Research & Innovation Jobs by Toronto Region Research Alliance

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS

Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS WAS FUNDED BY

This Employment Ontario project is funded in part by the Government of Canada.

IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

ABOUT US The Toronto Region Research Alliance (TRRA) is a public-private partnership supported by the governments of Ontario and Canada, and a wide range of regional stakeholders from the private sector, universities, colleges and research hospitals.

MISSION TRRA is a regional economic development organization promoting increased investment in research and innovation to further economic prosperity.

GOALS 1. Increase awareness of the Toronto Region among global R&D decision-makers and influencers

3. Become the pre-eminent source of intelligence on regional research assets and associated international trends

2. Retain and grow foreign investment into regional organizations, and attract innovative foreign companies to locate here

4. Promote enhanced research intensity among regional businesses 5. Advance initiatives to strengthen research and innovation capacity

VISION To transform the Toronto Region into a top 5 global centre for research and research-intensive industry.

TORONTO REGION TRRA defines the Toronto Region based on the location of key innovation clusters in a broad geographic area anchored by the City of Toronto, and includes the surrounding regions of Durham, Guelph, Halton, Hamilton, Peel, York, Waterloo and Wellington. Fig. 1

Toronto Region

CONTENTS Authors

Executive Summary

Introduction

Toronto Regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Labour Market

Occupations in Study

Assessing the Demand for and Supply of Research and Innovation Jobs in the Toronto Region

Overview of the Chapter

Results

Occupations in Business & Commerce

Occupations in Sciences

Engineering Occupations

Information Technology Occupations

Architecture & Design Occupations

Occupations in Health

Conclusions

Region-based International Benchmarking

Regions in Study

Regional Scientific Production: Patents

Rationale for patents

A system to compare regional patent outflows

Results per Region

Regional Scientific Production: Non-Patents

Rationale for non-patents

A rating system to compare non-patent outflows

Results per Region

Regional Scientific Production and Resources Available to Universities

Conclusions

General Conclusions and Recommendations

Appendices

A. List of occupations studied

B. Programs of study linked with each occupation, for this study

Occupations in Business & Commerce

Occupations in Sciences

Occupations in Engineering

Occupations in Information Technology

Occupations in Architecture & Design

Occupations in Health

End Notes

AUTHORS TRRA’s team President & CEO – Patrick Draper Project Manager & Lead Researcher – Leyden Martinez Fonte Researchers – Po Ki Chau, Kelsey Norman, Namgoo Yoo Youth Survey questionnaire designer – Jeannette Chan Advisors – Chris Adams, Moran Friedman, Sam Lee, Ruth Lewkowicz, Juan Morales, Emina Veletanlic Coordinator – Sandy Carvalho

Advisory Committee Stephen Dibert – President & CEO, MEDEC Diana Harper – Regional Program Advisor, Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities Sean Kelly – Director, Public Affairs, Pfizer Canada Darren Lawless – Dean, Applied Research and Innovation, Sheridan Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning Hadi Mahabadi – Vice President and Director, Xerox Research Centre of Canada Cheryl Regehr – Vice Provost, Academic Programs, University of Toronto Gordon Samuels – Vice President, National Accounts, TD Bank Group David Ticoll – Executive Director, Canadian Coalition for Tomorrow’s ICT Skills John Vespa – Director, Human Resources, University Health Network

Outsourced team Youth Survey fielding – studentawards inc. Employers’ Survey design, fielding & analysis – EKOS Research Inc. Graphic design & printing – Weave Communications Inc.

Contact at the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities Karima Murji, Employment and Training Consultant

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Toronto Region Research Alliance has conducted a one-year project on Research & Innovation Jobs. We have studied over 60 occupations in business and commerce, sciences, engineering, information technology and health. In 2006, these occupations employed more than 400,000 persons in the Toronto Region, accounting for 12 per cent of the region’s employed population. A supply/demand analysis has been completed on these occupations. The demand was estimated in number of new jobs to be created in 2012, from the hiring intentions surveyed from local employers. The supply was estimated from the actual number of graduates from colleges and universities in the region in 2010, provided by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. Nowadays, both the persons trained to perform these occupations and the projects hiring them tend to be highly mobile. Therefore, an international region-based comparison was included. Nine regions were studied in terms of their scientific production (patents and non-patents), number of post-secondary graduates and resources for universities. Both established and emerging regions were included, across four continents.

Main findings – In the Toronto Region: • Occupations in information technology and in engineering will be in high demand and undersupplied. • Although with a lower demand, occupations in design are estimated to be undersupplied for this year. • There is a high demand for technical sales skills in the region. Preparation in sales is generally absent from post-secondary programs in sciences, engineering, information technology and health, and is elective in most business programs. Short programs in sales are offered by local colleges and universities but in 2010 they had very few graduates (41 graduates in 2010). • Local youth interest in occupations, measured by a post-secondary students’ survey, is lowest for information technology and engineering, and highest in business and commerce. – In scientific production, measured by recent U.S. patents cited at least once, the Toronto Region appears in seventh place with 153 cited patents. The top regions are Seoul (South Korea) and Bay Area (California, USA), both with 1,000 cited patents in 2010-2011. – In scientific production, reflected by non-patent publications from the top three universities per region, the Toronto Region appears in second place with 46,420 citations. The top region is Bay Area (California, USA) and the third one is Boston Region (Massachusetts, USA), with 73,319 and 45,699 citations, respectively.

INTRODUCTION Leading economic regions worldwide are implementing fiscal, educational and economic initiatives to capitalize on the opportunities being created by the new knowledge economy. The global demand for knowledge jobs will create significant competition for talent. Both cultivating and utilizing capabilities in research and innovation have proven to be of great advantage. Regions will vie for leadership in both established and emerging industrial sectors including life sciences, information and communication technology, agri-food, cleantech and alternative energy, and the environment.

This poses critical questions for the Toronto Region economy: – Will the current educational system meet requirements for these jobs? – Is the region prepared to compete globally in the knowledge economy?

The Research & Innovation Jobs Project addressed these questions at a regional level to best reflect the local marketplace for hiring employers and job-seeking residents, and colleges and universities interested in attracting new students.

For the scope of this study, we used the following definitions:

Research involves studious inquiry or examination, especially investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. It also involves the systematic collecting of information about a particular subject.[1,2] Innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), process or method. It is also important to remember that invention is not necessarily innovation. While a new invention implies that something is different and unique, it does not necessarily imply that the invention is ‘better.’ A true innovation is not only new; it’s also an improvement.[3] Research and Innovation jobs (R&I jobs) are occupations that incorporate elements of either research or innovation (as defined above) in science and technology fields, and require university or college studies. R&I jobs fall within the broader scope of ‘knowledge economy’ jobs, which can be identified as those jobs requiring higher levels of knowledge and/or training and a broadly based skill set.

Two main pieces of research are included in this document: – Assessment of the supply/demand in the Toronto Region for over 60 occupations requiring university or college education. – Comparison of the scientific production (patents and non-patent publications) of nine international regions, including the Toronto Region.

The development of the investigation has resulted in a new way of looking at our regional labour market, both internally and in an international framework. The internal analysis – the focus of the supply/demand assessment – takes into account three pillars: hiring needs from employers, the production of graduates by the post-secondary system, and career interests of local youth. The external analysis – investigated by the regional benchmarking for nine international regions – looks at the scientific production of each region and that of its top three universities.

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

TORONTO REGION’S LABOUR MARKET The Toronto Region specializes in services that can yield high productivity gains (e.g. finance, health, professional services). It ranks as the Canadian city with the largest share of headquarter functions (40 per cent of the nation’s headquarters), which are generally associated with high value-added activities, since headquarter functions tend to be connected to high-level services such as advertising, accounting and head-hunting.[4] Moreover, 21 out of the 50 fastest growing Canadian technology companies in 2011 were based in the Toronto Region.[5]

Establishment LQ

Fig. 2

(The relevance of each sector is estimated from its Location Quotient. For detailed information on how these quotients are calculated and their implications for the region, please refer to our recent report “Strategic sectors study – Phase I: Location Quotients”[6]). Figure 2 shows the relevance of business sectors in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (excluding Hamilton, Waterloo and Guelph areas) with respect to the Canadian labour market. Sectors in the top-right quarter of the figure represent the sectors currently stronger in the area.

Toronto Census Metropolitan Area sectors’ relevance with respect to the Canadian labour market. Bubble size is based on total employment numbers per sector

2.0 Existing strengths, LQs > 1

Potential for economic development, LQs < 1 53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

51 Information and Cultural Industries

31-33 Manufacturing

1.5

48-49 Transportation and Warehousing

54 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services

61 Educational Services

1.0

52 Finance and Insurance

81 Other Services (except Public Administration)

41 Wholesale Trade

23 Construction 62 Health Care and Social Assistance

56 Administrative and Support, Waste Management and Remediations Services 71 Arts, Entertainment and Recreation

22 Utilities

0.5

44-45 Retail Trade 72 Accommodation and Food Services

21 Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction

Service subsectors

91 Public Administration

Mfg. subsectors

11 Argiculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting

0.0 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0 Employment LQ

Source: Statistics Canada – Number of establishments 2010[7], Employment data 2011[8]

From these sectors, those considered within scope for this study appear in Figure 3. Only establishments with 20 or more employees have been represented as this was the requirement sample minimum for this study. It is important to note that, despite the crisis it has experienced in the last years, the manufacturing sector is the largest sector in the Toronto Region. For those curious about sector 54 (Professional, Scientific and Technical Services) Figure 4 offers a glimpse into its composition in the Toronto Region.

Fig. 3

Multiple fields of knowledge are included in this sector: accounting, law, advertising, computer systems design and others. As the figure shows, for the Toronto Region the largest subsectors are 5416 (Management, Scientific and Technical Consulting Services) and 5415 (Computer Systems Design and Related Services). If only companies with 20 or more employees are considered, subsector 5415 is the largest (with 525 establishments), followed by 5413 (Architectural, Engineering and Related Services) and 5416 (with 415 and 269 establishments, respectively).

Number of establishments in the Toronto Region (with 20 or more employees) for the sectors within scope for this study

31, 32, 33. Manufacturing 52. Finance & Insurance 54. Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 56. Administrative & Support, Waste Management and Remediation Services 62. Health Care and Social Assistance 81. Other services (except Public Administration) 55. Management of Companies and Enterprises 51. Information and Cultural Industries 71. Arts, Entertainment and Recreation 61. Educational Services 91. Public Administration 22. Utilities 0

1000

Source: Statistics Canada 2010 [7]

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

2000

3000

4000

5000

Fig. 4

Number of establishments in each subsector within sector 54. Professional, Scientific and Technical Services

30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0

s s , d ns nd ific on ign ing ice ice an es tio ces nt ices er ices es ices rv rv h a ices a ati ices e l e c r i e e i D it fic rvic r v e v a v S s erv Sc erv n e gin erv nS ea er ep er al c R er cie g S En d S es nt S al, al S temed S Pr oll S sig eg bli ted S , S n s R e l L x e n u , y c o i t t e i i a r t t D P a ic S a ra a ss hn , T ay en sul tif pm g, el t u el ed 11 er el ec d R ofe Tec ut nd R ing nd P liz 54 emCon ien velo sin nd R t t r i i p a c g t i n n P d a h a r a c u na al - S De om a rc er an ve pe co ing Ma hnic th 17 -C -A Ad Ac eep -S 4 O 5 3 5 c 4 1 1 1 16 Te 18 12 kk 54 54 19 54 54 54 54 Boo 54

Source: Statistics Canada 2010 [7]

OCCUPATIONS IN STUDY Over 60 occupations were included in this study (see Appendix A for the complete list of occupations studied). According to the 2006 Census, these occupations represented 12 per cent of the employed population in the Toronto Region, and 10 per cent of Canada’s employed population. In the Toronto Region, they represented over 400,000 jobs. Three categories of occupations are distinguished: – Influencers are those professionals defining the research and innovation strategy of the organization. Top managers are an example of influencers. – Direct occupations are those involved in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, and systems. An example of these occupations would be a software engineer creating a new mobile application. – Support occupations are usually not directly involved in the development of an innovation, but the scope of their job is vital to support the process. An example of supporting occupations would be a clinical laboratory technician analyzing blood samples from patients participating in a clinical trial for a new medicine.

The occupations in this study were grouped into five groups by fields of knowledge: Business & Commerce, Sciences, Engineering, Information Technology, Architecture & Design, and Health. Figure 5 shows the percentage of persons employed in the Toronto Region for each of these occupational groups. The absolute number of employees per occupational group can be seen in Table 1. Fig. 5

Percentage of persons employed in each occupational group, for occupations in study in the Toronto Region

Architecture & Design 6% Health 19%

Business & Commerce 28%

Sciences 6% Information Technology 27%

Engineering 14%

Source: Statistics Canada 2006 [9]

Table 1: Number of persons employed in the occupations in this study, in the Toronto Region Occupational group

Number of persons employed in the Toronto Region

Business & Commerce

112,070

Sciences

22,450

Engineering

57,315

Information Technology

109,015

Health

78,210

Architecture & Design

23,540

Source: Statistics Canada 2006 [9]

Fig. 6

Gender balance in the Toronto Region for the occupations in study

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Female

10%

Male

Business & Commerce

Sciences

Engineering

Information Technology

Source: Statistics Canada 2006 [9]

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Architecture & Design

Health

ASSESSING THE DEMAND FOR AND SUPPLY OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION JOBS IN THE TORONTO REGION

Several goals are pursued by doing this:

Highlights • Which occupations are in high demand in our region? • Which occupations might be facing an undersupply in the number of available local graduates? • In which areas of knowledge is our region rich in new graduates? Can the overflow of new graduates in certain occupations open up opportunities to create startups and attract foreign investments?

This chapter analyses the match between the number of graduates and the hiring needs for 2012 in a set of occupations within Business & Commerce, Sciences, Engineering, Information Technology, Architecture & Design, and Health.

– Inform the Toronto Region businesses on the regional hiring trends and the levels of supply available to satisfy that demand. – Inform the Toronto Region youth in high school and post-secondary education on occupations where more graduates are needed, or which skills could increase their hiring potential. – Inform the Toronto Region universities and colleges about local hiring needs, youth interests, and which areas need more (or less) graduates. It is important to note that this study does not refer to individual post-secondary institutions or programs of study. Every parameter studied here is approached from a regional perspective.

