Trellis - V28, No1 - Jan 2001

Page 1


THE C1vIC GARDEN CENTRE

at Edwards Gardens

hoWedre

The Civic GardenCentre (CGC), founded in resource forgardenmg, horticulture and allied environmentalissues by encouraging interest, promoting mvolvement and gathering, dissen:unatmg and interpreting information in order to enhance the qualityof life for members ofthe commmnty

What Welller

LocatedatEdwardsGardens,The Civic Garden Centre offersmany programs and services, ~ including yearrround activities for families and children. Ourhorticultural library has over

1958, is a voiunteerbased,not-for-pm torganizatmn whose nssion is to act as a central 8,000 books, 70 periodicals, and a large collection of clippings, pamphlets, nursery and seed catalogues, as well as a great selection of children s gardening books. Horticultural Information Servicesoffers free gardeninginformation year round, and the Trellis Shop has many unique gifts, books and gardening supplies for sale. The Teaching Garden has been created as a working garden to foster interest and educate people in the love and values of gardening and the natural world. As a communityservice, Art in the Link offers galleryspace to local artists. As well, the CGC has a wide variety of banquet halls, meeting rooms and show space, with access to Edwards Gardens, one ofToronto s favourite gardenspots.

3%Directory & Hours of Operation

Administrative

Offices

Monday to Friday 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

CGC Library &Trellis Shop

April 1 to December 23

Monday to Friday 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.

Saturday, Sunday& Holidays 12 noon to 5 p.m.

January 1 to March 31

Monday to Friday 9:30 a.m. to 4 p.m.

Saturday, Sunday& Holidays 12 noon to 4 p.m.

3% Directory

Main Number ................. (416) 397-1340

O S S S (416) 397-1354

Emall-o. i ooon e cgc@civicgardencentre.org

Course Registration ............. (416) 397-1362

CCCLbrary: S5 .. .. (416) 397-1343

Library Email ..... library@civicgardencentre.org

Horticultural Services . . .......... (416) 397-1358

Teaching Garden ............... (416) 397-1355

Master Gardeners Free Info Line ...

Monday to Friday 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.

Saturday, Sunday & Holidays 12 noon to 3 p.m. (416) 397-1345

Remtals ... S ac s v (416) 397-1349

TrellisShop .o v v svnins (416) 397-1357

Volunteer Co-ordinator .......... (416) 397-4145

Photography Permit, Toronto Parks & Recreation Division ............ (416) 392-8188

3¢ Board of Directors

President: Lindsay Dale-Harris

Members: Kim Dalglish Abell, Alice Adelkind, Timothy P.D. Bates, Arthur Beauregard, Sandra Beech, Marisa Bergagnini, Dugald Cameron, Victoria Lister Carley, Susan Dyer, Clare Fisher,Judy Floyd,Janet Greyson, Lorraine Hunter, Carolyn Kearns, Cecil Lamrock, Tracey C.H. Lawko, Sonia Leslie, Kenneth D. Maiden, Barbara Mayer, Grace Patterson,Janet Rowley, Helen Shaw

3% Staff Members

Executive Director Douglas Markoff Manager, Community Services KathyVarley Manager, Horticultural Services Cathie Cox

Accounting Joe Sabatino

Administration Shirley Lyons Course Co-ordinator Rosetta Leung

Librarian Mara Arndt

Library Info. Technician Lisa Uyeno

Maintenance Supervisor Walter Morassutti Rental Co-ordinator Randie Smith

Teaching Garden Co-ordinator Shannon Collins

Volunteers Over425 volunteers

3% Patrons

Honorary Patron: HilaryWeston, Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario

Patrons: Brian Bixley, Awdrey Clarke, Mark Cullen, Camilla Dalglish, Sondra Gotlieb, Marjorie Harris, LorraineJohnson, Michele Landsberg, Susan Macauley, Helen Skinner

Allan gardens an oasis in the middle of the city

Botanical names: herewith the second lesson

Getting the Jump on Spring marks its fifth birthdaywith new features

Three gardeners recommend their favourite catalogues

your spring garden here

from the Board

Itwas avery good year

s 2000 draws to a close, it seems an Aappropriate time to take stock of the remarkable accomplishments of The Civic Garden Centre during the year, accomplishments of which all participants, from the youngest Pumpkin Patcher to the most seasoned volunteer, should be justly proud.

In January, the board approved in principle initiatives to revitalize the Centre, a move that led to the establishment of a capital fund and the retention of Markson Borooah Hodgson (architects) and PMA Landscaping (landscape architects) to prepare plans for renovating the building and reconfiguring the garden. Their plans were approved by the board in June, they have been presented to our major stakeholders, including the City of Toronto, and they are now on display in the lobby. Everyone is very excited and fundraising has begun.

In April we learned we had received a grant from the Trillium Foundation to develop a Web site (see Douglas Markoff s column on page 0) and put our library s catalogue of its books and periodical articles on computer. A library information technician, Lisa Uyeno, was hired, and with the help of our volunteers, almost 50 per cent of the work has been completed. The CGC enters the age of the new media.

Our programs over the year were varied, interesting and of very high calibre. A stellar array of lectures, workshops and conferences was held in addition to our regular Edwards Lectures. Julie Moir Messervy, designer of the Music Garden, spoke in March, Anna Pavord (who wrote The Tulip) and Michael Marriott of David Austin Roses in April, and Martin Lane Fox in May. The highlight of the year was, unquestionably, October s Eighth Great Gardening Conference, under the inspired direction of board members Susan Dyer and Carolyn Kearns and their committee. Titled

Great Gardeners and Their Plants, the conference did indeed bring us great speakers: Tony Avent, Fred Case, Allen Paterson, Nori and Sandra Pope, Christine Skelmersdale, Lauren Springer and Keith Wiley. It was a collection of talent not seen since the seventh Great Gardening Conference three years ago. The cost of attracting speakers of this calibre is not inconsiderable, and we were particularly grateful for the sponsorship of Chapters Online as well as that of a long-time and very supportive member.

One cannot mention programming without enthusing about the children s Teaching Garden. The Green Adventure Program (supported during the year by The Garden Club of Toronto) was such a success it will be continued this year, with or without a lead sponsor. Early in the fall the message on Shannon Collins voice mail indicated that although all the fall programs were sold out, you could book for spring 2001. Quite an accomplishment!

Our tours went from strength to strength. Through the Garden Gate, the Intimate Gardens of Rosedale, sold out and despite less than perfect weather was an unparalleled success. The variety of gardens was excellent and the residents of Rosedale particularly generous. The out-of-town tour buses were almost filled to capacity. Here, too, there was a wonderful range of gardens as well as some excellent opportunities for purchasing special plants.

All our special events enjoyed increased attendance. Getting theJump on Spring is growing every year, thanks now to Cec Lamrock and his committee. Mistletoe Magic was, as ever, beautifully organized by Judy Floyd and her team and was a great shopping experience which has left us all slightly the poorer.

The new look of Trellis is receiving rave reviews. Under the direction of its editor, Liz Primeau, a new art director, June Anderson,

and a dedicated committee, it has attracted more advertising revenue and has been able to grow in size and content. Gone is the newsletter format; here to stay are excellent articles on everything from Latin for gardeners to touring historic Toronto gardens, as well as all the information you need about what is going on at your Centre.

With all this good news, was it any surprise that The Friends of The Civic Garden Centre annual giving campaign was so well received by members? There are five levels of giving, with

each successive category offering increased benefits and greater opportunities for involvement with the Centre. A big thank you to all our current Friends as well as those who will surely become Friends this year. This level of membership support is crucial if we are to continue to offer a wide range of high-quality services.

Congratulations and thanks to everyone our executive director, staff, volunteers, members and the board of directors. Each and every one contributed to the success of the CGC in 2000. And to all ofyou, a Happy New Year. @

A special thank you for special donations

The Civic Garden Centre extends a hearty thankyou to the following individuals and companies for donating various in-kind services and products during 2000. This list does not include sponsors or those who made receipted donations.

Allograph Sign and Mural Co.

