Trader's Dispatch - July 2024

NDSU Research Extension Center field days

The North Dakota State University Research Extension Centers’ annual field days are set. The events take place at the Research Extension Center sites across the state and feature speakers, tours and field demonstrations for farmers, ranchers, crop advisors, landowners, horticulturalists and local stakeholders.

“The agricultural research conducted at our NDSU Research Extension Centers provides research-based solutions that advance agricultural production systems in a variety of areas, including agronomy and crop production, livestock and rangeland management, precision agriculture, and valueadded activities,” says Greg Lardy, the Joe and Norma Peltier Vice President for NDSU Agriculture. “During the NDSU Field Days, our researchers showcase the work they’ve invested in developing timely, practical solutions for agriculture in North Dakota and across the region.”

Annual summer stocker/yearling tour

The stocker/yearling sector of the cattle industry offers flexibility and an opportunity for new producers to get started in the business.

Nebraska Extension beef systems team is offering a chance to learn from producers with established stocker/yearling operations July 11 during the fifth annual Summer Stocker/ Yearling Tour near Bassett, Nebraska.

“A stocker/yearling component in a cattle production

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AUCTIONS

July 9 - 23, Pate Auction Inc, Sologub Ranch Living Estate Auction, Online

A3

July 14, RLP Auctions, Vehicles, Trailers, Tractor, Tools, Hamilton MT A7

July 20, Weishaar Auction Service, Mitchel Ellison Estate & Jeff Ellison, Lemmon SD A9

Aug 3, Weaver Auctions, Butch Rice, Anaconda MT .................................. A12

Aug 24, Weaver Auctions, Fall Consignment, Drummond MT A26

Women in Ag conference scheduled for August

“Sowing Seeds for Generations” is the theme of this year’s Women in Agriculture Conference, which will be held Friday, August 2, from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the Elks Lodge, 1040 Jackson Street in Sidney, Montana.

“Past years have been very successful, and we are excited to offer another great conference,” said event organizer Carmen Draper. “This is a wonderful event for all women to learn new skills in a fun environment.”

Keynote Speaker Kaelyn Armstrong of Ogallala, Nebraska, will present “Saved By The Well.” A registered Nurse and small business owner, Armstrong will share her perspective on healing and her realization that physical needs are not always the most important part of healing a person.

Conference topics include:

Backyard Ag - Jami Theone, USDA NRCS Conservationist, a beginning farmer and specialty crop grower, will share her experiences working with producers of all sizes, crops, and backgrounds.

Pollinator Habitat on Farms, Ranches, and in our Com-

ON PAGE A2

These Dawson County 4-H’ers participated in the recent 4-H Camp. They are: (front row, left to right) Krystal Venegas-Villezcas, Lexington; and Elsie Cool, Gothenburg; (second row, left to right) Megan Walahoski, Overton; Bristol Kubert, Johnson Lake; Mckenna Reiman, Cozad; Gabby Caraway, Lexington; Bristol McConville, Lexington; Brynlee Reil, Overton; Mollie Spradlin, Cozad; Cassidy Reiman, Cozad; Kristina Burns, Cozad; Rebecca Burns, Cozad; and Maggie Venegas-Villezcas, Lexington; (back row, left to right) Samuel Venegas-Villezcas, Lexington; Grant Walahoski, Overton; Bodee Klemm, Lexington; Rylan Kubert, Johnson Lake; Meagan Lassen, Overton; Kamery Schledewitz, Sumner; Cadey Wolf, Cozad; Owen Lassen, Overton; Romeo Ramirez, Johnson Lake; Jovani Venegas, Johnson Lake; Kylee Kubert, Johnson Lake; Paige Walahoski, Overton; and Mickailee Reil, Overton. Article on page B22 of this issue.

Montana 4-H youth to exhibit at fairs across the state this summer

From the MSU News Service

Montana State University Extension invites community members from across Montana to attend local and county fairs this summer to see Montana 4-H program displays and events. Montana 4-H is the youth development program of MSU Extension, and for 4-H youth, the fair is a public opportunity to show what they have learned and to continue developing civil service and social skills while running events like concession stands, petting zoos or exhibits.

