Four new gladiolus originations have won All-America honors. If flowers are your dish, the 1978 award winning glads are a feast.
Little Sweetheart is truly tiny in stature. Also this exquisite rosyred is gracefully arranged on slender, willowy stems. Each shapely floret has dramatic white quotation marks (stamens) in the heart of each flower and is molded like a tiny toy cup. Seven-eight round rosebud shaped florets open
at once. Although Little Sweetheart is a Miniature, it is robust to the extreme.
The night shaded gladiolus, Night Owl, is an aristocrat among aristocrats. Gladiolus experts rate it the finest purple offered to the public to date. Ten to 12 firmly attached precisely arranged florets open at once on straight dressparade stems on 5-foot robust plants.
September 1978
Volume 5, Number 5
In this issue
Cover photo of Southern Yew (Podocarpus macrophyllus maki) by Lloyd Mayeda. This indoor bonsai is from the collection of Yuji Yoshimura of Briarcliff Manor, New York, a leading member of the bonsai world and the father of bonsai in North America.
Gesneriads: The Miracle Houseplants/5
Bonsai: A guide for buyers/9
Flowering Bulbs/12
Indoor Light Gardening/15
Events September-October/17
In the Centre s Library/21
Publication Committee
James Floyd (Chairman), Jerry Maccabe, Clive E. Goodwin.
Editor: Fredrik Kirby
Graphics and Printing Drewmark Graphics, Toronto
General Information issn 03801470
f Trellisis published in the months ofJanuary, March, May, July, September, and November and distributed on or about the 15th of the month previous by the Civic Garden Centre, 777 Lawrence Avenue East, Don Mills, Ontario M3C 1P2. The Centre is located in Edwards Gardens, at Leslie Street and Lawrence Avenue East, the geographical centre of Metropolitan Toronto. It is a non-profit gardening and floral arts information organization with open membership. Subscriptions to Trellis are only available through Centre membership ($10 per year). Opinions expressed within do not necessarily reflect those of the Centre.
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A bank of Episcias in a commercial greenhouse.
Gesperiads: The Miracle Houseplants
by Ron Myhr Past President of the Toronto Gesneriad Society Editor, TGS Newsletter
In the tropical forests vines of one sort or another find sustenance in the pockets of humus accumulated in the crotches where branches meet trunk, and many shrubs and other low-growing plants thrive on the forest floor. Most share a few common characteristics. They are, for instance, adapted to relatively low levels of light, and to fairly constant moderate to warm temperatures. It is from among these inhabitants of the lower reaches of the tropical forest that most of our modern houseplants are selected. They adapt well to the low light levels and warm temperatures of our modern homes.
Most people are familiar with the ubiquitous Philodendrons, the Dieffenbachias, the Aglaonemas and the other assorted tropical foliage plants. Few, however, are aware that there are many plants
from the same general habitat as these which have, in addition to attractive foliage, showy and beautiful blooms. Among these latter there is one family of plants which has incredible potential for the home, which will bloom on the windowsill or in artificial light and which will thrive with no special care that the average plant fancier is unable to give. This group of plants is known collectively as the Gesneriad family.
A few of the gesneriads are familiar to most people. The popular African Violets, hybrids of the genus Saintpaulia, are our most familiar flowering houseplants, and were among the first of the gesneriads to achieve popularity. The Florist s Gloxinia, hybrids of Sinningia speciosa, are as popular today as they were in the mid-19th Century, their enormous, showy
flowers providing a continual source of fascination for the plant lover. The gesneriads range of plant habit and flower form is enormous, challenging in diversity that other family of predominantly tropical plants, the Orchids. These other gesneriads range in difficulty of culture from those with which the careful novice will have little difficulty to those that challenge the greenhouse-growing expert.
Fortunately, most of our modern cultivars fall well towards the easy end of the spectrum.
Categories of Gesneriads
The gesneriads divide logically into three categories, depending on the root structure of the plants. The fibrous rooted plants may be either annual or perennial, but in either event are dead when the foliage dies back to the soil. The tuberous rooted and rhizomatous plants are adapted to endure seasons of inimical weather, when the foliage dies back but the underground fleshy or woody roots sprout again when good weather returns.
Thefibrous rooted section contains many, perhaps most, of those plants which have potential for the home. Included here are the African Violets, which need no further description, other terrestrial (ground-growing) herbs and shrubs and a variety of epiphytic (treegrowing) vines.
A great deal of interest has recently developed in the African genus Streptocarpus, hybrids of which have long been available under the name Cape Primrose . The commonly available Streptocarpus have fairly large, long and narrow leaves, up to 30cm in length, which form an untidy rosette. From
the base of these leaves arise flowering stalks several inches in length at the top of which are produced one to six very large show flowers in a variety of colors reminiscent of the Florist s Gloxinia. A well grown plant may have 50 flowers open at once. Good varieties to try are the Nymph series: S. Constant Nymph , the original, has blue flowers with a yellow throat about 6 cm across; S. Maasen s White has identical white flowers with a yellow throat. Other Nymph mutants with larger flowers, smaller habit or different shades of blue are available. While Streptocarpus plants prefer fairly cool temperatures (down to 55 at night) they do tolerate normal house temperatures.
The Episcias, also predominantly terrestrial, are well-known for their colorful foliage and bright reddish orange flowers. Their natural range is from Mexico through Brazil, where they often form a colorful groundcover in moist tropical forests. They love warmth and humidity, and will not tolerate cold. Cultivars of the Episcias are innumerable. Noteworthy are the old favorite E. Acajou , with 8-10 cm leaves of silvery green and dark
Sreptocarpus Constant Nymph . An old hybrid, this variety continues to be a favorite. Flowers are blue-purple and up to 6 cm across.
tan, with many smallish red flowers, and the pink, green and white leaved E. Cleopatra . The former is easy and floriferous, the latter quite difficult but very popular for its most unusual foliage colors.