Mara Arndt

Francis Baker

Judy Baldwin

The Basketry Network

Marisa Bergagnini

Betz Cut Stone

Nancy Bousall

Elizabeth Bryce

Canada Blooms

Canadian Gardening

Evelyn Carter and Family

Heather Collins

Country Meadows

Hewlett-Packard

House of Bamboo

Jim Ireland

Claire King

June Knudsen

Gail Krantzberg

Landscape Ontario

Mrs. Legge

Royal Bank

Royal Flowers

Maneck Sattha

Sheila Siegerman

Helen Shaw

Helen Skinner

Jackie Smith

South Scarborough Small

Rosemary Liptay Engine Repair

Loblaws

Martha MacKellar

MaryMorton Tours

Maxxium Canada

Southern Ontario Orchid Society

Doris Spafford

Rob Stimpson

Patricia Stowe

Members ofthe CGC Board Success with Gardening

David Crighton ofDirectors

The late Joan Cummings

Lindsay Dale-Harris

Milne House Garden Club

Minuteman Press

Donors ofsupplies for the Ombrelle

TeachingGarden, office supplies, Ontario Daylily Society

decoratingaccessories, books, Peek Frean Bakery

magazines, pamphlets and Pickering Nurseries

Kay Takaoka

Charles B. Thomas

Christine Tilley

Tim Horton Donuts

Toronto Atmospheric Fund

Toronto Parks & Recreation

Toronto Public Health nurserycatalogues

Edwards Gardens staff

Raffi Fulton

The Garden Club ofToronto

Gardenimport Inc

GardeningLife

Gro-Bark

Plant a Row, Grow a Row

Plant& Garden

Nori and Sandra Pope

Produce donors

Barbara Tryfos

Vanhof& Blokker Ltd

Vigoro

Volunteers ofthe CGC

Joy Reddy Waterwerx

Robert Lowrey s Piano Experts

Rosedale Livery

Weall & Cullen

Yves Rocher

from the Corner Office

Spinning a Web for the new year

The Civic Garden Centre, Ontario s garden- supporting the CGC; facility rentals and lots more, including links to other sites.

ing education and information centre, is delighted to announce the launching of its Web site. Thanks to a generous community grant in the spring of 2000 from the New Ontario Trillium Foundation and augmented by funding from the CGC, a Web designer was hired, three new computers, including two for public use, were purchased, a library information technician was hired to create an electronic database of the library s book collection, andtraining in specialized soft-

The Web site is designed to be straightforward and easy to navigate. It s user friendly, but if you lose your wayyou can always go Home . The site also features areas where you can send e-mails directly to staff. A registration form, which may be printed out and mailed or returned to the CGC by e-mail, will appear in every section that requires reglstratlon such as our courses and Teaching Garden programs. (Please note that we re not ware use was provided for staff and volunteers. For several months, a team of volunteers and staff has been busy organizing the myriad details required to create a Web site.

The Web site will allow the |e=

yet in a position to accept credit or debit cards over the Internet.).

ticular sites, Lorraine Flanigan is teaching a one-evening class in the library called Gardening on the Internet, Wednesday, January 24. Lorraine is a member of our Web team and a Master Gardener. Or arrange time to come in for a get-started session with librarian Mara Arndt or a volunteer.

With the launching of the Web site, a pivotal step has been taken by the CGC, one members and non-members have been asking about for some time. By visiting the site and telling friends and neighbours about it, you will help direct traffic to the site and that supports the CGC. The more people who know about us, the more we ll increase membership, which translates into enhanced gardening and horticultural programming for all of us.

As the year 2000 comes to a close, I extend a New Year s greeting to each member and his or her family. Ifthere s anythingyou want to discuss, please call me at 416-397-1346 remember, this isyourCivic Garden Centre. @

If you d like to become more familiar with the Internet and learn some techniques for searching parCGC to communicate with members using another form ofmedia and will provide up-to-date information and announcements. It will make it easier for us to reach the community and increase the CGC s membership and profile, to promote events and share information. Bookmark our address www.civicgardencentre.org for easy reference. From the welcome page you may choose either the What s New section or the Home Page. The Home Page greets you with a series of whimsical icons, original creations donated by Heather Collins, a children s book illustrator, and each icon is linked to one of our 16 sections. The sections, which will be added to the site over time, include: Ask a Toronto Master Gardener, which features horticultural fact sheets and an interactive bulletin board for questions and replies; Experience the Teaching Garden; Explore the Library; and Learn about Horticulture. Other sections provide information on the Trellis Shop; special events, courses and lectures; volunteering; joining; visiting or

ofumteer News

Individuals are the spirit of volunteering

WELCOME TO 2001 the International Year of the Volunteer, during which organizations all over the world will celebrate volunteerism. According to a 1997 survey, more than 7.5 million Canadians do some kind of volunteer work, and that work totals 1.11 billion hours, the equivalent of 578,000 full-time jobs. The volunteer sector is growing rapidly and by now that statistic is well out of date.

As impressive as those numbers are, I can t quite relate. To me, volunteerism isn t about the big picture, but about what one person s generosity can mean to one organization. Take, for example, a CGC volunteer known to just about everyone: Maneck Sattha. Or, as he s commonly referred to around here, Ask Maneck .

When I first became involved with the CGC, I assumed Maneck was a staff member.

He was here every afternoon, Monday to Friday. Problems assembling something in the Trellis Shop? Ask Maneck. Broke the heel off your shoe? Leave it on Maneck s desk he knows what glue to use. Pipe broken in the Teaching Garden? Ask Maneck; he ll know what to do.

Maneck has been our renaissance-man-inresidence for more than five years. He began by popping into the library regularly after working with Ken Duncan in the rhodo beds in Edwards Gardens. For a man whose first Boy Scout proficiency badge was in gardening, the CGC was a natural. And so the relationship began ...

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We still share him with the Scouts. He s been with them for more than 35 years first as a member and now as a leader. His specialty is teaching the kids about environmental issues, including birdwatching and gardening. His own garden is a mecca for friends and neighbours who come to ask gardening questions, take pictures and marvel at the variety and health of the plant material. He s a dedicated member of the Canadian Chrysanthemum & Dahlia Society and a volunteer and participant at most CGC events. He s the loving father of two adult children and believe it or not the holder of a full-time job, which takes up his mornings and weekends.

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Why does he do it all? Gardening, he says, is a gateway to friendship. I've met a lot of good people and I m always increasing my knowledge of gardening. Besides, you have a flower in your hand and you re talking to someone ... He smiles and shrugs, his body language adding, what s not to like?

So don t give me statistics. Give me one Maneck Sattha and I'll tell you what volunteering is really all about. Happy International Year of the Volunteer to all our volunteers. You really are the wind beneath our wings. @

March Break madness

SEVERAL PROGRAMS ARE planned for this year s March Break March 12 to 16. Children 9 to 11 years are invited to take part in the EcoAdventure Camp. Through exciting games, art, drama and a variety of outdoor education activities, the children will explore ideas on how to make the planet a better place to live.

The Eco-Adventure Camp runs from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. each day. Fee: $130 per child for CGC members; $150 non-members.

Of course, we could not have a March Break without Art in the Park for children 6 to 10 years. One of our most popular programs, Art in the Park opens the world of art to children within the setting of Edwards Gardens. Budding artists work in the gardens as well as indoors to develop their skills.

Art in the Park runs from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. every weekday, and children may attend for a single day or all five days. Fee: $25 per day for CGC members; $30 non-members.

Keep your eye out for more information on our Web site www.civicgardencentre.org or call Shannon Collins in the Teaching Garden to register:(416) 397-1355. @

Ifyou orsomeoneyou know is enthusiastic and interested in working with children in the garden, please consider volunteering for the Teaching Garden. We are always lookingfor keen volunteers: contact Shannon Collins (416) 397-1355 or the volunteer co-ordinator at (416) 397-4145.

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GardenforAll Seasons

Allan Gardens is an oasis in the middle ofthe city

A disastrous fire destroyed most of the original Allan Gardens buildings in 1902, and in 1910 the magnificent Palm House was opened. It remains a Toronto landmark today.

llan Gardens, bounded by Sherbourne and Ajarvis, Carlton and Gerrard streets, has played an important role in the life of Toronto, and as its superintendent I think I have one of the best jobs in the city. Recently, the great-granddaughter of a former superintendent discovered our e-mail address and began a correspondence with me. Alonzo Watkins, the gentleman in question, grew up on the grounds and was superintendent from 1876 to 1908. Luckily, some family photos survived, and my correspondent sent me digital copies. It was fascinating to see my Victorian counterpart and visualize some of the earlyhistory ofthe gardens through his eyes.

The Horticultural Gardens (as they were originally named) began with a donation of five acres of land to the Toronto Horticultural Society from the 100-acre Moss Park estate. The owner, George William Allan (1822-1901), was a prominent citizen of early Toronto who held many civic and political posts. Art and floriculture were two

of his special interests, and he did much to promote them in the city in fact, he was president ofthe Toronto Horticultural Societyfor 25 years.

The Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) officially opened the gardens September 11, 1860, amid heavy rain. In 1864, the city purchased some surrounding land from Allan and turned it over to the horticultural society on condition that the park be publicly accessible and free of admission charge. The gardens became a centre for cultural, social, political and horticultural events and known for its daily promenades. Local nannies and their small charges from surrounding wealthy homes paraded in all their finery; policemen would make a point of catching the parade and meeting the young ladies a policeman is often to be found somewhere in the early photos ofthe gardens.

In 1879, the Horticultural Pavilion opened, a magnificent structure designed by Langley, Langley and Burke. (A small conservatory was

later added on the south side.) The building was soon in demand for promenade concerts, dramat-

falls, winding pathways and places for quiet contemplation. It s an undiscovered oasis for many ic performances, gala balls, conventions and flower shows. The auditorium stage could accommodate a chorus and orchestra of up to 200 performers. Alonzo Watkins must have been kept very busy during a typical year the greenhouses would grow 35,000 plants for spring planting in the park and plant 13,000 bulbs in the autumn. The gardens had an excellent

ALLAN GARDENSCONSERV weekdaysfrom 9am. zm

] citizens, and people who :,'; have lived in Toronto all n| their lives routinely discov| er the gardens for the first time and are amazed by its beauty and tranquillity. The greenhouses are most popular from October to May, when seasonal displays occur. At Thanksgiving the historic Palm House and the cool-temperate greenhouse are the site of a chrysanthemum show, a tradition collection of tropical plants and was known for its outstanding orchid collection.

Dec.3tolan 610a.m.tos.30pm. -

Learn more about the historyofAilan Gardens, theToronto Horticultural Society, George William Allan,famous visitors such as Oscar Wilde, and the architecture of the conservatory through its Web site: collections.ic.gc.ca/gardens/ Also: information on botany, evolution, plant identification and a virtual tour of the greenhouses.