OVERVIEW OF THE CHAPTER Occupations

Estimated number of graduates per occupation

This study focuses on over 60 occupations in five areas of knowledge: Business & Commerce, Engineering, Sciences, Information Technology, Architecture & Design, and Health. All these occupations require university or college education.

We developed a methodology to link programs of study with the occupations in scope, allowing us to estimate the number of graduates trained for each occupation. (See Appendix B for a detailed description of the programs of study associated with each occupation in study). The programs selected are those whose training was closer to the skills required by the occupation.

Occupations in this study are identified by their National Occupation Classification (NOC) 2006 code.[10] Statistics provided for each occupation For each occupation in study, we provide the following information: - Number of persons employed in the Toronto Region - Estimated number of new jobs in the Toronto Region in 2012 - Estimated number of graduates - Average monetary compensation in the Toronto Region - Supply/demand analysis with respect to the number of new graduates from the region - Youth interest in working in the occupation

Once programs of study were linked to occupations, graduates were assigned to occupations by using a weight index. The weight index chosen was the number of persons actually employed in the Toronto Region in 2006 (date of the last published Census). The rationale behind this was that occupations that employ more persons are more likely to open new jobs. From the over 145,000 graduates from local universities and community colleges, over 44,000 were linked to the occupations in this study.

Let’s look at some of the previously mentioned statistics in more detail. Number of persons employed in the Toronto Region, per occupation of interest This information was reported by the latest Canadian Census available, corresponding to a 20 per cent sample of the Canadian population in 2006.[9] The number of persons employed in the occupations of interest for this study was calculated by aggregating the values for the following Census Metropolitan Areas: Toronto CMA, Hamilton CMA and Kitchener CMA. Estimated number of new jobs in the Toronto Region in 2012 From the hiring intentions per occupation recorded by our employers’ survey in September 2011, we estimated the number of new jobs to be created in 2012 in local organizations with 20 or more employees. The employers’ survey collected responses from 374 employers in the Toronto Region.

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Special thanks The numbers of graduates published by universities and colleges in the Toronto Region are usually aggregated in groups of programs of study. For instance: one university publishes its yearly number of graduates in engineering. That number includes the graduates from every engineering program offered at the university. For this study, the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities kindly provided us with graduation numbers aggregated for all the universities[11] and for all the colleges[12] in the Toronto Region but separated for each detailed program of study. For instance, how many mechanical engineers graduated in the region in 2010. Having these numbers made it possible to estimate the number of graduates trained per individual occupation, which we could not have obtained from the data usually provided by individual post-secondary centres in the region.

Post-secondary institutions included

How to read the Supply/Demand graphs

The programs of study and number of graduates in this study correspond to the following post-secondary institutions: Centennial College, Conestoga College, Durham College, George Brown College, Humber College, McMaster University, Michener College, Mohawk College, OCAD University, Queen’s University, Ryerson University, Seneca College, Sheridan College, The University of Western Ontario, University of Guelph, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, University of Toronto, University of Waterloo, Wilfrid Laurier University, and York University.

Each circle corresponds to one item. Depending on the graph, an item corresponds to one occupational group or to one occupation.

Average monetary compensation in the Toronto Region The Economic Research Institute publishes salary data for a variety of occupations in several cities including Toronto.[13] Average salaries are available for basic wages only, that is excluding bonuses, benefits and other ways of compensating employees. As the values are not classified by NOC occupations, we selected a set of jobs which could be classified under our occupations, and we provided their average basic values for the Toronto Region in 2011. Supply/Demand analysis with respect to the number of new graduates from the region The Supply/Demand analysis is provided as a ratio between the number of graduates and the number of new jobs, per occupation, as follows: Supply < Demand: Ratio is lower than 0.75 (the number of graduates can only cover less than 75 per cent of the new jobs) Adequate Supply: Ratio between 0.75 and 1.25 (the number of graduates is about the same as the number of new jobs) Supply > Demand: Ratio higher than 1.25 (the number of graduates is 1.25 times or higher than the number of new jobs)

The vertical axis provides an indication of how in demand each occupation is, as it shows the number of new jobs estimated to be created in the Toronto Region in 2012. The higher an occupation is located the more in demand it is in the region. The horizontal axis indicates the ratio between graduates and new jobs. The area on the left side (in purple) shows undersupplied occupations. That is, where the number of graduates is lower than the number of new jobs to be created in 2012. The right side area (in yellow) indicates occupations where the number of graduates is higher than the number of new jobs. The central area (vertical, in green) indicates occupations where the number of graduates is about the same as the number of new jobs. The area of the circles is directly proportional to the number of graduates being associated with the occupation. The bigger the circle, the more graduates are associated with it.

Youth interest in the occupations The Supply/Demand analysis will be complemented with a look at local youth interest in the occupations in study and in broader fields of knowledge. Youth interest was measured by the results of asking 260 university/college students which of the occupations they were interested in pursuing. On a more general note, 213 high school students were asked about their interest and intentions to pursue studies in broader fields of knowledge.

How to read the post-secondary student interest graphs Students enrolled in post-secondary education were asked to “indicate the specific occupations you are interested in pursuing.” The percentages shown correspond to the percentage of post-secondary students who selected each occupation among his/her preferences. There was no limit set for the number of occupations a student could select.

RESULTS Table 2: Summary of statistics for occupational groups in study Toronto Region Number of employees (2006)

Occupational group

Business & Commerce

Estimated Estimated number of number of new jobs (2012) graduates (2010)

Percentage of postsecondary students interested (2011)

112,070

6,531

15,869

51%

Sciences

18,805

3,959

8,326

43%

Engineering

58,085

8,773

6,108

26%

109,015

9,499

3,740

26%

Architecture & Design

23,540

1,038

573

32%

Health

77,765

3,074

10,881

43%

Information Technology (IT)

Fig. 7

Supply/Demand for occupational groups in study

10,000 Supply < Demand

IT Engineering

Supply = Demand

Supply > Demand

Business & Commerce

6,000 Demand

Estimated number of new jobs for 2012 (estimated from employersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; survey)

8,000

4,000

Sciences

Health

2,000 Architecture & Design

0 0.01

0.10

1.00 Supply/Demand

Number of graduates 2010 (distributed by rate of employees per occupation in 2006) Estimated number of new jobs for 2012

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

10.00

Figure 7 shows the estimated supply/demand situation for the occupational groups in study. At a glance, we can see that IT and Engineering are the most demanded occupations in the Toronto Region. Both seem to be undersupplied, particularly IT, where the number of graduates is only 40 per cent of the positions needed to be filled this year. Health and Sciences seem to be in less demand and counting on a generous supply of graduates. Finally, Architecture & Design seems to be undersupplied, despite being the least demanded group.

Fig. 8

Post-secondary student interest per occupational group Figure 8 shows the percentage of students interested in each occupational group. The most popular group is Business & Commerce, followed by Sciences and Health. In Figure 7, we can see these are also the groups with more graduates. IT and Engineering were less popular among surveyed students.

Post-secondary student interest per occupational group

60%

51% 50%

43%

40%

32% 30%

26%

Engineering

Information Technology

20% 10% 0% Business & Commerce

Sciences

Health

Architecture & Design

Source: TRRA 2011 Youth Survey

When analysing individual responses we saw that 57 per cent of the students selected occupations in three or more occupational groups. Given that these students are already enrolled in a specific program of study, this could be an indication that students have a broad vision of their professional future. Some gender differences appear in the youth interest for occupational groups. Those who selected occupations in sciences, engineering and IT are mostly males. Those who selected health occupations are mostly females. Table 3 adds information to this analysis. Five occupational groups are represented in the top 11 selected occupations; only Engineering is excluded. Business is still the group with more occupations mentioned, but the second most popular groups are Architecture & Design, IT and Health â&#x20AC;&#x201C; with two occupations each. This contrasts somehow with the apparently lower interest in IT.

High school student interest per occupational group In high school, students looking to continue to postsecondary education are trying to define which areas of knowledge to pursue. Considering that, we decided not to ask them which specific occupations they wanted to work in, but which areas of knowledge they wanted to pursue. Therefore, high school student interest will only be included for the analysis of occupational groups. The preferred fields of knowledge for high school students were Sciences, Health and Business (48 per cent, 39 per cent and 32 per cent, respectively). The least preferred fields were Engineering (24 per cent) and IT (13 per cent). The following gender differences were found: - Those interested in and intending to apply for programs in Engineering, Sciences & Mathematics and IT were mostly male. - Those who intend to apply for Nursing, Public Health and Social Work were mainly female.

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Table 3: Top 11 occupations by post-secondary student interest

Occupations

Percentage of surveyed postsecondary students interested

Sales, marketing and advertising managers

28%

Senior managers â&#x20AC;&#x201C; financial, communications and other business services

24%

Senior government managers and officials

21%

Senior managers â&#x20AC;&#x201C; health, education, social and community services and membership organizations

21%

Graphic designers and illustrating artists

21%

Biologists and related scientists (e.g. food scientist)

19%

Architects

17%

Web designers and developers

16%

Dieticians and nutritionists

15%

Computer programmers and interactive media developers

13%

Pharmacists

13%

Occupations in Business & Commerce Table 4: Statistics for Occupations in Business & Commerce Toronto Region NOC code

Number of employees (2006)

NOC title

Business & Commerce

Estimated Estimated number of number of new jobs (2012) graduates (2010)

112,070

6,531

15,869

51%

6221 Technical sales specialists

14,575

1,387

1,947

0911 Manufacturing managers

20,915

450

2,551

0611 Sales, marketing and advertising managers

52,320

2,007

7,570

28%

0012 Senior government managers and officials

2,090

194

312

21%

18,085

1,918

2,848

24%

4,085

571

641

21%

0013 Senior managers – financial, communications and other business services 0014 Senior managers – health, education, social and community services and membership organizations

Fig. 9

Supply/Demand for selected occupations in Business & Commerce

2,000

0013

Supply < Demand

Sr. managers finance, comm

Supply = Demand

Sales, Marketing, advertising managers

1,500 Supply > Demand

6221 Technical Sales

Demand

Estimated number of new jobs for 2012 (estimated from employers’ survey)

0611

1000

0014 Sr. managers health, ed., social & community

500

0012 Sr. gov. managers & officials

0911 Manufacturing managers

0 0.01

0.10

1.00 Supply/Demand

Number of graduates 2010 (distributed by rate of employees per occupation in 2006) Estimated number of new jobs for 2012

Percentage of postsecondary students interested (2011)

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

10.00

Table 5: Average basic compensation for some jobs in Business & Commerce in the Toronto Region [13,14] Job title

Toronto Region - Average basic compensation

Marketing manager

$ 102,015

Sales manager - Brand or product

$ 101,203

Manufacturing manager

99,954

Education manager

86,907

Director of social services

81,166

Sales representative – Aircraft

61,251

Source: ERI 2011 “The Salary Assessor® & Survey Software and Databases”

Several occupations in this group are among the most demanded in the Toronto Region, and in general they can count on a good supply of graduates. However, the number of graduates matched to ‘Technical sales specialists’ should be looked at with caution for the following reasons: – Ideal candidates for technical sales have training in some technical field and in sales techniques. This situation is particularly important in B2B sales. In conversation with some executives in the region [15,16,17], persons with this background seem to be difficult to find. Although our study could not find out how many business graduates have a previous degree in engineering, sciences or health, there exist business programs combining business and technology. Therefore, we matched this occupation with graduates from Business & Commerce programs. – Business & Commerce programs include courses on sales. In general, however, these are electives. This means the number of graduates with sales education could not be directly estimated. Fig. 10 30%

Another element of interest for ‘Technical sales specialists’ is that existing short programs specialized in sales have a very low number of graduates (41 graduates in 2010). Bigger companies have their own training programs for sales staff, but startups might highly benefit from being able to hire technical professionals already trained in sales. Technical sales could be a good career opportunity for students graduating from engineering, IT, etc. No gender differences were observed in the number of graduates or in the youth interest (Figure 10), except for “Manufacturing managers” where most of the students or graduates were male. In addition, in the labour force, several business occupations employ significantly fewer females than males. ‘Sales managers’, ‘Technical sales specialists’, ‘Senior managers – financial’, and ‘Manufacturing managers’ employ 38 per cent, 29 per cent, 24 per cent and 18 per cent of females, respectively.

Post-secondary student interest in selected Business occupations

28% 24%

21%

20% 10%

0% t s s d l, n, en s er ist an s cia d tio s ag ial nm cial an an s ca vice s ng ger n c i r n u t a e i e i n f ns ce d r e a m sp ov off rk an , e se tio s - tio rvi r g and ing les lth nity niza er ica s se mang m r o i a a g , u s n s e u a t s i na un es al Se er - h m org fac ale rtis maommusin nic rs com hip 12 nag nu r 1 S dve h 0 e a o a c 1 c b 0 m g i s M e 06 a na and er er en 1T 11 ma cial emb oth 3S 22 09 1 r 6 io so d m 00 en an 4S 1 00

Source: TRRA 2011 Youth Survey 17

Occupations in Sciences Table 6: Statistics for Occupations in Sciences Toronto Region NOC code

Number of employees (2006)

NOC title

Sciences

Estimated Estimated number of number of new jobs (2012) graduates (2010)

Percentage of postsecondary students interested (2011)

18,805

3,959

8,326

43%

2,310

711

1,506

350

224

230

11%

2112 Chemists

5,660

802

2,233

2211 Chemical technologists and technicians

5,425

330

290

2113 Geologists, geochemists and geophysicists

870

170

565

2114 Meteorologists

185

305

395

457

2,450

761

2,833

19%

2221 Biological technologists and technicians

950

416

154

2122 Forestry professionals

160

2161 Mathematicians, statisticians and actuaries 2111 Physicists and astronomers

2213 Meteorological technicians 2115 Other professional occupations in physical sciences 2121 Biologists and related scientists

2223 Forestry technologists and technicians

Fig. 11

Supply/Demand for selected occupations in Sciences

2,000 Supply < Demand

2161

Supply = Demand

1,500

2115

Supply > Demand

Other professional occupations in physical sciences

Demand

Estimated number of new jobs for 2012 (estimated from employersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; survey)

Mathematicians

2112 Chemists

1000

2211 Chemistry technicians

2121 Biologists

2223

2221

Forestry technicians

Biological technicians

500 2114 Meteorologists

2113

2111 Meteorological technicians

0 0.01

Geologists, geochemists and geophysicists

Physicists and astronomers

2213

0.10

1.00

2122 Forestry professionals

Supply/Demand Number of graduates 2010 (distributed by rate of employees per occupation in 2006) Estimated number of new jobs for 2012

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

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Table 7: Average basic compensation for jobs in Sciences in the Toronto Region [13,14] Job title

Toronto Region - Average basic compensation

Astronomer

$ 123,904

Mathematician statistician

92,035

Meteorologist

90,522

Mathematician

85,465

Geologist

80,122

Materials scientist

79,316

Chemist

74,127

Cartographer

70,695

Forest ecologist

68,525

Biologist

66,221

Forester

63,534

Technologist science

63,192

Research associate

58,948

Chemical technician

56,247

Chemical laboratory technician

56,247

Source: ERI 2011 “The Salary Assessor® & Survey Software and Databases”

Local demand for occupations in sciences seems to count on a good supply of graduates, except for “Biological technicians” (Figure 11). Also among youth, biological occupations are the most popular in this group (Figure 12).