“Time spent in 4-H allows kids the opportunity to gain valuable life and work readiness skills, setting them up for a successful future,” said Montana 4-H Center for Youth Development Director Teri Antilley.

Brett Schomer, Montana 4-H program and events coordinator, said 4-H learning happens all year long, and that the opportunity to complete a project and participate at the fair lets kids celebrate accomplishments

and specialized learning, highlighting their efforts and the behind-the-scenes support of their families.

Community members are invited to fairs for 4-H exhibits and livestock sales and to learn more about the youth development program and how to participate through volunteering for events, leading a project and more.

Fairs are scheduled in Montana this sum-

MT A17

Women in Ag conference scheduled for August

munities - Rae Powers, NRCS Partner Biologist, helps spread the word about the beneficial insects across landscapes, wildlife conservation opportunities, and pollination and pest control needs.

Just Breathe - Kristen Rose, Licensed Counselor and Mental Health Practitioner with the Sidney Regional Medical Center, will help us discover the link between self-regulation and intentional living.

What Happens in a Small Town - Kim Preston, Center for Rural Affairs, services director, will share resources that help support resilient and vibrant communities.

The Odyssey of the Oviduct - T. L. Meyer, Beef Systems Extension Educator for producers in several Nebraska counties, is professionally skilled in animal husbandry, strategic planning, science, and agriculture. This features a hands-on segment beginning at 3:15 p.m.

Advance registration is $35/person and is due by July 22, 2024; late registration or pay at the door will be $45/person. For registration and more information, visit https://go.unl. edu/sidney.

The Nebraska Women in Agriculture program is committed to providing educational opportunities for all Nebraska women interested in developing management skills in every facet of agriculture. It provides leadership, learning experiences, support, and networking avenues to empower women to compete and survive in this challenging and complex industry.

NDSU Extension field days

CONTINUED FROM FRONT PAGE

The dates and locations for the field days are:

July 8 – Central Grasslands Research Extension Center – 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. CDT

July 9 – Dickinson Research Extension Center – 8 a.m. to noon MDT (agronomy tour)

July 9 – Hettinger Research Extension Center – 3 to 7 p.m. MDT

July 10 – Dickinson Research Extension Center – 8 a.m. to noon MDT (livestock tour)

July 10 – Williston Research Extension Center – 4 to 8 p.m. CDT (agronomy and horticulture tours)

July 11 – Williston Research Extension Center – 8:30 to noon CDT (irrigation tour at Nesson Valley Irrigated Site)

July 15 – Agronomy Seed Farm – 5 to 8 p.m. CDT

July 16 – Carrington Research Extension Center – 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. CDT (livestock, agronomy, organic and sustainable agriculture, and horticulture tours)

July 17 – North Central Research Extension Center – 8:30 a.m. to noon CDT

July 18 – Langdon Research Extension Center – 8:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. CDT

NDSU is an R1 research institution as defined by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education.

Montana 4-H youth to exhibit at fairs

mer at these locations on the following dates:

