with Nicky Stander, Head of Conservation at the Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) to give us a deep dive into the life of the African penguin, why it is at significant risk of extinction, and the efforts being undertaken to save the species.

Could you tell us about SANCCOB, its history, and what the organisation does?

SANCCOB, the Southern African Foundation for the Conservation

of Coastal Birds, was established in 1968 and has since been at the forefront of seabird conservation, focusing particularly on the endangered African penguin. The organisation operates from two primary locations in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape of South Africa and aims to reverse the decline of seabird populations through a multifaceted conservation approach. These include colony monitoring, rescue, rehabilitation, and release of seabirds, artificial egg incubation and chick rearing, preparedness and response to oil spills, scientific research, conservation consultancy, and education programmes. SANCCOB has been

instrumental in responding to major environmental disasters, including oil spills, mass abandonment due to extreme weather events, and disease outbreaks, which have significantly impacted seabird populations. Over the years, SANCCOB has treated tens of thousands of seabirds and played a key role in safeguarding the future of endangered species like the African penguin.

What is unique about the African penguin?

The African penguin is unique in many ways. It is the only species of penguin found on the African continent, setting it apart from other penguin species typically associated with colder climates like Antarctica. Known for its distinctive black-and-white plumage and expressive facial features, the African penguin is highly social and often forms lifelong pair

bonds. These birds are also adept swimmers, diving to significant depths to catch their preferred prey of sardines and anchovies. However, what truly makes them unique is their status as a crucial

With its distinctive blackand-white plumage, The African penguin is a cherished symbol of South Africa’s unique coastal ecosystem and an iconic attraction for both locals and tourists alike.

indicator species for the health of South Africa’s marine ecosystems. Their population trends reflect broader environmental issues, particularly those related to overfishing and climate change. The African penguin’s playful and engaging behaviour makes it a beloved symbol of South Africa’s coastal wildlife, attracting tourists and providing economic benefits through eco-tourism.

What role does the species play in the diversity and ecosystem of their environment?

African penguins play a vital role in the marine ecosystems where they live. As specialised predators, they help regulate the populations of smaller fish, such as sardines and anchovies, which are essential

Nicky Stander, Head of Conservation at SANCCOB

BY SHUMIRAI CHIMOMBE

African penguins contribute to the nutrient cycles within their habitats. On land, their guano enriches the soil in coastal areas, indirectly supporting plant and insect life.

not only to penguins but to a wide variety of marine species, including larger predatory fish, birds, and marine mammals. This makes them key players in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems. Their presence also supports biodiversity, as penguins’ foraging habits help to sustain the populations of their prey, which in turn influences the overall food web. Moreover, African penguins contribute to the nutrient cycles within their habitats. On land, their guano enriches the soil in coastal areas, indirectly supporting plant and insect life. Thus, their decline poses significant risks not only to marine biodiversity but also to the health of the broader ecosystem.

Please give the reasons for the penguins being endangered and on the verge of extinction?

The African penguin is currently facing a dire situation, having lost over 97% of its population, and it could be extinct in the wild by 2035 if current trends continue. The primary threat to these penguins is a severe decline in their food supply, primarily caused by commercial purse-seine fishing, which targets sardines and anchovies—both critical to the

penguin’s diet. This commercial fishing has led to food shortages, leaving penguins starving and unable to breed successfully. Other significant threats include habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, and oil spills, all of which contribute to their declining numbers. African penguins are now listed as endangered, and their breeding pairs have dropped below 10,000, a critical threshold that could lead to further population collapse. Additionally, the species is on the verge of being classified as “Critically Endangered” on the IUCN Red List.

Can you explain the scientific study that evaluated the effectiveness of the current no-take zones where fishing is prohibited ?

A recent scientific study, led by researchers including Dr Alistair McInnes from BirdLife South Africa and Dr Richard Sherley from the University of Exeter, evaluated the effectiveness of no-take zones (areas where fishing is prohibited) around six major African penguin colonies. These zones were designed to reduce competition between penguins and the commercial purse-

seine fishing industry. The study found that, while the no-take zones have had some positive effects in helping restore fish populations, they are insufficient and biologically meaningless for African penguins. Less than 50% of the core feeding areas for penguins at four of the six colonies remain

open to fishing, which means penguins are still struggling to find adequate food. The researchers recommended expanding these no-take zones to cover more of the penguins’ key foraging areas. They also suggested that these expansions could be implemented with minimal economic impact

on the fishing industry, providing a balanced approach that would benefit both penguins and fish stocks in the long term.

What actions have been taken to prevent or reduce further decline in the penguin numbers, and how can people help to contribute towards protecting our African penguins?

SANCCOB and the Blue Marine Foundation are actively engaged in raising awareness through educational campaigns, media outreach, and public petitions. For people looking to contribute to the protection of African penguins, there are a variety of ways to help. One of the most impactful methods is through SANCCOB’s “Adopt a Penguin” programme, which offers a tangible way to support our conservation and rehabilitation efforts.

Advocacy is another powerful tool that individuals can use to help protect African penguins. By supporting petitions like the OnlyOne petition (https://only.one/ act/save-african-penguins), which calls for expanded no-take zones and greater protections for penguins, the public can help to encourage governments to enact the changes needed to safeguard these endangered birds. The collective efforts of governments, conservation organisations, and individuals are essential to ensure the survival of the African Penguin. Through legal action, hands-on rescue and rehabilitation, scientific research, and public engagement, SANCCOB and its partners continue to fight for the future of these iconic birds. With the support of concerned citizens around the world, we can create a safer, more sustainable environment for African Penguins and help prevent their extinction. n

These websites provide more information: SANCCOB - www.sanccob.co.za | Blue Marine Foundation - www.bluemarinefoundation.com Birdlife South Africa - www.birdlife.org.za

Clinical veterinarian David Roberts (left) at work

WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP

BY JESSIE TAYLOR

Leading the transport sector to a greener future Minister Barbara Creecy

Honourable Barbara Creecy, a long-standing figure in South African politics, was appointed Minister of Transport on 3 July 2024 under the newly established Government of National Unity. Known for her dedication to public service, Minister Creecy brings a wealth of experience to the transport portfolio following her impactful tenure as the Minister of Forestry, Fisheries, and the Environment from 2019 to 2024. Her recent appointment marks a new chapter in her distinguished career as she takes on the monumental task of stabilising and transforming South Africa’s transport sector.

SA robust career in shaping policy Minister Creecy’s career in public service dates back to 1994, when she became a member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature, immediately after the dawn of South Africa’s democracy. Over the next three decades, she played key roles in various capacities, including Deputy Chief Whip and Chairperson of the Social Development and Education Committees. Her rise through the ranks demonstrated her political acumen and unwavering commitment to improving the lives of ordinary South Africans. Between 2004 and 2019, Minister Creecy

held several influential roles within the Gauteng government. She served as the Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Sports, Recreation, Arts, and Culture (2004–2009), Education (2009–2014), and Finance (2014–2019). These roles contributed to the robust governance and policy-shaping experience she now brings to the Ministry of Transport.

As the new Minister of Transport, Minister Creecy’s immediate focus is on stabilising the department and improving governance across its various entities. In her maiden Budget

Vote speech in Parliament on 15 July 2024, she acknowledges South Africa’s transport sector’s significant challenges She cited a disconnect between the envisioned role of transport as an economic enabler and the reality of the system’s inefficiencies, including deteriorating infrastructure and financial mismanagement.

Among the obstacles Minister Creecy hopes to address are dysfunctional port terminals, congestion at key border crossings, and the poor state of national highways. She also plans to rectify underspending by departmental entities and provincial departments, particularly concerning road maintenance and construction.

Her pragmatic approach to governance is evident in her prioritisation of reforms aimed at addressing audit issues and ensuring timely payments to suppliers. Filling critical vacancies within the department is also high on her agenda, as she seeks to optimise its ability to fulfil its policymaking and regulatory roles.

