G1.3.St2 by Theresa Phillips

Architecture and Social Media: Inference + Education

Shijia Chen + Theresa Phillips

Samer Akkach | Design Research | 2024

ISSUU Link: https://issuu.com/tpliis/docs/g1.3.e5_issuu

‘Perhaps the most important transformation in social, cultural, and economic life since the year 2000 has been the arrival of social media and ubiquitous surveillance culture.’

- Beatriz Colomina & Mark Wigley

Contents

Summery

Introduction

Literature Review

Argument

Architecture and Social Media (Primary)

Architecture and Social Media (Secondry)

Architectural Design Bias

Social Media Aiding Architectural Studies

Conclusion

Bibliography Checklist 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 15 16

Summery

Social media for architecture is becoming more commonplace in modern day. What we visually consume influences our opinions. Thus, the type of architectural designs we see on social media is what the public is going to assume is good architecture. We argue that algorithms used on popular platforms like Pinterest and Instagram promote aesthetics with commercial interests. As social media is being utilized more in architecture, the use of it within architectural education would help to improve further a student’s skills and understanding of the field. Social media has the potential to provide social and educational benefits.

Word Count:97

figure 1: representation of social media blending into the world and architecture (Hamza Shaikh, Drawing Attention, 2023)

Introduction

Social media is brainwashing us into believing what we visually consume is good design. Social media, introduced in the early 2000s, is primarily used for communication and viewing media content.1 The connection between social media and design is tangent as it is a great source of inspiration for many designers, especially platforms such as Instagram and Pinterest. Everyone has access to social media, and often use it for research, inspiration, and showcasing work. Through algorithms and aesthetics, the public has come to believe that the architectural designs they see on social media is what the collective public believes is considered good. There is an existing connection between architecture in social media and the field of architectural education, which has a profound impact on students in that field of study. In the process of architectural design education, social media has provided an unprecedented number of design cases and style references, and the efficiency of algorithm filtering content has made it an indispensable part of the design and education process, but it also brings major challenges. Students, like designers, are increasingly relying on social media platforms to learn about the latest design trends, getting inspiration and learning from study cases. In the process of architectural design

Anonymous, 2023, What is Social Media, article, McKinsey & Company, https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/whatis-social-media#/ accessed 3 April 2024.

education, students pay attention to visual appeal and deeper experience in architectural practice. As social media is becoming more introduced into everyday life, such as work, education, and social interactions, the idea of using it beyond the commercial benefits it provides could significantly impact the future of architecture on social media. Capitalizing on the social and educational benefits could change the way architectural design is seen by the public and its use by students (figure 2).

figure 2: the connecting components on what ‘makes’ good architecture. (Shijia, 2024)W

Are We Human?

Quoted by Beatriz Colomina and Mark Wigley, ‘Social media is the ultimate space for design, a space where design happens at high speed by an unprecedented number of people.’ Since its birth in 2000, social media has become an elite space for design, completely changing the way we communicate and collaborate. Mark mentions that social media is increasingly integrated into people’s daily lives. The number of social media applications has increased significantly to meet people’s needs as much as possible. Social media provides an efficient communication channel and continues to improve and develop with the changing times.2 The public has the opportunity to appreciate the design up close and express their opinions. This feedback also affects the designer’s creative process and results. In addition, social media has fundamentally changed our view of design principles. People are no longer concerned about how the design performs in reality, but how it is translated into social media platforms such as Instagram and Pinterest. Design has gone beyond the limitations of the small screen and extended its influence to reshape the space where people live. The profound impact of social media on the aesthetics and design intentions of architectural design has triggered important thinking and discussions on how to adapt and

innovate space to adapt to social media dynamics. Looking at the evolution of social media over the past few decades, design has developed from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, and social media has shifted from traditional design modes to creating spaces conducive to social media interaction, in turn, becoming a central theme of contemporary architectural discourse.3 In the field of education, social media has an extraordinary impact on architectural design. Education is also a way to pass on design ideas. As new generations of architects come about, they are being asked by their younger clients to create spaces that will look appealing on their social media profiles. This is also translating into architecture competitions, with consideration on how ‘Instagramable’ the winning design is. This implies that most of the publics experience of architecture will mainly come from their social media interactions. 4 The public has the opportunity to come into contact with design through social media, come into contact with professional design through education and learning, and experience a variety of design practice processes.

figure 3:Pinterest feed of an architecture student. (Shijia, Pinterest Screenshot)

figure 4: Instagram feed of a architecture student. (Shijia, Instagram Screenshot)

2. Beatriz Colomina and Mark Wigley, 2016, ‘Design in 2 Seconds’, in Are We Human? Notes on an Archaeology of Design, (Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers), 257-275.

3. Colomina and Wigley, 2016, 257-275.

4. Colomina and Wigley, 2016, 257-275.

Argument

Beatriz and Mark note that social media is the ultimate space for design, this includes the architectural field.5 Platforms such as Pinterest and Instagram are known to be some of the leading sites used for design based media content, which are often sources for inspiration by architects, students and the public in general.6 However, due to the heavy reliance of algorithms and aesthetics, in such platforms, the creation of biased opinion on what is considered to be good architectural design is being implanted into the public opinion, which are most likely to have little understanding of the workings behind architectural design process. The biased opinion does, however, contribute to the design realm as it can be utilised in architectural education and studies. Students are able to learn from the content the is being pushed by the algorithms, further developing their design skills and concept development. Utilising the popular aesthetic trends will also help students to inform and inspire their designs, learning what styles are trending and visually pleasing amongst a range of people and communities. This helps to demonstrate the idea that social media should not just be used and focused on commercial benefits but can also have significant social and educational benefits within the architectural community.

5. Colomina and Wigley, 2016, 257-275.

6. Andrew Arnold, 2018, Instagram Worthy: How Social Media Has Reshaped Our Ideas on Attractive Design, article, Forbes, https://www. forbes.com/sites/andrewarnold/2018/03/29/instagram-worthy-how-socialmedia-has-reshaped-our-ideas-on-attractive-design/?sh=401f893d4792, accessed 4 April 2024.

Architecture and Social Media (Primary)

Richard Florida pointed out that the creative industry is composed of multiple fields such as design, art, and creative works, which not only affects art or aesthetics, but also becomes a catalyst for enriching the social and cultural structure. Social media promotes the dissemination of aesthetics by providing a mass platform to share ideas, provide feedback, and initiate collaborative projects without geographical restrictions.7 This interoperability accelerates the speed of innovation of designers and the speed of dissemination of design works. Richard emphasized that it is crucial to cultivate the creativity, critical thinking and innovation capabilities of the younger generation in education.8 The author advocates integrating design thinking training into educational courses, using social media and digital tools to play their sharing and realtime roles in educational environments, and strengthening the learning process and the degree of collaboration between students and the outside world. 9 Marshall McLuhan and Gerd Leonhard believe that the communicative nature of social media can reshape humans and the way they view and understand design.10 Marshall discusses the topic that in the context of the prevalence of social media, platforms such as Instagram have greatly influenced people’s communication, interaction and perception

of each other, changing the way of sharing, breaking down the barriers of space and time, achieving global instant communication, expanding people’s social capabilities, and are no longer restricted by physical distance.11 He also mentioned in his work that people pay more attention to visual and communication effects, resulting in designs that are more inclined to the aesthetics and needs of social media characteristics.12 Richard further mentions that social media provides a platform for display, communication, and promotion for the creative industry, and promotes the dissemination and development of creativity and design. But he also believes that social media is becoming a powerful tool for displaying and promoting creative design, influencing people’s views.13 Eli Pariser said that as part of social media technology, the Internet provides users with personalized algorithms, forming a “filter bubble” that mainly displays content related to their interests. Eli believes that this leads to people’s bias, narrow information and singleness of things. Over time, this limits people’s opportunities to access different views and information, consolidates existing ideas, and weakens their views on other views.14 Gerd mentioned that technology has no morality and should not have morality, which involves the topic of algorithms.

The public has become dependent on handing over their thoughts to software and algorithms because the public believes that this is faster and more convenient, but this will lead to the manipulation of thoughts and the loss of control over what artificial intelligence expects.15

7. Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class--Revisited: Revised and Expanded (Hachette UK, 2014), 3-8.

8. Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class--Revisited: Revised and Expanded (Hachette UK, 2014), 10-15.

9. Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class--Revisited: Revised and Expanded (Hachette UK, 2014), 77-88.

10. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016), 99-114.

11. Marshall McLuhan, 2016, Understanding Media.

12. Marshall McLuhan, 2016, Understanding Media.

13. Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class--Revisited: Revised and Expanded (Hachette UK, 2014), 58.

14. Eli Pariser, 2011, The Filter Bubble: What The Internet Is Hiding From You, (New York: Penguin Press), 1st ed.

15. Gerd Leonhard, 2016, Technology Vs Humanity: The Coming Clash Between Man and Machine, (United Kingdom, Fast Future Publishing).

Architecture and Social Media (Secondry)

Ji Young Cho and Moon-Heum Cho’s article states that social media is dynamic, interactive, democratic, open, social and adaptive, and students are using these characteristics of social media to improve the efficiency of early design research.16 This is also mentioned by Man Gao, who points out that the academic field is using social media to achieve design that focuses on efficiency and novelty, supporting creativity and innovation. Cho wrote that social media is interactive and open, which can achieve collaborative tasks and collaborative learning, which can also be transferred to workspaces and design, saving time through online exploration (figure 5). Cho said that the study of social media and design in daily life is not completely separate. Social media is often used in design, which shows its connection with our daily life because design is a ubiquitous part of our learning and life.

Arvind Narayanan’s article argues that algorithms are not the enemy, but an integral part of social media, just like subscriptions and networks.17 Algorithmic recommendations are good at providing people with niche content that they are interested in.18 Arvind also said that the precise push of algorithms reinforces users’ recognition of content. Li mentioned that in design, landscape designers have a variety of design techniques, but

clients prefer designers to have their own unique design style. Li also said that in the process of forming their own design style, designers need to accumulate targeted research cases and a lot of design practice.19 Vimala Balakrishnan mentioned that students generally use social media to learn in the process of learning in various fields. The process of learning using social media is enjoyable, which enables students to transform passive education into active learning knowledge. Gan Chin Lay also mentioned that social media can promote students to become active learners. Balakrishnan said that students have high potential and enthusiasm to use these social media platforms in the academic field, and academia and higher education institutions should make reasonable use of students’ enthusiasm and encourage or implement policies that make social media a part of teaching activities. Balakrishnan wrote that social media provides many benefits, especially in enhancing communication, collaboration and sharing among users. Social media tools can enhance the interaction between lecturers and students, students and students, and students and social practitioners, and compared with traditional education systems, because they provide opportunities for connection and collaboration, they have a greater practical

impact on students’ understanding of real-time industry dynamics, beyond the book knowledge of traditional classrooms. Balakrishnan also wrote that by improving the social interaction between traditional educators and students, the level of interaction between students and the outside world during the learning process can increase their practical experience and jump out of the thinking. Thomas Rowntree expressed that architecture representation often has a 2D form of static drawings, however there are many other forms that can be used to express it. Students are taught traditional ways of architecture, using sketchbooks, tracing paper, A2 pin-ups and models to present their ideas. They are made to believe that that is the efficient and easy way. 20 Social media allows the sharing of multimedia, such as videos, audio, and animation. Thomas further explains that these forms of multimedia can bring the designs to life, allowing the public to experience the design before it is physically built.21

16. Ji Young Cho, Moon Heum Cho, 2020, Students’ use of social media in collaborative design: a case study of an advanced interior design studio, Cognition, Technology & Work, (Springer), 904. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10111-019-00597-w

17. Arvind Narayanan,2023, Understanding Social Media Recommendation Algorithms (Knight First Amendment Institute), 40, https://doi. org/10.7916/khdk-m460.

18. Arvind Narayanan,2023, Understanding Social Media Recommendation Algorithms (Knight First Amendment Institute), 40, https://doi. org/10.7916/khdk-m460.

figure 5: The role of social media in the desigtn process. (redrawn) (Ji Young Cho, Moon Heum Cho, 2020, Students’ use of social media in collaborative design)

19. Li Shujuan, Yang Bo, 2022, Social media for landscape planning and design: a review and discussion, Landscape Research, (The Landscape Research Group), 658. https://d oi.org/10.1080/01426397.2022.2060953.