Interestingly, the majority of employers hiring in Science (75 per cent) occupations strongly believe that their organization needs to look beyond the GTA to hire qualified people. Further study is needed on this issue to determine its specific causes.

Perhaps the oversupply of graduates in sciences like biology and chemistry in our region could be the starting point for business opportunities. Both startups and established global firms could benefit from this abundant pool of professionals in biology, chemistry and other sciences.

Finally, this group is generally well balanced in terms of gender. The labour force in the region, the graduates and the youth interest all have a good presence of both males and females.

Fig. 12

Top 11 Sciences occupations of interest for surveyed post-secondary students

30% 20% 10%

19% 11%

0% l s s s s ns sts sts sts als er ica ist ist ist ted t) mi ists ticia ries logi mi ys ists) og ians olog ians og ians sion om l l e e ela ntis h r s n o o o c h p t s i a r ch i hn nic hn nic hn nic ofe tro in ien nd cie tat ctu teo 2C eo hys as tec tech y tec tech tec tech y pr ns s sc 11 s a od s , g eop ns, snd a Me t l l d o 2 s i s t a a l n r i d d d 4 t tr c at ia og . fo gis d g icia a 211 gic an res sa mi an ores an up er iol (e.g cist o olo an mat olo cc mat he F F i B i e o C B s e l G ys 23 22 21 t th 11 21 na .g. 13 22 21 21 entis 1 Ph 22 22 Ma 21 sio es (e i 1 s 1 c 1 6 s fe c 2 21 ro en r p sci e h Ot 15 21 Source: TRRA 2011 Youth Survey 19

Engineering Occupations Table 8: Statistics for Occupations in Engineering Toronto Region NOC code

Number of employees (2006)

NOC title

Engineering

Percentage of postsecondary students interested (2011)

58,085

8,773

6,108

26%

9,030

697

742

2131 Civil engineers 2231 Civil engineering technologists and technicians 2132 Mechanical engineers

Estimated Estimated number of number of new jobs (2012) graduates (2010)

1,570

512

616

10,600

981

457

2232 Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians

2,675

787

965

2133 Electrical and electronics engineers

8,735

1,488

327

2241 Electrical and electronics engineering technologists and technicians

6,560

1,099

853

2134 Chemical engineers

2,255

459

636

2141 Industrial and manufacturing engineers

5,405

457

145

2233 Industrial engineering and manufacturing technologists and technicians

4,920

355

284

2243 Industrial instrument technicians and mechanics

1,545

229

2142 Metallurgical and materials engineers

485

331

242

2143 Mining engineers

260

147

2144 Geological engineers

245

237

149

2255 Mapping and related technologists and technicians

770

279

2145 Petroleum engineers

205

2146 Aerospace engineers

1,355

150

140

2244 Aircraft instrument, electrical and avionics mechanics, technicians and inspectors

995

150

223

2148 Other professional engineers, n.e.c.

380

279

142

2274 Engineer officers, water transport

Fig. 13

Supply/Demand for selected occupations in Engineering

2,000 2231

1,500

2274

Supply < Demand

Engineer officers, water transport

Supply = Demand

2133

2131

Electrical and electronics engineers

Civil engineers

2132

Electrical and electronics engineering technologists and technicians

2142 Metallurgical and materials engineers

1000

Supply > Demand

2241

Mechanical engineers

Demand

Estimated number of new jobs for 2012 (estimated from employersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; survey)

Civil engineering technologists and technicians

2233 Industrial engineering and manufacturing technologists and technicians

2232 Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians

2148 Other professional engineers, n.e.c.

2243

500

2134

Industrial instrument technicians

Chemical engineers

2255

Mapping and related technologists and technicians

2244

2143

Aircraft instrument technicians

Mining engineers

0 0.01

0.10

2145 Petroleum engineers

2144

Geological engineers

1.00

2141

Industrial and manufacturing engineers 2146 Aerospace engineers

10.00

Supply/Demand

Number of graduates 2010 (distributed by rate of employees per occupation in 2006) Estimated number of new jobs for 2012

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Table 9: Average basic compensation for jobs in Engineering in the Toronto Region [13,14] Toronto Region Average basic compensation

Job title

Petroleum engineer

$ 123,964

Aeronautical engineer

99,684

Aerodynamics engineer

95,867

Materials engineer

95,697

Mining engineer

91,639

Electrical engineer

91,145

Chemical engineer

88,701

Manufacturing engineer

87,813

Marine engineer

87,791

Agricultural engineer

86,111

Industrial engineer

84,945

Mechanical engineer

83,779

Civil engineer

79,409

Chemical engineering technician

71,573

Industrial safety technician

69,127

Industrial engineering technician

67,659

Electrical engineering technician

63,295

Biomedical engineering technician

60,170

Avionics technician

57,796

Civil engineering technologist and technician

57,525

Mechanical engineering technologist

56,290

Most of the persons employed in this group work for the manufacturing sector, which despite its downturn in the last years is still one of the biggest sectors in the Toronto Region. Occupations in engineering tend to be undersupplied or just supplied (see Figure 13) and, in general, youth interest is low (see Figure 14). The majority of employers hiring for Engineering positions (71 per cent) strongly believe that their organization needs to look beyond the GTA to hire qualified people. Further study is needed on this issue to determine its specific causes. With respect to all the occupations in this study, this group is the one employing the lowest percentage of females in the Toronto Region (13 per cent). The presence of women among the graduates is also scarce (consisting of programs with five to 30 per cent of female graduates), with the exception of “Chemical engineers” and “Metallurgical and materials engineers”, where both genders are balanced in numbers.

Source: ERI 2011 “The Salary Assessor® & Survey Software and Databases”

Fig. 14

Top 12 Engineering occupations of interest for surveyed post-secondary students

30% 20%

10%

0% s s s s g g rs rs rs cs rs ) st in s in s er er er ni ors ee ee ee gi ians ee eer er ian o ur ian ne ne n ne n n i o t t n i i i i i i e l c c c g g av ec gi in in ic ng ng ng ng fa ni no ni en en en en eng ng chn nd insp le le le le ch ech nu ech s e g l i e a a a a e a e c v c l a n i t t c c i s t ic al nd m dt Ci g d pa gi ic d ni on ca on ur lo si ed i em ric s a tr os ct 31 on an nd an ha rin an t s o r h c r a c 1 a e c s s t e e f e C e 2 e n g ist u G Ae of om el ne 4 ec ist M el ia an pr . bi gi el log rinlog 2 44 46 13 t, nic nd n e 3 r 1 1 2 m d n g h a e e 1 o o 2 2 e c 2 he e. an n in n al nd m e vil Ot ( al tech eng tech tru s, t Ci la ric c 8 t i a c 1 4 i l tr 3 ns ni ec tr 21 ria ti a ec El 22 us st 3 af ech d El u r 3 In d rc m 41 21 1 In Ai 22 3 14 4 3 2 4 22 22 rs

n gi

Source: TRRA 2011 Youth Survey

Information Technology Occupations Table 10: Statistics for Occupations in IT Toronto Region NOC code

Estimated Estimated number of number of new jobs (2012) graduates (2010)

Number of employees (2006)

NOC title

Percentage of postsecondary students interested (2011)

109,015

9,499

3,740

26%

8,145

397

261

48,680

1,866

857

2172 Database analysts and data administrators

4,545

1,867

185

2173 Software engineers and designers

9,950

1,902

439

31,635

1,884

1,883

13%

6,060

1,583

115

16%

2147 Computer engineers (except software engineers and designers) 2171 Information systems analysts and consultants

2174 Computer programmers and interactive media developers 2175 Web designers and developers

Fig. 15

Supply/Demand for selected occupations in Information Technology

2,000 2174

Supply < Demand

Computer programmers and interactive media developers

2172

1,500

2175 Web designers and developers

Demand

Estimated number of new jobs for 2012 (estimated from employersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; survey)

Database analysts and data administrators

Supply = Demand

2173

2171

Software engineers and designers

Information systems analysts and consultants

Supply > Demand

1000

500 2147 Computer engineers

0 0.01

0.10

1.00 Supply/Demand

Number of graduates 2010 (distributed by rate of employees per occupation in 2006) Estimated number of new jobs for 2012

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

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Table 11: Average basic compensation for jobs in IT in the Toronto Region [13,14] Job title

Toronto Region - Average basic compensation

Information systems manager

108,398

Software engineer

95,465

Software developer

93,846

Eng. computer hardware

93,359

Database analyst

92,334

Eng. telecommunications

89,466

Web designer and developer

86,479

Software programmer

76,407

Information systems representative

58,191

Source: ERI 2011 “The Salary Assessor® & Survey Software and Databases”

In the Toronto Region, together with business occupations, information technology positions are the most in demand. But while there seems to be a good supply of graduates in business, IT occupations are significantly undersupplied. For example, “Web designers” and “Database analysts” have approximately 10 times less than the number of graduates they need. (See Figure 15.)

Also in the youth survey (Figure 16), interest in IT was mostly from males, with the curious exception of ‘Web designers and developers’ where interest was evenly divided between the genders. This may hint to opportunities to attract more young women to the profession by better ‘advertising’ IT occupations to them.

The IT sector employs few females. In 2006, only one quarter of the labour force in IT for the Toronto Region was female. The recent 17 per cent of female IT graduates indicates that this situation might not improve in the near future. Fig. 16 20%

Post-secondary student interest on selected IT occupations

16% 13%

15%

10%

5% 0% t s d rs nd s m ep ) an rs ne te ants xc ers s s aper o g t s r i t e s e sy ult s ( gn lys tra m lo de d er esi na inis m eve d ionons e a t a d n d d n r a c n i a e g a ng and as dm rs rm d sa ro di fo s an er ab ta a ee r e rs r p me t n n e n I t e i t e t e Da da sig 71 lys ng pu ne pu tiv 72 de m ngi 21 ana m rac ee 1 o o r b 2 e C a e e W 4 C nt tw 47 are of 17 i 75 21 ftw 2 S 1 2 so 73 21 s er

op el ev

Source: TRRA 2011 Youth Survey

Architecture & Design Occupations Table 12: Statistics for Occupations in Architecture & Design Toronto Region NOC code

Number of employees (2006)

NOC title

Architecture & Design

1,038

573

32%

3,985

308

506

17%

16,385

431

21%

180

2,990

298

5245 Patternmakers – textile, leather and fur products 2252 Industrial designers

Fig. 17

Percentage of postsecondary students interested (2011)

23,540

2151 Architects 5241 Graphic designers and illustrating artists

Estimated Estimated number of number of new jobs (2012) graduates (2010)

Supply/Demand for selected occupations in Architecture & Design

2,000 Supply < Demand

1,500 Supply > Demand

Demand

Estimated number of new jobs for 2012 (estimated from employers’ survey)

Supply = Demand

1000

500 5241 Graphic designers and illustrating artists

2252

2151

Industrial designers

Architects

0 0.01

0.10

1.00 Supply/Demand

Number of graduates 2010 (distributed by rate of employees per occupation in 2006) Estimated number of new jobs for 2012

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

10.00

Table 13: Average basic compensation for jobs in IT in the Toronto Region [13,14] Job title

Toronto Region - Average basic compensation

Architect

80,020

Industrial designer

65,392

Graphic designer

61,700

Graphic design supervisor

59,889

Patternmaker

58,241

Source: ERI 2011 “The Salary Assessor® & Survey Software and Databases”

Two occupations of this group are quite undersupplied: “Graphic designers” and “Industrial designers” (see Figure 17). The relatively higher demand for graphic designers could be explained by the presence of a strong sector in information technology and software development, as well as professional services in general.

In terms of gender, 37 per cent of persons employed in this group in the Toronto Region are female. The level of female graduates is lower: 33 per cent. In youth, however, both genders are interested in these occupations.

Youth interest was relatively high for “Graphic designer” and “Architect”, but not so much for “Industrial designer” (see Figure 18). Fig. 18

Post-secondary student interest in selected Architecture & Design occupations

30% 25%

21% 20%

17%

15% 10%

5% 0%

d an rs tists e n r sig a de ating c i r h t ap us Gr ill

51 21

e hit Arc

ig es

er ath cts e l u , tile rod tex fur p – ers and ak

52 22

tria us d n I

m ern att P 5

4 52

Source: TRRA 2011 Youth Survey

Occupations in Health Table 14: Statistics for Occupations in Health Toronto Region NOC code

Estimated Estimated number of number of new jobs (2012) graduates (2010)

Number of employees (2006)

NOC title

Health

Percentage of postsecondary students interested (2011)

77,765

3,074

10,881

43%

3111 Specialist physicians

7,505

113

215

10%

3211 Medical laboratory technologists and pathologists' assistants

3,945

608

1,213

3121 Optometrists

675

101

10%

1,670

152

826

570

228

296

3131 Pharmacists

5,120

145

343

13%

3132 Dieticians and nutritionists

1,845

320

15%

3141 Audiologists and speech-language pathologists

1,355

112

3142 Physiotherapists

3,245

348

1,603

12%

43,000

540

4,293

8% 3%

3122 Chiropractors 3219 Other medical technologists and technicians (except dental health)

3152 Registered nurses 3214 Respiratory therapists, clinical perfusionists and cardiopulmonary technologists 3215 Medical radiation technologists 3216 Medical sonographers

945

127

2,670

193

995

3218 Electroencephalographic and other diagnostic technologists, n.e.c.

3123 Other professional occupations in health diagnosing and treating

1,040

156

3114 Veterinarians

1,150

1,325

3213 Veterinary and animal health technologists and technicians

1,940

262

Fig. 19

Supply/Demand for selected occupations in Health

2,000 Supply < Demand

Supply = Demand

1,500 3211

Supply > Demand

Medical laboratory technologists and pathologists' assistants

Demand

Estimated number of new jobs for 2012 (estimated from employersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; survey)

3142 Physiotherapists

3122 Chiropractors

1000

3123

3152

Other professional occupations in health diagnosing and treating

Registered nurses

3215 Medical radiation technologists

500

3219 Other medical technologists and technicians (except dental health)

3132

3218 Electroencephalographic and other diagnostic technologists, n.e.c.

3114 Veterinarians

Pharmacists

Respiratory therapists, clinical perfusionists and cardiopulmonary technologist

3111 Specialist physicians

3213

0.10

1.00 Supply/Demand

3216 Medical sonographers

Veterinary and animal health technologists and technicians

Number of graduates 2010 (distributed by rate of employees per occupation in 2006) Estimated number of new jobs for 2012

3214

3141 Audiologists and speech-language pathologists

0 0.01

3131

Dieticians and nutritionists

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

3121

10.00

Optometrists

Our employers’ survey included 32 health institutions from which 18 institutions employed 250 or more persons.

Table 15: Average basic compensation for jobs in Health in the Toronto Region [13,14] Toronto Region - Average Job title

The estimated hiring demand for health occupations in general is low, and for most of the occupations the number of graduates seems adequate or oversupplied. The occupations falling in the undersupplied area have very low hiring demand levels and numbers of graduates. Therefore, we prefer not to draw any general conclusions.

basic compensation

Physician anesthesiologist

285,426

Optometrist

115,636

Chiropractor

109,881

Veterinarian

96,094

Orthoptist

76,860

Audiologist

76,414

Medical sonographer

72,030

Medical technologist

63,627

Medical radiation technologist

61,006

Respiratory therapist

60,508

Cardiopulmonary technologist

60,400

Cardiovascular technologist

60,400

Dietician

60,241

Electroencephalographic technologist

54,619

Medical laboratory technician

46,987

Veterinary technician

38,424

In terms of youth interest, the most popular occupations are Dieticians, Pharmacists and Physiotherapists (see Figure 20). No gender differences were observed in youth responses. However, most of the graduates in health in 2010 were female, ranging from 64 per cent (Veterinarians) to 93 per cent (Veterinary technicians). In the labour force, most of the employees in health occupations are female, with the exception of veterinarians, optometrists and pharmacists (which have an even number of females and males) and of specialized physicians and chiropractors (only one third are female).

Source: ERI 2011 “The Salary Assessor® & Survey Software and Databases”

Fig. 20

Top 10 Health occupations of interest for surveyed post-secondary students

20%

15% 13%

12% 10%

10% 8%

10%

7% 5%

D 32 31

ic iet

s ian

d an

tri

s ist n o ti

3 31

rm ha P 1

ist ac

io ys Ph

ap er

ist

t lis

1 31

ia ec

rs to

ns nd s tio ting s a gist a t a s p i o m ed cu tre to ro og ol er hi oc nd Op iol ath Ve l C st i d 1 a p a 4 g u e 2 n g 1 22 Re 31 31 1 A ag 31 sio sin 14 ngu 52 es no f 3 1 o g 3 pr dia -la er lth ch e h e Ot ea sp 23 in h 1 3

ian sic

y ph

ts ris

ian

ri te

r na

e rs nu

ac pr

CONCLUSIONS This chapter presented a series of labour market statistics focused on a set of 60 occupations in Business & Commerce, Sciences, Engineering, Information Technology, Architecture & Design and Health. The Supply/Demand analysis carried out showed that: - Information technology occupations are in very high demand but are significantly undersupplied.

- Several engineering occupations are in high demand, but the number of graduates tends to be lower than needed. - Health and Architecture & Design occupations donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a high demand, and in general count on a good supply of graduates. An exception to this is found in graphic designers, where demand is almost ten times higher than the number of graduates.

- Business occupations are in high demand and count on a good supply of local graduates (except perhaps on technical sales, but further study is needed to confirm this).

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

REGION-BASED INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING

Nowadays, both the professionals working in the knowledge economy and the projects hiring them tend to be highly mobile. Industry professionals become adjunct professors or full professors in universities, while professors in universities become research and development leaders in industry. Under such mobility conditions, research and innovation hubs are best reviewed not by sectors as industry and higher education, but on a regional basis. Therefore, an international region-based comparison was included in this project.

Regions in study: • Bay Area, California (USA) • Boston Region, Massachusetts (USA) • Helsinki Region, Finland • Israel • Seoul Region, Korea • Singapore • Sydney Region , Australia

Two criteria were followed for the selection of the regions: having a strong post-secondary educational system and being economically successful. Both established and emerging regions were included, from four continents. As a result, nine regions were studied in terms of their scientific production (patents and non-patents).

• Toronto Region, Ontario (Canada) • Zurich Region, Switzerland

Their scientific production was also analysed with respect to the resources available to universities (budget, number of professors, enrolment).

REGIONS IN STUDY Fig. 21

Regions in study

8 1

9 2 5 4

Bay Area: Also known as the San Francisco Bay Area, located in California, United States of America. The region encompasses the metropolitan areas of San Francisco, Oakland and San Jose.[18]

Helsinki Region: Corresponds to the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, including the cities of Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen.[21] Helsinki is the capital of Finland.

Population: 7.15 million Area: 18,088 km² Density: 395.29/km²

Population: 1.05 million Area: 770 km² Density: 1,358/km²

Boston Region: Located in Massachusetts, United States of America, the most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC). The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the Massachusetts legislature to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns. Main cities: Boston, Cambridge and Quincy.[19]

Population: 3.1 million Area: 3,680 km² Density: 366/km² [20]

Israel Region: The whole State of Israel is included.[22]

Population: 7.825 million Area: 22,072 km² Density: 365.3/km²

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Seoul Region coincides with Seoul, the capital and largest metropolis of the Republic of Korea officially the Seoul Special City.[23]

Population: 10.464 million Area: 605.2 km² Density: 17,288/km²

Toronto Region: The Toronto Region includes the Greater Toronto Area, plus surrounding municipalities of Waterloo, Wellington and Hamilton. Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario, Canada. [26,27,28,29]

Population: 6.6 million Area: 12,213 km² Density: 541/km²

Singapore Region includes the whole country of Singapore.[24]

Population: 5.183 million Area: 710 km² Density: 7,315/km²

Zurich Region: Located in Switzerland, it corresponds to the Greater Zurich Area. Its main cities are Zurich, Winterthur and Uster.[30]

Population: 3.8 million Area: 2,103 km² Density: 1,806/km²

Sydney Region includes all the districts within Sydney, Australia.[25]

Population: 4.6 million Area: 12,144 km² Density: 2,058/km²

Special thanks Initially, our study included a broader spectrum of universities per region. Despite a number of efforts along months, this approach had to be abandoned due to the lack of data available to us. Nevertheless, we wish to thank the following institutions for providing information to this study: – Helsinki Region

– Israel

• Aalto University

• The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

• Arcada University of Applied Sciences

• The Open University of Israel

• Uusimaa Regional Council/ Helsinki-Uusimaa Region

– Seoul Region • Sungkyunkwan University

REGIONAL SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION: PATENTS Rationale for patents Among all the types of scientific production, patents are the most strongly application-oriented kind. There are four primary incentives embodied in the patent system: to invent in the first place; to disclose the invention once made; to invest the sums necessary to experiment, produce and market the invention; and to design around and improve upon earlier patents.[31] According to supporters, patents provide incentives for efficient research and development (R&D). A study conducted by the European Community shows that the largest global companies invested more than €430 billion in 2008[32] in their R&D departments. These investments are among the inputs of R&D, and patents may be included in its outcomes. Supporters of patents argue that without patent protection, R&D spending would be significantly less, limiting possible technological advances. Enterprises would restrict R&D investments, as third parties would be free to exploit any developments.[33] In agreement with the original definition of the term "patent," patents promote public disclosure of innovations for the common good. If inventors do not have the legal protection of patents, they would prefer to keep their inventions as trade secrets. Patents make the details of new technology publicly available, leading to further improvement by other inventors, and for exploitation by anyone after the patent expires. Nevertheless, patents have been the object of criticism. As state-granted monopolies, patents have been criticized as inconsistent with free trade. Patent Offices have also been criticized for granting patents to known inventions, thus allowing controversial patents to slip through the system.[34] Pharmaceutical patents prevent generic alternatives to enter the market until the patents expire, and thus maintain high prices for medication.[35] This can have significant effects in the developing world, as those who are most in need of basic essential medicines are unable to afford such high priced pharmaceuticals.[36] Other articles focus on the problems of today’s medical research, posing that wrong priorities in research and pricing may push the state-run healthcare systems of even rich nations to their limits.[37] Addressing these criticisms, one review concluded that less than five per cent of medicines on the World Health Organization's list of essential drugs are under patent. Also, the pharmaceutical industry has contributed US$2 billion for healthcare in

developing countries, providing HIV/AIDS drugs at lower cost or even free of charge in certain countries, and has used differential pricing and parallel imports to provide medication to the poor.[38] Some public campaigns have expressed a concern for "preventing the over-reach" of Intellectual Property protection including patent protection, and "to retain a public balance in property rights" of this kind. Alternatives have been discussed on the issue of financial incentives to replace patents. Mostly, they are related to some form of direct or indirect government funding. Other groups are investigating how social inclusion and equitable distribution of research and development findings can be obtained within the existing intellectual property framework, although these efforts have received less exposure.

A system to compare regional patent outflows Being a key outcome of scientific research and technological innovation, every region in this report continually produces a vast patent outflow. A rating system intended to objectively compare these patent outflows quantitatively and qualitatively was developed as part of the author’s supporting research and is proposed here. The proposed system is based on the United States patents granted to authors residing in the regions covered by this report during a given period. It is well known that most important inventions patented around the globe are also patented in the United States, by far the wealthiest market in the world, and still the largest economy. To process the huge amount of website information available on patents, the author chose world renowned Publish or Perish citation analysis software[39] of scientific production, developed by Dr. Anne-Wil Harzing, Professor and Associate Dean Research at the University of Melbourne, Australia. The current version (3.5) of the software, applied in making this report, was issued in January 2012. The Publish or Perish software works downstream of Google Scholar, a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. Released in beta version in November 2004, the Google

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online journals of Europe and America's largest scholarly publishers, plus scholarly books, book chapters, conference proceedings, reports and patents. Google Scholar is similar in function to the freely available Scirus from Elsevier, CiteSeerX, and getCITED, but wider in its field scope. Google Scholar is also similar to the subscription-based tools, Elsevier's Scopus and Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science, but with wider coverage of journals, books, reports, patents and conference proceedings, which are important to fields like Business, Administration, Finance and Economics, Engineering, Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. For a long time, it has been known that both quantity and quality are important in the analysis of scientific production. In our proposed system—for this case—we take as basic input the biggest possible sample of size SP ≤ 1,000 of the best US Patents granted to authors resident in each region, during the last two years (2010-2011). For the most powerful regions, it is not difficult to compile a sample of size 1,000. In contrast, less powerful regions may only afford samples of less size. Therefore, it is defined the size index SP of the patent outflow, calculated and given by the Publish or Perish software in its Results pane, as the Papers value. By the way, 1,000 is the limit imposed nowadays by Google Scholar for a single query. Set limit makes possible to retrieve and analyse a full region in one single Publish or Perish operation. These 1,000 or less patents are a best-selected sample of the patent outflow of the given region in these two years, because each patent is ranked according to the values of internationally-recognized citation metrics included in Publish or Perish, whose calculations are done automatically by the software with every query. Sometimes, a region comprises several cities. In these cases, the sample may be composed of patents whose inventors live in two or more cities of the region, if this makes the best sample for the region. On the contrary, the sample is composed only of patents whose inventors reside in the region’s city, which allows the best sample. Then, from the original sample—the first group of patents—a second, usually smaller group, is retained, containing only those patents that have received any citation from January 2010 to January 2012. This may be done in a simple and fast step, pressing the button “Uncheck 0 cites” on the user interface of the Publish or Perish software. The number of cited patents in the original sample is an objective measure of the quantity of patents registered by the region that have proven

useful in the last two years, to scientists, engineers or other inventors in their research and innovation projects. This number will be called worth index, WP of the patent outflow. This second index is automatically calculated and given by the Publish or Perish software in its Results pane, as the Papers value, after pressing the button “Uncheck 0 cites”.

Of course, the worth index WP may reach a maximum value equal to the corresponding SP, meaning that in the original sample, all patents have already proven to be useful. For a deeper evaluation of the utility of the patents in the second group of the outflow sample, a third index is devised: the mean number of citations in the group. This number will be called quality index, QP of the patent outflow. The value of this index has no ceiling, and is an indirect measure of the practical application of the patents of the region outflow. When a patent is registered, there is no data in it that may be used to measure its future practical application; even the existence of an Assignee does not guarantee that the patent is going to be applied in a real-life product. On the contrary, a patent usually receives many citations when it has been widely applied. This third index is automatically calculated and given by the Publish or Perish software in its Results pane, as the Cites/paper value, after the user presses the button “Uncheck 0 cites”. The product of the worth index and the quality index may be termed the integral index IP of the patent outflow of the given region, as given in (1). (1) The value of the integral index is equal to the total number of citations received since the beginning of the chosen period of publication until the present, by the patents contained in the second group. Thus, IP is an objective measure of the absolute usefulness of the patents of the second group, in the patent outflow of a given region. This fourth index is automatically calculated and given by the Publish or Perish software in its Results pane, as the Citations value after pressing the button “Uncheck 0 cites”.

The above mentioned four indexes are calculated for every possible set of cities of the given region. The set of cities of the region that gives the maximum value of IP is taken as the set of cities that represent the patent outflow of the given region. The indexes of such set of cities become the indexes of the patent outflow of the given region.

In order to guarantee that the Publish or Perish software only captures US Patents in its processing, the fields of the “General citation search” input page should be filled as follows: Author: <void> Publication: <void> All of the words: “Patent No.:”, “Date of Patent:” Any of the words: <city1> (<country>), <city2> (<country>), …

US it is necessary to include the <state> between each city and the country. The <state> in the US is coded by the customary two-letter code used by the U.S. Postal Service. This way, for any US Patent, the residence of at least some of the Inventors in the key cities of a given region will be clearly marked, for an effective automated search and processing.