Baker, August 13-18

Big Timber, July 22-26

Billings, August 9-17

Boulder, August 22-25

Bozeman, July 12-21

Broadus, July 25-27

Browning, July 9-12

Butte, August 1-3

Chinook, August 8-11

Choteau, June 27-29

Circle, August 14-17

Columbus, July 14

Culbertson, August 6-9

Deer Lodge, Augist 10-18

Dillon, August 28September 2

Dodson, August 1-4

Ekalaka, August 8-11

Eureka, August 21-25

Fort Benton, August 14-18

Forsyth, July 13-21

Glasgow, August 7-10

Glendive, July 25-27

Great Falls, July 11-13

Hamilton, August 26-

September 1

Hardin, July 20-28

Harlowton, July 31-August 2

Havre, July 17-21

Helena, July 23-27

Jordan, August 8-10

Kalispell, August 13-18

Lewistown, July 23-27

Livingston, July 24-27

Lodge Pole, August 8-9

Miles City, August 21-24

Missoula, August 6-11

Plains, August 28September 1

Plentywood, July 25-27

Red Lodge, July 22-27

Ronan, July 24-27

Roundup, July 20-26

Scobey, August 1-4

Shelby, July 17-21

Sidney, July 29-August 3

Stanford, August 5-10

Superior, August 1-3

Terry, August 1-4

Townsend, July 31-August 4

Twin Bridges, August 14-18

White Sulphur Springs, July 15-19

Wibaux, August 22-25

More information about local fairs is available on many county government and fairgrounds websites. Some fairs in Montana host multiple counties and have their own website.

Montana 4-H is the largest out-of-school youth development program in the state, reaching nearly 20,000 youth in all 56 counties and seven reservations each year. Information about volunteering and supporting 4-H is available at montana.edu/extension/4h/volunteer/index.html.

WANTED TO BUY

Looking for a few Brown Swiss cows. Please call George at (406) 478-1119

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The last time a blue moon occurred on New Year’s Eve was in 1990, and the next time this happens will be in 2028.

HARRIS SWATHING

Annual summer stocker/yearling tour

CONTINUED FROM FRONT PAGE

system can improve profitability and give some options that allow for quick adjustment in drought situations,” said Hannah Smith, Nebraska Extension beef educator and one of the organizers of the event.

The annual Stocker/Yearling Tour has been popular with both beginning and established producers as it gives them an opportunity to see how other producers have incorporated the stocker/yearling component into their systems, and they can learn from their peers.

“We build in time for attendees to ask questions and discuss the practical elements of stocker/yearling management,” said Erin Laborie, Nebraska Extension Beef educator and event organizer. “We want to hear from producers about what they need to know from a research standpoint, so we can shape UNL’s priorities around that, but this kind of discussion where they learn from each other has been valuable to both attendees and tour hosts.”

This year’s tour and program are focused on the marketing aspect of yearling cattle, which was a topic that many previous attendees asked to address more in-depth.

Registration begins at 9:30 a.m. CDT outside of the Bassett Livestock Auction, 105 W. 4th Street, Bassett, Nebraska. Two local cattle operations are opening their pastures to the group to visit. Lunch will be served at Bassett Livestock Auction, followed by a producer panel to discuss the intricacies of marketing in the stocker/yearling space and how value can be captured through the various scenarios.

“We planned this to coincide with the annual Barbecue Yearling and Fall Calf sale at Bassett Livestock Auction, which is always a popular event that brings people to the area,” Smith said. “People who come to town for the sale can stay one more day and learn about options that could have major implications for the way they do business.”

The cost is $20 per person, which includes lunch. Contact the BKR Extension Office at 402-387-2213, for more information, or email hannah.greenwell@unl.edu or Erin Laborie 308-268-3105, erin.laborie@unl.edu.

2015 John Deere S670 with premium cab, AutoTrac ready, ProDrive transmission with HarvestSmart, TriStream Rotor, fine cut chopper, 600/70R28 rear, 900/60R32 front tires, side hill performance package, 4” wheel spacers, 26ft. unloading auger. Stock #88901

$195,000 (4)

#89787

2016 John Deere S680 small grain, 2WD, singles, chopper, yield monitor, lateral tilt feederhouse, Performance Plus, extra high capacity air cleaner. Stock #89787 $195,000 (12)

2015 John Deere S680 2WD, single IF 900/60R32, lateral tilt, fixed speed feeder house (without fore/aft tilt), ProDrive, Advanced PowerCast tailboard, TriStream rotor (extended wear), small wire concaves, power fold grain tank covers, 26-ft. unloading auger, premium cab, premium radio air seat, premium LED lighting and extremity lights, includes 2630 display, no receiver. Stock #88079 $194,000 (3)

2006 John Deere 9860STS level land, fixed speed feeder house, chopper, high capacity 22.5-ft. unloading auger, 800/70R38 front tires, yield monitor. Stock #90830 $50,000 (1)