Phone (416) 392-7288; e-mail: agardens@city.toronto.on.ca

Despite the popularity of the park, debt forced the horticultural society to sell it to the city of Toronto in 1888. The city undertook a program of improvement that included an ornate fence and outdoor electric lights. Shortly after Allan s death in 1901, the name of the gardens was changed to honour his memory. In 1902, a disastrous fire destroyed most of the buildings. Eight years later the classically-proportioned, domed Palm House existing today was opened. Subsequent years brought numerous building extensions and garden renovations.

Today the park is surrounded by a city and the neighbourhood supports a high density of accommodation for marginalized people. Nor is the park the horticultural centre it was in earlier times, although the approximately 16,000 square feet ofgreenhouses offer a fine collection oftropical and subtropical plants lovingly cared for by four dedicated gardeners. The conservatory is a welcome respite on a winter day, a moment away from the hustle and bustle of a big city. The oxygen-rich atmosphere combines with the heady scents of such plants as jasmine, gardenia, hyacinth and narcissus, depending on the season. The plants also inspire artists and photographers, and it s not uncommon to see an art class from nearbyJarvis Collegiate or the more distant Ontario College ofArt intently sketching.

Allan Gardens conservatory has trickling water-

going back to the days ofthe original horticultural society. The Victorian Christmas flower show runs from early December to early January; the greenhouses feature garlands, swags, wreaths and decorations reminiscent of the Victorian era and are candlelit in the late afternoon. @

ChristineKennedyissuperintendentofAllan Gardens.

LEARNING THE LiNgSO

Want to be rememberedforever?Have a plant namedforyou

To be remembered for generations to come

in this day and age you re obliged to donate large quantities of cash to cultural causes. Then there s your name on the building for all to see as in Roy Thomson Hall, Massey Hall and the Hummingbird Centre, though many of us still refer to the last as the O Keefe, after a previous donor. During the heyday of plant exploration and discovery in the 18th and 19th centuries, however, if you were involved in the horticultural world in some way you could be immortalized with a botanical name. Here are a few well-known shrubs and trees and who they were named after.

Let s start with that ubiquitous harbinger of spring, the forsythia. Strictly speaking, we should pronounce it for-sigh-thia , for William Forsyth, who was the superintendent of the Royal Gardens at London s Kensington Palace in the late 1700s. It took me some time to become familiar with the more proper pronunciation of clematis, with the accent on the first syllable, so I think I'll stick with for-sith-ia .

The magnolia, that symbol of the Old South, was named after Pierre Magnol, a 17th-century French professor of botany and medicine.

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Another botany professor to gain everlasting fame was the German Richard Kolkwitz, who supplied the botanical name for the shrub commonly known as beauty bush. Whether the professor also qualified for the same description isn t known. The German botanical community also contributed Lonicera, the botanical name for the honeysuckle, honouring Adam Lonitzer. Professor Christian Ehrenfried von Weigel is remembered by Weigela, another stalwart of the flowering shrub border.

Two Englishmen, both ardent gardeners in their day, also live on in our gardens. Dr. John Fothergill, who grew many imported North American species in his own garden in Essex, is honoured with Fothergilla, a shrub that s showing up more frequently in nurseries these days. A favourite of butterfly lovers, Buddleia, gets its name from the Rev. Adam Buddle. Just to make things difficult, it s sometimes spelled with a j instead of an i ; this happened because i was often written with a tail in the 17th century.

Of course, you didn t have to be active in the horticultural world to be a candidate for recognition. Just like today, the right contacts could make sure your name went down in history. Deutzia, the pretty shrub with the white or pink flowers, is named for Johann van der Deutz, who was a good friend and patron of Karl Peter Thunberg, a Swedish professor of botany who travelled extensively in Japan and Java. And of course, Thunbergia, the popular vine, honours Thunberg himself. @

In the next issue: How some members of the classical worldhave been remembered.

GETIING THE JUMP ON SPRING

A Very Special < Event <

Horticultural Open House marksfifth birthday

his year The Civic Garden Centre s

TGetting the Jump on Spring marks a special birthday, its fifth. As in previous years, many horticultural and environmental organizations will be on hand, commercial vendors will entice you with garden products, and a full day of lectures and demonstrations is planned. On hand will be John Valleau, Dennis Flanagan, David Gribble, Tom Thompson, Chuck Chapman, Frank Kershaw, Laura Grant and Dugald Cameron, to name a few (and the line-up continues to grow). Once again, Art Drysdale will be at the CGC booth to answer all your gardening questions.

A special feature this year is Cyber Goes Green. Ian Clark of Landscapeople in Sunderland, Ontario, will offer free computer landscape . designs. Bring a photo of your garden and, guided by your comments and suggestions, Ian will bring it to life with his computer software (our cover image illustrates a house with a computer drawn bed). Consultations last 15 minutes and you take home a printed illustration and plan for your new garden.

Another new feature is Catalogues of Distinction, a display of dozens of plant and seed catalogues showing favourite old varieties as well as new plants. Copies of the catalogues will be available for visitors.

Some 50 or so horticultural and environmental organizations will be on hand to display their beautiful plants and services, answer questions or sign you up as a member. You can learn more about the perennially popular gardening shows Canada Blooms and Success with

Gardening both just around the corner and check out or subscribe to Canada s fabulous gardening magazines: Plant & Garden, GardeningLife and Canadian Gardening.

Many local gardening stores will have booths in the Garden Auditorium on the lower level, offering everything from herbs and perennials to sundials and fountains.

This year, the Teaching Garden is inviting children 4 to 10 to come and see what is hiding in the Secret Garden in the Administration Hall (open from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.). Activities include face painting, visiting the Worm Den, trying out the Scarecrow Dress-up Station,

Getting

the Jump

on

Spring A Horticultural Open House

X February 18, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.

Admission: FREE

planting seedlings, cosying up in the Story Patch and listening to a professional storyteller, and meeting Officer Robert and his dog Duke to learn about urban wildlife and how best to care for pets. There will also be a Bugs, Beads and Blobs of Paint area where children can make necklaces out of seed beads, print with leaves and veggies, create their own cards, paint rocks, make colourful plant markers, and build bugs.

This year s Getting the Jump on Spring promises to be a very special event. Plan to be among the first 250 people through our doors and receive a special gift package. @

rdens \ail

Three well-known gardeners recommend their favourite seed and plant catalogues

It s the dead of winter. Wind howls around difficulties involved in ordering plants outside Canada, we ve chosen only Canadian sources for live plants, but the British and American catalogues are useful for unusual seeds.

the house, sleet lashes the window panes, the temperature has plunged to sub-zero and the latest spring garden catalogues have just arrived. This is the perfect time to take the phone off the hook, snuggle into a cosy chair by the fire and settle down to the serious business of fantasizing about gardens-to-be.

Nowadays there are hundreds of catalogues to choose from, so I asked three well-known garden experts (otherwise known as plant geeks ) to recommend their favourite sources for the unusual and the exotic: Dugald Cameron, president of Gardenimport Inc. and a member of the CGC board of directors; Marion Jarvie, who has a landscaping consulting business, and teaches and lectures throughout North America; and Anna Leggatt, who works at the Kortright Centre as a nature interpreter and conservationist.

The catalogues and nurseries they recommend offer a range of unusual and wonderful items you won't find in big-box garden centres, and they re run by real plantspersons. If you can, check them out in person each has its own particular specialty. Most are open to the public, but several are mail-order only. Some have display gardens you can visit, catalogue in hand, to see what you like and assess how it would fit in your garden. A few of the nurseries don t ship but are included because their catalogues contain many wonderful and unusual plants. Just earmark your faves and plan to go there in the spring to buy firsthand.

Of the nurseries listed below, Lost Horizons is a unanimous favourite with our three experts; The Perennial Gardens and Vineland Nurseries rate a close second. Because of the

Mail orders are accepted unless otherwise stated.

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fax: (44) 1229-584549

www.edirectory.co.uk/chilternseeds

A large seed listing containing accurate information written with a bit of humour scarce in catalogues, says Dugald. Seed germination is excellent. Annual catalogue free or order online; detailed descriptions but no photos; botanical names. Many unusual and popular varieties of seeds: Japanese cut flowers, wildflowers, shrubs, vegetables, herbs, fruits.

CRUIKSHANKS

INC., 780 Birchmount Rd. Unit 16, Scarborough, ON M1K 5H4

phone: (416) 750-9249/1 or (800) 665-5605

fax: (416) 750-8522

www.cruickshanks.com

Retail outlets:1015 Mt. Pleasant Rd., Toronto ON M4P 2Ml1 (416) 488-8800; 80 Navy St. Oakville, ON L6J 2Y9 (905) 815-8195

Wonderful presentation and photos of a wide variety of plants, including some rarities, Marion says. Just by browsing, you can often get great ideas. Three catalogues annually, $3, free to buyers; or order online, or in person; colour photos, detailed descriptions, botanical names. Bulbs, irises, poppies, peonies, lilies, gladioli, tuberous begonias and dahlias.