E. dianthiflora and its hybrid E. Cygnet have large (to 4 cm) fringed white flowers and plain green foliage and are more tolerant of cold than most. The former has small, dainty leaves, the latter larger leaves and flowers with tiny purple spots. All Episcias produce stolons (runners, as in strawberry plants), and these must be limited in number if good flowering is to take place.
The vining epiphytes have perhaps the greatest future as houseplants of all the gesneriads. There are both trailing and upright types, those which trail producing spectacular basket plants, the upright sorts doing very well on the windowsill or under lights. Many are quite tolerant, being resistant to drought and dry air.
Aeschynanthus is an Asiatic genus, most of whose common members produce scarlet flowers at the tips of trailing stems. The leaves are generally leathery, sometimes almost succulent, and the flowers are long and tubular. In some species, the emergence of the red bud from the dark tubular calyx is reminiscent of lipstick emerging from its tube, hence the common name Lipstick Plant . Recent hybrids bloom all along the stem and many are now in colors other than red. These plants require good light for best bloom, but are otherwise quite hardy. Two good varieties are A. lobbianus, the original Lipstick Plant , and A. Black Pagoda , with green foliage marbled with darker patches and clusters of deep burnt orange flowers.
The Columneas are spectacularly
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flowering Central and South American epiphytes. The flowers are large, colorful and produced all along the stems, which may be either trailing or upright in habit. The blooms are tubular at the base, but open into a broad, showy hood at the top. Many of the plants are quite tolerant, and they will bloom in a window, in a greenhouse or under lights. C. erythrophaea is a fine species, with shiny, dark green foliage, spreading habit and 8 cm burnt orange blooms hanging on long pedicels beneath the stems. It is nearly everblooming, and a flashy addition to any window. Be careful not to overwater it. C. Early Bird and C. Bonfire are similar hybrids with yellow and orange flowers, frequently produced in great profusion on trailing stems. A basket of these plants is a sight to behold, and they will bloom well while still quite small.
Nematanthus hybrids and species are becoming very popular, as their ease of culture, manageabie habit and curious flowers make them highly desirable. These are also epiphytes, usually with small, oval, fleshy and shiny green leaves and yellow, orange or striped flowers which are strongly pouched underneath. The flowers are generally small, but a few ofthem really light up a plant. Many of these are also known by the common names
Candy corn plant and Goldfish plant , the latter ofwhich is also sometimes applied to Columneas. N. wettsteinii is a good species, with tiny foliage and small orange pouched flowers with yellow tips. It is everblooming. Good hybrids are the everblooming N. Tropicana with yellow and maroon striped flowers, large red calyces, glossy dark foliage and upright habit; and N. Green Magic , with pink and yellow flowers on a com-
pact, semi-trailing plant with small deep green shiny leaves.
The rhizomatous group of gesneriads produce scaly underground rhizomes, which are simply specialized roots allowing the plant to survive seasons of drought or cold when the foliage dies back to the ground. While some of the rhizomatous gesneriads require an annual period of dormancy, during which the rhizomes must be stored, others will grow and bloom all year round, so long as they are treated well. Let them get dry, though, and they will die back, in preparation for what they think is the coming dry season.
Best known of the rhizomatous gesneriads are the summer flowering Achimenes, with large, flat-faced flowers in a variety of colors. These are often sold by bulb specialists, and are one of the few gesneriads commonly grown in the garden as well as in the house. Good varieties areA. Purple King which is widely grown in pots and in the shady garden; A. Ambroise Verschaffelt , white with purple lines spreading from a yellow throat; A. Yellow Beauty , with good sized flowers; and A. Puchella Jr. , an upright, bushy compact plant with a profusion of brilliant red small blossoms. A. Pulchella Jr. produces many aerial propagules (like tiny rhizomes) in the axils of the leaves after flowering. These may be collected and scattered over the surface of a pot (not covered) for the next year s growth. Achimenes are not tolerant of drought. They must be kept moist at all times. After flowering, the foliage dies back and rhizomes may be collected and stored in moist peatmoss or left in the pot until January or February, when they should be planted several to a four or five inch pot, 1 deep. Continuedpage 22
BONSAI: a guide for buyers
by LlovdMayeda
Interest in bonsai is increasing. A bonsai (pronounced bone-sigh) is a miniature tree or group of trees growing in a pot. There is no such thing as a particular type of bonsai plant. Many species of trees, shrubs, and other types of plants make excellent bonsai. Suitable materials include outdoor plants such as junipers, pines, maples, and crab apples and indoor plants such as figs, olives, gardenias, hollies and jade plants.
Contrary to popular opinion, bonsai are not terribly difficult to grow. Some knowledge is required to select a bonsai suitable to your growing conditions and to keep the bonsai in good health after pur-chase. If you plan to buy a bonsai, the following is some basic informa:tion about selection and care that can help you to avoid difficulties and solve problems if they develop.
Three basic commitments are necessary for a beginner to enjoy success with bonsai. First, you or the ultimate owner of the plant if it is a gift should have a genuine interest in plants and be willing to learn about bonsai. Second, you must look at your bonsai at least once a day and spend an average of twenty minutes or so per week caring for your little tree . Third, you must locate a trustworthy plantsitter to look after your bonsai whenever you are away for longer than a day or two.
When buying a bonsai don t be afraid to ask questions. And if you do not receive satisfactory answers shop elsewhere. Seldom does one purchase a painting, sculpture or other work of art without seeking advice from knowledgeable sources.
The same should be true of bonsai! If you don t have a friend who knows, then contact a local Bonsai Society if there is one, or perhaps a horticultural society or botanical gardens. Whatever the case, try to satisfy yourself that you are buying from a reputable dealer who has healthy and attractive bonsai for sale. Don t buy impetuously as you are purchasing a living plant that requires proper care and attention, not an inanimate object that can sit in a dark corner for years.