2008 John Deere 9770STS with AutoTrac ready, 800R38 singles, chopper with PowerCast tailboard, 22.5-ft. unloading auger, 3 speed transmission, no CM, fixed speed feederhouse, high lift cylinders, premium cab. Stock #87014

$97,000 (14)

2004 John Deere 9760STS small grain, 2WD, singles, spreader, yield with 2004 936D draper header, pea auger. Stock #90168

$73,500 (12)

2005 John Deere 9760STS small grain, with Harvest monitor, singles, Yield Monitor, Contour Master (lateral filt feederhouse), fine cut chopper, spreader, high density lighting, 22.5-ft. unloading auger. Stock #86852 $57,500 (14)

2006 John Deere 9660STS corn/bean combine, 2WD, duals, chopper, Yield Monitor, less head. Stock #86917

$75,000 (12)

2004 John Deere 9660STS level land and fixed speed, FH high capacity, FH lift cylinders single point hydraulics, touchset controls, 300 bushel tank, extensions, chopper, 30.5-32 front and 18.4-26 rear, no GPS. Stock #86529 $55,000 (14)

2000 John Deere 9650 with fixed speed feederhouse, regular capacity lift cylinders, chaff spreader, 20-ft. unload auger, 30.5L-32 front tires, 16.9-26 rear tires. Stock #87765 $44,000 (11)

2001 John Deere 9650W level land, variable speed feederhouse, dual speed cylinder, chopper and chaff spreader, dual 20.8R38, rear 420/85R26, DAS reel, AHC Big Top tank extension, Green Star ready, yield and moisture sensors. Stock #87319

$39,500 (14)

1995 Case IH 2188 small grain, 2WD, singles, spreader, fixed feederhouse, 30.5L-32 drive tires 90%, 14.9-24 steer tires 60%, no head included. Stock #90704

$21,500 (16)

2007 Case IH 2588 small grain, 2WD, singles, chopper, header. Combine will be traded with a 1015 pickup header and a MacDon 960 30-ft. draper header with pickup reel. Stock #90773..$70,000 (12)

2018

#90342

Case IH 7240, small grain, 2WD, singles, chopper, yield monitor, Contour Master (lateral tilt feederhouse) header: Case IH/MacDon D60 40-ft. draper with transport, no GPS. Stock #90342

$225,000 (16)

2014 Claas 750 with duals, spreader, yield monitor, Contour Master with lateral tilt feederhuse, advisor package, PowerCast tailboard, power folding grain bin extension. Stock #90908..$122,500 (15)

~ ~ ~ COMBINES

2023 John Deere X9 1100 with Ulitmate cab package, Active Yield, Ultimate suspension, Signature edition, ProDrive XL transmission, Gen 4 4600 command center, DynaFlo cleaning shoe, 31ft. folding unloading auger, extra fine chopper, 650/85R38 tires with duals, VF750/65R26 rear tires. Stock #87665

$810,000 (2)

2022 John Deere X9 1100 with Signature Edition-Ultimate cab package, Active Yield with moisture sensor, ProDrive XL transmission, Dyna Flo cleaning shoe, regular wear grain handling, 31-ft. folding unloading auger, extra fine chopper, 750/65R26 rear tires, 1100/50R42 front tires, axle spacers. Stock #84935

$754,000 (1)

2021 John Deere S790 with General Wear package, premium cab with leather and premium radio, LED lighting, Combine Advisor, receiver and 4600 display, Pro Drive transmission with HarvestSmart, TriStream rotor with extended wear package, general purpose chaffer and sieve, extended wear grain handling package, power folding GT covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, PowerCast tailboard, adjustable front chaffer, 1100 LSW front tires, and 750 LSW rear tires. Stock #84963 $489,000 (1)

2023 John Deere S790 with premium cab package, Active Yield with moisture sensor, ProDrive transmission with HarvestSmart, TriStream rotor, power folding GT extensions, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, VF750/60R30 rear tires, LSW1100/4546 front singles tires. Stock #87673 $610,000 (1)