Gardenimport Inc., 3 Essex Ave., Box 760

Thornhill, ON L3T 4A5

phone: (905) 731-1950 or (800) 339-8314

fax: (905) 881-3499

www.gardenimport.com

Dugald travels every year looking for new and interesting plants, which he imports from Europe, the U.S. and Britain, says Marion. His specialty is newvarieties of David Austin roses he s always the first in Canada to offer the most recent ones. Two catalogues annually, two-year subscription $5, refundable on first order; or order online, shop in person; colour photos, detailed descriptions, botanical names. Unusual perennials, flowering shrubs, Austin roses, Evison clematis, hostas, summer flowering bulbs, Sutton seeds.

Gratrix Garden Lilies, 3714 Vasey Rd. Box 186, Coldwater, ON LOK 1EO

phone: (705) 835-6794

www.bconnex.net/~gratlily

A great source for lily lovers, says Dugald. The catalogue lists the varieties available, and you can assess them firsthand if you visit the display gardens. Annual catalogue free; or order online, shop in person; detailed descriptions but no photos, botanical names. More than 500 varieties of lilies and daylilies.

Hortico Inc., 723 Robson Rd., RR 1

Waterdown, ON LOR 2H1

phone: (905) 689-6984 or (905) 698-3002

fax: (905) 689-6566

www.hortico.com

Marion suggests you look over the catalogue for ideas and general choices, then shop in person. It s essentially a wholesale nursery, with all its faults, but if you take the time to browse you ll find plants you won' t find anywhere else. If you re an adventurous soul you ll enjoy it, but don t go if you want to be waited on. Three catalogues annually, $3, free to buyers; or order online, shop in person. Brief descriptions, photos in rose catalogue, botanical names. Perennials, roses (700 varieties) and shrubs.

Lost Horizons, RR 1, Acton ON L7J 2L7

phone: (519) 853-3085

fax: (519) 853-2279

www.eridani.com/losthorizons

Larry Davidson searches out plants from other countries and tries them out first in his wonderful display garden, Marion says. If they do well there, he cultivates them to sell. Superb alpines and perennials. It s a fabulous collection, says Dugald. Take the time to meander through the rows and you ll be sure to make some wonderful finds and at low prices. Annual catalogue, $3, refundable on first order; detailed descriptions but no photos, botanical names; no mail order. Alpines and woodland plants, more than 100 varieties of hosta, ferns and woodies.

Mason Hogue Gardens, 3520 Durham Rd. #1 RR 4, Uxbridge, ON L9P 1R4

phone: (905) 649-3532

fax: (905) 649-3532

www.masonhogue.com

Marjorie and her son Jeff have a wonderful display garden open to visitors, says Marion. Marjorie specializes in tender perennials and annuals, while Jeff grows shade plants. Two catalogues annually, $2; or order online, shop in person; detailed descriptions but no photos, botanical names. Perennials include a wide selection of hardy geraniums, drought-tolerant plants and unusual container plants.

The Perennial Gardens, 13139-224th St. Maple Ridge, BC V4R 2P6

phone: (604) 467-4218

fax: (604) 467-3181

www.perennialgardener.com

I like the choice of unusual plants and hard-tofind favourites, says Anna. And they always arrive beautifully packed, says Marion. Elke and Ken Knechtel are always on the lookout for new and interesting plants some cost as little as $3. Two annual catalogues, free to buyers or $4 for two-year subscription; mail orders accepted for 99 per cent of plants; no photos but detailed descriptions; botanical names.

PickermgNursenes,()70Klngston Rd.

Pickering, ON L1V 1A6

phone: (905) 839-2111

www.pickeringnurseries.com

Pickering offers bare-root roses to local customers in the fall, the best time to plant, says Dugald. Their prices are great, they re an old established business and they re Canadian. Annual catalogue $3; or order online, shop in person; detailed descriptions, photos, botanical names. More than 800 varieties of modern and antique roses.

3% 3R 3% 3% 3R 5% 3% 3K 3% 3R B BE BT B R

Plants ofthe Southwest,Agua Fria Rd., Rte 6 Box 11A, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA

phone: (800) 788-7333

www.plantsofthesouthwest.com

An interesting selection of mountain plants with good germination, says Anna. Annual catalogue, US$3.50, free to customers; or order online; photos, detailed descriptions, botanical names. Specializes in drought-tolerant native plants and seeds hardy to cool southwest mountainareas and in Toronto s zones.

Thompson&Morgan, 220 Faraday Ave.

Box 1308, Jackson, NJ 08527, USA

phone: (908) 363-2225 or (800) 274-7333

fax: (888) 466-4769

www.thompson-morgan.com

A British seed catalogue with an outlet in the U.S., says Anna, with many unusual annuals and half-hardy or hardy perennials. Annual catalogue free with order or Cdn$2.25; photos, botanical names, detaileddescriptions

Vineland Nurseries, 4540 MartmRd. Beamsville, ON LOR 1B1

phone and fax: (905) 562-4836

A marvellous collection of dwarf and unusual evergreens, plus other uncommon plants, says Marion, You can t order through the catalogue, but if you visit you ll find all sorts of unique plants, many more than are listed in the catalogue. Although they don t advertise it, owners Jim and Simone Lounsbery will also search out plants for you. Two catalogues annually, $1.50; no mail order, in person only; detailed descriptions, no photos, botanical names. Dwarf and unusual evergreens and other rare plants not widely available in Ontario, including a large selection of heathers, Japanese maples, rhododendrons, perennials. @

Izmk quartztlles tobe dlsplayed at the;CGC

he CGC s Art in the Linkprogram continues itscommunity outreach and welcomes exhibition of handmade Turkish tiles from February 14to March 5.

The Iznik Foundation, in collaboration with Ontrex Inc., will exhibit a collection of striking ceramic tiles that seek to replicate the splendid tilesofthe Ottoman empireinthe 15th and16th centuries. During the cultural and artistic zenith ofthatempire, Iznik (the ancienttown of Nicaea, in Asia Minor) produced tiles of extraordinary beauty from semi-precious materials Ilargely quartz using a techniquethat was subsequen y lostinthe 17th century.

that protectedthetilesfromextremes oftemperature, and usedawhite/opaque glaze that absorbed lightand reduced strain onthe eyes.

Extensive archaeological and scientific research in the past decade has allowed modern artisans to come close to replicating the old technique. The designsforthe tiles inthis exhibit draw on theregion sflora and fauna and tradi~ tional geometric designs that reflected the cosmological relationship between humans and the universe. Panels of modern Iznik tileswere used to form a framework for the new Peace Garden in the Montreal Botanical Garden.

The panel commemoratspeacezmd harmony

THE SEED EXCHANGE

Your garden in a packet

HERE S AN OFFER you can t refuse up to 15 packets of fresh, free seeds from fellow members of The Civic Garden Centre. (There is a $4 handling charge if you want the seeds

Thanks to our seed donors: Katy ANDErson, Georgia BAMBer, Merle BURSton, Tish COOMbes, Paul Ehnes and Jackie Pilote EHPI, Ruth GARNett, Eleanor HEINz, Anna LEGGatt,

shipped.) Look over the following list, make your choice and fill out the form on page 19. But don t delay the deadline for requests is January 31.

Plant colours and types are abbreviated. For example, mage is magenta; yell, yellow; oran, orange. AN is annual; Bl, biennial; PER, perennial; BU, bulb; SH, shrub; VI, vine; VEG, vegetable; W, wild. Rosetta LEUNg, Norman ROGErs.

Plant heights are listed in centimetres or metres. R

1.Actaea rubra white, PER, 50 cm, red berries LEGG

2.Aesclepiastuberosa oran, PER, 50cm,pre-chill 3-6wks in moistened medium@4C,germ@ 21-24C HEIN

3.Aethionema grandiflorum pink, PER, 20 cm, semi-evergreen dwarfsubshrub, long bloom, deadhead ANDE

4.Agapanthus africans African Queen blue, BU, tender, summer bloomer EHPI

5.Agastachesp. purp, PER, 60 cm, long-lasting tubularflwrs in whorlsfrom mid-summer ANDE

6.Alcea rosea Chater s Double apr, PER, 2 m, double pompoms coverstalk BURS

7.Alcea rosea Nigra choc, PER, 2 m, some growdouble BURS

8.Alcea rosea yell, BI, PER, 2.5 m LEGG

9.Allium atropilosum yell, BU,60 cm GARN

10.Allium cernuum pink, PER, 20 cm, pretty nodding flowers EHPI

11. Allium cristophii amethyst, BU, 75 cm, large metallicstars BURS

12.Allium karataviense pink, BU,25 cm, largeseedheads,early GARN

13.Allium sativum VEG, 50 cm, garlicpips LEGG, ROGE

14,Allium tuberosum white, BU, 30-45 cm, starryflwrs late summer,easy COOM

15.Anenomesylvestris white, PER, 50 cm, good for naturalizing, sunny woodland, flwrs May/June EHPI

16.Angelica gigas purp, Bl, 90 cm, unusual EHPI

17.Antirrhinum yell,AN ROGE

18.Aquilegia canadensis W, red/yell, PER, 60 cm LEGG

19.Aquilegia chrysantha yell, PER, 40 cm, long spurs LEGG

20. Aquilegiaflavescens Nana white, PER, 20 cm GARN

21. Aquilegiasp. deep pink, PER, 1 m, prolific bloomer, clumpforming ANDE

22.Aquilegiavulgaris darkblue, PER,75 cm LEGG

23.Aquilegiavulgaris pink, PER,75 cm,variegated leaves LEGG

24, Aquilegia vulgaris purp, PER, 75 cm, double

LEGG

25. Baptisia australis blue, PER,90-120 cm, germ 14-30 days @ 18C, dislikes transplanting HEIN

26. Campanula sp. blue, PER, 1.5 m, prolific bell-shaped flwrson tall stalks, clumpforming ANDE

27. Caryopterisx clandonensis blue, SH, 1 m, easy,fabulous late summerto earlyautumn flwrs ANDE

28. Cerinthe major Purpurascens AN, 75 cm, easy, red flwrs, purple bracts, good in containers ANDE

29. Cerinthe major Purpurascens AN, 40 cm, blue-green bracts, small flwrsfor bees BURS

30.Cheloneobliqua pink, PER, 60-70cm,no-fuss plantforsun &shade,fall blooming COOM