When selecting a bonsai one of the most important questions to ask yourself is do you want an indoor or outdoor plant. Most bonsai are outdoor plants that must be subject to the cycle of the seasons to grow properly. They should remain outdoors even in winter, although a cold frame or other suitable winter protection is usually required. Outdoor bonsai can be brought indoors for a day or two to enjoy their beauty in your home or at a bonsai
This group or forest planting of seven Dwarf Cypress (Cryptomeriajaponica nana) requires as much sun as possible and cooler temperatures of 5-15°C (40-60°F) during the winter.
exhibition. Be certain, however, that it gets lots of light and that it is kept away from hot-air ducts, radiators, and air-conditioners.
Certain tropical and subtropical plants can be continuously kept indoors as indoor bonsai. Generally they require some direct sun and a bright location. As indoor plants they suffer most during the winter months when light levels are lower and especially from the heat and dryness of the air in our homes.
Frequent misting and sitting the bonsai on a tray of pebbles with water below the tops of the pebbles are good techniques to try to keep the humidity above 30% and if possible up to 50% during the winter. In summer, even these plants will benefit from a protected location outdoors. Care must be taken to provide periods of adjustments as plants are moved out of or
into the house at the beginning and end of the summer season. Generally it is not advisable to move the plants in and out on a daily or weekly basis.
In between the outdoor and indoor bonsai are an outdoor-indoor group that are best kept outdoors all summer and require cold but above freezing temperatures all winter. Special advice and assistance is required by a beginner to deal with these.
A fourth indoor-outdoor group deserves some mention as well. They are temperate climate plants that cannot survive our winters outdoors and require cooler temperatures during the winter but do not seem to need a true cold dormancy period. The following chart lists some species of plants popular as bonsai for each ofthe group mentioned. Please note that even
Some Plants Suitable for Bonsai
GROUP A
Outdoor Bonsai
Summer conditions: Outdoors
Winter conditions: Outdoors with protection
e.g. cold frame
Japanese Maple Acer palmatum
Maidenhair Tree Ginkgo biloba
Alberta Spruce
Picea glauca conica
Mugho Pine Pinus mugo mughus
Japanese Black Pine Pinus thunbergiana
GROUP B
Outdoor/Indoor Bonsai
Summer conditions: Outdoors
Winter conditions: 0-10°C (32-50°F)
Trident Maple Acer buergeranum
Hinoki False Cypress Chamaecyparis obtusa
Dwarf Japanese Juniper Juniperus procumbens nana
Japanese White Pine Pinus parviflora
Kurume Azalea Rhododendron Kurume hybrids
GROUP C
Indoor/Outdoor Bonsai
Summer conditions: Outdoors
Winter conditions: 5:159C (40-60°F)
Japanese Boxwood Buxus microphylla japonica
Camellia Camellia japonica
Small-leaved Cotoneaster Cotoneaster microphyllus
Japanese Holly llex crenata
Scarlet Firethorn Pvyracantha coccinea
GROUP D
Indoor Bonsai
Summer conditions: Indoors or outdoors
Winter conditions: Indoors below 20°C (68°F) at night
Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus
Myrtle Muyrtus communis
Southern Yew Podocarpus macrophyllus maki
Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis
Snow Rose Serissa foetida
the experts disagree on whether certain plants belong in one group or another. Also some species such as Elms and Junipers are often found in more than one category although once you have established a routine with any particular plant you should not treat it differently each winter.
When you shop for bonsai keep in mind some of the characteristics that contribute to good bonsai design. Look for a vigorous healthy tree with small, compact foliage. Try to find one that s not too tall and gawky and one that has a thick, strong trunk at the base. Keep in mind that usually the thicker the trunk, the older the tree and the higher the price as a bonsaist would have had to train and care for the plant over alonger period of time. Look carefully at - the shape and arrangement of major branches. The overall outline of the tree and its foliage should be in the shape of an isosceles triangle with no two sides the same length. Branches should become shorter and thinner as they ascend the trunk. No two branches should appear at exactly the same level on the trunk nor should two main branches cross each other or the trunk. The tree should have a discernible front and back view and be placed in its container to complement viewing of the tree and its branches.
The pot should be a good quality clay or earthenware bonsai container with proper drainage holes on the bottom. The size of the bonsai container should be in harmony with the shape and size of the bonsai tree. Usually the containers are made of brown, grey, or reddish fine grained clay and in traditional proportions and shapes such as rectangular, oval, square, round
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) makes an attractive indoor bonsai and can be used as flavouring when cooking as well. or hexagonal. Blue, light green, or off white glazed containers are often used especially with deciduous or indoor plant materials. Generally the sides of the containers are unadorned, although sometimes Japanese writing or brush-stroke sketches may be seen.
Always keep in mind that bonsai is an art form as well as an horticultural pursuit. As a beginner you need not own a masterpiece but a true bonsai, even as a fairly young commercially available plant, should have some artistic appeal and merit. There is room on the market for artistically potted plants, but don t be deceived intobelieving that everything in a bonsai container is a properly styled and cultivated bonsai.
Good quality bonsai are available from about $25.00 to over $2000.00. If you are new to bonsai it is advisable to by as large a bonsai as you can afford. This has two advantages. An older plant properly
Continuedpage 20
Flowering Bulbs
by Bob Fleming, Horticultural Institute of Ontario
No one can pass a large bed of tulips in the park in the spring without marvelling at the mass of color, the uniformity of bloom; or pass an embankment of solid gold daffodils or narcissus and not wish that in some fashion it could be duplicated in some small way in our own gardens. There is no reason why we can t use the many spring flowering bulbs equally as effectively in our own garden asthe large parks do in theirs.
The unfortunate part about flowering bulbs is that too few are really known to many amateur gardeners, or for that matter, to quite a few of the more experienced ones. We mention tulips and daffodils and immediately the name Darwin pops up or King Alfred when daffodils are mentioned. The many varieties of Darwin tulips are magnificent, King Alfred is a beautiful daffodil, but these are but a small part of the possible selection one can make for planting this fall in the garden. In the tall large flowered tulips, in addition to the Darwins, are the single early types. One of these, Keizerskroon, is an old favorite, one of the oldest varieties in cultivation with scarlet flowers edged in yellow and still widely planted. The Triumph tulips, slightly later than the early tulips are followed by the Darwins and the Darwin hybrids, the cottage tulips and the late flowering forms. A similar catalogue could be written for the large cupped narcissus or daffodils, but let s talk about some of the less well known bulbs, those not commonly seen in park plantings, but ideal subjects for home
gardens where space may be a limiting factor.