2020 John Deere S790 with Combine Advisor, Active Yield, Advanced PowerCast tailboard, premium cab with leather, ProDrive transmission, extended wear package, power folding covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, FULL guidance, LSW 1100/45R46 front tires and 750/60R30 rear tires. Stock #88139 $489,000 (1)

2018 John Deere S790 with premium cab with leather, LED lighting, SF6000 with SF1, Combine Advisor, Active Yield, ProDrive transmission with HarvestSmart, TriStream rotor, regular wear grain handling, power folding GT covers, 28-ft. unloading auger, fine cut chopper with Advanced PowerCase tailboard, large single tires. Stock #88430

$315,000 (14)

2023 John Deere S780 with Active Yield, premium technology, ProDrive transmission with HarvestSmart, TriStream rotor, regular wear grain handling, power folding covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, 750/65R26 rear tires, 520/65R42 front tires with duals, side hill performance kit. Stock #88460

$607,000 (12)

2021 John Deere S780 with Contour Master with fore/aft, premium cab with cloth seat, LED lights with extremity, Combine Advisor, Active Yield, 4600 display (no extended monitor) no receiver, TriStream rotor, power folding grain tank, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, 580/85R42 duals, 750/65R26 rear, fine cut, Advanced PowerCast tailboard, grain tank mirror, side hill performance kit. Stock #88014 $505,000 (2)

2022 John Deere S780 with 580/85R42 duals, 750/65R26 rears, Contour Master with fore/aft, Combine Advisor, Active Yield, premium advanced tailboard, power folding tank covers, 26-ft. unloading auger, 4600 display with premium 3.0 extended monitor, 6000 receiver (SF1). Stock #90371

$480,000 (14)

2021 John Deere S780 with premium cab, Active Yield, Combine Advisor, guidance, ProDrive transmission, regular wear grain handling, power folding GT covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, fine cut chopper, 750/65R26 rear tires, 520/85R42 front tires with duals, side hill performance package handling. Stock #88013

2020 John Deere S780 with no receiver, Contour Master with fore & aft, Combine Advisor, Active Yield, 580/85R42 duals, 750/65R26, TriStream rotor, Advanced PowerCast tailboard, power folding tank covers, 4600 display with AutoTrac activation, small grain windboard in shoe, standard light with extremity, 28.5-ft. unloading auger. Stock #86657

$417,500 (14)

2020 John Deere S780 with premium cab with leather, Combine Advisor, Active Yield with moisture/yield sensor, ProDrive transmission, TriStream rotor, regular wear, extended wear grain handling package, fine cut chopper with PowerCast tailboard, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, power folding GT covers, 12 inch axle spacers. Stock #87701 $365,000 (1)

$470,000 (2)

2021 John Deere S780 with premium cab, Moisture Yield sensor, Combine Advisor, Pro Drive transmission with Harvest Smart, regular wear grain handling package, fine cut chopper, 520/85R42 front tires with duals, 750/65R26 rear tires, side hill performance package, guidance, power folding GT covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, PowerCast tailboard. Stock #86522

$450,000 (12)

2021 John Deere S780 2WD, with small grain, singles, chopper, yield monitor, Contour Master (lateral tilt feeder house) PowerCast tailboard. Stock #90103

$440,000 (12)

2021 John Deere S780 with premium cab/radio, leather seat, LED lights, IF520/85R42 duals, 750/65R26 CM, fore/ aft, fixed speed TriStream rotor, small grain, all regular wear sidehill chaffer vanes, filler plates, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, power fold tops, Advanced PowerCast tailboard, Active Yield scale, Combine Advisor and Auto Maintain 4600 monitor with 3.0 ativation (AutoTrac included) no receiver or extended monitor, 48 month/1000 hour warranty until 7-27-2025. Stock #88109

$435,000 (14)

2020 John Deere S780 with premium cab, LED lights and extremity lights, SF6000, Combine Advisor, Active Yield and moisture sensor, ProDrive with HarvestSmart, TriStream Rotor with extended wear package, power folding grain tank covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, fine cut chopper with PowerCast tailboard. Stock #84957. $419,000 (1)