31. Cimicifuga racemosa white, PER,2 m,long spikes,flwrsinJuly LEGG

32. Clematisalpina var.ochotensis purp,Vl, 2 m, a lateflowering alpina EHPI

33. Clematisrecta Purpurea

34. Clematisserratifolia

35.Clematistibetanasubsp.vernayi

36. Clematisviticella

37. Cleomesp.

38. Coreopsis

39. Coreopsis

40. Cosmosbipinnatus

white, PER, 1.5 m,purplefoliage

yel,Vl, 3 m, open, nodding bells,fragrant yel,Vl, 2 m, open, nodding bells purp,VI,2 m,delicate down-facing bells purp,AN, 2 m, deepercolourthan most yell w/brown eyes,AN, 60 cm

LEGG EHPI

41. Cosmossulfureus CosmicOrange

42. Datura (angel strumpet)

43. Delphinium chinense

44. Digitalisgrandiflora

45. Digitalis purpurea

46. Digitalissp.

47. Echinacea purpurea

48. Echinops bannaticus Blue Glow

49, Erigeron compositusvar.glabratus

50. Eschscholzia californica Buttermilk

51.Gaillardiaxgrandiflora

52,Gaillardiaxgrandiflora Goblin

53. Gentiana andrewsii

54, Helianthussp.

55. Heliopsis (Bressingham)

56. Hemerocallis Stella d'Oro

57. Hosta sp. )

red and/oryell,AN, 1 m, bushy,floriferous pink,AN, 1 m, good cutflwrs, bloomsto late autumn oran,AN, 35 cm,summerto autumn white,AN

blue, PER,25cm,short,delicate yell w/brown veins, PER, 1 m, clumpforming, summerfiwrs, easy purp/white, BI, 1 m, showyspotted flwrs, acid soil

deep pink, PER, 1.4 m, strong stems, long bloom purp, PER, 1 m, midsummer/earlyautumn bloom on strong stems blue/greyspiked balls, PER, 1.5 m PER, 5 cm, rock garden daisy

cream,AN, 25 cm, massesofruffled fiwrs, blue-green foliage yell, red base, PER, 90cm, rayflorets, blooms all summer red/yell tips, PER,30cm,long-blooming W, blue, PER,40 cm, closed,damp woodland yell,AN, 1 m, largeflwrson sturdystalks yell centre, PER, 75 cm, start early, good forsmall gardens yell, PER

white, PER, 60 cm, yellow edging on large green-veined Ivs

58. Hylomeconjaponica (woodlandpoppy)yell, PER, 25 cm

59. Impatiens balsamina

60. Iris pseudacorus

61. Lavatera

62. Lavatera trimestris

63. Liatrisspicata

64. Ligularia dentata

65. Linaria purpurea

66. Linaria supina

67. Lychnischalcedonica (Maltesecross)

68. Malva moschata Alba

69. Malva moschata

70. Mirabilisjalapa (fouro clocks)

71. Myrrhisodorata

72. Nigella damascena (love-in-a-mist)

73. Oenothera biennis (common evening primrose)

74.Oenotheratriloba(eveningprimrose)

75. Papaver Black Peony

76. Papaver rhoeas Shirley

77. Penstemon SourGrapes

78. Penstemon digitalis HuskerRed

79. Penstemonovatus

white,AN, 35 cm,full sun/partial shade yell, bog plant, 60 cm

pink, PER, 165 cm

white,AN,50-65cm,full sun

pink, PER, 60-100 cm, cutordried flwrs,denseflwr spikes yell, PER, 1 m, large kidney-shape Ivs, summer/autumn bloom pale pink, PER, 90 cm, late spring to earlyfall viol/yell, PER, 20 cm,2-lippedfiwrswith spurs,alpine mound scarlet, PER, 1.2 m, starfiwrs, reblooms ifdeadheaded white, PER, 60 cm, earlysummerto early autumn, clumpforming pink, PER, 60 cm, long blooming, prolific, clumpforming yell/fuchsia/pink/whitecomboson sameplant,AN,45cm white, BI, 1 m, sowseedASAP,fiwrs like QueenAnne s lace bright blue,AN, 25 cm, pretty seed podsfollowflwrs yell, BI, 1 m, bloomstill frost

yell BI/PER, 10 cm, opens rapidlyatdusk AN,40 cm

pink,AN, 90 cm, self-seeds, unmarked at base, singleordoublefiwr mauve, PER, 1 m, long bloom, may need winter protection red, PER, 75 cm, reddish Ivs, semi-evergreen,summer bloom blue/purp, PER,30-75 cm, 2-10 many-flwrd verticillasters, good in poorsoil

LEGG LEGG BURS GARN GARN ANDE ANDE ROGE EHPI ANDE ANDE ANDE ANDE, ROGE BURS EHPI BURS ANDE ANDE EHPI ANDE GARN ROGE ANDE EHPI LEUN LEGG GARN LEUN ANDE ANDE ANDE ANDE ANDE ANDE ANDE BAMB EHPI BURS GARN LEGG GARN ANDE GARN ANDE ANDE

80. Penstemonspp. white, PER, 100 cm GARN

81. Penstemon spp. bluish, PER, 30 cm LEGG

82. Penstemonspp. mauve, PER, 30 cm, early summer ANDE

83. Potentillaspp. yell, PER,30 cm, prefers poor, gritty, sharply-drained soil ANDE

84. Pulsatilla vulgaris purp, PER, 30 cm, early spring, bell-shaped silkyflwr ANDE

85. Rosa glauca (Rosa rubrifolia) pink, SH, 1.5 m, reddish Ivs,scarlet berries LEGG

86. Rudbeckia yell, PER, 2 m GARN

87. Rudbeckia hirta yell, PER ROGE

88. Ruta graveolens (common rue) yell, PER, 1 m, airy blue-greenfoliage, summerflwrs, easy ANDE

89. Scabiosa mauve/burg mix,AN, 70-100 cm,sow in March, out or in HEIN

90.Scabiosaalpina (Cephalariaalpina) blue, PER, 15 cm,rockgarden,fiwrsall summer ifdeadheaded BURS

91. Scabiosa atropurpurea mix,AN, 60 cm, seed headsfor drying ANDE

92. Scabiosa sicula blue, BI?, 10 cm, rockgarden,flowerswell EHPI

93.Soya bean Envy green,VEG, 30 cm, Edamame, delicious, steam 5 min, salt BURS

94,Stokesia laevis blue,PER,40cm,pre-chill inmoistenedmedium@4C4-6wks,germ@21Cuncovered HEIN

95.Stylophorum lasiocarpum yell, PER,30cm,woodland/shade/moisthumus-rich soil ANDE

96.Tagetes (marigold) yell,AN ROGE

97.Thalictrum speciosissimum yell, PER, 1.8 m GARN

98.Tithonia oran,AN, 1.5-2 m, start indoors Feb, plant hot, dryareas, searends of cutfiwrs GARN, HEIN

99.Tithonia rotundifolia (Mex.sunflower) vivid oran,AN, 1.5 m, 8-cm flwrs till frost BURS

100.Tropaeolum majus (nasturtium) AN ROGE

101.Tulbaghia fragrans pink, BU,tender, spring/summer EHPI

102.Veltheimia capensis cream/pink, BU, tender,flowers in winter EHPI

103.Verbascum phoeniceum purp, white, pink,viol, PER, 60 cm, saucer-shape racemes ANDE

104.Verbascumspp. white, BI, 1 m, purpfilament hairs LEGG

105.Veronica schmidtiana blue, PER, 15 cm, easy, compact,free-flwrg clump, hardy in Muskoka ANDE

106. Zinnia white,AN, 35 cm, small pinwheel blossoms GARN

0 0l SEED EXCHANGE ORDER FORM

NAME (PLEASE PRINT)

ADDRESS

Ordersarefilled in theorderreceived,with donors getting first choice.You may order up to 15 packets of seed. Please write the numbers clearly on the form below, going across the page in ascending numerical Ty POSTAL CODE order. Send the form with a SASE and a $4 cheque (payable to the CGC seed TELEPHONE MEMBERSHIP# exchange) forhandling ifyou wish to have the seeds shipped; if you plan to pick up your seeds at the CGC, all we need is the SEEDORDER

formandaself-addressedenvelope.

Areyou a seed donor? (1 Yes O No (2 SASE enclosed O Addressed envelopefor pick-up enclosed 0 $4 handling enclosed O I'd like to help package the seeds

-

bourses

Spring is around the corner, and our courses are in bud at the CGC. You ll want to sign up for some great tips and ideas that will bring out the best in your garden over the coming season, or enjoy the natural world as it comes alive on one of our arboretum walks or birdwatching treks.You can also capture the beauty of fresh flowers in our watercolour or flower-arranging classes. Come visit us we have something for everyone.

REGISTRATION BEG "MONDAY, MA

Plantscaping Your Garden PLAO1

with Marion Jarvie

Get ready for the gardening season by taking a critical look at your garden and planning for success. Organize planting zones depending on light, drainage, etc., and design with colour, shape and texture. By the end of the course you ll be ready to visit your favourite nurseries, shopping list in hand.

Dates: April 2, 9, 23, 30, May 7, 14 (Mondays)

Time: 7 - 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 6 evenings

CGC members: $80 Public: $95

Bulbsfor the Summer Garden BLB02

with Dugald Cameron

Under their plain brown wrappers, bulbs conceal a surprising diversity of flowers. Learn to create a

colourful and fragrant floral display both in your garden and in containers. Explore the range of bulbs available, plant some to take home and get maintenance tips for continuous bloom year after year. Bring your gloves; all materials are included.

Date:Thursday, April 5

Time: 7 - 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 1 evening

CGC members: $35 Public: $40

Pruning Workshop PRUO3

With Jim Lounsbery

Proper pruning rejuvenates trees and shrubs, and Jim demonstrates the hows and whys of the art. Also: caring for small trees, flowering shrubs and evergreens, including proper use of fertilizer. Please dress for the weather the morning includes outdoor study of nearby woody plants.

Date: Saturday,April 7

Time: 10 a.m. - 1 p.m.

Course duration: 1 morning

CGC members: $16 Public: $21

DesigningwithPerennials PERO4

with Marion Jarvie

Perennials add colour and texture to a garden. Best of all, they grow back year after year.The focus is on how to make advantageous use of perennials. Learn to design with perennials, combining colour and form to create a beautiful garden from early spring to late fall.

Date: Wednesday, April 25

Time: 7 - 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 1 evening

CGC members: $16 Public: $21

TreesandShrubsfortheHomeLandscape TREO5

with Frank Kershaw

Trees and shrubs are important and essential plants for the home landscape. They provide green walls and roofs that define the space and form of the garden as well as improve the quality of the environment. Explore the potential of woody plants and discover interesting and unique species and cultivars. As a special offer, join Frank on a Mount Pleasant Arboretum walking tour for an additional $10 (see details under Nature Courses).

Date:Thursday, April 26

Time: 7 - 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 1 evening

CGC members: $16 Public: $21

Wadinginto Gardening WADO6

with Frank Kershaw

Inspirational ideas and practical information on selecting and growing water plants, including streamside plantings, and submerged, floating and bog garden varieties. A wide range of plants prefers wet feet. Whether your water features are natural or manmade, add colour and interest with some great plants.

Date: Thursday, May 3

Time: 7 - 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 1 evening

CGC members: $16 Public: $21

AllAboutRoses ROS07

with Marion Jarvie

Discover the splendid varieties of roses available today, from antique to modern shrubs, climbers and miniatures. Gain practical advice on selecting roses for your garden, considering soil, colour and fragrance. Learn planting and pruning methods to bring out the best blooms. Take home helpful gardening tips for maintenance through the seasons.

Date: Wednesday, May 16

Time: 7 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 1 evening

CGC members: $16 Public: $21

AllAboutLawns LWNOS8

with Anna Leggatt

All you need to know about planting a new lawn or reviving a tired one. Guidelines for selecting the best grass, installing a lawn from seed, sod, sprigs or plugs. Instructions for watering, mowing, fertilizing, aerating and de-thatching. Best remedies for weeds, pests, diseases and other problems.

Date: Wednesday, May 23

Time: 7 - 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 1 evening

CGC members: $16 Public: $21

Gardeningin Cottage Country COT09

with Marion Jarvie

Easy solutions and landscape hints for weekend gardeners with cottage properties. Explore the gardening possibilities for those hard-to-grow areas in hot sun or dry shade, on difficult slopes, in sandy or rocky soil and windy conditions. A discussion of plant selection and placement helps your cottage garden thrive through summer drought and winter frost.

Date: Wednesday, May 30

Time: 7 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 1 evening

CGC members: $16 Public: $21

MakingtheMostofShade with Anna Leggatt

Gardening in the shade is not difficult, it s just different. This course covers annuals, perennials and

shrubs that thrive in shady conditions. Learn about the different types of shade and design a garden that will flourish.

Date: Wednesday, June 6 (SHD10)

Time: 10:30 a.m. - 1 p.m.

Course duration: 1 morning

CGC members: $16 OR

Date: Wednesday, June 6 (SHD11)

Time: 7 - 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 1 evening

CGC members: $16

1001 Garden Ideas IDE12

with Frank Kershaw

Public: $21 Public: $21

Over the past two decades, Frank Kershaw has been on the lookout for ideas that add animation, charm and interest to the garden. Each year he finds many additions to this fascinating subject, including both plant-related and non-plant-related ideas, such as garden structures, ornaments and furniture, to name but a few.

Date: Thursday, June 7

Time: 7 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 1 evening

CGC members: $16 Public: $21

MountPleasantArboretum

Walking Tours with Frank Kershaw

Mount Pleasant Cemetery, founded in 1873, houses one of North America s finest tree collections. Join Frank on a guided tour of its treasure trove of trees. Marvel at the splendour of the mature canopy and discover the variety of trees that grow in this climate. Map is mailed upon registration. As a special offer, take Trees and Shrubs for the Home Landscape for an additional $10 (see details under Gardening Courses).

Date: Sunday, May 6 (WAL16)

Time: 1 - 3 p.m.

Course duration: 1 afternoon

CGC members: $16 Public: $21

OR

Date: Sunday, May 20 (WAL17)

Creative ContainerGardening CON13 with Paul Zammit

Move beyond petunias and pansies to discover the range of annuals and perennials that do well in containers. Topics include container types, soil preparation, plant selection, presentation and maintenance. Pick up some great gardening ideas and participate in creating a spectacular container for summer.

Date: Monday, June 11

Time: 7 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 1 evening

CGC members: $16 Public: $21

SmallSpace Gardening SMA14

with Paul Zammit

This illustrated lecture explores the challenges and opportunities of gardening in small spaces. Discover a range of plants ideal for small properties, and ideas on how to showcase them. Learn to garden off the ground, incorporating walls and ceilings. Plan for many seasons of colour and interest.

Date:Tuesday, June 12

Time: 7 - 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 1 evening

CGC members: $16 Public: $21

Time: 1 -3 p.m.

Course duration: 1 afternoon

CGC members: $16 Public: $21

FindingourFeatheredFriends BIR18 with Glenn Coady

If you've always wanted to try birdwatching, here s your chance to learn the basics. Naturalist Glenn Coady provides the information you need to get started, including birding equipment and field guides.Then join him on two birding expeditions.The first morning outing starts at the main entrance of the CGC. Learn to identify resident birds and migratory species in the wooded ravine valley in Edwards Gardens. For the second morning outing, meet at the Leslie Street spit (maps will be distributed at the first class) to

see shorebirds and waterfowl. Dress in layers and be prepared for about five kilometres of walking over easy terrain. Bring a snack and a drink.

Dates: April 28, May 26 (Saturdays)

Times: 8:30 11:30 a.m.

Course duration: 2 mornings

CGC members: $30 Public: $40

To register for any course, fill out the form on page 26

Ikenobo Ikebana:JapaneseFlowerArranging 1IB20 with Shizuko Kadoguchi

Japanese flower arranging is a highly traditional art reflecting appreciation of nature and art. This course provides a sound introduction for beginners while developing the skills of experienced students. Bring one shallow and one tall container, a pin holder, clippers, pencil, notebook and lunch. The instructor collects the additional cost of plant material for each participant (approx. $6 per class).

Dates: April 4, 11, 18, 15, May 2 (Wednesdays)

Time: 10 a.m. 2:30 p.m.

Course duration: 5 days

CGC members: $135 Public: $155

WatercolourPainting: Beginner& Continuing WCP21

with Ita Pechenick

Discover the versatility of watercolour painting from basic to more advanced techniques. This course covers materials, colour theory and composition. Through demonstration, practice, and individual assistance, you'll develop a range of skills using washes, wet- and dry-paper techniques, negative painting, glazing, and experimenting with light and shadow. Bring watercolour paper, pencil and any brushes and watercolour paints you have. A materials list will be provided at the first class.

Dates: April 2, 9, 23, 30, May 7, 14 (Mondays) Time: 1 - 4 p.m.

SKY19 with Ray Khan

Learn to locate and identify major constellations and planets. Discover what is visible from within the city with the eye and with telescopes set up in Edwards Gardens. Receive advice on choosing and using binoculars and telescopes. Participants are welcome to bring their own equipment.

Dates: May 28, June 4, 11 (Mondays)

Time: 7 9:30 p.m. Course duration: 3 evenings

CGC members: $45 Public: $60

Course duration: 6 sessions

CGC members: $95 Public: $110

Jam andJellyMaking JAM22 with Murielle Cassidy

Learn to preserve the bounty of the season s harvest by making your own jams and jellies. Auntie M will walk you through the steps involved when and how to pick fruit, ingredients needed, basic utensils and equipment, and no-fail recipes to try. Bring an apron and take home jars of your own creations.

Dates: April 24, May 1, 8 (Tuesdays)

Time: 10 a.m. - 3 p.m.