A vision for transport reform

In line with her previous work in environmental policy, Minister Creecy has made it clear that green transport is a key priority for her department. She has committed to promoting alternative fuels such as biogas and green hydrogen and is determined to extend the country’s rail network to provide more sustainable public transport options. Minister Creecy’s Green Transport Strategy also includes investing in green energy infrastructure and developing green procurement guidelines to promote the adoption of low-carbon technologies.

In addition to green initiatives, Minister Creecy foresees the acceleration of digital technologies as a transformative force in the transport sector. She pointed out that artificial intelligence (AI), self-driven vehicles, and operational automation are innovations that will revolutionise traffic management, shipment tracking, and rail systems. Minister Creecy’s vision is to leverage

these technologies to modernise the sector, create new economic opportunities, and open up pathways for employment and ownership.

Minister Creecy will also address the growing threat of climate change to South Africa’s transport infrastructure. Over the past few years, extreme weather events have highlighted the vulnerability of the country’s roads, railways, and ports. Minister Creecy sees this as both a challenge and an opportunity. Building climate resilience into South Africa’s transport infrastructure is, in her view, an essential step toward ensuring the sector’s longterm sustainability.

She is adamant that investing in infrastructure to withstand climaterelated risks will protect the economy, create jobs, and promote economic inclusion. Her approach to governance reflects her commitment to fostering both environmental and social sustainability.

Freight logistics is another area where Minister Creecy plans to take bold, decisive action. In collaboration with business and unions, the government has formed the National Logistics Crisis Committee (NLCC), which will spearhead efforts to improve operational performance in freight rail and ports. Minister Creecy believes that revitalising the country’s rail infrastructure is crucial to long-term economic growth and is committed to implementing policies that will make commuter rail the backbone of South Africa’s public transport system.

Minister Creecy’s leadership in the transport sector promises a future where sustainability, technology, and collaboration will be at the forefront of South Africa’s transport policy. Her tenure as Minister of Transport is poised to bring about significant reforms that address the immediate challenges and lay the foundation for a greener, more inclusive, and economically vibrant transport system. n

Digital convenience and its potential impact on our climate

Dr Mmaki Jantjies is an innovative leader who is passionate about harnessing the power of technology and R&D to drive change. She is also an Adjunct Associate Professor in Information Systems.

South Africa has been experiencing seismic shifts in weather patterns, from flooding in KwaZulu-Natal to heavy snow in Eastern Cape, highlighting the global impact of climate change. How is the growing use of e-commerce, and the numerous delivery vehicles on the road, contributing to this growing climate challenge?

For many professionals and working parents, the usefulness of the platform economy cannot be overvalued. While juggling many other tasks, digital apps allow people to acquire groceries, pay for services

and transport goods at the click of a button. Whether craving lunch or requiring delivery of a parcel, or needing groceries delivered quickly to the house for the same day, one tap on the phone now provides consumers with access to courier services. Consumers have grown accustomed to living in a world of “now”, with a high demand placed on suppliers to deliver meals, groceries and goods at great speed. According to Heyns and Killbourn (2022)1, about 68% of customers reflected that they now were shopping online since the impact of the pandemic in a study by Mastercard.

Thus, with the growth of online marketplace services, so has there been a parallel growth in the goods delivery industry, with motorbikes being some of the most economic options of delivery. Delivery people can often be seen navigating traffic from their motorbikes in metropolitan urban settings with the objective of meeting the immediate needs of city customers. Moreover, this boom in delivery services has created muchneeded jobs, exerting a significant impact on the economy. While more and more consumers require ondemand services provided at the

fastest convenience, this convenience can come at a cost to the environment and our communities.

One study by Ntuli et al., (2024)2 on the part of the Green Transport Energy of South Africa concludes that while the transport sector as a whole only contributes 11% of national carbon emissions, road transport in particular contributes 90% of this total. Factors such as engine type and technology, maintenance history, driver patterns and traffic congestion have an impact on the quantity of emissions. For instance, motorcycles remain some of the lowest emission producers, yet their increase on the roads contributes to the already heavy reliance of goods transportation on the roads.

Several e-commerce operators locally and internationally have begun to factor these challenges into their fleet planning process. More and more companies are now considering how an increased number of delivery transport vehicles contribute significantly to urban air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Outside of South Africa, some e-commerce entities are also shifting. Indeed, various countries and organisations have taken innovative approaches towards reducing e-commerce impact on carbon emissions.

In China for example, the e-commerce multinational Alibaba has invested in electric vans to make deliveries as well as providing robots to support last-mile delivery. Similarly in Germany, DHL has made a similar electric vehicle (including e-bikes and e-cargo bikes) investment to reduce congestion and related emission and noise pollution. In 2023 the organisation reported a reduction of 436 tonnes of CO2 emissions on a yearly basis with a mission to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Meanwhile, other organisations such as Yamato Transport based in Japan are leveraging AI-powered route optimisation software to minimise delivery distances and fuel consumption. Yamato has achieved reduced delivery times, while reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

And in South Africa, Uber amongst other interventions is pioneering a new model in South Africa by investing in scooters that feature swappable battery packs, significantly lowering their carbon footprint. Uber also reflected on being able to attract and gain new customers who greatly value environmentally friendly delivery options. Uber also has a key mission to be a zero-emission organisation by 2040. There have been various incentives towards organisations investing in eco-friendly delivery

1. See research by Heyns, G. and Killbourn, P(2022). Online shopping behaviour and service quality perceptions of young people living in South Africa: A COVID-19 perspective. Journal of Transport and supply chain management (16)

options, these include amongst others regulation requirements such as the European Union’s CO2 emissions standards, in the USA the government offers tax incentives for new fleet acquisitions.

In cities such as London there has been the introduction of zones demarcated for low-emission delivery options. Similarly in the African region, there has been growing efforts on policies to encourage sustainable e-commerce delivery such as through tax incentives on e-vehicles and the investment and partnerships in startups which produce electric vehicles. One example of a startup in South Africa offering options to traditional motorbikes or vans is Green Scooter, they design and produce electric scooters and threewheeled delivery vehicles focused on ensuring affordable and sustainable mobility.

Indeed, with this late mover advantage in e-commerce that many emerging markets face, there is an opportunity to ensure sustainable approaches to e-commerce growth. Continuous investment on the part of organisations based locally, coupled with incentives and policies to support the transition towards green delivery options can thus provide innovative approaches to reducing the local impact on climate change. n

2. See research commissioned by the Green Transport Energy of South Africa https://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42269-024-01192-4#:~:text=The%20research%20approaches%20the%20study,Transport%20

BY JESSIE TAYLOR

Sustainable transport Paving the way for a greener future

South Africa’s logistics sector is at a crucial crossroads, where the urgency of decarbonisation meets the challenges of finding viable alternatives to fossil fuels. In a world increasingly prioritising sustainability, freight trucks, which contribute significantly to global carbon emissions, must transition towards greener options. Electric vehicles (EVs) provide an alternative for passenger transport. However, freight logistics requires more innovative solutions due to the demands of long-distance travel and heavy cargo loads. Among the key alternatives currently being explored are hydrotreated vegetable oil and hydrogen fuel.

Alternative fuels for freight trucks

Heavy-duty trucks are responsible for over 40% of global freight emissions, making them a critical focus for decarbonisation efforts. One of the alternatives under consideration is hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). HVO is a biofuel that offers a seamless transition for logistics companies since it can be used in existing diesel engines without requiring modifications. The purest form of HVO, HVO100, can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by up to 90% over its lifecycle compared to conventional diesel. Similarly, hydrotreated esters

and fatty acids (HEFA), another biofuel with high energy density, also hold potential as a sustainable solution.

However, the viability of both HVO and HEFA is limited by supply constraints and higher production costs. While these challenges remain, their potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions without requiring a complete overhaul of vehicle fleets makes them attractive options for the future of sustainable transport in South Africa. Hydrogen, another option gaining traction, especially

for long-haul freight, offers two potential solutions: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) and hydrogenpowered internal combustion engines (ICEs). FCEVs use fuel cells to generate electricity, powering the trucks’ electric motors. These trucks have longer ranges and shorter refuelling times than battery-electric vehicles, making them well-suited for the long distances typical in freight logistics. Meanwhile, hydrogen ICEs offer a more familiar setup, burning hydrogen in modified engines similar to traditional diesel models.