Results per Region

None of the words: The phrase: Year of publication between <year1> and <year2>

Where <city1>, <city2>, … are important cities in the region. The <country> is given by the two-letter codes used nowadays on the Internet. In regions within the

For each of the Regions covered by this report, the set of cities that gives the maximum value of the integral index, as well as the corresponding indexes, are given in Table 16. The definitions of the indexes are remembered again in the textbox immediately following the Table.

Table 16: Cities and indexes of regional patent outflow during 2010-2011 SP

San Francisco, San Jose

1,000

2.42

2,420

Boston

Boston, Cambridge

1,000

221

2.38

526

Helsinki

Helsinki, Espoo

1,000

251

3.70

928

Israel

Jerusalem, Tel Aviv

750

135

2.07

279

Seoul

1,000

3.84

3,840

Singapore

1,000

204

2.04

416

Sydney

114

2.58

Toronto

Toronto, Waterloo

873

153

1.72

263

Zurich

721

100

1.59

159

Region

Contributing cities

Bay Area

SP – Size index: Number of best US Patents registered by the region in 2010-2011, up to 1,000. WP – Worth index: From the set of cardinality SP, patents cited until January 2012. (WP ≤ SP).

QP – Quality index: In the set of cardinality WP, average number of citations received per patent.

IP – Integral index: In the set of cardinality WP, total number of citations received until January 2012.

As shown in the first column of Table 16, several regions were not able to complete the full sample of 1,000 patents in the years 2010-2011. This is a measure of their lesser power as makers of US Patents, valuable means to transfer science and technology knowledge achievements into the practical world. The second column of the table shows other levels of differences between the regions: some regions display the full sample as useful patents, while others only exhibit a fraction of the original sample. The quality index, whose values are given in the third column of the table, reinforce in the most powerful regions the good results

in the first two columns, and don’t always bring enough compensation for the regions with low values of the worth index. Integrating worth and quality, the last column of the table shows in one number how far the most powerful regions set themselves apart from the others. The ratio of the extreme values of the integral index for the regions covered by this study goes as high as 124:1. The Toronto region does not show impressive results as a US Patent maker, with a rather low quality index of 1.72 (8th place of 9) and a modest integral index of 263 (7th place of 9).

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

REGIONAL SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION: NON-PATENTS Rationale for non-patents According to the objectives of this study, the scientific production of the analysed regions has been divided in two parts: patents and non-patents. It may seem a gross decision to include in a single part the vast variety of non-patent publications, for example: articles in magazines, papers in journals, monograph books, book chapters, conference proceedings, and academic or industrial reports. The rationale behind this classification is that the weight of the patents is so great, due to their strongly application-oriented character, that they may counterbalance all the other forms of scientific production. At the end, the number of citations, the contemporary objective measure of the utility of a publication given by its qualified users, is the key assessment criterion, over other evaluation norms, such as the peer review typical of editorials or a number of prizes. In this study, as in many others, we are talking about scientific production documents in English. Although the publications in Chinese or Korean have been increasing lately in quantity and quality, it is also true that the number of publications in English has been increasing at a higher rate, and that the most important scientific production in other languages is also published in English, to assure a higher visibility.

A rating system to compare non-patent outflows Being a key outcome of scientific research and technological innovation, every region covered by this report continually produces a vast non-patent outflow. A rating system intended to objectively compare these non-patent outflows quantitatively and qualitatively was developed as part of the author’s supporting research and is proposed here. The proposed system is based on the non-patent publications of authors working in the key universities of the regions covered by this report, during a given period. It is well known that citation by peers is the main contemporary measure of the quality of the publications derived from the scientific and technological research and innovation. To process the huge amount of website information available on non-patent publications, the author chose world renowned Publish or Perish citation analysis

software of scientific production, developed by Dr. Anne-Wil Harzing, Professor and Associate Dean Research at the University of Melbourne, Australia, previously mentioned in this report. For a long time, it has been known that both quantity and quality are important in the analysis of scientific production. In our proposed system—for this case—we take as basic input the biggest possible sample of size sN ≤ 1,000 of the best non-patent publications of the authors of every major university in each region, during the last two years (2010-2011). Therefore, it is defined the specific size index sN of the non-patent outflow, for every university in a region, calculated and given by the Publish or Perish software in its Results pane, as the Papers value. By the way, 1,000 is the limit imposed nowadays by Google Scholar for a single query. Set limit makes possible to retrieve and analyse a full university in one single Publish or Perish operation. These 1,000 or less non-patent publications are a best-selected sample of the non-patent outflow of the given university in these two years, because each non-patent publication is ranked according to the values of internationallyrecognized citation metrics included in Publish or Perish, whose calculations are done automatically by the software with every query. Then, from the original sample of a given university— the first group—a second, usually smaller group, is retained, containing only those non-patents that have received any citation from January 2010 to January 2012. This may be done in a simple and fast step, pressing the button “Uncheck 0 cites” on the user interface of the Publish or Perish software. The number of cited non-patents in the original sample of size sN is an objective measure of the quantity of useful non-patents published by the university in the last two years. This number is the specific worth index, wN of the non-patent outflow of the university. This second index is automatically calculated and given by the Publish or Perish software in its Results pane, as the Papers value. Of course, the specific worth index wN may reach a maximum value of sN, meaning that in the original sample, all non-patents are useful. We consider them useful because they were found useful— and therefore cited—at least once by other professionals in their research or development projects.

For a deeper evaluation of the utility of the non-patents in the second group of the university outflow sample, a third index is devised: the mean number of citations in the group. This number will be called specific quality index, qN of the non-patent outflow of the university. The value of this index has no ceiling, and is a measure of the degree of usefulness of the non-patents of the useful group, in the non-patent outflow of a given university. This third index is automatically calculated and given by the Publish or Perish software in its Results pane, as the Cites/paper value. A specific integral index iN for the non-patent outflow of a university may be obtained as the product of the specific worth index and the specific quality index of the same university, as given in (2).

The sample of non-patent publications of the region, with a size index sN is to be composed from the sum of the sizes of the samples of the three universities that represent the region, as given in (3). (3) Obviously, the maximum possible value of this general index is given by (4). (4) The second group of non-patent publications of the region, with a worth index WN, is to be composed from the sum of the specific worth indexes of the three universities that represent the region, as given in (5).

(2) This fourth index is automatically calculated and given by the Publish or Perish software in its Results pane, as the Citations value. In order to guarantee that the Publish or Perish software only captures non-patents in its processing, the fields of the “General citation search” input page should be filled as follows: Author: <void>

(5)

WN max = 3,000.

For this general index, the top possible value is also

For a deeper evaluation of the utility of the second group of non-patent publications of the region, it is introduced a quality index QN given by the weighted mean of the specific quality indexes of the three universities that represent the region, as given in (6).

Publication: <void> All of the words: Any of the words: <university, city> None of the words: “Patent No.:”, “Date of Patent:” The phrase: Year of publication between <year1> and <year2>

This way, non-patent publications from authors working in every major university of the region are clearly identified, to be processed automatically using the Publish or Perish software. Following the aforementioned procedure, the specific integral index iN is computed for every major university of the given region, and the three universities with the highest values of such index become the elements of the set of universities that is going to represent the non-patent outflow of the given region. The properties of the non-patent publications from authors of this set of universities are going to be represented by four general indexes, calculated from the corresponding specific indexes of the individual universities members of the representative set. 36

(6)

Clearly, the weight of each value of qN is the corresponding value of wN. This general index has no top value but, obviously, its value will fall within the extreme values of the specific worth indexes qN concerned, as given in (7). (7) For a fourth level of evaluation of non-patent regional publications, it is introduced the integral index IN given by the product of the worth index and the quality index of the same region, as given in (8). (8) This general index will represent the combined effect of general worth and general quality of the non-patent publications from the three selected major universities that represent the corresponding outflow of the region.

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Table 17: Cities and indexes of regional non-patent outflow during 2010-2011 SN

San Francisco, Berkeley, Stanford

3,000

2,116

34.65

73,320

Boston

Cambridge, Boston

3,000

2,999

15.23

45,699

Helsinki

Helsinki, Espoo

1,463

1,164

8.709

10,137

Israel

Tel Aviv, Rehovot, Haifa

2,955

2,097

8.884

18,630

Seoul

3,000

2,439

6.677

16,286

Singapore

1,510

1,167

9.726

11,350

Sydney

3,000

2,752

8.023

22,079

Toronto

Toronto, Hamilton

3,000

2,539

18.28

46,420

Zurich

2,049

1,336

6.854

9,157

Region

Contributing cities

Bay Area

SN – Size index: Number of best non-patent publications by the region in 2010-2011, up to 3,000.

WN – Worth index: From the set of cardinality SN, non-patents cited until January 2012. (WN ≤ SN).

QN – Quality index: In the set of cardinality WP, average number of citations received per publication. IN – Integral index: In the set of cardinality WP, total number of citations received until January 2012.

Results per Region For each of the Regions covered by this report, the cities with at least one representative university, as well as the corresponding general indexes are given in Table 17. The definitions of the indexes are listed in the textbox immediately following the Table. As shown in the first column of Table 17, some regions were not able to complete the full sample of 3,000 nonpatents in the years 2010-2011. This is a measure of their lesser power as makers of these publications, valuable in the development of Science and Technology. The second column of the table shows no big differences: most Regions display a number of non-

patents close to the size of the sample, and none exhibit a small fraction of the same. On the contrary, the values of the quality index, in the third column of the table, show sensible differences between the regions. Integrating worth and quality, the last column of the table shows in one number how far the most powerful regions set themselves apart from the others. The ratio of the extreme values of the integral index for the Regions covered by this study goes as high as 8:1. The Toronto region shows pleasant results as a nonpatent scientific production maker, with a high quality index of 18.28 (second place out of nine) and an elevated integral index of 46,420 (second place out of nine).

REGIONAL SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION AND RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO UNIVERSITIES For each of the top three universities defined by the non-patent publication analysis, data was collected regarding budget, number of professors, enrolment and number of graduates [Table 18]. The intention was to find out if some of these factors, or combinations thereof, influence the scientific production of the corresponding region. Yellow cells in Table 18 indicate the available information is partial: data for one or two universities are missing. When no data at all could be gathered, the cell contains the word “Missing”. Several combinations of the values in the same Table were visually plotted against the indexes qualifying the scientific production of the regions (Table 16 and Table 17). Only two of the tried combinations provided some apparent relation, and they are briefly discussed as follows. • Figure 22 shows an apparent relation between the financial resources available to universities and their non-patent scientific production. That is, universities with a better production are also those counting on a larger budget. Regions with a dotted border in Figure 22 indicate that financial information is missing for one of the top three universities. This means their position in the graph is somewhere further to the right, as indicated by the arrows.

• The number of patents assigned to universities is usually low, since most assignees are industries or businesses. Therefore, any link between universities and the production of patents within a region is indirect, as opposed to the direct link existent with non-patents. This study has not found clear relation between the number of graduates and the production of patents. Also, no relation was found by using the number of post-graduate degrees awarded, or the per centage they represent from the total of graduates. • Figure 23 shows one apparent relation that was found between students per professor and the production of patents. The number of students per professor may be linked to the quality of the graduates. This study has only briefly analysed the relation between scientific productions of given regions— measured by patents and non-patents—and regional university resources. No final conclusions should be drawn upon the apparent relations shown in Figure 22 and Figure 23, but they pose open questions that other studies could further investigate. Also, the present study does not rule out the presence of other interesting relations in this data.

Table 18: Annual resources available to a region’s top three universities, per non-patent publication Region

Bay Area Boston

[40,41,42]

[43,44,45] [46,47,48,49,50]

Number of professors

Enrolment

Number of graduates

6,909

5,452

54,610

15,832

9,513

6,396

57,245

19,203

2,251

5,303

57,090

8,734

Israel

[51,52,53]

Missing

43,565

Missing

Seoul

[54,55,56]

3,935

10,387

90,174

7,158

2,518

4,369

77,977

20,084

2,816

8,361

135,726

52,516

4,400

4,810

138,980

33,633

2,278

1,565

51,269

7,758

Helsinki

Singapore Sydney Toronto Zurich

Financial resources (US$ millions)

[57,58,59]

[60,61,62] [63,64,65,66]

[67,68,69]

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Non-patent scientific production 2010-2011 (Integral index, Ip)

Fig. 22

Regional non-patent scientific production versus financial resources available to top three universities

Bay Area

50,000

Boston

Toronto

Sydney Seoul Singapore Zurich

5,000 2,000

6,000

4,000

8,000

10,000

Financial resources (in millions of dollars)

Fig. 23

Regional patent scientific production versus number of students per professor at the top three universities

Patent scientific production 2010-2011 (Integral index, Ip)

Seoul Bay Area

1,000

Helsinki Boston Singapore Toronto Zurich

100

Sydney

10 0

Number of students per professor

CONCLUSIONS The classification of the scientific production of a number of key regions into patents and non-patents is an unconventional move, which well serves the purposes of the present study. The patents are an expression of the research and innovation power of the creative scientific workforce of every given region, especially of their members aimed at the solution of important practical problems. Following the ideas of Donald E. Stokes[2], it is rational to say that the patents are an expression of the Pasteur and Edison quadrants. Pasteur’s quadrant houses researchers seeking the solution of practical problems while questing for an understanding of the underlying basic laws. Edison’s quadrant houses researchers and innovators focused exclusively on the solution of practical problems,

without any interest in understanding the basic laws underlying the solutions. On the other hand, nonpatent publications are an expression of both the Pasteur and Bohr quadrants, where the latter houses those researchers focused only in deepening the knowledge about the phenomena under study and not paying any attention to their possible practical applications. It is interesting to note that both classes of scientific production include the Pasteur’s quadrant, where the most versatile professionals develop their activities. The results obtained are certainly interesting, and may be useful in the hands of the persons in charge of the management of the Research and Innovation potential of the Toronto Region.

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This study has developed a methodology to estimate and analyse the supply/demand of the workforce in specific occupations in the Toronto Region. Deliberately, this methodology has been designed so it can be applied to other regions in Canada. We believe it could also be applied, with some variations, to regions in the United States and possibly in other OECD countries. It would be interesting to repeat this analysis in a year or two in the Toronto Region, comparing the results against the latest 2011 census, analysing how the different variables evolved over time, verifying how many graduates found employment in the analysed occupations, and going further into questions that could not be answered at this time (e.g. Why most employers hiring engineering and science positions need to hire outside the Greater Toronto Area). Another interesting extension of this study would be to include immigration in the analysis. It would be interesting to see in which occupations newcomers contribute the most, and whether there are still cases of undersupplied skilled forces when we add those with international post-secondary education.