2020 John Deere S780 with premium cab, LED lights, SF6000 with SF1, Combine Advisor, Active Yield, ProDrive transmission with HarvestSmart, TriStream rotor, extended wear grain handling, power folding covers, 26-ft. unloading auger, 580/85R front tires with duals, 750/65R26 rear tires, fine cut chopper, side hill performance package. Stock #88009

2019 John Deere S780 with dual 580s, TriStream Rotor, Combine Advisor, Active Yield, Contour Master with fore and aft, Advanced tailboard, power folding covers, 26-ft. unloading auger, no receiver, 4600 display with activations (no extended), sidehill performance kit, Class 7 wind board in place of front chaffer extension. Stock #88015

$360,000 (2)

$415,000 (16)

2020 John Deere S780 with 520/85R42 duals, 750/65R26 rear, TriStream Rotor, Contour Master with fore/aft. Combine Advisor, Active Yield, Advanced PowerCast tailboard, power folding grain tank, 28.5-ft. auger, 4600 display with premium 3.0 activation, receiver, sidehill performance kit, regular wear grain handling, standard lights, with extremity, premium radio. Stock #90724

$415,000 (14)

2019 John Deere S780 with premium cab with leather, LED lights, AutoTrak activation, Combine Advisor, Active Yield, ProDrive transmission with HarvestSmart, TriStream Rotor, power folding covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, fine cut chopper, 12 inch axle spacers. Stock #88010 $357,500 (16)

2018 John Deere S780 with Combine Advisor, Active Yield, full guidance and warranty, 2WD, LSW 1100/45R46 singles, lateral tilt feedeerhouse with fore/ aft, fixed speed, ProDrive transmission Advanced PowerCast tailboard, TriStream rotor, (regular wear), small wire concaves, power fold grain tank covers, 26-ft. unloading auger, premium cab, XM radio, LED lights and extremity lights. Stock #88196 $327,500 (1)

$382,500 (14)

2019 John Deere S780 with lateral tilt fixed speed feederhouse, Combine Advisor, Active Yield, TriStream rotor, LED lights package, leather swivel seat, Advanced PowerCast tailboard, 28.5-ft. unload auger, power fold grain tank covers, dual 580/85R42 drive tires, 750/65R26 rear tires. Stock #85326

2019 John Deere S780 with premium cab with leather, LED lights, guidance, Combine Advisor, Active Yield, ProDrive transmission with Harvest Smart, TriStream rotor, power folding covers, 28.5-ft. unloading, fine cut chopper, 520/85R42 tires with duals, side hill performance package. Stock #85868

$382,500 (12)

2020 John Deere S780 with combine advisor, Active Yield, extended wear rotor, 2WD, LSW1100 singles, lateral tilt, fixed speed feederhouse (with fore & aft tilt), ProDrive, Advanced PowerCast tailboard, TriStream rotor (extended wear), small wire concaves, powerfold grain tank covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, premium radio, LED lighting and extremity lights. Stock #84955

$390,000 (2)

2019 John Deere S780 with premium cab, Combine Advisor, Active Yield, ProDrive transmission with HarvestSmart, TriStream rotor with extended wear package, power folding GT covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, fine cut chopper with Advanced PowerCast tailboard, 12” axle extensions, side hill performance package, large single tires. Stock #84959

$369,000 (14)

2018 John Deere S780 with regular wear package, premium cab, SF6000 receiver, Harvest Monitor, Combine Advisor, Active Yield, ProDrive with HarvestSmart, power folding GT covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, fine cut chopper with PowerCast tailboard, 12” axle spacers. Stock #88431 $295,000 (14)

2023 John Deere S770 with Command Touch feederhouse (5 speed), TriStream rotor, ProDrive transmission, Premium Visibility Select cab (non-leather), Active Yield, Combine Advisor (parts in Great Falls), 28.5-ft. unloading auger, power folding tops, premium fine cut advanced tailboard, 520/85R42 duals, 600/70R28 rear, general purpose shoe, side hill performance kit, small wire concaves. