THE CIVIC GARDEN CENTRE NEWSLETTER
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GENERALJ I:IFORMATION
Vol. 15, No( 8) 79
EDITOR: Iris Hossé Phillips
ADVERTISING INFO: (416) 445-1552
Registered charity number 0228114-56
TRELLIS is published ten times a year as a members newsletter by the CIVIC GARDEN CENTRE, 777 Lawrence Avenue East, Don Mills, Ont. M3C 1P2. Tel. No.: (416) 445-1552. Manuscripts submitted on a voluntary basis are gratefully received. No remuneration is possible.
Lead time for inclusion of articles and advertising material is six weeks: manuscripts and material must be received by the 15th of the month to insure publication. For example, material received by October 15 will be included in the December issue of Trellis.Opinions expressed within do not necessarily reflect those of the Centre.
The Centre is located in Edwards Gardens, at Leslie Street and Lawrence Avenue East. It is a non-profit, volunteer-based gardening, floral arts, and horticultural information organization with open membership.
Printed by York Printing House Ltd.
WINTER OPERATING HOURS
The Civic Garden Centre is open from November 1st to March 31st.
Weekdays: 9:30 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.
Weekends & Holidays: Noon - 4:00 p.m.
CHRISTMAS CLOSING
Saturday, December 23rd to January 1st Shops December 23rd to January 9th for inventory.
It is that time of year again when | hope for a few more bright warm days to accomplish some remaining essential gardening tasks. There are still plants and stalks to cut down and even some bulbs to plant. The tulips and daffodils are already underground but my snowflakes (Leucojum aestivum) are waiting patiently to be dug under. The Netherlands Flowerbulb Information Centre recommends planting them in clusters of 25 or more. To obtain the natural look that | am striving to create, the Centre recommends tossing the small bulbs into the planting space and locating them where they land. | have decided to heave some under our shrubs and trees and place the remainder with the daffodils and tulips. (How many practice shots should | make?) Apparently, a number of gardeners plant snowflakes in the lawn for a surprise effect in spring. The flowers and foliage will have withered by the time the lawn needs cutting so the bulbs will have been fed and will continue to bloom for many years.
My other concern is the widely debated question of when to apply protective winter mulch and which type of mulch is best. The usual list of natural materials includes fall leaves, evergreen boughs, peat moss, hay, old manure, and compost. A number of gardening books published in the United States recommend salt hay. It is pest-free, clean, light, and long lasting and has the added attraction of allowing water and melting snow to penetrate easily without becoming slimy and soggy. It can be used over many years. Should winter mulch be applied to perennial beds before or after the ground is frozen? A number of gradening experts recommend that mulch be applied after the ground is frozen because it will ensure that the ground temperature will remain constant throughout winter and will prevent the soil from heaving. Last winter, with its lack of snow, will remind gardeners why winter mulch is necessary. I'll probably use what's readily available and free: autumn leaves, compost, and pine boughs.
Every autumn | rediscover the beauty of hardy asters and pledge to plant more next year. I'll make a note in my gardening calendar and see what happens.
Iris Phillips
Contents
NATIVE NUT TREES: The working shade trees
R. D. Campbell
One of the great joys of exploring Ontario s finer parks, botanical gardens or unlimited wildlands comes from the ability to recognize the many species of the trees which are native to Ontario. Some of the trees with the more outstanding attributes form a group which can be described as the Nut Tree Family. All of the nut trees have numerous desirable characteristics in common: great strength and sturdiness; long life expectancy; notable resistance to insects and diseases; attractive foliage, tree form, and bark features as well as the production of valuable crops of nuts. All of these attrributes make the nut trees attractive prospects for planting on city lots and suburban estates. The sturdy, integral nature of the nut trees assures that there will be far less pruning and maintenance compared with the many soft-wood trees. Furthermore the trunks of some of the nut trees greatly increase estate values as years go by. Specimens of black walnut will often live to 150-200 years.
The many virtues and extreme worth of nut trees begs the question why more people have not been planting nut trees for shade purposes. Nut trees planted in this way not only provide welcome shade but also accumulate high investment values as well. . truly the working shade trees.
The purpose of this article is to give a brief description of some of the hardy nut trees of Ontario and also provide a few notes about their culture.
BUTTERNUT/Juglans cinerea
This is the hardiest of all the nut trees with native stands as far north as Barrie and Orillia. The tree tends to be rather wider than high and has smooth bark which often takes on a silverish sheen. The leaves are somewhat similar to that of the black walnut but often are of slightly coarser texture. The nuts are noticeably rough and pointed on the exterior, but the kernels are a gourmet s delight.
BLACK WALNUT
THE HAZELS/Corylus americana, Corylus cornuta
The hazels are often described as. the little nuts which grow everywhere! The BEAKED HAZEL Corylus cornuta has a smallish nut resembling the commercial hazelnut but it has a noticeably pointed end. The beaked hazel is native as far north as the James Bay Region! The AMERICAN HAZEL Corylus americana is native to the milder parts of Ontario, and the size of the nuts more nearly resembles the commercial hazelnut. The hazels usually grow in bush form with maximum heights reaching 10-12 feet. The hazels generally have rather round leaves with many small points. Mature leaves are a dark, velvety-green and this attribute makes them very handsome. The scene of a hazel thicket in the fall is often the busy focus of action for the many nut-eating birds, squirrels, chipmunks and even deer who want to get their share while the supply lasts!
BEECH/Fagus grandifolia
The native beech is another one of the sturdy nut trees which is renowned for its unusual bark: very smooth and a most delicate silvery colour on older trees. The leaves are solitary and oval in shape with many points along the margins. The tree makes an excellent lawn specimen although it has been found generally that they are hard to transplant successfully. The nuts are shaped like small, triangular pyramids and are a favourite of the many nut-eating birds.
SHAGBARK HICKORY/Carya ovata
This species occurs in numerous regions throughout Ontario and is known for its relatively small, whitish-shelled nuts with sweet, delicious kernels. In fact some experienced nut growers are so fond of the shagbark hickory flavour that they refer to the tree as the gem of the north . The bark is slate gray and on older trees the bark peels off in long shaggy strips giving the basis for the common name. Older trees are expecially picturesque for their bark alone. The tall, sentinel-like silhouette of the shagbark hickory is another of its many virtues. The compound leaves of this species usually contain 5 leaflets. The shagbark takes on its fall colours relatively early in the fall and sports colours of bright gold and bronze.
SHELLBARK HICKORY/Carya laciniosa
This tree is similar to the shagbark hickory but is larger in most respects including the nuts. In fact in some areas the tree is referred to as The Kingnut . One of the noticeable differences is that the compound leaves usually contains 7 leaflets. Distribution of the tree is somewhat rare in Ontario and confined to the areas adjacent to Lake St. Clair, the St. Clair River, and the northern shores of Lake Erie.
BITTERNUT HICKORY/Carya cordiformis
This is the northernmost relative of the pecan hickory ' sub-group of the hickory family. The bark of the tree is almost smooth and the leaves are compound usually with clusters of 9 leaflets. The narrow leaflets and fine sinewy branches give the tree an almost willowy" appearance. The nuts are medium sized, very thin-shelled and the kernels are dissappointingly bitter. One of the more unusual uses for the Bitternut Hickory is the making of lacrosse sticks from the timber.
BLACK WALNUT/Juglans nigra
The black walnut is recognized for its dark checkered bark in evidence on mature trees. The compound leaves consist of rather long stems often with 11-17 leaflets. Trees have been reported as far north as Ottawa and Montreal although it is not as common in Ontario as the shagbark hickory. The nuts are famous for their pungent tasting, gourmet-quality kernels. The timber is exceedingly valuable and this quality accounts for its increasingly scarcity in native stands.
SCARLET OAK/Quercus coccinea
There are many fine oaks which thrive in Ontario but Scarlet is one of the best. The trees are very straight growing and eminently tough and sturdy. The short time required to produce a sizeable shade tree will amaze most home owners. The deeply sculptured leaves of the scarlet oak give it a very lace-like appearance and the leaves will dance gracefully even in the gentlest of breezes. Last but not least, the fall colour of the outstanding Scarlets is so gorgeous that lawns containing these specimens will be known in the peak of the fall season as the grandest showplaces in all the land! (over)
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What s this about Cacti?
Sinclair Hemingway
Many cacti grow in the Savanna climate areas of North and South America. The border areas of Mexico and the United States, and numerous countries of South America (Argentina, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador and Chile) are the native habitat of the desert cacti.
About 1500 species of cacti exist. Four species of cacti are native to Western Canada and Point Pelee in Ontario. Cactophytes in the Toronto areas have had outdoor success with thirty species and enjoy their beautiful blooms.
Allan Gardens of Toronto and the Memorial Gardens of Etobicoke have an excellent collection of cacti. Major collections are housed in Great Britain and European countries where the collection of cacti species has been enjoyed for more than 100 years. Small wonder there are 25 cacti clubs in the 50 miles between London and Dover!
To thrive and flower, cacti need sun, light, and a suitable growing medium. Leaf mould is an important ingredient in the cactus pot. It should be used with an equal part of garden loam, two parts of sharp builders sand, and a spoonful bone meal. A cool, sunny, southfacing windowsill and a small teaspoon of water every 4 to 6 weeks will keep the cacti happy over the winter months. Watering should be increased in spring, and in June the cacti will be ready for a good soaking of water. Then it's out to a sunny spot in the garden.
Some cacti are prolific bloomers:
Mammillaria
Rebutia
Astrophytum
Gymnocalycium
Thelocactus (bicolour)
Echinopsis
Notocactus haselbergii
Opuntia
The library of the Civic Garden Centre has an excellent collection on cacti and the book shop carries a wide selection of texts for both the beginner and the experienced cacti grower. An excellent choice is Guide to Cacti by Edgar Lamb.
The author welcomes visitors to see his extensive collection.
The Greenhouse Effect
The 1980s have produced some of the hottest days in recorded history, and numerous scientists believe that this trend is the beginning of greenhouse effect . Predictions of the rise of the earth s surface temperature vary between 1.5C and 4.0C. This temperature rise will have a profound effect on the earth s climate. The University of Guelph has prepared the following description of the greenhouse
global mean temperature will increase, over the next few decades, by an average of three degrees.
The University of Guelph has a number of researchers involved in studying the various implications of the greenhouse effect. They are available for comment and information through the main university switchboard, 519-824-4120. effect.
The greenhouse effect refers to the inevitable warming of the earth s surface due to the accumulation of gases in the atmosphere. Released through the burning of fossil fuels, these gases primarily carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide are polluting the air as well as blocking heat escape from the earth s surface. Scientists predict the
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CORNUCORPIA - The Civic Garden Centre s Fall Craft Show
Admission $3.00 Adults, $2.50 Seniors, $1.00 Children under 12
Men s Garden Club
North Toronto Horticultural Society
INTERMEDIATE FLOWER ARRANGING
Registration deadline Nov. 3
Members $25.00 Non-members $32.50
Garden Therapy Meeting
INTERMEDIATE IKENOBO IKEBANA FLOWER ARRANGING
Registration deadline Nov. 8,
Members $37.50 Non-Members $45.00
Rare Succulents in Habitat - an illustrated talk by Dr. Alfred Lau sponsored by Toronto Cactus & Succulent Club $5.00 admission
Toronto Gesneriad Society
Ontario Rock Garden Society
Southern Ontario Orchid Society
General Meeting
Toronto Bonsai Society
Toronto Cactus & Succulent Club
CIVIC GARDEN CENTRE MEMBERS NIGHT
Speaker: Frank Kershaw
Topic: Inspiring Gardens Around the World
A Christmas Happening
The Christmas plant sale is a festive happening at the Civic Garden Centre, December 3rd and 4th from noon to 4 p.m., with MEMBERS orders to be picked up FRIDAY, DECEMBER 2nd., 2 - 6 P.M. Your 10% discount will be honoured.
With the strains of Christmas music in the background, choose from the highest quality poinsettias, poinsettia trees, mixed planters, azaleas, cyclamen, as well as balsam, pine, and cedar boughs, wreaths, swags, and ropes in a size to suit your every need and at a reasonable price.
It may be too early for Christmas baking, but you will feel you ve made the first step towards preparation for the busy holiday season ahead.
Capture the Christmas spirit early at the Centre s Christmas plant sale it's a good feeling!
The Art of Flower Arrangement
FLOWER SHOW DATE: . Nowv. 26 & 27, 1988 I l TIME: © 1078 T aadingim m i PLACE: Civic Garden Centre 11} ADMISSION: $3.00 ?&"
Plskmas 55 7 PLANT SALE
MEMBERS DISCOUNT FOR ORDERS ONLY
Members order pick-up Friday, December 2,2 PM. - 6 P.M.
PUBLIC SALE SATURDAY AND SUNDAY, DECEMBER 3 & 4 NOON to 4 P.M.
Plants listed on this order form are nursery-grown for the Civic Garden Centre. TAKE ADVANTAGE OF YOUR MEMBERS DISCOUNT BY ORDERING EARLY
CHRISTMAS PLANT ORDER FORM
| l I THE CIVIC GARDEN CENTRE
i All plants wrapped for winter protection. Foil wrapping is available for 50¢per pot. Please order before November 18, 1988 It s your support that keeps us growing! Name Address City
A 10% members discount will apply to advance orders if your order is received prior to November 18, 1988.
PLEASE PAY WHEN YOU PICK UP YOUR ORDER.
BOOK REVIEW
While Christmas shopping, visit the Trellis Shop for a wide selection of gardening and nature-related books. Some lovely new books have arrived for the Christmas season.
The lllustrated Gertrude Jekyl has arrived recently. This is the first time that Colour Schemes For The Flower Garden, Gertrude Jekyll 's most famous book has been published with colour illustrations, and it contains many lovely pastel drawings of individual flowers, colour border plans, and colour photos, which augment her invaluable advice on planning a garden.
Another wonderful book is Wildflowers Across America by Lady Bird Johnson and Carlton B. Lees. Concerned about the amount of land development in the United States, and the number of wild plants being plowed under, Lady Bird Johnson was worried about the preservation of the wildflowers she remembered from her childhood. On her seventieth birthday, she founded the National Wildflower Research Centre, outside Austin, Texas, and began a movement in the States to have wildflowers planted alongside highways, in public parks, and on historic recreation sites. Some six years later, she has co-written this book to compliment her work.
This is a lavishly illustrated book, which contains fine botanical watercolours, and superb photography. The history of North American wildflowers, and the exploration for plants is discussed, and instructions are given on how to preserve seed, and on how to create wildflower gardens in the home landscape. | highly recommend this book as one sure to please.
Patrick Lima s popular Harrowsmith
Perennial Garden and Herb Garden books continue to be in great demand and would make a welcome gift.
We have a delightful selection of books for children on the themes of gardening, and nature, and some special Christmas selections.
Barbara Stevenson
Little Tree is a touching poem/story about two children who decorate a Christmas tree. This is a heartwarming book suitable for ages two to adult.
For children 7 and older, OWL'S Winter Fun is filled with amazing facts, stories, experiments, instructions on growing bulbs, building plans for eight bird feeders and much more. Recipes are also included for Suet Cake For Feathered Friends, and Magic Ice Cream Cake for larger folk.
New books are arriving daily, and | will be glad to help you make your selection. See you in the bookshop.
Dorothy Whiteman
Dorothy Whiteman s many friends at the Centre will be saddened by the news of the accident to her son Derren. In early August, Derren was in a serious car accident and sustained injuries which have left him a quadraplegic.
A great many people have inquired about the possibility of making a financial contribution to help with the family s immediate burden.
Contributions should be made payable to the Civic Garden Centre, and sent to Mr. Robert Saunders, Treasurer, Civic Garden Centre, 777 Lawrence Ave. East, Don Mills, Ont. M3C 102. The Centre will forward the contributions collectively to the Whiteman family.
Civic Garden Centre Members Programme
FRANK KERSHAW
A slide presentation highlighting the design features, layout and plant material of famous European and North American Public Gardens.
Thursday, November 17th, 1988 7:30 p.m.
Refreshments Served
Non-Members $2.00
Notes from our Agricultural Past
Strawberries in Ontario
When early settlers arrived in Ontario, they were greeted with at least one familiar plant the strawberry. Catherine Parr Traill noted in 1855 that strawberries of the most delicious flavour carpet the ground ; she also provided a recipe for strawberry jam. It would have been a welcome delicacy in the somewhat limited diet of the backwoods settlers.
The origins of the modern cultivated strawberry can be traced to the eighteenth century when French scientists crossed the Chilean strawberry (F. chiloenis) and the Virginian strawberry (F.virginiana) to produce the pineapple strawberry (F. chiloenis grandiflora). These plants were difficult to cultivate which limited the commercial use of the variety. In the 1850s, however, the Wilson strawberry was introduced, a dependable variety which produced large crops and did not require cross-pollination. One early twentieth century commentator in describing the importance of this variety stated that, not until then had it been possible for everyone to grow strawberries, the poor as well as the rich. It did not require the services of a professional gardener. The strawberry now became in fact, a friend for the millions.
Numerous other varieties of strawberries were developed in the nineteenth century including the Williams . It was a cross between the Crescent and Sharpless varieties and was developed by a Mr. Williams of Burford, Ontario in the 1890s.
The strawberry industry in Ontario began to assume commercial importance in the 1870s as the fruit quickly became the most generally cultivated of all the small fruits. The main region for strawberry production for many years was around Oakville which, by 1880, was shipping 126,000 quarts of berries each year.
Today, the fresh-market strawberry business stretches across Southern and Eastern Ontario, with pick-your-own operations increasing in popularity. Growers have a number of choices in varieties to grow for
different areas and uses, and research at the Horticultural Experiment Station, Simcoe is working with considerable success to develop the new day-neutral type of berry (See article in this issue). Strawberries are much more readily available now than 100 years ago, but their popularity has not waned.
Love Apples
Touring an eighteenth century French or English ornamental garden, the present-day visitor would be greeted by a familiar plant the tomato, or love apples as they were known in England. (Because of the similarity of their shape to the human heart, they were considered to be an aphrodisiac.) The tomato was introduced to Europe by the Spanish and Portuguese following the conquest of Mexico. In southern Europe, the plant s fruit was used as a vegetable, but in the north, it seems to have been cultivated mainly for ornamental purposes as the plant was renowned for its beauty of appearance . A contributing factor to its use as an ornament could have been the persistent idea that the plant was poisonous, a belief rooted likely in the fact that the plant is a member of the
Solanaceae family of which some members are poisonous.
Other members are nightshade, potato, eggplant, and peppers.
In Ontario, settlers grew the tomato widely in kitchen gardens. Early cookbooks contain many recipes for the versatile fruit including catsup. The following recipe for an Excellent tomato sauce is from Catherine Parr Traill s The Canadian Settler s Guide published in 1855:
" Wash eight dozen ripe tomatoes, place them in an earthen pan, having divided them in one or two pieces, carefully removing any stalk that may adhere, or any blackened or decayed part; over each layer strew some salt, and let them stand for two days; put them in a preserving pan with the liquor, and boil well for fifteen minutes, then pass the pulp through a colander or coarse sieve to separate the skins from the pulp:
to this strained juice add 4 oz. mustard seed; 2 oz. whole ginger, 2 oz. allspice, several cloves of eschalot, boil all together till the pulp is reduced to nearly half the quantity, rub it through the colander and press it with a spoon; a gill of vinegar to wash the pulp clean through from the spices, at last, may be added, bottle when cold and cork tight down. Those who can afford it can put a teaspoonful of white wine into each bottle the last thing. The tomato is still the most popular vegetable for the home garden, but it is also one of the main commercial vegetable crops grown in Ontario. In 1987, 13,600 ha of land were in processing and freshmarket tomatoes. From these, about 48 million kg of fresh-market and about 462 million kg of processing romatoes were produced. In addition, about 15 million kg of greenhouse tomatoes were grown. Clearly, the North American love affair with the love apple is still going strong.
Reproduced from Highlights of agricultural research in Ontario, September 1988, Vol. 11 No. 3.
HELP WANTED
The Centre is seeking a full time Horticulturalist to be responsible for the planning, implementation, and administration of the Centre s horticultural programme.
The ideal candidate will have a degree or diploma from an accredited horticultural programme. This position is suited to an energetic person with above average communication and interpersonal skills.
Please send your resume to:
Mrs. S. Sullivan
¢/0 The Civic Garden Centre
WOODLAWN POTTERY STUDIO
Annual Christmas Sale of functional pottery, jewellery, and decorativegleces Dec. 2 & 80 Woodlawn Ave. E. 964-0758
BRUCE NORD
Qualified Plantsman
Informed practices, creative capabilities.
493-4702
The Civic Garden Centre paid tribute to Art Drysdale, the gardening broadcaster, at the Edwards Foundation Lecture on October 27. The Centre acknowledged his many years as a member of the Board of Directors and his work in broadcasting where he was given the Centre a high profile.
The Trellis Shop
Soilsaver Composter
Convert your garden and kitchen waste into FREE, nutritious compost in weeks.
Unique thermal construction and complete ventilation system ensure complete rapid decomposition. Two easy access doors to remove compost. Designed to be seen for convenient backdoor composting.
To use, just lift off the lid to feed in organic waste such as fruit and vegetable trimmings, grass clippings, leaves and
weeds from the garden. Micro organisms break down the material which is kept moist and well aerated within. Bacterial activity raises the temperature, destroying weed seeds and disease bearing organisms. Convenient doors are provided to remove the dark, sweet smelling compost whenever it is needed.
$1 1995
Trellis Shop Refund Policy
All refunds must be made within 30 days of purchase and be accompanied by a receipt.
Civic Garden Centre Executive Committee
President: Dr. Brian Bixley
1st Vice-President: Mrs. Susan Macaulay
2nd Vice-President: Mr. Klaus Bindhardt
Treasurer: Mr. Robert Saunders
4 Board of Directors
For1988: Mr. Charles Coffey, Mr. MarkCullen, Mrs. Margaret Killey, Mrs. Susan McCoy, Mrs. Judy Samuel, Mr. Robert Saunders, Mr. Phillip S. Tingley, Mrs. Dorothy Weir.
For 1988 and 1989: Mrs. Anne Bawden, Mr. Klaus Bindhardt, Dr. Brian Bixley,Mrs. Eliane Hooft, Mrs. Heather MacKinnon, Mrs. Gail Rhynard.
For 1988, 1989 & 1990: Mr. Stuart Gilchrist, Mr. AlanGrieve, Mr.Kenneth H.C. Laundy, Mrs. Susan Macaulay and Mr. Victor Portelli of Metropolitan Toronto Parks.
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May we invite you fo join us?
We at the Civic Garden Centre warmly welcome new members. Join us, and you will make friends who share the same interest in gardening, the floral arts and horticulture that you do. In addition to the many exciting classes, garden shows, speakers, clubs-within-the-Centre, etc., that will be available to you, our membership fee entitles you to the following:
e Annual subscription to members
e Free borrowing privileges from one of newsletter Canada s largest horticultural libraries
* Discounts on courses, lectures
« Discount on Soil Testing Service and workshops s
e 10% discount on most purchases in
* Free Admission to the the Trellis Shop Members Programmes
« Special local and international
Access and discounts at special Garden Tours members day plant sales
I
enclose cheque,
I If this is a Gift Membership:
' NEME OF GIVET.e..veererrereoseserneseaiesonsssessasennassaaesssassssssnestsresssssentshssssssontassasesneassnssstens