APPENDICES A. List of occupations studied Business & Commerce 6221. Technical sales specialists 0911. Manufacturing managers 0611. Sales, marketing and advertising managers 0012. Senior government managers and officials 0013. Senior managers - financial, communications and other business services 0014. Senior managers - health, education, social and community services and membership organizations

Sciences 2161. Mathematicians, statisticians and actuaries 2111. Physicists and astronomers 2112. Chemists 2211. Chemical technologists and technicians 2113. Geologists, geochemists and geophysicists 2114. Meteorologists 2213. Meteorological technicians 2115. Other professional occupations in physical sciences (e.g. materials scientists) 2121. Biologists and related scientists (e.g. food scientist) 2221. Biological technologists and technicians 2122. Forestry professionals 2223. Forestry technologists and technicians

Engineering 2131. Civil engineers 2231. Civil engineering technologists and technicians 2132. Mechanical engineers 2232. Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians 2133. Electrical and electronics engineers 2241. Electrical and electronics engineering technologists and technicians 2134. Chemical engineers 2141. Industrial and manufacturing engineers 2233. Industrial engineering and manufacturing technologists and technicians 2243. Industrial instrument technicians and mechanics 2142. Metallurgical and materials engineers 2143. Mining engineers 2144. Geological engineers

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

2255. Mapping and related technologists and technicians 2145. Petroleum engineers 2146. Aerospace engineers 2244. Aircraft instrument, electrical and avionics mechanics, technicians and inspectors 2148. Other professional engineers (e.g. biomedical engineer) 2274. Engineer officers, water transport

Information Technology 2147. Computer engineers (except software engineers and designers) 2171. Information systems analysts and consultants 2172. Database analysts and data administrators 2173. Software engineers and designers 2174. Computer programmers and interactive media developers 2175. Web designers and developers

Architecture & Design 2151. Architects 5241. Graphic designers and illustrating artists 5245. Patternmakers â&#x20AC;&#x201C; textile, leather and fur products 2252. Industrial designers

Health 3111. Specialist physicians 3211. Medical laboratory technologists and pathologists' assistants 3121. Optometrists 3122. Chiropractors 3123. Other professional occupations in health diagnosing and treating 3131. Pharmacists 3132. Dieticians and nutritionists 3141. Audiologists and speech-language pathologists 3142. Physiotherapists 3152. Registered nurses 3214. Respiratory therapists, clinical perfusionists and cardiopulmonary technologists 3215. Medical radiation technologists 3216. Medical sonographers 3218. Electroencephalographic and other diagnostic technologists (e.g. electroencephalograph (EEG) technologist) 3219. Other medical technologists and technicians (except dental health) (e.g. dietary technician) 3114. Veterinarians 3213. Veterinary and animal health technologists and technicians

B. Programs of study linked with each occupation, for this study Occupations in Business & Commerce Program

Degree(s)

0012. Senior government managers and officials Accounting and Information Technology

Graduate Certificate

Accounting in Canada for Internationally Trained Accountants

Graduate Certificate

Bachelor of Applied Business (E-business Supply Chain Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Financial Services Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Financial Services)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Hospitality Operations Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Human Resources Strategy and Technology)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (International Accounting and Finance)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (International Commerce and Global Development)

Bachelor

Business Degree Bridge

Graduate Certificate

Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Business Process Management

Graduate Certificate

Commerce/Business/Administration

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Financial Services Compliance Administration

Graduate Certificate

Forensic Accounting

Graduate Certificate

Green Business Management

Graduate Certificate

International Business Management

Graduate Certificate

International Project Management

Graduate Certificate

Logistics and Supply Chain Management

Graduate Certificate

Marketing Management

Graduate Certificate

Other Specialized Admin Studies

Bachelor, Master

Professional Accounting Practice

Graduate Certificate

Project Management

Graduate Certificate

Quality Assurance - Manufacturing and Management

Graduate Certificate

Research Commercialization and Innovation

Graduate Certificate

Resource Management

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Sport Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Sports Management

Graduate Certificate

6221. Technical sales specialists Advertising - Media Marketing and Sales

Graduate Certificate

Business - Sales

Diploma

Commerce/Business/Administration

Bachelor, Diploma, Master, Ph.D.

Other Specialized Admin Studies

Bachelor, Master

0013. Senior managers â&#x20AC;&#x201C; financial, communications and other business services

Accounting and Information Technology

Graduate Certificate

Accounting in Canada for Internationally Trained Accountants

Graduate Certificate

Bachelor of Applied Business (E-business Supply Chain Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Financial Services Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Financial Services)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Hospitality Operations Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Human Resources Strategy and Technology)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (International Accounting and Finance)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (International Commerce and Global Development)

Bachelor

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Program

Degree(s)

Business Degree Bridge

Graduate Certificate

Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Business Process Management

Graduate Certificate

Commerce/Business/Administration

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Enterprise Database Management

Graduate Certificate

Financial Services Compliance Administration

Graduate Certificate

Forensic Accounting

Graduate Certificate

Green Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Information Systems Security

Graduate Certificate

International Business Management

Graduate Certificate

International Project Management

Graduate Certificate

Logistics and Supply Chain Management

Graduate Certificate

Marketing Management

Graduate Certificate

Other Specialized Admin Studies

Bachelor, Master

Payroll Management

Graduate Certificate

Personal Financial Services

Graduate Certificate

Professional Accounting Practice

Graduate Certificate

Project Management

Graduate Certificate

Research Commercialization and Innovation

Graduate Certificate

Resource Management

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Small Business Administration

Graduate Certificate

Sport Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Sports Management

Graduate Certificate

Wine Business Management

Graduate Certificate

0014. Senior managers â&#x20AC;&#x201C; health, education, social and community services and membership organizations Accounting and Information Technology

Graduate Certificate

Accounting in Canada for Internationally Trained Accountants

Graduate Certificate

Bachelor of Applied Business (E-business Supply Chain Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Financial Services Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Financial Services)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Hospitality Operations Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Human Resources Strategy and Technology)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (International Accounting and Finance)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (International Commerce and Global Development)

Bachelor

Business Degree Bridge

Graduate Certificate

Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Business Process Management

Graduate Certificate

Commerce/Business/Administration

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Financial Services Compliance Administration

Graduate Certificate

Forensic Accounting

Graduate Certificate

Green Business Management

Graduate Certificate

International Business Management

Graduate Certificate

International Project Management

Graduate Certificate

Logistics and Supply Chain Management

Graduate Certificate

Marketing Management

Graduate Certificate

Program

Degree(s)

Other Specialized Admin Studies

Bachelor, Master

Payroll Management

Graduate Certificate

Personal Financial Services

Graduate Certificate

Professional Accounting Practice

Graduate Certificate

Project Management

Graduate Certificate

Research Commercialization and Innovation

Graduate Certificate

Resource Management

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Small Business Administration

Graduate Certificate

Sport Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Sports Management

Graduate Certificate

Wine Business Management

Graduate Certificate

0611. Sales, marketing and advertising managers

Accounting and Information Technology

Graduate Certificate

Accounting in Canada for Internationally Trained Accountants

Graduate Certificate

Advertising - Account Management

Graduate Certificate

Advertising - Media Copywriting

Graduate Certificate

Advertising - Media Marketing and Sales

Graduate Certificate

Bachelor of Applied Business (E-business Supply Chain Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Financial Services Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Financial Services)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Hospitality Operations Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Human Resources Strategy and Technology)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (International Accounting and Finance)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (International Commerce and Global Development)

Bachelor

Brand Management

Graduate Certificate

Business Degree Bridge

Graduate Certificate

Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Business Process Management

Graduate Certificate

Commerce/Business/Administration

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Financial Services Compliance Administration

Graduate Certificate

Forensic Accounting

Graduate Certificate

Green Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Hotel and Food Administration

Bachelor, Master

International Business Management

Graduate Certificate

International Project Management

Graduate Certificate

Logistics and Supply Chain Management

Graduate Certificate

Marketing Management

Graduate Certificate

Other Specialized Admin Studies

Bachelor, Master

Research Commercialization and Innovation

Graduate Certificate

Resource Management

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Small Business Administration

Graduate Certificate

Sport Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Sports Management

Graduate Certificate

Sports Marketing

Graduate Certificate

Strategic Relationship Marketing

Graduate Certificate

Wine Business Management

Graduate Certificate

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Program

Degree(s)

0911. Manufacturing managers Bachelor of Applied Business (Automotive Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (E-business Supply Chain Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Electronic Business)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Human Resources Strategy and Technology)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (International Accounting and Finance)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (International Commerce and Global Development)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Industrial Design)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Industrial Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Advanced Manufacturing)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Environmental Site Remediation)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Process Automation)

Bachelor

Business Degree Bridge

Graduate Certificate

Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Business Process Management

Graduate Certificate

Electrical Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Electro Mechanical Design

Graduate Certificate

Engineering Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Environmental Control

Graduate Certificate

Green Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Industrial Design

Bachelor

Industrial Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Logistics and Supply Chain Management

Graduate Certificate

Manufacturing Management

Graduate Certificate

Mechanical Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other Specialized Admin Studies

Bachelor, Master

Quality Assurance - Manufacturing and Management

Graduate Certificate

Research Commercialization and Innovation

Graduate Certificate

Resource Management

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Small Business Administration

Graduate Certificate

Sports Management

Graduate Certificate

Wine Business Management

Graduate Certificate

Occupations in Sciences Program

Degree(s)

2111. Physicists and astronomers Astronomy

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Biophysics

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

General Science

Bachelor

Other physics (atomic, chemical, electricity, magnetism, mathematical, mechanics, molecular, nuclear, optics, physical acoustics, physics of fluids, quantitative, quantum mechanics, solid state, theoretical, thermal, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2112. Chemists Biochemistry

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Chemical Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Chemistry

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Environmental Studies

Graduate Certificate

General Science

Bachelor

Other basic sciences (medical toxicology)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2113. Geologists, geochemists and geophysicists Geographic Information Systems - Cartographic Specialist

Graduate Certificate

Geography

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Geology and Related

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Mining Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Soil Science

Master, Ph.D.

2114. Meteorologists Other Meteorology

Diploma, Bachelor

2115. Other professional occupations in physical sciences

Biochemistry

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Biophysics

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Chemical Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Chemistry

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Environmental Studies

Graduate Certificate

General Science

Bachelor

Geographic Information Systems

Graduate Certificate

Geographic Information Systems - Cartographic Specialist

Graduate Certificate

Geography

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Geology and Related

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Metallurgical Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Metallurgy/Materials Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Mining Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other Meteorology

Bachelor

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Research Analyst

Graduate Certificate

Soil Science

Master, Ph.D.

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Program

Degree(s)

2121. Biologists and related scientists Anatomy

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Bachelor of Applied Technology (biotechnology)

Bachelor

Biochemistry

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Bioinformatics

Graduate Certificate

Biophysics

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Botany

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Environmental Studies

Graduate Certificate

Microbiology

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other basic sciences (medical toxicology)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other biology (programmes, majors or specializations in botany, zoology, biochemistry, biophysics, veterinary sciences)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Physiology

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Plant Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2122. Forestry professionals Forestry

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Soil Science

Master, Ph.D.

2161. Mathematicians, statisticians and actuaries Mathematics

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Mathematics/Physical Sciences

Bachelor

2211. Chemical technologists and technicians Chemical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Chemical Laboratory Technician

Diploma

Chemical Laboratory Technology

Diploma

Chemical Production Engineering Technology

Diploma

Environmental Technician

Diploma

Environmental Techniques

Certificate

Environmental Technology

Diploma

Laboratory Assistant

Certificate

2213. Meteorological technicians Other Meteorology

Diploma

2221. Biological technologists and technicians Activation Co-ordinator/Gerontology

Diploma

Bachelor of Applied Health Sciences (Athletic Therapy)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Health Sciences (Health Informatics Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Biotechnology)

Bachelor

Bio-food Technician

Diploma

Bio-food Technology

Diploma

Biomedical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Biotechnology Technician

Diploma

Biotechnology Technologist

Diploma

Environmental Biology Technology

Diploma

Laboratory Assistant

Certificate

Other biology (programmes, majors or specializations in botany, zoology, biochemistry, biophysics, veterinary sciences)

Diploma

Plant Science

Diploma

Preparatory Health Sciences

Certificate

Program

Degree(s)

2223. Forestry technologists and technicians Forest Management Technology

Diploma

Forest Recreation Technician

Diploma

Forestry Technician

Diploma

Forestry Technology

Diploma

Urban Arboriculture

Certificate

Occupations in Engineering Program

Degree(s)

2131. Civil engineers Civil Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2132. Mechanical engineers Bachelor of Applied Technology (Process Automation)

Bachelor

Electro Mechanical Design

Graduate Certificate

Engineering Science

Master, Ph.D.

Mechanical Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2133. Electrical and electronics engineers Advanced Lasers

Graduate Certificate

Electrical Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Electro Mechanical Design

Graduate Certificate

Engineering Science

Master, Ph.D.