Yet, the hurdles for hydrogen are steep. Hydrogen trucks cost up to four times as much as conventional diesel trucks, and South Africa lacks the necessary refuelling infrastructure to support widespread adoption. Still, despite these challenges, hydrogen remains a promising long-term solution for freight logistics as global and local efforts toward decarbonisation intensify.

A focus on sustainable transport

The South African government is acutely aware of the need to modernise and decarbonise the country’s transport sector. During her 2024/25 Budget Vote Speech, Minister of Transport Barbara Creecy outlined a series of initiatives designed to address the challenges in the sector and promote sustainable transport solutions.

One of the key initiatives is the creation of the National Logistics Crisis Committee (NLCC), which was formed to improve the operational performance of freight rail and ports, implement reforms to modernise the transport system and facilitate regulatory changes to support sustainable procurement and funding.

South Africa’s rail network also holds significant potential for reducing carbon emissions and improving transport efficiency.

“Building the climate resilience of our ports, road, and rail networks is both a necessity and a new opportunity for investment, growth, economic inclusion, and job creation. Contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in all modes of transport will become a necessity once the new Climate Bill is signed into law,” said Minister Creecy.

As South Africa looks to the future, the transport sector will be transformed not only by the shift to green fuels but also by advances in digital technology. Real-time tracking of shipments, artificial intelligence in traffic management, and the potential for self-driving vehicles and drones are all on the horizon. These innovations

“Building the climate resilience of our ports, road, and rail networks is both a necessity and a new opportunity for investment, growth, economic inclusion, and job creation. Contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in all modes of transport will become a necessity once the new Climate Bill is signed into law,” - Minister Creecy.

Sources: News24 | Department of Transport

will streamline logistics, reduce emissions, and improve safety across the sector.

Minister Creecy also highlighted the importance of investing in green transport infrastructure, including the promotion of biogas and green hydrogen as alternative fuels. The Department of Transport’s Green Transport Strategy aims to promote low-carbon technologies and extend the rail network as a more sustainable public transport option. Implementing this strategy will be a priority in the coming years, ensuring that South Africa’s transport system contributes to the global push for net-zero emissions by 2050.

The journey toward sustainable transport in South Africa is complex, requiring significant investment in new technologies, infrastructure, and legislative frameworks. However, with the commitment of both the private sector and government, as well as the exploration of innovative fuel alternatives such as HVO and hydrogen, the country is making strides toward a greener, more efficient logistics system. n

State-of-the art Nairobi Expressway brings traffic congestion relief for commuters

Road congestion is a major issue globally, and Africa is no exception. Getting stuck in traffic has become a daily, stressful grind for commuters in many major cities across the continent.

There are myriad causes for this problem and the challenges may vary for each country. However, common reasons include rapid urbanisation and population growth, inadequate infrastructure, increased vehicle ownership, poor traffic flow management, lack of law enforcement, and plain bad driving. In cities like Lagos, Nairobi, and Cairo, congestion is exacerbated by the scarcity of multiple access roads, leading to

single-lane highways and narrow streets becoming bottlenecks during peak hours, and resulting in gridlock that can stretch for miles.

Kenya has been grappling with this challenge, ranking second among the African countries with the worst traffic congestion as reported by Numbeo, a platform that provides up-to-date information about various socioeconomic factors across cities and countries worldwide.

In an effort to alleviate congestion in the capital, the Nairobi Expressway was officially opened in July 2022 as part of the government’s broader plan to

decongest the metropolitan area. The highway was financed and built by China Road & Bridge Corporation (CRBC) under a design-buildfinance-operate-transfer (DBFOT) public-private partnership with the Kenyan government at a cost of about $648 million. Construction of the project began in September 2020 and was completed a year ahead of schedule. The Expressway is managed and operated by Moja Expressway Company which is carrying the full cost of maintaining the highway over a 30-year concession period before handing the expressway to the government.

Described as a game changer that has changed the face of Nairobi,

the iconic elevated highway spans approximately 27.1 kilometres through the heart of the city, connecting Jomo Kenyatta International Airport to the Central Business District. It drastically cuts travel time from the south to the west of Nairobi to about 20 minutes compared to the normal two hours during peak hours. It operates on a toll basis, providing a faster route for motorists who choose to pay for this option. Pedestrians, nonmotorised vehicles, motorcycles, tractors and forklifts are not allowed on the highway, and motorists are strictly prohibited from stopping along the highway.

Kenya’s Cabinet Secretary for transportation and infrastructure at the time of the expressway’s opening, James Wainaina Macharia

said: “This road will have a very, very big impact in terms of mobility of Kenyans, visitors, businessmen, business women, tourists. This is one of the best pieces of infrastructure ever done in Africa. In fact, it’s the longest expressway in Africa”.

The public-private partnership model of the project means that it is not financed by debt or government funds, therefore allowing the government to invest in other national infrastructure projects aimed at improving road connectivity and boosting significant economic growth.

The expressway is part of the northern corridor that provides passage to 85% of the cargo destined for neighbouring

landlocked countries, such as Uganda, Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of Congo and South Sudan. This provides improved connectivity for the transport of goods, services and people between Nairobi and the entire northern corridor. The construction of the expressway received varied reactions from local residents and commuters. These have included that it has benefited businesses by reducing delivery times and costs, and that it will boost economic growth by improving logistics and attracting foreign investment. Although the significant toll prices make the highway out of reach for those who cannot afford to pay, for others, the convenience and comfort of drastically reduced travel time make the toll price worth paying. n

Below are the top five African countries with the worst traffic mid-2024 according to Numbeo’s traffic index, which is “the percentage of additional time a road trip takes due to congestion.”

The index considered factors such as commute time, dissatisfaction with time spent in traffic, CO2 emissions, and overall traffic system inefficiencies.

Kenya’s Cabinet Secretary for transportation and infrastructure at the time of the expressway’s opening, James Wainaina Macharia said: “This road will have a very, very big impact in terms of mobility of Kenyans, visitors, businessmen, business women, tourists. This is one of the best pieces of infrastructure ever done in Africa. In fact, it’s the longest expressway in Africa”.

BY WANDILE SIHLOBO

South Africa’s agricultural export growth cooled off in the second quarter of 2024

South Africa has an export-led agricultural sector, and thus we pay particular attention to the trade performance of the sector in order to determine if there are glitches that must be resolved or necessary policy interventions. In the recent past, the sector has enjoyed solid growth in exports, reaching a record US$13.2-billion in 2023. We achieved this while there were glitches at the ports, which suggest that when the ports are efficient, and farmers have excellent seasons, we could see even better figures in exports. Still the level of success that South Africa has achieved has made the country the only African country in the

But we leave aside the long term export performance and look at the recent high frequency data, we see

that after the sharp increase in the first quarter of 2024, South Africa’s agricultural exports fell slightly on a year-on-year (y/y) basis in the second quarter. According to data from Trade Map, the country’s agricultural exports were at US$3.37billion in the second quarter, a 0.1% decline relative to the same period last year.

This comes after growth of 6% y/y in the first quarter of the year. The slight decrease in the second quarter reflects the moderation in the prices of some agricultural products and the decline in the volumes. The top exported products by value include citrus, apples and pears, maize, wine, dates, pineapples, avocados, sugar,

grapes, fruit juices, nuts, and wool. Notably, while the value of the exports is down mildly from the second quarter of 2023, the efficiency at the ports this year was arguably much better than what the stakeholders experienced in 2023. This again shows that the decline in export value is largely due to lower prices of some commodities and a decline in volumes after a challenging domestic production environment, specifically in grains and oilseed.

From a regional perspective, the African continent maintained the lion’s share of South Africa’s agricultural exports, accounting for 42% of the total value. The products leading the exports list in the African

continent were maize, maize meal, sugar, apples and pears, wheat, soybean oil, fruit juices, ciders and wine, amongst other products.

As a collective, Asia and the Middle East were the second-largest agricultural market, accounting for 21% of the share in overall agricultural exports in Q2 2024. The exports to this region were mainly citrus, apples and pears, wool, nuts, sugar, beef, sheep and goat meat, berries, wine, and maize. The EU was South Africa’s third-largest agricultural market, with a share of 19%. Citrus, dates, avocados, figs, mangoes, guavas, apples, pears, wine, grapes, fruit juices, wool, and nuts were amongst the primary agricultural products South Africa exported to the EU in the second quarter of 2024.

The Americas region accounted for 6% of South Africa’s agricultural exports in the year’s second quarter. The main exported products include citrus, wine, fruit juices, grapes, apples, pears, and nuts. The rest of the world, including the United Kingdom, accounted for 12% of the exports.

Of course, South Africa doesn’t engage in one-way trade. The country imports various agricultural products. In the second quarter of 2024, South Africa’s agricultural imports amounted to US$1.89-billion, up by 5% year-on-year, according to data from Trade Map.

The uptick resulted from a slightly high volume of major products that South Africa imports, like wheat, palm oil, rice, and poultry. The major products South Africa imported in the second quarter are similar to the country’s yearly imports.

South Africa lacks favourable climatic conditions to grow rice and palm oil

and thus relies on imports of these products. In the case of wheat, South Africa imports nearly half of the annual consumption. In the Free State province, which used to be amongst the major wheat-growing regions of the country, production has declined notably over time because of the unfavourable weather conditions and profitability challenges of wheat relative to other crops. Meanwhile, imports are around 20% of the annual domestic consumption of poultry. Subsequently, when we account for the exports and the imports, South Africa’s agriculture recorded a trade surplus of US$1.47-billion. This is down by 6% from the second quarter of 2023.

While the exports have cooled off somewhat, these second-quarter trade figures remain encouraging. Beyond the quarterly activities, there are some policy considerations for South African policymakers to support this sector in its export growth ambition:

• South Africa should maintain focus on improving the logistical infrastructure efficiency and on the export market expansion mission for the agricultural sector. There is a need for increased investment in port and rail infrastructure and improving roads in farming towns

• South Africa must work hard to retain the existing markets in the EU, the African continent, Asia, the Middle East, and the Americas. Importantly, in an increasingly divided and fragile world, South Africa must walk a careful path so that its foreign policy approach does not result in a negative trade policy response from its traditional trading partners

• The Department of Trade, Industry and Competition, the Department of International Relations and Cooperation, and the Department of Agriculture should lead the way for export expansion in these agricultural strategic markets

• Moreover, South Africa should expand market access to some of the key BRICS+ countries, such as China, India, and Saudi Arabia. Other strategic export markets for South Africa’s agricultural sector include South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan, Mexico, the Philippines and Bangladesh. The private sector and the South African government share this ambition for export market expansion

• The outcome of the 15th BRICS conference in agriculture also focused on deepening trade within the BRICS+ countries while retaining other markets outside this grouping. This was anchored on the emphasis for BRICS members to lower import tariffs and address SPS barriers hindering deeper trade within this grouping. This must remain on the agenda, and South Africa must work to persuade other BRICS+ members to prioritise resolving this tradethreatening issue

Wandile Sihlobo is the chief economist at the Agricultural Business Chamber of SA and a senior fellow in Stellenbosch University’s Department of Agricultural Economics. His latest book is “A Country of Two Agricultures”.

BY JESSIE TAYLOR

As the world prepares for the 29th Conference of the Parties (COP29) to be held in Baku, Azerbaijan, in November, the African continent faces significant challenges and opportunities in its efforts to combat climate change. The African Group of Negotiators (AGN) has positioned itself at the forefront of these discussions, focusing on climate finance, adaptation, loss and damage, and carbon market mechanisms, with a clear emphasis on ensuring that Africa’s unique needs and vulnerabilities are addressed.

The African finance agenda

For African countries, COP29 is being dubbed the “Finance COP” due to the continent’s urgent requirement for financial resources to implement climate action. The AGN’s priority is to push for a New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance, which will define how much money developed countries must provide to assist developing nations, particularly in Africa, in mitigating and adapting to the impacts of climate change. As Kenya’s climate envoy Ali D. Mohamed noted: “Finance will lie at the heart of climate diplomacy at COP29 as a critical enabler of climate action.”

COP29 and Africa

A critical moment for climate finance and action

The AGN has been advocating for the NCQG to be ambitious, transparent, and consistent with the goals of the Paris Agreement, specifically limiting global warming to 1.5°C. A key issue remains the lack of adequate financial support from developed countries for the implementation of Africa’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. Without this support, African countries risk being unable to meet their climate commitments, leaving them vulnerable to the increasing impacts of climate change.

Adaptation is another critical focus area for African countries as they

Environmental Minister

Dion George

grapple with the direct impacts of climate change. African negotiators are pushing for agreement on key indicators to track progress on adaptation and want to ensure that adaptation finance is included as a central component of these discussions.

In addition, climate-induced health risks, including increased morbidity and mortality from extreme weather events, are a growing concern in Africa. The AGN calls for climateresilient health services to be mainstreamed into climate policies. The goal is to reduce health-related vulnerabilities caused by climate change and ensure that African countries have the resources to address these issues.

Environmental Minister Dion George said: “Given the scarcity of financial resources on the continent, it is imperative that we speak with one voice as a continent on this matter and others in consonance with the key elements of the Common African Position on Climate Change. With growing financial needs to adequately address the ambitious targets by African countries as reflected in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), we need, as African governments, to increase our budget allocations to address and respond to climate change.”

Addressing Africa’s climate realities

For many African countries, the issue of loss and damage is a pressing concern, particularly as they face increasing climateinduced disasters. East Africa has seen severe flooding, Southern Africa is grappling with droughts, and the Sahel has endured fatal heatwaves—all clear indicators of the need for a fully operational Loss and Damage Fund. The AGN is

Source: Greenpeace | DFFE | Africa Climate Wire

focused on finalising the modalities for this fund to become functional, as it will provide much-needed financial support to countries dealing with irreversible climate losses. However, there is frustration within the AGN regarding the recent decision to locate the Santiago Network on Loss and Damage, a technical assistance body, in Geneva, Switzerland, rather than in Africa. The AGN contends that Nairobi, Kenya, home to the United Nations Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) headquarters, would have been a more appropriate and costeffective choice. African negotiators have expressed their intent to challenge this decision at COP29, reflecting their broader concerns about equitable representation and access in global climate forums.

As part of their climate strategy, African countries are also pushing for greater support for mitigation measures, particularly those that can accelerate access to lowcarbon energy and clean cooking solutions. The AGN, however, remains firm in its stance that mitigation targets should be self-determined by each country within their NDCs, reflecting the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” (CBDRRC), which is a core tenet of the Paris Agreement. The AGN is also working

to ensure that Africa’s energy transition is just and equitable. Many African countries are in the process of transitioning to low-carbon energy systems, but they require financial and technical support to make this transition smoothly. This includes expanding access to renewable energy and ensuring that African countries can benefit from carbon market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.

Minister George said: “There is a massive opportunity to accelerate local, regional and global low-emissions and climate resilient development and the development of inclusive economies and strengthen the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals . These efforts must continue to acknowledge the different capabilities and differing responsibilities of individual countries, as reflected in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in light of national circumstances, which is at the heart of the multilateral climate process. We urge global leaders to seize this unprecedented economic opportunity for inclusive and shared prosperity.”

Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President (left), and Environmental Minister, Dion George (right)

BY FIONA WAKELIN

The state of our rhinos A fight for survival

Each year in September the International Rhino Foundation (publishes their report, State of the Rhino, which documents current population estimates and trends.

Some key takeaways

• Rhino poaching in Africa increased by 4% from 2022 to 2023. At least 586 African rhinos were poached in 2023, one every 15 hours.

• While thriving in several regions, the total black rhino population declined slightly over the last year due to heavy poaching in Namibia and Hluhluwe iMfolozi Park in South Africa.

• White rhino populations in South Africa are on the rise despite poaching.

• Greater one-horned rhinos have been making use of improved habitats and wildlife corridors.

It is cause for celebration that after a decade of decline, white rhino numbers are on the rebound.

“Last year, the African Rhino Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission announced the first population increase for the white rhino species in over a decade. They have recently announced another

3.4% increase for white rhinos, bringing their species estimate to 17,464 as of the end of 2023”

- State of the Rhino.

Several factors have contributed to this state of affairs:

Reduced poaching in Kruger

The ongoing dehorning programme of all rhinos in core areas of Kruger National Park continues to save rhinos – as does the Park’s zero tolerance of any staff who are caught aiding and abetting poachers

“Under the leadership of the head ranger, the continued implementation of the KNP Ranger Services Integrity

Management Plan is not only assisting in the Kruger National Park but is setting a benchmark for other parks to follow. Indeed, it is being hailed as a model around the globe.”

- State of the Rhino.

Private and public sector partnership

On World Rhino Day in September the community of Mpumalanga celebrated the work of the Care for Wild Rhino Sanctuary, with more than 113 rhinos having been rescued and rehabilitated, including 51 rhinos rewilded and 29 calves born at the sanctuary. The signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between Care for Wild and SANParks, where black and white rhinos from

the Kruger National Park are rescued and brought to the sanctuary, was the most crucial first step in the Care for Wild journey.

“Throughout our mission to save the rhino, we’ve come to realise that people are truly at the heart of our conservation efforts. However, the path to this understanding has been far from easy. Over the years, I’ve witnessed some of the most devastating cases of rhino poaching - heartbreaking moments that kept me awake at night. Yet, this journey has taught me one invaluable lesson: resilience in the face of adversity. We cannot allow poachers to believe they have won, and for that reason, I will continue fighting this injustice,”

- CEO Petronel Niewoudt.

“A sustainable conservation model, its own ‘eco-system’ of impact, both uplifts human livelihoods and tackles the root causes of rhino poaching. Ensuring basic needs like food, shelter, and education are met creates a community that is motivated and best equipped to protect its wildlife and South Africa’s natural heritage,”

- Chris de Bruno Austin, Board Chairman at Care for Wild.

YES to conservation

Six years ago, Investec introduced the Youth Employment Service (YES) programme, to Care for Wild.

“The YES programme is one of the most important contributors to the success of what you see here. I don’t think we would have been as successful, over the last ten years, and expanded like we have, if we didn’t have the support from Investec,”

- Chris de Bruno Austin, Care for Wild, Board Chairman.

Through the YES programme, 814 unemployed youths have been given a one-year paid work experience at Care for Wild, 40% of whom have gone on to secure permanent positions at the sanctuary. The youth are mentored and trained across various departments, including animal care, security, environmental management, and administration. This programme not only offers immediate employment but also equips participants with valuable skills and knowledge and helps pave the way for future careers in conservation and environmental management - Investec n

REGIONAL FOCUS - EASTERN CAPE

BY JESSIE TAYLOR

The Eastern Cape’s fossil legacy Boosting tourism through historical sites

The small town of Makhanda, Eastern Cape, has long been known for its historical and cultural significance, but recent discoveries at Waterloo Farm have thrust it into the international spotlight for an entirely different reason: fossils. The finds, which date back approximately 360 million years, have given the province a new identity as a hub for palaeo-tourism.

Dr Rob Gess and his team from the Albany Museum have spent decades uncovering fossils from the Devonian period, unearthing a treasure trove of ancient marine life that was once hidden beneath what is now Makhanda. The Waterloo Farm fossils provide insight into when the Earth was transitioning from life exclusively in water to the first creatures capable of moving onto land.

A transformative discovery

One of the most recent and exciting discoveries from the site is that of Hyneria udlezinye, a 3-meter-long predatory fish. Over 26 species have already been formally described from this site, and Dr Gess believes there is much more to come. These fossils help paint a detailed picture of life during the Late Devonian period, often called the “Age of Fishes.” This period marked a significant evolutionary phase where marine life was incredibly diverse, and the early ancestors of tetrapods - the first fourlegged land animalswere emerging.

Key to this discovery process has been the support of the South African National Roads Agency SOC Limited (SANRAL).

Roadworks along the N2, which passes through Waterloo Farm, first exposed the fossil beds in 1985. Over the years, SANRAL has played a crucial role in preserving these ancient treasures, providing essential resources to safely extract and store fossil-bearing rocks.

SANRAL has partnered with Dr Gess to promote palaeoheritage tourism in the area, recognising the site’s potential to attract tourists and scientists alike. The agency has built parking areas, preserved sections of the geology at Coombs Hill, and supported the development of educational facilities. A roadside educational centre is also being developed, which will further enhance the public’s understanding of the site’s significance.

A tourism treasure Waterloo Farm’s fossils represent an untapped tourism dimension that is set to breathe new life into Makhanda. Already, the city has positioned itself as a destination for palaeotourism, with key exhibitions at “The Old Priest House” and the planned educational centres. This shift promises to draw a new type of visitor to the region, as interested in ancient history as in modern-day attractions.

Makana Tourism’s Acting Director, Prudence Mini, sees this development as critical for Makhanda’s identity. She said these discoveries are important in attracting people to the town. She highlighted that tourism has evolved from

simply marketing the city’s historical landmarks to now including its rich prehistoric past.

The tourism industry in the Eastern Cape, part of South Africa’s broader tourism landscape, plays a vital role in economic development and job creation. The Eastern Cape attracts around 7% of the total foreign tourist arrivals in South Africa. This provincial share reflects the region’s diverse offerings, including stunning natural landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and a variety of outdoor activities.

Domestic tourism is also significant in the Eastern Cape, with the province accounting for around 15% of all domestic tourism trips in South Africa.

The region’s appeal includes beautiful coastal areas, such as the Wild Coast and the Eastern Cape’s Game Reserves, which attract both local and international visitors. The Eastern Cape has a strong potential for growth, particularly in the adventure tourism sector. Statistics indicate that activities such as hiking, water sports, and wildlife viewing are increasingly popular among tourists.

The collaboration between SANRAL and Dr Gess is a testament to what can be achieved when local institutions and national bodies come together to preserve and promote heritage.

The Waterloo Farm discoveries are more than just a scientific curiosity; they represent an opportunity for Makhanda to redefine itself in the eyes of the world. As plans move forward for the roadside educational centre and further fossil excavations, the town is poised to become a key destination for both tourists and researchers. In celebrating its ancient past, Makhanda is forging a bright future. n

Source: Makana Tourism | Talk of the Town | Tourism Eastern Cape | News24

Dr Rob Gess

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

BY JESSIE TAYLOR

Social Development

Strengthening families and expanding social grants

At the heart of the work the Department of Social Development (DSD) will undertake this financial year is to strengthen vulnerable families and expand social assistance programs to millions of South Africans. Minister of Social Development Sisisi Tolashe presented her department’s priorities during a budget vote speech, focusing on reigniting the role of families in society, expanding social grants, and navigating a constrained fiscal environment.

Reigniting the role of families

Minister Tolashe emphasised the critical role of families as the foundation of a resilient society and reiterated the government’s

commitment to “strengthening vulnerable families by providing access to a range of essential support services that build resilience and self-reliance within families.”

This approach aligns with the Revised White Paper on Families, which promotes parenting programs, early intervention initiatives, and cash transfers as essential support mechanisms for families in need.

The DSD’s total budget for the 2024/25 financial year stands at R275 billion, of which a staggering R266 billion will be allocated to the

payment of 28 million social grants. This includes the Social Relief of Distress (SRD) grant, which supports nine million eligible beneficiaries. The SRD grant has

Over 13 million children benefit from the Child Support Grant, while more than 4 million adults receive the Old Age Grant.

Minister Tolashe said: “Our investment in the social assistance programme has lifted millions of our people out of poverty.”

However, the administration of these grants has not been without its challenges. The South African Social Security Agency (Sassa), which manages the disbursement of grants, has faced persistent issues with late payments, inefficient services, and a lack of social workers. To address these problems, Minister Tolashe announced that Sassa is undergoing a significant modernisation and digitisation process. This includes the rollout of a queue management system in 66 Sassa offices, with plans to extend it to an additional 45 offices in the current financial year.

Additionally, Sassa is moving towards cashless transactions, gradually phasing out cash pay points in favour of bank accounts for beneficiaries. “This shift away from high-risk payment instruments like cash aims to enhance financial inclusion for social grant beneficiaries within the National Payment System,” the minister said.

Creating a society that support families

Several other issues affect the stability of South African families, including Gender-based violence (GBV), Minister Tolashe said. The minister said DSD is committed to expanding its efforts to address this crisis.

addressing these societal issues. The department is taking a leading role in implementing the National Strategic Plan on Gender-Based Violence and Femicide, focusing on response, care, support, and healing.

Among the other interventions DSD will be implementing is the increased support of non-profit organisations (NPOs), which play a vital role in delivering services to vulnerable communities. These organisations have faced significant funding cuts, with many NPOs forced to close or drastically reduce their services. The department has allocated R214 million to the National Development Agency (NDA) for the 2024/25 financial year, with a directive to expedite the implementation of its turnaround strategy to mobilise more resources for NPOs.

The Department of Social Development’s 2024/25 budget reflects the government’s continued commitment to supporting the most vulnerable members of society despite the challenging fiscal environment. With a focus on strengthening families, expanding social grants, and addressing systemic issues, the department aims to build a more inclusive and resilient society. While challenges such as budget constraints, NPO funding cuts, and natural disasters persist, the DSD’s efforts to modernise its services and implement key policy reforms signal a determination to uplift those in need. n been extended until 2025, giving the department the necessary time to finalise its long-term plans for a basic income grant.

Minister Tolashe revealed that the draft policy on basic income support will be tabled in Cabinet this financial year, which forms part of the department’s ongoing commitment to addressing poverty and inequality. Social grants are a crucial lifeline for nearly half of South Africans. Over 13 million children benefit from the Child Support Grant, while more than 4 million adults receive the Old Age Grant. These programs have made a substantial impact on poverty reduction.

Minister Tolashe announced plans to increase the number of shelters and Khuseleka OneStop Centres for survivors of GBV. These centres provide essential psychosocial support services to victims. The department is also strengthening the operations of the Gender-Based Violence Command Centre to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. “Our families are greatly affected by gender-based violence and femicide, which leads to fractured relationships and lasting trauma,” Minister Tolashe stated, underscoring the importance of family-centered interventions in

Source: Daily Maverick | Department of Social Development

Sisisi Tolashe, Minister of Social Development

BY KOKETSO MAMABOLO

“What

happens to us, happens for us”

One small step for Bok Women stars, one giant leap for women’s rugby

When Springbok

Women’s captain Nolusindiso Booi made her first test appearance the landscape of the women’s game looked a lot different. While the men’s game had gone professional years before, after the 1995 World Cup - when South Africa, Australia and New Zealand’s governing bodies joined forces with Rupert Murdoch’s FOX Sports to usher in a new era for the sport - the women’s game was still establishing itself in the world of sport .

Now, 49 test caps later, Nolusindiso, a tough, tireless lock-forward, is not only the most-capped Springbok Women’s player ever, but also a veteran whose career has matured during an inflection point in the sport’s trajectory. One of the most noticeable developments at this year’s Summer Olympics was the throng of people who flooded into the Stade de France stadium to watch the men’s and women’s rugby sevens event. The stars of the women’s game gave a performance of lifetime and the response of the fans, sponsors and broadcasters signalled the start of the future.

At the moment, England and New Zealand sit at the top of the women’s game and run the only professionalised leagues but that is set to change with SA Rugby announcing plans for the Women’s Super League, kicking

off early next year. The league will feature a contract model which will see around 150 players centrally-contracted to SA Rugby, more than doubling the number of fulltime professional players, with the Bulls Daisies, two years later, still being the only side in the country with a full squad of professionals. Five teams will compete in the league, with the 14 unions in the country having to bid for a spot and

the 150 players being distributed among the five selected teams.

“We saw the impact of the women’s sevens event at the Olympics and every measurement available points only to the growth of women’s sport and women’s rugby and the world,” said SA Rugby President Mark Alexander, following the announcement of the Super League on Women’s Day.

This is an important step towards SA Rugby’s goal of making into the top 8 on the World Rugby rankings, with the Springbok Women currently sitting at 12th. Nolusindo and others will join the professional ranks alongside players from the Bulls Daisies and overseas-based players like tighthead prop Babalwa Latsha, who became SA’s first professional player when she signed for Spanish side SD Eibar Femenino in 2020.

BY KOKETSO MAMABOLO

She is one of four South African internationals plying their trade full-time in the English Premier Women Division, which she considers to be the best league in the world. Latsha, powerful ball-carrier Aseza Hele and Danelle Lochner have flourished in the Harlequins Women setup, and have made a name for themselves along with Springbok teammates Catha Jacobs (Leicester Tigers) and Lindelwa Gwala (Ealing Trailfinders).

Making progress

In the WXV2 series, which was held recently in Cape Town and featured teams in the second tier of women’s rugby, (England, New Zealand and France dominate the WXV1) the impact of having professionals in the national setup was clear, with the Springbok Women, with a new-look coaching staff, making significant strides in their evolutionary journey.

While the Springboks are giants on the African continent, winning every edition of the Rugby Africa Women’s Cup since it started in 2019, overcoming teams from other parts of the world has been a constant challenge which Swys de Bruin, the performance coach appointed to guide the transformation of the side’s fortunes, is looking to make a thing of the past.

De Bruin - the legendary teacher turned coach, who is a former consultant for the Springbok Men, and who served as an excellent assistant coach for Johann Ackerman during the Lions Men’s Super Rugby

purple patch almost a decade ago - had been in retirement for five years when SA Rugby’s High-Performance Director, Dave Wessels, asked him to the join team until after next year’s World Cup, after which he’ll mentor young coaches in the SA Rugby system.

Joined by former Junior Springbok Men’s head coach Bafana Nhleko (defence coach), Franzel September (forwards coach) and Laurian JohannesHaupt (scrum coach), de Bruin’s fingerprints were already on display in wins against Spain and the Barbarians, an invitational side, with de Bruin’s expansive attacking approach blending nicely with the traditional, abrasive approach which hasn’t always been a hallmark of his gameplans in the past.

The Springboks only managed one win in their three WXV2 games but were one converted try from a draw with 7th (and now 5th) ranked Australia and an unconverted try away from beating Italy, who have gone up to the 8th on the world rankings. The Bulls Daisies made up the bulk of de Bruin’s matchday squads, with the four overseasbased players bolstering the team and showing the fruits of professionalism. De Bruin noted that in the Boks’ three previous encounters with Australia’s Wallaroos they had failed to score a try but have reached a point where both teams looked like they could win it in the closing stages of the match,

Former Junior Bok and current Bulls Daisies lock Vainah Ubisi continued her dominance in

the engine room, Aseza Hele was a wrecking ball as always, Latsha showed her growth as the anchor of the dominant scrum and despite struggling on the fringes of the defence, wing turned flyhalf Nadine Roos showed why the coaches have moved her closer to the action, and expertly marshalled the troops with scrumhalves Unam Tose (Bulls Daisies) and Tayla Kinsey (Sharks).

With the international season now over for the Springboks, and the next training camp planned for December, attention now turns to the lead up to next year’s Women’s World, which South Africa qualified for as the top side in Africa. If the progress continues, the Springboks could find themselves as serious contenders for the sport’s most coveted accolade, something which probably felt like a distant dream when Nolusindo made her debut 14 years ago.