20. Thomas Rowntree, 2023, Drawing Attention, Multimedia Representation, (London, RIBA Publishing), 112 - 113, 1st ed. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003351740-15

21. Thomas Rowntree, 2023, Drawing Attention, Multimedia Representation, (London, RIBA Publishing), 112 - 113, 1st ed. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003351740-15

Architectural Design Bias

We argue that there is a fabricated bias in the public view of what good architecture should look like. Architecture in social media is subjected to the influences of aesthetics and the algorithm. People’s exposure to the content on design focused platforms, such as Pinterest and Instagram, are heavily influenced by algorithms, and what popular aesthetic trends are circulating around. Algorithms are a central part of social media and the driving force behind the content we are exposed to, this is especially true when it comes to research, and work showcasing for architectural design. Algorithms work by using encoded procedures for turning input data into a desired output, according to specified calculations. It is how social media platforms recommend content to its user (figure 6).22 Additionally, social media is influenced by aesthetics, which is often utilised by a range of users and professions. People are exposed to various aesthetic styles or trends and works of architecture on social media, and architects often utilise social media to display their works. Popular aesthetic trends and design concepts spread rapidly on social media, influencing biased opinions from the people on what the definition of good architecture is.23 With the internet providing users with personalized algorithms, that creates

a ‘filter bubble’, mainly displaying content relevant to their interests, this leads to bias, narrow information, and singularity.24 A community of people come to possess a similar, if not the same ideas and opinions on the definition of good architectural design and how it should appear. As time goes on, there is a limit being created to the exposure people have with the different perspectives and information, and thus weakens their views towards other opinions, ideas, and styles. The public has begun to have a hard time thinking logically anymore, instead relying on what they are seeing on Instagram and Pinterest to formulate and inform their bias.25 ‘Pretty and popular go hand in hand’.26 The notion reflects something being aesthetic, ultimately being represented on design based social media platforms. Reflecting on this, aesthetics are present in all, current, media content and are used in tangent to represent or reflect good design. Instagram and Pinterest are often sourced for inspiration as they often cater to popular aesthetic trends. The idea of ‘Instagram worthy’ home is becoming common for younger people, admitting that they seek out décor that would look appealing on social media.27 This further translates into architecture, where many people want something that will look good on

their social media. As the public uses aesthetics to inform their choices, it solidifies the notion that there is a bias interpretation on what is good design.

22. Carlos Figueiredo and César Bolaño, 2017, Social Media and Algorithms: Configurations of the Lifeworld Colonization by New Media, ‘Introduction’, IRIE, 28-31, https://doi.org/10.29173/irie277.

23. Narimane Hadjadji, Naila Toulan, Medhat Dorram, 2023, Impact of digital architecture: The impact of digital. technology on ecological formations and its effect on determinants of identity and culture in architectural design , https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jer.2023.09.00.

24. Eli Pariser, 2011, The Filter Bubble: What The Internet Is Hiding From You, (New York: Penguin Press)., 1st ed.

25. Ziming Feng, Feng Cong, Kailong Chen, Yong Yu, 2013, ‘An Empirical Study of User Behaviors on Pinterest Social Network’, 2013 IEEE/WIC/ ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT), https://doi.org/10.1109/WIIAT.2013.57.

27. Andrew Arnold, 2018, Instagram Worthy: How Social Media Has Reshaped Our Ideas on Attractive Design, article, Forbes, https://www. forbes.com/sites/andrewarnold/2018/03/29/instagram-worthy-how-socialmedia-has-reshaped-our-ideas-on-attractive-design/?sh=401f893d4792, accessed 4 April 2024.

figure 6: The workings of the algorithm (redrawn) (Renmin University of China Information Institute, 2022)