2134. Chemical engineers Biochemistry

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Chemical Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Chemistry

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Environmental Studies

Graduate Certificate

Other basic sciences (medical toxicology)

Bachelor, Master

2141. Industrial and manufacturing engineers Bachelor of Applied Technology (Industrial Design)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Industrial Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Advanced Manufacturing)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Environmental Site Remediation)

Bachelor

Engineering Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Environmental Control

Graduate Certificate

Industrial Design

Bachelor

Industrial Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Manufacturing Management

Graduate Certificate

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2142. Metallurgical and materials engineers Engineering Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Geography

Bachelor

Metallurgical Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Metallurgy/Materials Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Program

Degree(s)

2143. Mining engineers Engineering Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Mining Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2144. Geological engineers Engineering Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Geographic Information Systems

Graduate Certificate

Geographic Information Systems - Cartographic Specialist

Graduate Certificate

Geography

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Geology and Related

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2145. Petroleum engineers Bachelor of Applied Technology (Construction and Environment Regulations and Compliance)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Construction Science and Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Environmental Site Remediation)

Bachelor

Engineering Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Geographic Information Systems

Graduate Certificate

Geology and Related

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Mining Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2146. Aerospace engineers Aeronautical/Aerospace Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Aerospace Sciences

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Flight Program)

Bachelor

2148. Other professional engineers, n.e.c. Bachelor of Applied Technology (Process Automation)

Bachelor

Electro Mechanical Design

Graduate Certificate

Engineering Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2231. Civil engineering technologists and technicians Bachelor of Applied Technology (Construction and Environment Regulations and Compliance)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Construction Science and Management)

Bachelor

Civil Engineering Technician

Diploma

Civil Engineering Technology

Diploma

Construction Engineering Technician

Diploma

Construction Engineering Technology

Diploma

Construction Techniques

Certificate

Program

Degree(s)

Engineering General

Diploma

Engineering Science

Diploma

Technology Foundations

Certificate

2232. Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians Alternative (Sustainable) Energy Engineering Technology

Diploma

Auto Body Repair Techniques

Certificate

Automation Engineering Technician

Diploma

Automation Engineering Technology

Diploma

Automation Technician

Diploma

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Process Automation)

Bachelor

Chemical Production and Power Engineering Technician

Diploma

Electromechanical Engineering Technician

Diploma

Electromechanical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Energy Audit Techniques

Certificate

Energy Systems Engineering Technician

Diploma

Energy Systems Engineering Technology

Diploma

Engineering General

Diploma

Engineering Science

Diploma

Geomatics Technician

Diploma

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Techniques

Certificate

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology

Diploma

Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Techniques

Certificate

Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technician

Diploma

Instrumentation Engineering Technician

Diploma

Instrumentation Engineering Technology

Diploma

Marine Engineering Technology

Diploma

Marine Technology - Navigation

Diploma

Mechanical Engineering

Diploma

Mechanical Engineering Technician

Diploma

Mechanical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Mechanical Engineering Technology - Tool and Machine Design

Diploma

Mechanical Technician

Diploma

Mechanical Techniques

Certificate

Motive Power Fundamentals

Certificate

Motive Power Technician

Diploma

Motive Power Techniques - Heavy Equipment

Certificate

Motive Power Techniques - Small Powered Equipment

Certificate

Stationary Engineering

Certificate

Stationary Engineering Technology

Diploma

Welding Engineering Technician

Diploma

Welding Engineering Technology

Diploma

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Program

Degree(s)

2233. Industrial engineering and manufacturing technologists and technicians Alternative (Sustainable) Energy Engineering Technology

Diploma

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Industrial Design)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Industrial Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Advanced Manufacturing)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Environmental Site Remediation)

Bachelor

Blasting Techniques

Certificate

Chemical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Chemical Production and Power Engineering Technician

Diploma

Energy Systems Engineering Technician

Diploma

Energy Systems Engineering Technology

Diploma

Engineering General

Diploma

Engineering Science

Diploma

Gas and Oil Burner Technician 2

Certificate

Gas Technician

Certificate

Gas Technician 2

Certificate

Geological Engineering Technician

Diploma

Geological Engineering Technology

Diploma

Geomatics Technician

Diploma

Heavy Equipment Operator

Certificate

Heavy Equipment Technician

Diploma

Industrial Design

Diploma

Industrial Engineering Technician

Diploma

Industrial Engineering Technology - Management

Diploma

Industrial Management

Diploma

Instrumentation Engineering Technician

Diploma

Instrumentation Engineering Technology

Diploma

Machine Shop

Certificate

Manufacturing Engineering Technician

Diploma

Manufacturing Engineering Technology

Diploma

Motive Power Fundamentals

Certificate

Motive Power Technician

Diploma

Motive Power Techniques - Heavy Equipment

Certificate

Motive Power Techniques - Small Powered Equipment

Certificate

Plastics Engineering Technology

Diploma

Stationary Engineering

Certificate

Stationary Engineering Technology

Diploma

2241. Electrical and electronics engineering technologists and technicians Alternative (Sustainable) Energy Engineering Technology

Diploma

Chemical Production and Power Engineering Technician

Diploma

Electrical Engineering

Diploma

Electrical Engineering Technician

Diploma

Electrical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Electrical Techniques

Certificate

Electromechanical Engineering Technician

Diploma

Electromechanical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Electronics Engineering Technician

Diploma 53

Program

Degree(s)

Electronics Engineering Technology

Diploma

Electronics Engineering Technology - Communications

Diploma

Energy Audit Techniques

Certificate

Energy Systems Engineering Technician

Diploma

Energy Systems Engineering Technology

Diploma

Engineering General

Diploma

Engineering Science

Diploma

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Techniques

Certificate

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology

Diploma

Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Techniques

Certificate

Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technician

Diploma

Photonics Engineering Technician

Diploma

Photonics Engineering Technology

Diploma

Powerline Technician

Diploma

Stationary Engineering

Certificate

Stationary Engineering Technology

Diploma

Technology Foundations

Certificate

2243. Industrial instrument technicians and mechanics

Alternative (Sustainable) Energy Engineering Technology

Diploma

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Industrial Design)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Industrial Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Advanced Manufacturing)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Environmental Site Remediation)

Bachelor

Blasting Techniques

Certificate

Chemical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Chemical Production and Power Engineering Technician

Diploma

Energy Systems Engineering Technician

Diploma

Energy Systems Engineering Technology

Diploma

Engineering General

Diploma

Engineering Science

Diploma

Gas and Oil Burner Technician 2

Certificate

Gas Technician

Certificate

Gas Technician 2

Certificate

Geological Engineering Technician

Diploma

Geological Engineering Technology

Diploma

Geomatics Technician

Diploma

Heavy Equipment Operator

Certificate

Heavy Equipment Technician

Diploma

Industrial Design

Diploma

Industrial Engineering Technician

Diploma

Industrial Engineering Technology - Management

Diploma

Industrial Management

Diploma

Instrumentation Engineering Technician

Diploma

Instrumentation Engineering Technology

Diploma

Machine Shop

Certificate

Manufacturing Engineering Technician

Diploma

Manufacturing Engineering Technology

Diploma

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Program

Degree(s)

Motive Power Fundamentals

Certificate

Motive Power Technician

Diploma

Motive Power Techniques - Heavy Equipment

Certificate

Motive Power Techniques - Small Powered Equipment

Certificate

Plastics Engineering Technology

Diploma

Stationary Engineering

Certificate

Stationary Engineering Technology

Diploma

2244. Aircraft instrument, electrical and avionics mechanics, technicians and inspectors Air Carrier/Airport Management Technology

Diploma

Aircraft Structural Repair Technician

Certificate

Alternative (Sustainable) Energy Engineering Technology

Diploma

Aviation Engineering Technician

Diploma

Aviation Engineering Technology

Diploma

Aviation Flight Technology

Diploma

Aviation Technician - Aircraft Maintenance

Diploma

Aviation Technician - Avionics Maintenance

Diploma

Aviation Techniques - Aircraft Maintenance

Certificate

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Flight Program)

Bachelor

Chemical Production and Power Engineering Technician

Diploma

Electrical Engineering

Diploma

Electrical Engineering Technician

Diploma

Electrical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Electrical Techniques

Certificate

Electromechanical Engineering Technician

Diploma

Electromechanical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Electronics Engineering Technician

Diploma

Electronics Engineering Technology

Diploma

Electronics Engineering Technology - Communications

Diploma

Energy Audit Techniques

Certificate

Energy Systems Engineering Technician

Diploma

Energy Systems Engineering Technology

Diploma

Engineering General

Diploma

Engineering Science

Diploma

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Techniques

Certificate

Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Techniques

Certificate

Stationary Engineering

Certificate

Technology Foundations

Certificate

2255. Mapping and related technologists and technicians Geographic Information Systems Technician

Diploma

Geographic Information Systems Technology

Diploma

Geography

Diploma

Geological Engineering Technician

Diploma

Geological Engineering Technology

Diploma

Geology and Related

Diploma

Geomatics Technician

Diploma

Program

Degree(s)

2274. Engineer officers, water transport Automation Engineering Technician

Diploma

Automation Engineering Technology

Diploma

Automation Technician

Diploma

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Process Automation)

Bachelor

Electromechanical Engineering Technician

Diploma

Electromechanical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Energy Systems Engineering Technician

Diploma

Energy Systems Engineering Technology

Diploma

Engineering General

Diploma

Engineering Science

Diploma

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology

Diploma

Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technician

Diploma

Heavy Equipment Technician

Diploma

Industrial Engineering Technician

Diploma

Industrial Engineering Technology - Management

Diploma

Instrumentation Engineering Technician

Diploma

Instrumentation Engineering Technology

Diploma

Marine Engineering Technology

Diploma

Marine Technology - Navigation

Diploma

Mechanical Engineering

Diploma

Mechanical Technician

Diploma

Motive Power Technician

Diploma

Product Innovation Technician

Diploma

Stationary Engineering Technology

Diploma

Welding Engineering Technician

Diploma

Welding Engineering Technology

Diploma

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Occupations in Information Technology Program

Degree(s)

2147. Computer engineers (except software engineers and designers) Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Telecommunication and Computer Technology)

Bachelor

Computer Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Design/Systems Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Engineering Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Geographic Information Systems

Graduate Certificate

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2171. Information systems analysts and consultants Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Computer and Communication Networking)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Information Systems Security)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Software Systems - Design, Development and Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Informatics and Security)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Telecommunication and Computer Technology)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Software Development)

Bachelor

Computer Applications Development

Graduate Certificate

Computer Programmer Analyst

Diploma

Computer Science

Diploma, Bachelor

Computer Systems Technology

Diploma

Design/Systems Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Engineering Science

Bachelor, Diploma, Master

Enterprise Database Management

Graduate Certificate

Geographic Information Systems

Graduate Certificate

Information Security Technology

Diploma

Information Systems Business Analyst

Graduate Certificate

Information Systems Security

Graduate Certificate

Internet Management

Graduate Certificate

Local Area Network Design and Administration

Graduate Certificate

Software Engineering Technician

Diploma

Software Engineering Technology

Diploma

Telecommunications Technology

Diploma

2172. Database analysts and data administrators Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Computer and Communication Networking)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Information Systems Security)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Software Systems - Design, Development and Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Informatics and Security)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Telecommunication and Computer Technology)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Software Development)

Bachelor

Program

Degree(s)

Computer Engineering Technician

Diploma

Computer Engineering Technology

Diploma

Computer Networking and Technical Support

Diploma

Computer Programmer

Diploma

Computer Programmer Analyst

Diploma

Computer Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Computer Systems Technician

Diploma

Computer Systems Technology

Diploma

Design/Systems Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Engineering General

Diploma

Engineering Science

Bachelor, Diploma, Master

Enterprise Database Management

Graduate Certificate

Geographic Information Systems

Graduate Certificate

Information Security Technology

Diploma

Information Systems Business Analyst

Graduate Certificate

Information Systems Security

Graduate Certificate

Internet Management

Graduate Certificate

Local Area Network Design and Administration

Graduate Certificate

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Software Engineering Technician

Diploma

Software Engineering Technology

Diploma

Technology of Website Development

Diploma

Website Management

Graduate Certificate

2173. Software engineers and designers

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Computer and Communication Networking)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Information Systems Security)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Software Systems - Design, Development and Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Informatics and Security)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Telecommunication and Computer Technology)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Software Development)

Bachelor

Computer Applications Development

Graduate Certificate

Computer Networking and Technical Support

Diploma

Computer Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Design/Systems Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Engineering General

Diploma

Engineering Science

Bachelor, Diploma, Master

Game Design and Development

Diploma

Game Development

Diploma

Game Programming

Diploma

Geographic Information Systems

Graduate Certificate

Geographic Information Systems Technician

Diploma

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Program

Degree(s)

Information Security Technology

Diploma

Information Systems Business Analyst

Graduate Certificate

Information Systems Security

Graduate Certificate

Internet Management

Graduate Certificate

Local Area Network Design and Administration

Graduate Certificate

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Software Engineering Technician

Diploma

Software Engineering Technology

Diploma

Technology of Website Development

Diploma

Website Management

Graduate Certificate

Wireless Telecommunications

Graduate Certificate

Wireless/Mobility Telecommunications Engineering Technician

Diploma

2174. Computer programmers and interactive media developers Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Computer and Communication Networking)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Information Systems Security)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Software Systems - Design, Development and Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Informatics and Security)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Telecommunication and Computer Technology)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Software Development)

Bachelor

Computer Animation

Graduate Certificate

Computer Applications Development

Graduate Certificate

Computer Applications Support

Certificate

Computer Engineering Technician

Diploma

Computer Engineering Technology

Diploma

Computer Foundations

Certificate

Computer Graphics

Graduate Certificate

Computer Network Security

Certificate

Computer Networking and Technical Support

Diploma

Computer Operator

Certificate

Computer Programmer

Diploma

Computer Programmer Analyst

Diploma

Computer Repair and Maintenance

Certificate

Computer Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Computer Systems Technician

Diploma

Computer Systems Technology

Diploma

Computer Technical Support

Certificate

Design/Systems Engineering

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Engineering Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Game Design and Development

Diploma

Game Development

Diploma

Game Programming

Diploma

Program

Degree(s)

Geographic Information Systems

Graduate Certificate

Geographic Information Systems - Cartographic Specialist

Graduate Certificate

Industrial Design

Bachelor, Diploma

Information Security Technology

Diploma

Information Systems Business Analyst

Graduate Certificate

Information Systems Security

Graduate Certificate

Internet Management

Graduate Certificate

Internet Website Development

Certificate

Local Area Network Design and Administration

Graduate Certificate

Microcomputer Support Services

Certificate

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Software Engineering Technician

Diploma

Software Engineering Technology

Diploma

Technology of Website Development

Diploma

Telecommunications Technology

Diploma

Website Management

Graduate Certificate

Wireless Telecommunications

Graduate Certificate

Wireless/Mobility Telecommunications Engineering Technician

Diploma

2175. Web designers and developers

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Computer and Communication Networking)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Information Systems Security)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Software Systems - Design, Development and Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Telecommunication and Computer Technology)

Bachelor

Building Systems Engineering Technician

Diploma

Computer Applications Support

Certificate

Computer Engineering Technician

Diploma

Computer Engineering Technology

Diploma

Computer Foundations

Certificate

Computer Network Security

Certificate

Computer Networking and Technical Support

Diploma

Computer Operator

Certificate

Computer Programmer

Diploma

Computer Programmer Analyst

Diploma

Computer Repair and Maintenance

Certificate

Computer Science

Diploma

Computer Systems Technician

Diploma

Computer Systems Technology

Diploma

Computer Technical Support

Certificate

Engineering General

Diploma

Engineering Science

Diploma

Internet Website Development

Certificate

Technology of Website Development

Diploma

Telecommunications Technology

Diploma

Wireless/Mobility Telecommunications Engineering Technician

Diploma

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Occupations in Architecture & Design Program

Degree(s)

2151. Architects Architecture

Bachelor, Master

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Architecture - Project and Facility Management)

Bachelor

Green Architecture

Graduate Certificate

Landscape Architecture

Bachelor, Master

2252. Industrial designers Bachelor of Applied Technology (Industrial Design)

Bachelor

Industrial Design

Bachelor, Diploma

5241. Graphic designers and illustrating artists Computer Animation

Graduate Certificate

Design/Systems Engineering

Bachelor

Game Design and Development

Diploma

Game Development

Diploma

Game Programming

Diploma

Industrial Design

Bachelor, Diploma

5245. Patternmakers â&#x20AC;&#x201C; textile, leather and fur products Industrial Design

Bachelor, Diploma

Occupations in Health Program

Degree(s)

3111. Specialist physicians Medical Specialties

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

3114. Veterinarians Animal Science

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other biology (programmes, majors or specializations in botany, zoology, biochemistry, biophysics, veterinary sciences)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Veterinary Medicine

Bachelor

Veterinary Sciences

Master, Ph.D.

Veterinary Specialties

Master

3121. Optometrists Opticianry

Diploma

Optometry

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

3122. Chiropractors Bachelor of Applied Health Sciences (Athletic Therapy)

Bachelor

Health Professions/Occupations

Bachelor

Kinesiology

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Massage Therapy

Diploma

Occupational Therapist Assistant

Diploma

Occupational Therapist Assistant/Physiotherapist Assistant (OTA/PTA)

Diploma

Other Rehabilitation

Master, Ph.D.

Physical Therapy

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Recreation - Therapeutic Assistant

Certificate

Recreation Therapy

Diploma

Respiratory Therapy

Diploma

Program

Degree(s)

3123. Other professional occupations in health diagnosing and treating Clinical Methods in Orthotics/Prosthetics

Graduate Certificate

Health Professions/Occupations

Bachelor

Immunology

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other basic sciences (medical toxicology)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other health professions and occupations (art as applied to medicine, dental hygiene)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Pathology

Master, Ph.D.

Physiology

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Toxicology

Bachelor

3131. Pharmacists Pharmacology

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Pharmacy

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

3132. Dietitians and nutritionists Diabetes Education

Graduate Certificate

Exercise Science and Lifestyle Management

Graduate Certificate

Wellness and Lifestyle Management

Graduate Certificate

3141. Audiologists and speech-language pathologists Aural/Oral Rehabilitation

Master, Ph.D.

Other health professions and occupations (art as applied to medicine, dental hygiene)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

3142. Physiotherapists Bachelor of Applied Health Sciences (Athletic Therapy)

Bachelor

Health Professions/Occupations

Bachelor

Kinesiology

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Occupational Therapy

Master

Other health professions and occupations (art as applied to medicine, dental hygiene)

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other Rehabilitation

Master, Ph.D.

Physical Therapy

Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

3152. Registered nurses

Advanced Care Paramedic

Graduate Certificate

Anesthesia Assistant

Graduate Certificate

Clinical Research

Graduate Certificate

Complementary Care

Graduate Certificate

Indigenous Community Health Approaches (Enionkwatakariteke)

Graduate Certificate

Nursing

Bachelor, Diploma, Master, Ph.D.

Orientation to Nursing in Ontario for Nurses

Graduate Certificate

Practical Nursing

Diploma

Registered Nurse - Critical Care Nursing

Graduate Certificate

Registered Nurse - Emergency Nursing

Graduate Certificate

Registered Nurse - Occupational Health Nursing

Graduate Certificate

Registered Nurse - Oncology Nursing

Graduate Certificate

Registered Nurse - Operating Room

Graduate Certificate

Registered Nurse - Perinatal Nursing

Graduate Certificate

Registered Nurse - Refresher

Graduate Certificate

Registered Practical Nurse - Administration of Medications

Graduate Certificate

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Program

Degree(s)

Registered Practical Nurse - Operating Room

Graduate Certificate

Registered Practical Nurse - Psychiatric Nursing

Graduate Certificate

3211. Medical laboratory technologists and pathologists' assistants Activation Co-ordinator/Gerontology

Diploma

Bachelor of Applied Health Sciences (Athletic Therapy)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Health Sciences (Health Informatics Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Biotechnology)

Bachelor

Bio-food Technician

Diploma

Bio-food Technology

Diploma

Biomedical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Biotechnology Technician

Diploma

Biotechnology Technologist

Diploma

Chemical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Environmental Biology Technology

Diploma

Laboratory Assistant

Certificate

Nursing

Diploma

Orientation to Nursing in Ontario for Practical Nurses

Certificate

Other biology (programmes, majors or specializations in botany, zoology, biochemistry, biophysics, veterinary sciences)

Diploma

Other health professions and occupations (art as applied to medicine, dental hygiene)

Diploma

Other Paraclinical Sciences

Diploma

Personal Support Worker

Certificate

Plant Science

Diploma

Practical Nursing

Diploma

Preparatory Health Sciences

Certificate

3213. Veterinary and animal health technologists and technicians Animal Care

Certificate

Other biology (programmes, majors or specializations in botany, zoology, biochemistry, biophysics, veterinary sciences)

Diploma

Veterinary Medicine

Diploma

Veterinary Technician

Diploma

Veterinary Technology

Diploma

3214. Respiratory therapists, clinical perfusionists and cardiopulmonary technologists Nursing

Diploma

Orientation to Nursing in Ontario for Practical Nurses

Certificate

Personal Support Worker

Certificate

Practical Nursing

Diploma

3215. Medical radiation technologists Other health professions and occupations (art as applied to medicine, dental hygiene)

Diploma

Radiation Safety

Certificate

3216. Medical sonographers Diagnostic Cardiac Sonography

Graduate Certificate

Medical Diagnostic - Ultrasonography

Graduate Certificate

Other health professions and occupations (art as applied to medicine, dental hygiene)

Diploma

Program

Degree(s)

3218. Electroencephalographic and other diagnostic technologists, n.e.c. Other health professions and occupations (art as applied to medicine, dental hygiene)

Diploma

3219. Other medical technologists and technicians (except dental health)

Activation Co-ordinator/Gerontology

Diploma

Bachelor of Applied Health Sciences (Athletic Therapy)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Health Sciences (Health Informatics Management)

Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Biotechnology)

Bachelor

Bio-food Technician

Diploma

Bio-food Technology

Diploma

Biomedical Engineering Technology

Diploma

Biotechnology Technician

Diploma

Biotechnology Technologist

Diploma

Environmental Biology Technology

Diploma

Laboratory Assistant

Certificate

Other biology (programmes, majors or specializations in botany, zoology, biochemistry, biophysics, veterinary sciences)

Diploma

Other health professions and occupations (art as applied to medicine, dental hygiene)

Diploma

Other Paraclinical Sciences

Diploma

Plant Science

Diploma

Preparatory Health Sciences

Certificate

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

END NOTES 1

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Stokes, Donald, Pasteur's Quadrant - Basic Science and Technological Innovation, Brookings Institution Press, 1997.

Jindrick, Jim, “10 Thoughts About Innovation“. In On Innovation: The Best of IEEE-USA Today’s Engineer IEEE-USA, 2007: pg. 37-38.

OECD Territorial Reviews – Toronto, Canada 2009.

2011 Deloitte Technology Fast 50. The Globe and Mail, October 19, 2011. From: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/reporton-business/small-business/sb-money/valuation/canadas-50-fastest-growing-technology-companies/article2194884/ (Accessed on October 19, 2011).

Toronto Region Research Alliance 2011. “Strategic sectors study – Phase I: Location quotients”. http://www.trra.ca/en/reports/resources/Phase1-StrategicSectors-Nov2011.pdf (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

Statistics Canada. Business Register, June 2010.

Statistics Canada, Labour Market Survey, Custom Tabulation 2011.

Statistics Canada - 2006 Census. Catalogue Number 97-559-XCB2006011. Accessed on November 17, 2011. (Occupation National Occupational Classification for Statistics 2006) Note: The numbers shown in this study are the result of aggregating the values for the following Census Metropolitan Areas: Toronto CMA, Hamilton CMA and Kitchener CMA.

The National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2006 was developed by Human Resources and Skills Development Canada in collaboration with Statistics Canada. From http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/noc/index.shtml [Accessed on January 4, 2012].

Postsecondary Finance & Information Management Branch, University Finance Unit. Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities.

Graduation data from the Toronto Region colleges was provided by Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities – Graduate Outcomes Surveys.

ERI Economic Research Institute, “The Salary Assessor® & Survey Software and Databases”, 2011, from http://www.erieri.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=Home.Methodologies&M=SA.

Toronto Region Research Alliance 2011. Research & Innovation Jobs project: Definitions and occupations of interest. http://www.trra.ca/en/about/resources/TRRAResearchandInnovationJobsProject-DefinitionsandOccupationsJuly2011.pdf (Accessed on August 10, 2011).

Personal communication with Niall Wallace – CEO, Infonaut. August 10, 2011.

Personal communication with Dave Dobbin – CEO, Mobility. October 27, 2011.

Personal communication with David Findlay – Director of Sales, Toronto Region Research Alliance. December 12, 2011.

Bay Area. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area (Accessed in August 2011).

Website of the Metropolitan Area Planning Council. http://www.mapc.org/ (Accessed in July 2011).

Population density in Greater Boston. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston (Accessed in July 2011).

Greater Helsinki. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Helsinki (Accessed in July 2011).

Israel. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel (Accessed in July 2011).

Seoul. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul (Accessed in February 2012).

Singapore. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore (Accessed in July 2011).

Sydney. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney (Accessed in July 2011).

Greater Toronto Area. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area (Accessed in January 2012).

Municipality of Waterloo. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo (Accessed in January 2012).

Wellington County. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_County,_Ontario (Accessed in January 2012).

Hamilton, Ontario. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario (Accessed in January 2012).

Zurich Metropolitan Area. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_metropolitan_area (Accessed in July 2011).

Markey HT (1975), “Special Problems in Patent Cases”. Foundation for Research Development 66, 529.

Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (2009), The 2009 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard. http://iri.jrc.es/research/scoreboard_2009.htm.

Corporate Invention Board (2010) Corporate Rankings. Available from http://www.corporateinventionboard.eu/en/corporate-rankings.

Lemley MA (2001), “Rational Ignorance at the Patent Office”. Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 95, No. 4. Available at doi:10.2139/ssrn.261400 SSRN.com.

Banta DH (2001), “Worldwide Interest in Global Access to Drugs”. Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (22): 2844–46. doi:10.1001/jama.285.22.2844. PMID 11401589.

Ferreira L (2002), “Access to Affordable HIV/AIDS Drugs: The Human Rights Obligations of Multinational Pharmaceutical Corporations”. Fordham Law Review 71 (3): 1133–79. PMID 12523370.

Schaaber J (2010), “Misguided Research”. http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/182681/index.en.shtml.

Ghafele R (2008), “Perceptions of Intellectual property: A Review”. London: Intellectual Property Institute. http://www.ip-institute.org.uk/pdfs/Perceptions%20of%20IP.pdf.

Harzing AW (2007), Publish or Perish. Available from http://www.harzing.com/pop.htm.

Website of Stanford University. http://www.stanford.edu/ (Accessed on January 9, 2012).

Website of University of California, Berkeley. http://berkeley.edu/ (Accessed on January 9, 2012).

Website of University of California, San Francisco. http://www.ucsf.edu/about/about-ucsf (Accessed on January 9, 2012).

Website of Harvard University. http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_201011_web.pdf (Accessed on January 9, 2012).

Website of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://web.mit.edu/facts/faculty.html (Accessed on January 9, 2012).

Website of Boston University. http://www.bu.edu/oir/files/2011/05/G3b-Fact-Sheet-FY2011.pdf (Accessed on January 9, 2012).

Website of University of Helsinki. http://www.helsinki.fi/inbrief/2009/basic_facts.html (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

Website of Aalto University. https://into.aalto.fi/display/enaalto/Key+Facts (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

Website of Aalto University - Key facts 2011. http://www.aalto.fi/en/about/Aalto_slides_EN_20110929.pdf (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

Electronic message from Rita Rekonen - “Policy and Foresight”, Aalto University. Received on November 9, 2012.

Website of Hanken School of Economics. http://issuu.com/hanken/docs/hanken_annual_report2010 (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

Website of Weizmann Institute of Science. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/pages/facts-and-figures (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

Website of Tel Aviv University. http://www.tau.ac.il/about-eng.html (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

Website of University of Haifa. http://www.haifa.ac.il/ (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

Website of Seoul National University. http://www.useoul.edu/about/ab0103.jsp (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

Website of Yonsei University. http://www.yonsei.ac.kr/eng/about/stats/vital/ (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

Website of Hanyang University. http://www.hanyang.ac.kr/english/ (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

Website of National University of Singapore. http://www.nus.edu.sg/aboutus/factsfigures.php (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

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Website of Singapore Management University. http://www.smu.edu.sg/ (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

Website of University of Sydney, Australia. http://sydney.edu.au/about/profile/facts_figures.shtml (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

Website of University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. http://www.uts.edu.au/ (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

Website of University of New South Wales, Australia. http://www.unsw.edu.au/about/pad/aboutfacts.html (Accessed on January 12, 2012).

Website of University of Toronto. http://www.utoronto.ca/about-uoft/quickfacts.htm (Accessed on January 12, 2012).

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Website of York University. http://www.yorku.ca/factbook/factbook.asp?Year=2010+-+2011 (Accessed on January 12, 2012).

Website of McMaster University. http://mcmaster.ca/avpira/documents/factbook/FactBook20102011.pdf (Accessed on January 12, 2012).

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Disclaimer While efforts have been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this publication, neither the authors nor TRRA make any representations or warranty, express or implied, including without limitations, as to the quality and merchantability and fitness for use of any material contained in this document. The information is provided “As Is” and TRRA cannot warrant that any of the materials posted will be accurate and up to date at any particular point in time. Proprietary information of others is used by permission and may have further use restricted as noted. References to any items supplied or manufactured by a third party does not constitute endorsement by TRRA of those items. References or links to websites belonging to entities other than TRRA are provided for informational purposes and do not constitute either implied or expressed endorsement by TRRA of the materials posted on those websites.

How to cite this report Martinez Fonte, L., Draper P., Chau, P.K., Norman, K., Yoo, N., Chan, J. Research & Innovation Jobs Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market. Report sponsored by Employment Ontario, the Government of Canada, University of Toronto and TD Bank Group. Toronto Region Research Alliance. February 2012, 72 pages. (http://www.trra.ca/RIjobs)

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market

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