Some very attractive multiflowered bulbs can be found in the tulip family. A lovely species for rock gardens is Tulipa tarda with 3 to 5 white tipped yellow flowers on a short stiff stem. This hardy bulb blooms quite early and will multiply year after year in the proper location. Another bright multi-flowered form is Tulipa praestans Fusilier with 3 or more bright orange scarlet blooms per stem which can also be used in the rock garden or as an early spring accent for the herbaceous border. The Greigii tulips are not well known but should become more widely used. The best known cultivar available is Red Riding Hood, a lovely small bright scarlet tulip with mottled foliage, an added attraction.
In the larger, more spectacular tulips, the Fosterana hybrids should not be overlooked. The cultivar Red Emperor is well known, probably the largest flower of any tulip. The Lily flowered tulips have a style all their own with long willowy stems and long pointed petals. The Queen of Sheba and Marietta are two well known cultivars.
Daffodils are, botanically speaking, Narcissus and this group of bulbs covers a wide variety of species, cultivars and hybrids from dainty miniatures to giants such as the cultivar Mount Hood. Among the species and miniatures are several attractive forms suitable for rock gardens or naturalizing beneath tall shrubs. The old fashioned
Poeticus or Pheasant s Eye Narcissus is still a favorite. Peeping Tom, a newer hybrid is an early one with deep yellow trumpet shaped flowers with reflexed perianth segments. April Tears, another new cultivar, has many graceful flowers in a bright golden color. A true dwarf, suitable for small rock gardens, is Narcissusjuncifolius whose name alone tends to dwarf this delightful, perfect yellow daffodil, about one inch in diameter carried on a four inch stem. Another equally as small and no less attractive is Narcissus minimus, three inches high and flowers about one half an inch across.
The list of spring flowering bulbs is lengthy. Crocus are well known. Chionodoxa, the Glory of the Snow, is often seen in drifts in older gardens in the early spring. Hardy and prolific, it is an excellent choice for planting beneath tall deciduous shrubs. Three species of Scillas can be grown in many Ontario gardens. Scilla siberica is an early spring flowering form, which is followed in late May by the later flowering species Scilla cam-
panulata and Scilla nutans or Bluebells, which naturalize so well in open woodlands.
The word iris always brings to mind the tall bearded forms of our June gardens. However, the bulbous form, Iris reticulata, given a good planting site and some winter protection in its first winter will succeed in many gardens. Flowering early, often with snow still on the ground, it offers competition to the crocuses as the first flower in bloom in the garden. Actually it is a poor second, as the winter Aconite-Eranthis hyemalis may flower during mild spells in late February or early March, often with frost in the ground and snow on the garden.
Few native bulbs have become garden favorites. One, Quamash or Camassia is a native of the west coast but unfortunately not readily available to home gardeners. An attractive late spring flowering bulb, it produces a tall spike of light to dark blue flowers 18 to 30 inches tall. Winter protection may be required in more northerly gardens, but it is a bulb well worth trying
Some types of bulbs Rhizomes
if it can be obtained.
Proper planting in a well prepared soil is essential for successful bulb growing. First of all select good healthy bulbs from a reliable source. Most bulbs prefer well drained sandy loam soils. However, well prepared clay loam soils with adequate drainage will grow good bulbs. Adding some sand or organic matter will help to make heavier soils more suitable but poor drainage cannot be corrected in this way. Raised beds may solve a drainage problem where spring flooding occurs. Add a moderate application of a complete fertilizer such as a 5-20-20 or a 5-10-15 when preparing soil to ensure good root development. A light mulching with straw, strawy manure or some similar light material during the first winter will help new bulbs to become better established. Planting distances between bulbs will vary depending on plant and flower size. Depth of planting will also vary. Large bulbs may be planted 6 to 10 inches deep depending on soil type and drainage. Smaller bulbs should be planted less deeply. Planting can be done any time in the fall, but early fall planting permits greater root development and plant preparation for the winter weather. Late plantings should definitely be mulched with 4 to 6 inches ofmulch material.
Just a few of the many kinds of flowering bulbs have been mentioned. We could describe the Fritillarias, Hyacinths, Alliums, Galanthus, Galtonia and Colchicum but hopefully these few will stir up some interest in the less well known spring flowering bulbs. Our small home gardens, rock gardens and shrub borders can become more colorful, more interesting and more rewarding when planted with these delightful, easy to grow, bright and cheerful spring beauties.
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RATES & DATES ON REQUEST FROM CIVIC GARDEN CENTRE
@ Impatiens growing in pots out of doors can collapse or drop leaves and buds if brought into an air conditioned or heated room. The dry air does it; impatiens is a jungle plant and likes humidity.
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Sundays only. Fall blooms
Winter hardy perennials
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Indoor Light Gardening
by Leslie FMarsh The Indoor Light Gardening Society
Lighting
When the fluorescent tube was invented in the nineteen thirties it gave indoor gardening enthusiasts a most important tool for growing plants in the home. With an automatic timer set for an average of 12 hours on and 12 hours off, most plants respond by growing beautifully. Some require more or less light and this can be regulated. It has been found that a two tube, four foot fixture with one cool white and one warm white tube is sufficient. The warm white balances the cool white, to give a broader light spectrum.
Growing Mediums
Until recently our growing mediums were combinations of earth, sand, rotted manure, etc. They are very messy indoors, and for starting seeds require heating to Kill the earth organisms that would stop the seeds from germinating. We now have soilless mixes called Peat Lite, Pro Mix, Kiffy Mix etc. A basic mix is one third each of sieved Peat Moss, Vermiculite and Perlite. Sieved Peat Moss is ordinary peat moss rubbed through a half inch screen of hardware cloth tacked to a square wood frame. Vermiculite is a mica type rock heated until it expands, and Perlite is a volcanic ash . All of these materials hold water many times their weight, and most important are free from soil organisms, so can be used as is for starting seeds, and with the addition of chemical fertilizers are excellent for growing plants. If you grow many plants it is much
cheaper to mix your own and store in plastic garbage pails. Pour in a gallon or two of water and keep the lid on. Do not add fertilizer to the basic mix at this time.
Starting Seeds
Any container that is at least 215" to 3 deep and has drainage holes in the bottom can be used. After filling with the basic mix, set it in a tray partially filled with water. When the moisture has risen to the top of the mix, remove the container and let drain. Scatter or plant the seeds in rows. Fine seeds are not covered; others are generally covered to twice their diameter. Make sure the growing medium is damp, then cover the container with glass or put in a plastic bag to keep the moisture in. Make sure the covering leaves enough room so that the seedling can emerge from the growing medium. If necessary prop the plastic up with a hoop of wire or a stick. Place the container close under the lights and check from time to time that the mix does not dry out. This is important because if it does the seed dies. You can also use bottom heat to quicken germination. Set the container over a radiator or better still buy one of the electric heat cable-type seed starting units now on the market. When the leaves appear you can give the seedlings a weak (1/4 to 1/8 strength) feeding of water soluble fertilizer. After the second set of leaves appear you should carefully loosen and remove the plantlets to small pots or flats; if in flats plant about 2 apart.
Fertilizing and Watering
Plants do not like the ups and downs of periodic fertilizing that was generally used in the past. They respond more to Y strength fertilizing every time they require watering. Do not overwater. Water when the top is dry, or if using a plastic pot, you can tell by the difference in weight when to water. Seedlings should be misted with a squeeze bottle or mister, so that they are not washed out of the medium. Humidity around the plants is important. Set them in a tray in which there is about %; depth of Haydite, which is a porous chipped stone, and which will soak up and evapo-
rate the water which is kept to a level below the stone in the tray. The pots are not sitting in the water but will benefit by the humidity and will even receive a certain amount of water through the holes in the pot.
There are many good fertilizers on the market. | use Plant Prod, a water soluble chemical fertilizer, which you can buy in small quantities, or in 25 Ib. bags. [ use it in the garden also and a 25 |b. bag lasts many years.
For more information you re invited to join the Indoor Light Gardening Society, which meets at 8 p.m. on the second Wednesday of the month at the Civic Garden Centre.
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IMPORTED HUMEX AND NETHERGREEN GREENHOUSE ACCESSORIES
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e Automatic Watering Systems ¢ Vent Openers
¢ Roll Shades ¢ Hi-Lo Temperature Alarm Systems
¢ Automatic Propagators ® Thermostats
¢ Soil Heating Cables ® Capillary Matting
IMPORTED STEWART PLASTIC GARDEN WARE
¢ Propagators ® Pots and Saucers ® Shrub Tubs
e Troughs e Sieves ® Trays
You are cordially invited to visit THE PLANT ROOM at 6373 Trafalgar Road (2.6 miles south of Highway 401) and see the finest collection in Canada of exotic plants growing under our units and in our modern greenhouses. FREE ADVISORY SERVICE available upon request.
Special Events September and October
Please check your calendar and inserts for additional programme details.
EVENTS AT THE CENTRE
There will be two MEMBER
S NIGHTS
On SEPTEMBER 20 KEN REEVES will be giving an illustrated talk on HOUSEPLANTS. We hope copies of his new book will be available for autographing.
On OCTOBER 18 the programme will be FILMS THREE, a trio of interpretive films from the camera of the distinguished Irish film maker PATRICK CAREY. The time is 8:00 p.m. both nights.
AN INDOOR PLANT SALE will take place at the same time as the Centre s WINTER BOUQUET SALE. This will be a double opportunity to beautify your home for the winter. Mark this weekend on your calendar.
Note particularly the FALL ROSE SHOW of the Canadian Rose Society. It opens at 2:00 p.m. on SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 16. This was not listed in the fall calendar.
Other flower shows in this period are:
JUNIOR GARDEN CLUBS September 16-17
CANADIAN CHRYSANTHEMUM & DAHLIA SOCIETY
Early Show September 23-24 Late Show October 28-29
TORONTO GESNERIADS October 1
SOUTHERN ONTARIO ORCHID SOCIETY October 20
Finally the Thursday morning 8:00 a.m. BIRD WALKS start again on SEPTEMBER 7. Meet in the west end of the parking lot and bring binoculars if you have them. The walks are cancelled if it is raining, and do not require outing clothes.
EVENTS ELSEWHERE
CANADIAN ROSE TOUR Tour with us SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 10 from 10 a.m. The 2nd garden tour of the Canadian Rose Society. Several lovely gardens in Mississauga will be opened for viewing. Start-off point is from Pinehaven Nurseries, 475 Queensway West, Mississauga where their own Fall Rose Show will be in progress and from where tickets and maps for the C.R.S. tour may be obtained. For further information phone 2706266.
Continuedpage 18
Another FANSHAWE COLLEGE TOUR, this time on OCTOBER 20 to Sarasota, Florida, for the Marie Selby gardens, show and seminars on Orchid Culture. Participants have the option of flying (return in 5 days) or busing (return in nine, with additional time on Marco Polo Island and visits to Orchid Jungle).
This promises to be a superb tour at very attractive rates. Final details should be available by the time you receive this, and can be obtained from Dan Link (1-519-452-4425).
Centre Workshops and Courses
September, October
Twelve courses start in the period. The following are new or changed since the last issue.
September 19 BEGINNERS DECOUPAGE 10 week course on Tuesday at 1:30 and 7:30 p.m. These courses will provide students with the full basics on Découpage. Découpage is the art of cutting out paper and using with other materials. These courses will be dealing with the Introduction to Découpage, learning to cut and designing objects and varnishing.
The teachers will also introduce the use of Gesso (which can be used on glass or wood).
A display will be set up in the Civic Garden Centre Library and can be viewed anytime after August 15.
Fee: $40.00 members, $45.00 non-members.
September 28 NORI-ZOME 5 week course on Thursdays, 1:00 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. This course, which teaches the use of dyes in the traditional Japanese techniques used to dye Kimonos and modern art works, was very well received by participants in the Spring session.
Fee: $40.00 members, $45.00 non-members
October 26 HOUSE PLANT CARE 6 Thursday evenings at 8:00 p.m. Hal Price will discuss the practical aspects of house plants and their care.
Fee: $10.00 members, $12.00 non-members
Check the july Trellis;or phone 445-1552, for details on the other courses:
RUG HOOKING September 8
BOTANICAL ART September 18
QUILTING September 18
NEEDLEPOINT
Beginners Intermediate September 18 November 6
WINTER BOUQUET WORKSHOPS start October 23
PERENNIALS 6 Thursday evenings starting in January. Given by Keith Squires, this course will deal with all aspects of perennials. A fine opportunity to find out more about this useful and attractive group of plants.
University of Guelph
Novice Farmer Courses at the Centre
The following is the schedule for the University of Guelph s Fall series of NOVICE FARMER COURSES which are being held at the Centre. Brochures on these courses, including an application form, will be available at the Centre s Reception Desk. Registration will be handled directly by the University of Guelph.
The schedule is:
starting October 2 starting October 28
starting October 19 starting November 8
starting October 4 starting October 10 startingNovember 14
starting October 25 starting October 3 starting October 24
FLOWER ARRANGING COURSES
September 11 BEGINNERS JAPANESE FLOWER ARRANGING
3 week course 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Fee: $20.00 members
September 20 INTERMEDIATE JAPANESE FLOWER ARRANGING
3 week course 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Fee: $20.00 members
Both courses given by MRS. S. KADOGUCHI
October 3, 10, 17 MINI WORKSHOPS 3 weeks from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. on CORSAGES, MINIATURES AND SMALL DESIGNS
There will be two other BASIC COURSES offered on September 13 and October 4 for 6 weeks both at 1:30 p.m. and 8 p.m.
Fee: $15.00 members
SPECTAL MEMBERS NIGHT
THE CIVIC GARDEN CENTRE proudly presents
An withPatrickEveningCarey
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 18 AT § PM.
777 Lawrence Avenue FEast in Don Mills
Three films to delight the eye and stimulate the mind from this distinguished, award-winning producere. Patrick Carey has developed his art to the degree that the images of the ~camera need little or no narration to clarify the visions discovered, explored and interpreted.
"The Mists of Time". In this film the sensitive eye of this remarkable film-maker reveals, through his camera, the mood and mystery of Newgrange, an ancient Irish passage-=grave of 2500 BeCe when stone, not metal, was the everyday material of communal lifee.
"Flamingos"s Photographed in Kenyae The birds emerge like spirits from steaming springs to form pale patterns like notes of music on a pagee Thousands of images flicker and dissolve into an abstract ballete A film of rare beautye.
"Waves's The meeting of elemental forces on a rockbound shore. Here the probing lens of Carey's camera discovers gentle patterns in the sand and eerie ghosts in the calm shroud of sea foge It brings you, too, the violent assault and fierce rebuttal of those implacable protagonists ~the sea and the lanc
Come and share with us an evening of compelling intereste. Guests and visitors welcomee
CHANGESCHANGESCHANGESCHANGESCHANGES.
PLEASE READ THIS IN CONJUNCTION WITH YOUR FROGRAMME. THERE ARE CHANGES AFOOT TO THE SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER FROGRAMMES.
THE SEPTEMBER MEMBER'S NIGHT MEETING will now (we hope) be at 8.00 p. m. on SEPTEMBER 26 when MR. L.A. PEMBERTON of Britain's famous ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS at KEW will give an illustrated talk on Kew gardens and the Living Collections Division. This will be an unusual opportunity to hear a first hand account of one of the premier Botanic Gardens in the World. sk sk ES i MR. KEN REEVES will now be talking to us at 8.00 p.m. on OCTOBER 11, and we hope to have copies of his book available for autographing. This will be the regular GARDENING UNDER LIGHTS meeting.
THE HOUSE PLANT SALE is now being combined with CHR STMAS GR SPARKLES, but the WINTER BOUGQUET SALE remains as scheduled.
£ % = % &
PLEASE NOTE ALSO THE -date and times of the SOUTHERN ONTARIO ORCHID SHOW. The porticn open to the public will be on OCTOBER 22, frecm 12 noon to 5.00 p.m. % s s (oK
ELEASE CHECK THE CENTRE for final confirmation of the September Member's Megeting arrangements, as Mr. Pemberton's detailed itinerary is not yet available.
DON'T FORGET TO FILL OUT THE QUESTIONNAIRE IN THE BACK OF YOUR MAY TRELLI3. Replies are still useful.
L]
Bonsal Continued from page 11 adjusted to its small container is a more stable plant and better able to withstand the shock of moving to your house or garden. The larger bonsai will have more soil in its container than a smaller bonsai in a proportionately smaller container and thus the larger bonsai generally do not have to be watered as frequently.
A bonsai grower has over a period of months and years expertly pruned, transplanted, watered, nourished and artistically styled each bonsai. Therefore, bonsai are usually more expensive than the same size and quality nursery or greenhouse stock. However should you decide to purchase a bonsai you will be able to enjoya living, dynamic work of art. Every person who owns a bonsai is rewarded each day by seeing a beautiful plant grow, mature and smile back gratefully at its owner.
A former high school biology head and Ministry ofNatural Resources biologist, Lloyd Mayeda has recently started his own business, Bonsai Designs, Plants andLandscaping Limited in Toronto.
The Trellis Shop
Visit the Civic Garden Centre Trellis Shop for your gardening needs, unusuals gifts, dried floral arrangements, handicrafts.
The Trellis Shop, on the lower level, is open to the public during Civic Garden Centre regular hours.
Introductory Books on Bonsai
Bohn, Patricia, andStone, WallaceB. BonsaiA Guide for Baffled Buyers. California: Ten Speed Press, 1975.
Domoto, Kaneji, and Kay, George. Bonsai and the Japanese Garden. lllinois: Countryside Books, 1974.
Murata, Kenji. Practical Bonsai for Beginners. New York and Tokyo: Japan Publications Trading Company, 1964.
Stowell, Jerold P. The Beginner s Guzde to American Bonsai. New York and Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd., 1978.
Sunset Books. Bonsai Culture and Care ofMiniature Trees. California: Lane Publishing Co., 1976.
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LORD & BURNHAM CO. LIMITED
325 Welland Ave., St. Catharines, Ontario L2R 6V9
In the Centre s Library
by Mrs. Pamela MacKenzie, Librarian
Thelibrary has several books dealing with gesneriads. The most recent, and most comprehensive of these is Elbert, V.F. and G.A. THE MIRACLE HOUSEPLANTS: the gesneriad family, 1976. It has general chapters on culture and propagation, followed by detailed cultural instructions for each genus, arranged alphabetically by name, from Achimenes to Titanotrichum. Although an older publication, Schultz, P., ed. GESNERIADS AND HOW TO GROW THEM, 1967 is a useful guide for the amateur grower, with each chapter written by an expert.
In our section on gardening under lights THE FACTS OF LIGHT ABOUT INDOOR GARDENING, " 1975 , by the editorial staff of Ortho Books contains a plant selection guide, listing all the common house plants chiefly in terms of their light requirements and exposures. The Time-Life Encyclopedia of gardening includes a
Imago
LANDSCAPE DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
Evergreens e perennials e fall planting JOHN CHALLIES 487-9855
volume GARDENING UNDER LIGHTS, 1978 . This provides a good grounding in the basics of indoor light gardening. Both these and THE INDOOR LIGHT GARDENING BOOK, 1973 by George A. Elbert contain detailed instructions and drawings for those who want to construct their own light gardens.
PRUNING SPECIALIST
All types of shrubs and trees pruned properly REMOVALS FULLY INSURED
Brian Sinclair Phone 762-5828 anytime
CHRIS CATERING
Hot and cold buffet ® barbeques e bar service and licensing arrangements ® dishes, glassware, music ® wedding cakes.
Gloxinias are not the popular Florist s Gloxinia (which is properly Sinningia speciosa) but small rhizomatous plants with odd flowers. G. Chic is a modern hybrid with fairly long pointed medium green leaves and fat bright red tubular flowers, with spots on the face and inside the tube. It is free-flowering and may be grown as a basket plant or under lights; G. lindeniana is a very different plant, with dark velvety green leaves attractively veined in silver. Flowers are white and lavender, and are lightly fragrant. Both of these varieties will go dormant, although G. Chic can be kept in growth all year.
Kohlerias are among the most beautiful of gesneriads, with brightly coloured and attractively spotted
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flowers. The flowers are generally tubular with a broad face . Habit varies from rather tall to low and bushy. Leaves are generally hairy and may be mottled in light and dark green. K. amabadlis is low growing with pink blooms spotted maroon; K. Connecticut Belle is a medium sized plant with very colorful blooms. The tube is orangy pink and very hairy, the face is shocking pink with darker pink spots formed in lines running into the throat. Blossoms are produced in great profusion on a well-grown plant. Kohlerias need not go completely dormant. I take tip cuttings when the best flowering is completed, and discard the old plant. Rhizomes may be collected and started, though some types produce few rhizomes.
MistlefinkFeeder
(Thistle Finch from the Pennsylvania Dutch)
A feeder that will delight both amateur and professional ornithologists. Attracts droves of colorful goldfinches, purple finches, redpolls and saucy siskins. Especially designed to conserve seed because it restricts birds to picking out one seed at a time rather than scattering it on the ground. (A little 7 bitof Thistle Seed < % goesalong way.) Wooden perches provide protection.
Feeder and Thistle Seed available at Gift Shop, Civic Garden Centre.
Distributed in Canada by YuleHyde Associates Ltd. 15 ElImbank
A single flower of Kohleria Princess . While not as heavy a bloomer as some other hybrids, K. Princess will reliably produce its beautiful pink and maroon blooms in the house.
There are only two genera of tuberous gesneriads commonly grown, Sinningia and Chrysothemis. | shall discuss only the former, which is far more common, and includes those plants formerly known and sometimes still sold as Rechsteinerias. Like the rhizomatous plants, these are adapted for periods of dormancy. The tuber is a thickened section of stem not unlike those of tuberous begonias.
S. speciosa hybrids include the familiar Florist s Gloxinia, with enormous colorful blooms on very large (up to 60 cms) plants. Smaller varieties are available which will
DESIGNS
Bonsai Trees
Bonsai Pots and Tools
Selected Flowering and Tropical Plants
Interior and Exterior Landscape Designs in Oriental and Western Styles
Whatever your gardening needs are, we ll be pleased to serve you at Reeves Nursery, Ontario s largest climate-controlled garden centre. In the tropical greenery of our five gigantic greenhouses, you ll also find lovely wicker furniture, Canadiana and even an entire section devoted to kitchen ware and gourmet cooking. We re slightly out of the way, but quite out of the ordinary.
8700 Islington Ave., 2 miles north of Hwy. 7.851-2275.
bloom in 3-inch pots. Flowers may be either upright or nodding, with the latter sometimes known as slipper gloxinias . S. cardinalis, formerly a Rechsteineria, has heartshaped medium green hairy leaves and bright red tubular blooms with a hood. Easy to grow and beautiful, it is popular with novice and expert alike. S. canescens (formerly R. leucotricha) is a curious plant indeed. New shoots sprout on short canes from what may grow to be an enormous (25 cms or more) largely above-ground tuber. The four leaves on top of the very hairy canes are covered with soft, silvery hairs. The visual and tactile effect is much like silver crushed velvet. From the center of the four-leaf rosette are produced many pink tubular flowers. S. eumorpha has shiny green leaves and large white nodding flowers, sometimes lined or flushed with lavender or yellow. This is not a difficult plant, but it does go dormant. S. pusilla is one of the smallest flowering plants of horticultural importance. It may be grown and flowered in a thimble. With delicate lavender flowers held well above the foliage, it is a true miniature delight. It is also everblooming, and will not go dormant unless forced to. S. White Sprite is a pure white form ofthis species. Both require high humidity, and do well in covered goblets or snifters. S. pusilla and other similarly
sized miniatures have been crossed
with larger species to produce many miniature hybrids which have the everblooming habit of their smaller parent. These miniature Sinningias are very popular and are available in many colors. Most grow no larger than 15 cms in diameter, usually less. Some popular types are S. Dollbaby , with large nodding lavender flowers; S. Cindy-ella , which has purple upper lobes and white lower lobes with many purple spots running into the throat; A. Tinkerbells , a very reliable hybrid
Lynn OF Park Towers
400 Walmer Rd.,Toronto Tel. 962-1989
® Flowers and plants e Silk flower weddmg bouquets and arrangements ® Bonsai trees living sculptures
with many reddish purple tubular flowers produced ona taller growing plant than most; and S. Bright Eyes , which has darker and larger flowers than S. pusilla on a plant only slightly larger (to 5 cms diameter).
Inquiries about a workshop and lecture by Mrs. Batcheller (Saturday, September 30 and Sunday, October 1), or about membership in the Toronto Gesneriad Society should be directed to the Membership Secretary, Dianne Sammons, 2071 Redan Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L4Y 1N9, Ph. 270-7433. More about gesneriads in the November Trellis.
More information
American Gloxinia and Gesneriad Society
Mrs. Charlotte M. Rowe P.O. Box 174
New Milford, CT USA 06776
How to Know and Grow Gesneriads (cultural handbook) $1. Free with membership ($7) which includes the excellent journal, The Gloxinian.
The Miracle Houseplants by Elbert and Elbert. Crown Publishers
Sources of Plants
Toronto Gesneriad Society
Plant sales at all meetings, shows and special events
Miree s Gesneriads
70 Enfield Avenue
Toronto Ph. 251-6369
C. A. Cruickshank Ltd.
1015 Mt. Pleasant Road
Toronto, Ontario
Rhizomes and tubers only
Frost s Greenhouses
70 Hallam Street
Toronto
Streptocarpus, Sinningia, some epiphytes.
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Landscape Architects &Horticulturists
RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL ¢ INDUSTRIAL 225-7836
e Western andJapaneselandscape design
® Stonework, patios, decks, driveways
® Planting and pruning shrubs and trees
® Weed and tree spraying; government licensed
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Members: Landscape Ontario and Toronto Homebuilders Association.
NOTE:
Full colour photo of miniature rose, Rosmarin in the July issue was provided courtesy Pinehaven Nurseries, Mississauga.
THORNCRAFT EQUIPMENT 5451 YONGE ST., WILLOWDALE SALES & SERVICE
Repairs to all makes of lawn care and snow thrower equipment
222-3144
CNB @ SOCIAL caterPlan CATERING
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* WEDDINGS e BANQUETS ¢ CONVENTIONS
* BARB-Q'S ® LUNCHEONS e MEETINGS
* BUFFETS ¢ COCKTAIL PARTIES
1929 BAYVIEW AVE. 486-2590
Growers of Hardy Roses
Evergreen ® Shrubs @ Trees
Perennials ® GreenhousePlants
Come to our FALL ROSE SHOW September 9-10
475 Queensway W. Mississauga 277-2713
Window Fernery
One of the most interesting plant windows we ever saw was composed entirely of ferns. Its mix.of the most delicate feathery fronds with bold blade leaves was dramatic, yet at the same time had the cool serenity of an all-green garden.
Since humidity is essential for the great majority of ferns, a tray was constructed to fit the windowsill. This was simply four 17 x 2 firring or molding strips nailed together to form the sides. A piece of heavy plastic fabric was laid on this, with its central portion pressed down to form the bottom of the tray. The outside edges were tucked over the wood strips and tacked under them. This tray was filled with coarse (insulation grade) vermiculite, and 1 river pebbles were scattered over the surface, both to increase the humidifying effect and for decoration. The vermiculite was wet down until it was evenly damp but not soggy. Thereafter sprinkling daily, plus drainage from the pots standing on the tray, supplied sufficient humidity throughout the window area.
In addition to many Boston (Nephrolepis exaltata), holly (Cyrtomium) and maidenhair (Adiantum) ferns, Aspleniums, Polypodiums, Pteris, Davallias and other standbys, the window had many unusual kinds the intriguing button fern (Pellaea rotundifolia), hart s-tongue (Phvllitis scolopendrium), claw fern (Onychium japonicum), dwarf tree ferns, and others. Some grew in hanging baskets, staghorn ferns were on osmunda slabs, and the climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) was trained on mesh.
An unobstructed north window and a night temperature of 65°F is best.
Well-dried flowers will last one or two years if carefully handled to avoid shattering. Arrangements should be displayed in a dry room, out of direct sunlight or high humidity that can fade dried flowers or cause them to collapse.
THE CANEWA CLUB ARTS &
CRAFTS EXHIBITION & SALE
October 7 & 8 ® 11:00a.m.-5:00p.m. Floral Hall, Civic Garden Centre
Admission free
For information re participation please call Mrs. V. Cook 267-8433
CALVERT PARTY SERVICES
CATERING
WEDDINGS
COCKTAIL PARTIES BANQUETS
BUFFET DINNERS PLANT OPENINGS OPEN HOUSE
WEDDING CAKES a speciality
INDUSTRIAL CATERING
85 Jonesville Cr. METRO755-5244 WIDE SERVICE
For more information call our representative at 755-5244 for an appointment to fill you in on details and give you a typed estimate.