Social Media Aiding Architectural Studies

We believe that social media should play a valuable role in architectural education and become a powerful tool for students to strengthen their architectural research. Social media provides architecture students with a wealth of architectural content, including images, videos, articles and discussion groups. This exposure enables students to explore architecture through a variety of channels for architectural style and aesthetics. At the same time, the multiple ways of obtaining learning information also expand their cognition of multi-dimensional knowledge and stimulate students’ creative thinking in architectural design. In the early stage of architectural design, background analysis such as site investigation is required.28 Students use social media research to conduct virtual field visits, obtain information through user comments and photos on the platform, and quickly understand the environment, history and cultural background of the project location.29 This efficient way of obtaining information enables students to better carry out design positioning and program optimization.30 A large amount of information can be found in a short time, and students can quickly conduct preliminary analysis after screening. It saves pre-preparation time and reserves more time for design, thereby improving efficiency.31 Social

media often uses the algorithm’s ‘filter bubble’ to filter push content according to the user’s search and browsing preferences to form a specific aesthetic mode.32 In this case, social media will create a push page related to the architecture students’ contact and browsing experience based on their past online operation experience.33 This specific push page has a design style similar to previous search results, which may limit students’ exposure to diverse architectural design concepts and styles. However, it further consolidates their cognition and recognition of specific styles, and their multi-dimensional in-depth understanding of specific architectural styles, thereby stimulating students to deeply explore and learn a certain architectural concept.34 In addition, social media promotes collaboration and knowledge sharing between students and professional designers in the field of architecture.35 Social media has a strong real-time nature and can show the latest design trends and the cutting-edge discussion process and design results of designers. Social media platforms such as Instagram and Pinterest have sufficient architectural design resources. Students can keep abreast of industry trends and communicate with designers to obtain valuable industry insights and feedback opportunities.36 It also enables students to quickly understand the

new design techniques and creative ideas on the market. Among them, the discussion and feedback with designers on social media, this collaborative learning opportunity, increases students’ practical experience in architectural professional learning and avoids the theoretical emptiness and practical derailment in architectural theory teaching. This learning model enables students to not only gain something in theory, but also accumulate experience in practical operations, laying a solid foundation for future career development.37 Social media plays an increasingly important role in architectural education. Through rich learning resources, diverse learning channels and efficient knowledge sharing, social media provides valuable learning and research tools for architecture students, enabling them to better conduct architectural design and theoretical research.

28. Ji Young Cho, Moon Heum Cho, 2020, Students’ use of social media in collaborative design: a case study of an advanced interior design studio, Cognition, Technology & Work, (Springer), 904. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10111-019-00597-w.

29. Ji Young Cho, Moon Heum Cho, 2020, Students’ use of social media in collaborative design: a case study of an advanced interior design studio, Cognition, Technology & Work, (Springer), 904. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10111-019-00597-w.

30. Ji Young Cho, Moon Heum Cho, 2020, Students’ use of social media in collaborative design: a case study of an advanced interior design studio, Cognition, Technology & Work, (Springer), 904. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10111-019-00597-w.

31. Li Shujuan, Yang Bo, 2022, Social media for landscape planning and design: a review and discussion, Landscape Research, (The Landscape Research Group), 648–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2022.20609

53.

32. Arvind Narayanan, 2023, Understanding Social Media.

33. Arvind Narayanan, 2023, Understanding Social Media.

34. Li Shujuan, Yang Bo, 2022, Social media for landscape planning and design: a review and discussion, Landscape Research, (The Landscape Research Group), 658. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2022.2060953.

35. Balakrishnan Vimala, 2017, Key determinants for intention to use social media for learning in higher education institutions, Universal Access in the Information Society, (Springer), 290. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10209-016-0457-0.

36. Vimala Balakrishnan, 2017, Key determinants for intention to use social media for learning in higher education institutions, Universal Access in the Information Society, (Springer), 296-298. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10209-016-0457-0.

37. Shujuan and Bo, 2022, Social media for landscape planning and design.

Conclusion

Social media algorithms and aesthetics shape public perceptions of good architecture creating a biased outlook. Platforms such as Pinterest and Instagram utilise algorithms to recommend content based on a user’s interaction and trends, significantly influencing a user’s view and creating a inference on architectural design. The aesthetics promoted, through these platforms, often emphasize visual appeal, sometimes highlighting superficial elements and skewing public opinion, especially among those outside the architectural profession. The idea of the ‘filter bubble’ creating a display of content based on relevant to the user’s interests is a huge contributor to the biased opinions occurring within the public opinion of what is considered to be good architecture.38 Additionally, we discuss the topic of educational benefits social media can provide for students studying architecture. Despite reinforcing certain aesthetic preferences, these platforms offer a wealth of resources that facilitate learning. Students are exposed to diverse architectural styles and innovative ideas, inspiring their projects and broadening their creative horizons. Social media fosters a collaborative and social environment where students can interact with peers and professionals, share knowledge, and

receive feedback, essential for building a sense of community and continuous learning in architecture.

Reflecting on how social media has influenced architecture, we can apply the idea of Marshall McLuhan’s ‘the medium is the message’ to understand how social media is shaping content and interactions.39 Further and future research on the benefits of social media within the world of architecture could help to understand the longterm effects is has on the industry. We believe that it will allow a better understanding of the social media-driven architectural trends on urban environments and cultural heritage, which can be great lessons for architecture students to develop themselves in the field. Additionally, social media is notorious for its use in commercial content. However, if the use of algorithms and aesthetics could be better understood, and utilised to socially connect and inform the public about the beautiful and unique designs that is architecture, a reduction in biased ideas is possible. broadening the concept of what good architecture could be, outside of the pushed content. Social media should expand its horizons. By promoting various styles and types of architectural design, the public’s views on what is excellent buildings will become wider and tolerant. Instead of just focusing on

commercial benefits, there should be further consideration for, both, social and educational benefits. As a result, social media platforms can not only become a powerful tool for displaying and promoting excellent architectural design, but also become the learning and exchange platform of architectural students and professionals, share innovative design concepts and practical experience, thereby promoting the diversity and innovation of architectural design. In short, social media has the potential to become a more comprehensive tool. In addition to bringing commercial income, it can also play an important role in the field of society and education.

38. Eli Pariser, 2011, The Filter Bubble: What The Internet Is Hiding From You, (New York: Penguin Press)., 1st ed.

39. Marshall McLuhan, 2016, Understanding Media.

Word Count: 3986

Bibliography

Anonymous, 2023, What is Social Media, article, McKinsey & Company, Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/featuredinsights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-social-media#/.

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Balakrishnan, Vimala, 2017, ‘Key determinants for intention to use social media for learning in higher education institutions’, Universal Access in the Information Society, 289-301. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10209-016-0457-0.

Cho, Ji Young, Moon Heum Cho, 2020, ‘Students’ use of social media in collaborative design: a case study of an advanced interior design studio’, Cognition, Technology & Work, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-01900597-w.

Colomina, Beatriz, and Mark Wigley, 2016, ‘Design in 2 Seconds’, Are We Human? Notes on an Archaeology of Design, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers: 257-275,

COMPAC, 2017, The Most Influential Buildings And Spaces On Social Media, The Decorative Surfaces. Available at: https://www.thedecorativesurfaces.com/en/the-mostinfluential-buildings-and-spaces-on-social-media/

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Leonhard, Gerd, 2016, Technology Vs Humanity: The Coming Clash Between Man and Machine, United Kingdom: Fast Future Publishing.

Li Shujuan, Yang Bo, 2022, ‘Social media for landscape planning and design: a review and discussion, Landscape Research’, The Landscape Research Group, 648-663. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2022.2060953.

McLuhan, Marshall, 2016, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, 1st ed, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Narimane Hadjadji, Naila Toulan, and Medhat Dorram, 2023, Impact of digital architecture: The impact of digital technology on ecological formations and its effect on determinants of identity and culture in architectural design. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jer.2023.09.00.

Pariser, Eli, 2011, The Filter Bubble: What The Internet Is Hiding From You, 1st ed., New York: Penguin Press.

[Redrawn] Renmin University of China Information Institute, 2022, Research Reporton the Development of Algorithms for Good and Personalized Recommendations, 23, Available at: http://ai.ruc.edu.cn/docs/2022-01/d69416554eef44a0bcab6e 419809f0d6.pdf.

Shaikh Hamza, 2023, Drawing Attention, image, London: RIBA Publishing.

Shijia Chen, 2024, Architecture and social media: Inference + Education, 5.

Shijia Chen, 2024, Screenshots on Instagram and Pinterest, Architecture and social media: Inference + Education, 7.

Ziming, Feng, Feng Cong, Kailong Chen, Yong Yu, 2013, ‘An Empirical Study of User Behaviors on Pinterest Social Network’, 2013 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT). Available at: https://doi. org/10.1109/WI-IAT.2013.57.

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Student 1: Shijia Chen, a1869873 Student 2: Theresa Phillips, a1801333