Course duration: 3 days

CGC members: $90 Public: $115

FloralDesignsfortheHome FLO23

with Shirley Binns

Bring colour into your home with flowers. Through demonstration and practice, learn the elements and principles of design, how to condition plant material, and the various uses of floral mechanics. In each session after the first, participants make a design for which they bring their own plant material. Please bring pruners and a knife.

Dates: May 17, 31, June 14, 28 (Thursdays)

Time: 7 9:30 p.m.

Course duration: 4 evenings

CGC members: $70 Public: $85

AdvancedBotanicalIllustration in Watercolour with Pamela Stagg

An intensive workshop on the techniques of painting highly detailed, realistic portraits of botanical subjects. Demonstrations and exercises are combined with painting practice, individual instruction and feedback. Advanced watercolour skills are required; experience in botanical painting, while welcome, is not required. Materials list will be made available before the first class.

Dates: Saturday, July 14 - Wednesday, July 18

(PAM24)

Time: 10 a.m. 4 p.m.

Course duration: 5 days

CGC members: $180 OR

Public: $200

Dates: Saturday,August 25 Wednesday,August 29 (PAM25)

Time: 10 a.m. - 4 p.m.

Course duration: 5 days

CGC members: $180

Public: $200

There s still time to register for ourWinter Courses. Learn how to renovate a small garden or build a retaining wall, start seeds indoors or grow orchids.And much, much more. Registration begins January 2, courses begin the middle ofJanuary and continuethrough March.

MEET THE INSTRUCTORS

Shirley Binns is an accredited decorative, horticultural and rose judge. She has competed internationally and has had an arrangement published in the Canadian Flower Arranger.

Dugald Cameron owns Gardenimport Inc., a mailorder plant and bulb business. For over 12 years he has searched the horticultural world for little-known gems that do well in Canadian gardens.

Murielle Cassidy has been making jams and jellies for more than 10 years at first as Christmas presents and now for wholesale and retail purchase. Based in Brampton, Auntie M s offers preserves in a variety of flavours, including some of Murielle s own creation.

Glenn Coady has been an avid birder since 1973. He has birded extensively in North America, Europe, and Central and South America and has seen nearly one-fifth of the world s species. Glenn is a life member and former vice-president of the Ontario Field Naturalists.

Marion Jarvie started her own landscape consulting business more than 10 years ago. She has been teaching in the field for many years at George Brown College and the Civic Garden Centre as well as lecturing throughout North America.

Shizuko Kadoguchi has earned the highest qualifications in lkenobo in North America. She has taught for more than 30 years in Canada, the United States, Jamaica and Japan.

Frank Kershaw has degrees in science and urban and regional planning, a diploma in horticulture and a certificate in landscape architecture. He is a proponent of growing natural landscapes in North America.

Ray Khan is an avid amateur astronomer, a member of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada and part owner of Khan Scope Centre, a telescope store inToronto.

Anna Leggatt is a nature interpreter at the Kortright Centre for Conservation. A former teacher,

she has a diploma in horticulture and is active in numerous horticultural groups.

Jim Lounsbery was supervisor of parklands at the Royal Botanical Gardens and manager of horticulture studies at Mohawk College in Hamilton. He now owns Vineland Nurseries which specializes in dwarf and unusual plants.

Ita Pechenick has more than 20 years experience in design and fine arts. Her paintings feature florals, landscapes, still lifes and figures. She is an original member of the Group ofTen Artists ofToronto.

Pamela Stagg is a Canadian botanical artist who has achieved international recognition for her work. She holds the prestigious Royal Horticultural Society Gold Medal for Painting.

Paul Zammit is a horticulturist at Plant World in Toronto and specializes in creating unique urns for all seasons. His work was recently displayed at the Garden Club ofToronto s Christmas at Home event.

VOLUNTEERAT CANADA BLOOMS

A Celebration!

March 14-18, 2001

Help celebrate our fifth year as Canada s premier flower and garden show.

Volunteer for three hours and help us make Canada Blooms 2001 the most spectacular event in Canadian gardening history.

Call Amy Cole at the Canada Blooms office (416) 447-8655 or visit ourwebsite, www.canadablooms.com formore information.

aPRING 2001 REGISTRATION FORM

T Chiic tatlen Contie

Q at Edwards Gardens

NAME (PLEASE PRINT)

ADDRESS

ary

TELEPHONE (9 AM. -5P.M.)

777 Lawrence Avenue East, Toronto, Ontario M3C 1P2

Tel: (416) 397-1340 Fax: (416) 397-1354 Email: cgcl@idirect.com

To confirm registration please call the Course Office (416) 397-1362.

POSTAL CODE

Are you a CGC member? Q No Q Yes, Member Card #

If you are not a member and wish to join, add yearly membership fee: Q Single ($30) Q Family /Dual ($40)

1 would like to register for the following CGC courses: Course#

$

$

$

$ Q Visa Q MasterCard Q Cheque (payable to Civic Garden Centre) 1 Cash (in person only)

CREDITCARD #

EXPIRY DATE

SIGNATURE

Course fees include GST. Courses may be cancelled due to inadequate registration. Registrants will be notified Monday to Friday between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. Please supply a phone number where you can be reached in person or voice mail.

REGISTRATION INFORMATION

REGISTRATION FOR SPRING 2001 COURSES STARTS MONDAY, MARCH 19.You can register in person, or by mail, phone or fax. By mail: fill out the registration form on this page and send to Course Registrations, The CivicGarden Centre,777 LawrenceAvenue East,Toronto, ONM3C 1P2.Fullpaymentmustaccompany each registration; NSF cheques aresubject to a $20surcharge. By telephone, call (416) 397-1340. By fax, send to (416) 397-1354, with aVisa or MasterCard number. Registrations are accepted ona first-come basis. Register early for best selection. Deadline for registration is one week before the start of each course. Registration fees are lower for CGC members than for non-members. A membership can be purchased at the time ofregistration,inwhich case the member sdzscount is appiied to thecourse cost. Toinquire about_;f membership, call (416)397-1340. -

CONFIRMATION: No confirmation of registrationis sent out. Please make a noteof the coursesfor which you have registered.To confirm registration, call the Course Office: (416) 397-1362.

- CANCELLATION AND REFUNDS: Deadline for registration is oneweek before the start ofeach course. Cancellations made after thedeadline are subjecttoa 20-per-cent administrationfee.The CGCreserves the right to cancel any event if the minimum number ofregistrants is not reached bythe deadline, in which case course fees will be refunded in full. Registrants will be notified of such cancellations by telephone between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. Please supply a telephone number where you can be reached in person or on voice mail. We ept responsdnlity forinconvenience caused to those we cannot contact.

The Civic Garden Centreassnmes no r&sponslbility forloss or damageto propeny,orfor personal fy injury or mishap, during courses. All actmties are atthe risk ofthe participant.

Workshops Special Events

THE ULTIMATE GARDEN WORKSHOP

WHERE: Floral Hall WHen: Sunday, February 25, 1-4 p.m.

OUR INSTRUCTORS Ilandscape architect

Mark Hartley, Earth Inc. and Foliage Fetish Landscaping Inc. are already at their drafting tables planning the perfect garden landscape for a new homeowner or one who has decided to re-do the garden. If you fit either category, or just want some ideas from a professional, this workshop is for you.

The instructors will present original designs for a typical Toronto property and include the

planned budget. Each will describe the design, explain why he chose particular elements and placed them where they are, and demonstrate how the sample design can fit your budget and long-term plan for your garden. There will be lots of opportunity to ask questions, seek alternative suggestions and make the workshop work for you.

$10 for CGC members; $12 non-members.

Registration deadline: February 17

HORTICULTURAL THERAPY TRAINING COURSE

WHERE: Auditorium WHeN: Sat. & Sun., March 3 & 4, 9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.

HORTICULTURAL THERAPY uses plants and plant-related activities to stimulate the senses. Groups that can benefit include children, people with dementia, seniors and the physically challenged. The two-day training session, with Nancy Lee-Colibaba, horticultural training co-ordinator at the Royal Botanical Gardens, will provide information on setting up an effective horticultural therapy program. It covers the writing of proposals and the goals and evaluation of projects, as well as lots of project

GARDENING STYLES FROM THE ORIENT

WhHERE: Floral Hall

WHEN: Sat.,April 7, 9:00 a.m. to 4:00p.m.

TAKE A DAY to have a close look at the styles and methods the cultures of China and Japan bring to gardening.

The day begins with a demonstration of tai chi exercises. Then you'll learn more about the gardening practices and elements that compose an Oriental-style garden. Mark your calendar now and watch for details in the March/April issue ofTrellis.

ideas and information on plants, the uses of raised beds, and the need for comfort zones. Hands-on activities will give participants seasonal projects and insight into how the therapeutic application can improve quality of life.

$150 (includes handouts, activity supplies and lunch)

Registration: Deadline is is one week prior to start of class.

For more information or to register, call (905) 527-1158, ext. 270.

CLUB DATE

Performing Instrumental Trio

A musical melange of jazz, show tunes & Latin American rhythms. Executive dinners, banquets & wedding receptions. Let us enhance that special occasion. Live music makes the difference.

(416) 757-3368

- Edwards Lectures

SpEAKER: KEN

BEATTIE

WHERE: Floral Hall WHEN: Wednesday, January 31, 7:30 p.m.

Toric: The Rights and Some ofthe Wrongs of Spring

KEN BEATTIE is a familiar face on television as well as a horticulturist with 25 years experience. He hosts and produces Get Growing on WTN and is a regular contributor to Canadian Gardener on CBC-TV. He hosts Ground Rulz, a 60-minute radio phone-in program in Saskatchewan, and his books include Time for Growing, Trowel Tips and Ken

Beattie s GardeningJournal.

Ken is an engaging, enthusiastic and intelligent speaker who has given talks at horticultural shows and education forums on seven continents. During the cold Saskatchewan winters he often lectures aboard luxury liners. He will be signing his latest book after the lecture.

Free to members; non-members $4.

SPEAKER: RICHARD UBBENS, foresterwith the City ofToronto

WeERE: Floral Hall WHeN: Wednesday, February 14, 7:30 p.m.

Toric: Urban Trees from Boulevards to Ravines

RICHARD UBBENS is a registered professional forester with 14 years experience in municipal forestry. As Toronto s city forester, he s responsible for policy, planning, programming, practices, systems development, forest management in ravines and natural areas and integrated forest health care. He is also responsible for the overall co-ordination of the city s Urban

Avtin the Link >>>2 Upper Link |

Winter Themes, WinterScenes

December 18 to January 29

A show of work by artist members of the CGC in celebration of Canadian winters.

Quartz Tiles ofIznik

February 14 to March 5

The tiles in this exhibition use the same technique as the famous Iznik tiles of the Ottoman empire of the 15th and 16th centuries. Their geometrical designs reflect the relationship between humans and the universe. Sponsored by the Iznik Foundation in collaboration with Ontrex Inc.

Forestry Program. In his talk he will speak about the city s tree replacement program and discuss issues surrounding the removal of trees on private property, as well as the knotty question of responsibility for trees that damage water lines. He ll also suggest which trees work best in particular situations.

Free to members; non-members $4.

Civic Garden Centre staff and volunteers offer condolences to the family and friends of Val Ward, who died suddenly November 21 of a brain aneurysm. Val was owner of bud s nursery and a frequent lecturer at CGC functions. She was enthusiastic, energetic and talented, and an inspiration to all who came in contact with her. Her life was far too short.

o ool o Y rAff!y. The Correspondence of I Edith Wharton andLouisBromfield Editedby

EastLansing, MI, Michigan State University Press, 1999; 220 pages, US $39.95

Automation on track |

: :

and Louis Bromfield between 1931 and 1937

WE'RE MAKING good progress getting our oniained in this book documents their close library on line: information on 60 per cent ofthe friendship, which evolved towards the end of books and about 35 per cent of articles has now Wharton s distinguished life and at the height of been input. In the spring this online catalogue ~ Bromfield s career. Although he was 34 years her will be accessible both in the library and from junior, their mutual interest in writing, gardening | : remote points through the CGC Web site. ok Tvel 1500k W B hond ptveen the As well as commenting on gardening and agriSearches maybe made byauthor, title or subject. cultural pursuits, their letters discussed the social

In the meantime, our computers are being andpohtical climate ofAmerica and France during putto good use: manymembers ofthe public as the 1930s.They also gossiped about the literary well as CGC volunteers and staff have been and shared their kindred enthusiasm for ; o > and travel. Both owned historic homes in using the Trillium-funded workstations to con- France whose renowned gardens inspired in them nect to the Internet. @ atranscendingfervour.

While it gives no gardening advice or tips, the There s still time to sign up for our correspondence of these two Pulitzer Prize-win. ning authors provides insight into their private Winter Courses. Phone the course worlds.Their remarkable friendship endured until office (416) 397-1362 Wharton sdeathin 1937.

_ GARDEN GETAWAY 5 - 20 AUG. 2001

personally escorted by Marjorie Mason-Hogue Aug. 5toAug. 20inEnglandandScotlandwillenableus

Just-Do-It

Coffee House to more fully enjoy the heather on the hills and to : attend the RoyalTattooatEdinburgh Castle. Air Canada Friday January 19, 2001 will be our airline of choice, flying non-stop into London, Heathrow. We ll spend several days in the . . southeast visiting the Gardens of Wisley, Sissinghurst

Live Music

and Capel manor. Then it s west to Somerset and the 2 : B e ofNori a0 Sandra Pope atFiadepen House and and time foryou_to sing, read a poem authors ofthe superb book Colour by Design. We ll ortell ajoke ortwo visit the Garden House where Keith Wiley s unique meado ings have become ; it : g musl:vpla;%mmmq,v,:Comml;:z,dmnmh m?:"I;kz

District we ll enjoy Beatrix Potter s Hilltop Farm

$5.00 covers music, coffee and cookies

Brmg a friend and Holehird Garden operated the Lakeland e . : Horticultural Society. ~ Their e andjoinusforanenjoyableevening hydrangeaswillbe at their peak.

Doors open 7.30 pm - Show starts 8.00 pm

Heading north to Scotland we ll enjoy gardens, history, castles and breathtaking scenery of the Highlands and the Isle ofSkye. There will be a visit to Allen Paterson s Don Heights Unitarian Congregation Garden in Dumfriesshire. Among the Scottish gardens Civic Garden Centre ; oum: fc(C}:d"h: Contle Tuliind Taie et g GardenHall Auditorium, ContactLona: Carlson WagonlitTravel

Vist our Sunday Service 10.30 am. Tel: 905-683-8411 call 416-444-8839

FEBRUARY 18%, 2001

10:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.

FREE Samples to the 1* 250 visitors

FREE Lectures, Seminars & Demonstrations include: Frank Kershaw, Martin Galloway, Patricia Thomson, John Valleau, Dennis Flanagan, and more

Ask the Expert ART DRYSDALE Vendors ® Horticultural Displays NEW THIS YEAR: Cyber goes GREEN

Visit the Secret Garden (For kids 4 10 years) Catalogues of Distinction Garden Café ® Door Prizes and much more!

On-site advicefrom CGC' s StaffHorticulturists and Toronto's Master Gardeners

FREE Admission & Parking!

What s on atthe Civic Garden Centre

|

JANUARY

74

Southern Ontario Orchid Society Meeting 1 to 5 p.m.

Information (905) 727-3319

8

Toronto Bonsai Society Meeting 7:30 p.m.

Information (416) 755-0880

9

North Toronto Horticultural Society Meeting 7 p.m.

Information (416) 484-0677

14

Ontario Rock Garden Society Meeting 1:30 to 5 p.m. ® Open to the public.

Information (416) 755-2325

16

Toronto Cactus Society Meeting 7 to 10 p.m.

Information (416) 767-6433

25

Canadian Chrysanthemum & Dahlia Society

Meeting 7 p.m.

Information (416) 292-4955

28

Canadian Rose Society Meeting 2 p.m.

Rhododendron Society Meeting 2 p.m.

Information (416) 486-6631

31

Edwards Lecture

Speaker: Ken Beattie

Topic: The Rights andSome ofthe Wrongs ofSpring Floral Hall, 7:30 p.m. Talk and book signing. Free to CGC members; non-members $4.

Information (416) 397-1340

FEBRUARY 3

Ontario Rock Garden Society Meeting 1:30 to 5 p.m. ® Open to the public.

Information (416) 755-2325

4

Southern Ontario Orchid Society Meeting noon to 5 p.m.

Information (905) 727-3319

Geranium & Pelargonium Society

Meeting 1 to 4 p.m.

10& 11

Southern Ontario Orchid Society

Annual Orchid Show 10 a.m.-5 p.m.

Admission: $6; children 12 and under free.

Information (905) 640-5643 12

Toronto Bonsai Society

Meeting 7 p.m.

Information (416) 755-0880 13

North Toronto Horticultural Society

Meeting 7 p.m.

Information (416) 484-0677 14

Edwards Lecture

Speaker: Richard Ubbens

Topic: Urban Trees: from the Boulevards to the Ravines 7:30 p.m. ® Free to CGC members; non-members $4.

Information (416) 397-1340

18

Getting theJump on Spring

5th Annual Horticultural Open House 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Free

For further details, see page 13 19

Mycological Society

Meeting 7 p.m.

Information (416) 444-9053

25

The Ultimate GardenWorkshop

1to 4 p.m.

$10 for CGC members; non-members $12. For further details, see page 27

Canadian Rose Society Meeting 2 p.m.

Ontario Water Garden Society

Meeting 2 p.m. ¢ Information (416) 422-2164

IN & AROUND THE GTA M ARCH

14-18

CANADA BLOOMS

Metro Toronto Convention Centre, South Building Information (416) 447-8655 or 1-800-730-1020

SUCCESS WITH GARDENING

International Centre, 6900 Airport Road, Mississauga

CIVIC GARDEN CENTRE LIBRARY

Product Sales Agreement #1737325

CLASSIFIED ADS

Wildflower and Birdwatching Tours

Point Pelee, Arizona, Bermuda, New Zealand, South Africa. For free Newsletter and itineraries, call George Bryant at Travel Helpers (416) 443-0583 or (877) 245-2424.

Great Gardens of England in the Spring

Join me on an exclusive tour visiting the most spectacular gardens in the south and southwest of England in May/June of 2001. Optional visit to Chelsea Flower Show. Group limited to 8 persons maximum. Fully escorted. Further information from Judy Prentice (905) 947-4595

DONATIONSWANTED

Is your home cluttered with old gardening books and magazines? Would you like to clear out those old but usable gardening tools from the shed? The Civic Garden Centre will gladly accept these items for a fundraiser planned for this spring. Please bring them to the library the next time you visit the CGC.

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