Springbok Women’s Captain Nolusindiso Booi with a young fan

Many of the Springbok Women’s did not grow up playing rugby, and had a late start of excelling in other sports such as cricket, athletics and netball before transitioning to the contact sport. The Bulls Daisies’ professional era is just the start and Babalwa Latsha will go down as a pioneer in the local game - showing young girls what’s possible on the biggest stages like the WXV series

and the 2025 Rugby World Cup. “For us representation is really important,” said Latsha, in an interview with Rugby Pass. “I believe that you can’t be what you can’t see. It’s a great platform to see us and to see themselves in us.

“To see us represent them, and hopefully, they will or can aspire to do the same and even better.

For us, it’s a massive privilege to have that much of an influence and to be able to do what we love in our home country. Hopefully it will help inspire a brand new generation of young women.”

“Whatever happens to us, happens for us,” is the motto in the camp. The success of Booi, Latsha and co is something that is happening for us.

Bangladesh vs Proteas Test series

First Test Match 21 - 25 October

Second Test Match 29 October - 2 November

Proteas vs India T20 Series

First T20 8 November

Second T20 10 November

Third Test 13 November

Fourth T20 15 November

Genesis Championship - DP World Tour 24 - 27 October

Abu Dhabi HSBC Championship 7 - 10 November

Bangladesh vs Proteas Test series

Scotland vs Springboks 10 November

England vs Springboks 16 November

Wales vs Springboks 23 November

20 October

Sources: Supersport | SA Rugby | Cape Times | Business Day | Daily Maverick | Rugby Pass | Ruggas

Tour of Guangxi - UCI World Tour 15 - 20 October

USA Grand Prix

Golf

CYCLING

FORMULA 1

BY JESSIE TAYLOR

How to take advantage of the low interest rates

With the South African Reserve Bank lowering the repo rate by 25 basis points, bringing it to 8%, and the prime rate now standing at 11.50%, many South Africans are looking at the potential benefits this could bring.

The decision to lower the repo rate follows a global trend of more accommodative monetary policies, with the US Federal Reserve also cutting rates. While this move may seem small to some, its impact on loans, bonds, and savings could be significant, depending on how South Africans decide to leverage the changes.

amount, it can add up over time, providing relief to those who have been financially strained by rising rates. Reserve Bank Governor Lesetja Kganyago noted that inflation is cooling, with the rate dropping to 4.4% in August—a three-year low. The outlook suggests inflation will remain below 4.5% through 2026, offering further confidence that rates could stabilize or even decrease further in the medium term.

For those considering taking on new debt, now might be the time to do so.

The repo rate and its impact

The repo rate, or repurchase rate, is the rate at which the central bank lends money to commercial banks. When the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) adjusts this rate, it directly influences the interest rates consumers pay on loans. The bank uses this tool primarily to manage inflation, keeping it within a target range of 3% to 6%. Lowering the repo rate is a way to encourage economic activity by making borrowing cheaper for both consumers and businesses.

The cut comes after a period of rising interest rates that began in 2021. Homeowners, car buyers, and businesses alike have seen the cost of servicing their loans increase dramatically in recent years. The recent cut provides an opportunity to reassess financial strategies, particularly when it comes to managing debt.

The immediate beneficiaries of a lower repo rate are borrowers. Home loans, car loans, and personal loans tied to the prime lending rate will see a reduction in interest payments. For example, on a new R2 million home loan at the prime rate, borrowers can expect their monthly payments to decrease by about R350. Though this might not seem like a large

Source: TimesLive | Property24

The impact on homeowners and first-time buyers

If you already have a home loan, now is the time to consider a strategic approach to your repayments. You may choose to pay your previous, higher amounts on your bonds despite the decrease in required monthly payments. Doing so could significantly reduce the total interest paid over the loan’s lifespan, potentially shortening the loan term by several years.

Lower interest rates not only reduce monthly bond repayments for existing homeowners but also make homeownership more accessible for first-time buyers. Affordability has been a significant barrier for many South Africans, particularly as rates climbed over the past few years. With this rate cut, more individuals could qualify for home loans, increasing activity in the property market, especially in the lower to middle price ranges.

For first-time buyers, now could be an ideal moment to enter the market, locking in more affordable rates while property prices are still relatively low.

While borrowers benefit from lower rates, savers could face reduced returns. As interest rates decline, so do the interest rates offered on

savings accounts and other lowrisk investments. This could deter some from saving, especially when inflation-adjusted returns are considered.

The drop presents an opportunity to diversify your financial portfolio. Consider shifting savings into higher-yielding investment vehicles, such as equities or property, which could provide better returns in a lower interest rate environment.

For those with shorter-term savings goals, fixed deposits may still offer a relatively stable return, but it’s worth exploring other options to maximize growth.

With borrowing costs set to remain lower for the foreseeable future, real estate investment becomes a more attractive proposition. Lower monthly bond payments free up cash flow, allowing investors to manage properties more effectively and potentially expand their portfolios. Moreover, as property prices are expected to rise due to increased competition in the market, early investments could see strong returns in the coming years.

If the current rate-cutting cycle continues, experts predict that the residential property market will transition from a buyer’s market to a more balanced environment within the next two years.

This shift could reignite growth in the property sector, with increased activity driving up demand and, eventually, property prices.

The real benefit lies not just in the rate cut itself but in the broader economic indicators, such as decreasing petrol prices and slowing food inflation. These factors combined will increase disposable income for South Africans, potentially spurring a more robust housing market. n

BY JESSIE TAYLOR

New visa regulations to unlock tourism opportunities for South Africa

As South Africa embarks on a transformative journey to enhance its appeal as a premier tourist destination, significant changes to its visa regulations are set to take shape, particularly through the introduction of the Trusted Tour Operator Scheme (TTOS). This innovative initiative, aimed primarily at tourists from China and India, marks a crucial step in streamlining the visa application process, thereby reducing the bureaucratic barriers that have long hindered the country’s tourism sector and its ability to attract international visitors.

Tapping into vital tourism markets Tourism is pivotal in South Africa’s economy, contributing immensely to job creation and national development. In 2023, the nation welcomed approximately 93 000 tourists from China, a figure that

pales compared to countries like Australia, which attracted over 1.4 million visitors from the same country.

Tourists from India accounted for only 3.9% of South Africa’s international visitors, with Chinese nationals making up just 1.8%.

Recognising this underperformance, Minister of Home Affairs Leon Schreiber has highlighted the need for a more effective approach to attracting visitors from these significant markets.

The TTOS aims to address these challenges by simplifying the visa application process, facilitating group travel, and ultimately bolstering South Africa’s position as a preferred destination for tourists from China and India.

Set to launch in January 2025, the TTOS is designed to streamline the visa application process for tourists travelling in large groups from nonvisa-exempt countries, beginning with China and India. The scheme invites vetted and approved tour operators from these countries to register with the Department of Home Affairs (DHA).

For the first time, the TTOS will allow group visa applications for tourists travelling with approved operators. This policy shift aims to facilitate smoother entry for large tour groups, which are common among travellers from these countries.

In addition, tourist visa applications processed through the TTOS will be handled by a specialised team of

Minister of Home Affairs Leon Schreiber

adjudicators. This approach ensures that applications are processed swiftly and reliably, addressing the concerns surrounding delays in the current system. The TTOS aims to eliminate unnecessary bureaucratic barriers, creating a more efficient visa application process.

Cutting red tape to facilitate tourism growth

In his recent State of the Nation Address (SONA), President Cyril Ramaphosa emphasised the need for reforming South Africa’s visa system to attract the skills necessary for economic growth. He highlighted that the TTOS is a significant step towards creating a dynamic ecosystem for innovation and entrepreneurship, allowing South Africa to fully capitalise on its vast potential as a tourism destination.

The introduction of the TTOS aligns with South Africa’s broader economic goals. Research suggests that even a 10% increase in tourism could drive up the country’s economic growth by 0.6% and create tens of thousands of jobs, which are crucial for the country’s recovery and development.

The TTOS is part of a more extensive effort to reform South Africa’s visa system under a project known as Operation Vulindlela, initiated by President Ramaphosa in 2022. This initiative aims to address inefficiencies in issuing visas and permits, ultimately enhancing the attractiveness of South Africa for various travellers, including those seeking to work, invest, or visit.

In addition to introducing the TTOS and broader visa reform efforts, various improvements are being made to the visa application process. In September 2023, the department signed a memorandum of understanding with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and the State IT Agency to assist with this modernisation effort. The DHA has also submitted a capacity report to the Treasury and Presidency, requesting additional staffing to

bolster the visa adjudication process. As South Africa prepares to implement the TTOS in January 2025, the initiative represents a crucial shift in the country’s tourism and visa regulation approach. By simplifying the application process, reducing bureaucratic barriers, and promoting group travel, South Africa aims to attract more visitors from China and India, ultimately enhancing its position as a premier tourist destination that appeals to a diverse array of international travellers. In conjunction with broader visa reforms under

Operation Vulindlela, the TTOS is expected to bolster the tourism sector, drive economic growth, and create jobs that will uplift local communities. With the government’s commitment to modernising the visa system and facilitating a welcoming environment for travellers, South Africa is poised to reclaim its status as a leading destination in the global tourism landscape, inviting travellers to explore its rich cultural heritage, breathtaking landscapes, and vibrant cities. n

BY SUE RAMAUTHAR

Movement is the best medicine

As we age, prioritising movement and building muscle strength becomes more than just a tool for fitness—it is crucial for sustaining independence and overall wellbeing. Recognising that movement is medicine, and that its benefits extend far beyond our ability to perform daily tasks, helps us be more intentional in creating regular, consistent movement.

Muscle strength also plays a key role in preventing injuries, improving balance, joint support and reducing the risk of falls. Our bodies change with each decade, and a nice way to think about it is that the body becomes more

“needy” and requires more effort to maintain the same level of functioning that we had a few years ago.

Upon entering our 50s, muscle mass naturally decreases, a process known as sarcopenia. This loss can make common activities such as walking, climbing stairs, or carrying groceries feel more strenuous. By incorporating regular strength training and functional movement exercises, we can slow this decline and even build muscle. This, in turn, supports bone density and joint health, helping to manage or prevent conditions like osteoporosis and arthritis.

We are living in a technological era that requires very little physical effort for our body, from ordering groceries online, to working long hours at a laptop

Beyond the physical benefits, exercise also boosts your mood, cognitive function, and mental health, making it a holistic approach to healthy ageing.

– this often leaves the body very sedentary throughout the day, and if we are not intentional about finding opportunities to move, our muscle strength and mobility can deteriorate rapidly as we get older.

Movement is lubrication for your body and its benefits include promoting blood circulation, which is essential for reducing inflammation and joint stiffness, while improving cardiovascular health. Beyond the physical benefits, exercise also boosts your mood, cognitive function, and mental health, making it a holistic approach to healthy ageing.

It is recommended that we try to walk briskly for approximately 30 minutes, 3 to 5 times a week. Through the workday, try not to remain sitting for more than an hour at a time. Take a 60-second movement break after every hour of sitting – this could be a quick walk up and down the stairs, or doing a few squats, or stretching. Incorporating consistent, safe movement practices—guided by a healthcare professional, when necessary—can preserve mobility and enhance quality of life, keeping us active and independent for longer.

It is also important to remember that exercise should support and benefit your body and shouldn’t be painful - if you are experiencing pain with or after exercise, speak to a physiotherapist that can help build strength and mobility safely. n

Sue Ramauthar is a Corporate Wellness Practitioner and Physiotherapist at SuedeWellness

BY JESSIE TAYLOR

World Teachers’ Day

World Teachers’ Day pays tribute to teachers’ essential role in shaping minds and societies across the globe. Established in 1994 by UNESCO, the day commemorates the adoption of the 1966 ILO/UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers, which set international benchmarks for teachers’ rights, responsibilities, and working conditions.

In 2024, the theme for World Teachers’ Day is “Valuing Teacher Voices: Towards a New Social Contract for Education.”

This theme emphasises the importance of including teachers in conversations about educational reform. As education systems worldwide evolve, it is crucial to ensure that teachers’ voices are heard and their expertise is recognised in policy-making processes. Teachers possess unique insights into the challenges and opportunities within education systems, and their input is invaluable for creating sustainable and effective reforms. The day also serves as a moment to reflect on the need for stronger support systems for teachers, especially as they face growing challenges, including shortages and declining working conditions.

October

World Mental Health Day

World Mental Health Day raises awareness about mental health issues and mobilises efforts to support mental well-being worldwide. In 2024, the theme “Mental Health at Work” highlights the critical connection between mental health and the workplace. With over 60% of the global population engaged in some form of work, the workplace plays a significant role in shaping mental health outcomes. Safe, supportive working environments can promote mental health, while harmful conditions— such as high stress, discrimination, and exposure to harassment—pose significant risks to employees’ well-being.

In collaboration with partners, the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasises the need for a coordinated effort between governments, employers, workers, and stakeholders to create mentally healthy workplaces. Employers are responsible for establishing environments that protect employees from mental health risks and provide the support necessary for individuals to thrive. This can be achieved through evidence-based interventions, such as offering mental health resources, reducing stigma around mental illness, and fostering open communication about mental health in the workplace.

International Day of Rural Women

The International Day of Rural Women celebrates the invaluable contributions of women in rural communities to agriculture, food security, and climate resilience. Rural women are crucial in ensuring sustainable development, often working behind the scenes in unpaid or underappreciated roles. They make significant contributions to agricultural production and the management of natural resources while also taking on the bulk of unpaid domestic work, including caring for their families.

Despite their critical role, rural women face disproportionate levels of poverty and exclusion. Structural barriers, such as limited access to education, healthcare, and economic resources, continue to impede their progress. Women in rural areas are often denied equal access to land, credit, and markets, and discriminatory social norms frequently constrain their political participation. These challenges are compounded by the fact that their labour - both in the household and in the fields - is often invisible and unpaid, contributing to their economic marginalisation.

Upcoming events

17

International Day for the Eradication of Poverty

The International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, observed on 17 October, highlights the ongoing struggle against extreme poverty worldwide. Despite significant economic development in recent decades, millions of people live in severe deprivation conditions. Poverty is a complex, multidimensional issue that extends beyond a lack of income to include inadequate access to education, healthcare, and basic human rights.

Extreme poverty—defined as living on less than $2.15 per day—affects over 670 million people globally, with projections indicating that 575 million people could remain trapped in extreme poverty by 2030. Those living in poverty face interrelated deprivations, including unsafe housing, lack of nutritious food, limited access to justice, and exclusion from political power. These challenges perpetuate a cycle of poverty that is difficult to break.

The 2024 observance calls for urgent global action to address these inequalities and promote policies that improve access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities for the world’s most vulnerable populations.

24

United Nations Day

United Nations Day marks the anniversary of the entry into force of the UN Charter in 1945. This foundational document established the United Nations as a global body that promotes peace, security, human rights, and development worldwide. Since its inception, the UN has played a vital role in addressing global challenges, from conflict resolution to climate change, and remains a beacon of hope for many.

The 2024 observance of UN Day emphasises the importance of multilateralism in tackling today’s complex global crises. In an increasingly interconnected world, no nation can address challenges like poverty, climate change, and pandemics alone. The UN’s ability to unite countries and foster international cooperation is more crucial than ever.

World Cities Day

World Cities Day, observed on 31 October, highlights the importance of sustainable urban development in an increasingly urbanised world. The 2024 theme, “Financing a Sustainable Urban Future for All,” focuses on the need for smart investments in urban infrastructure to create inclusive, resilient, and environmentally sustainable cities.

With more than half of the global population living in cities, urban areas are critical drivers of economic growth and social development. However, rapid urbanisation also presents significant challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, growing inequalities, and environmental degradation. World Cities Day emphasises the need for governments at all levels to work together in planning and financing urban development that benefits all residents, especially the most vulnerable.

This year’s observance calls for stronger partnerships between governments, the private sector, and civil society to ensure that urbanisation promotes social inclusion and economic opportunities for all. By investing in sustainable urban development, we can create

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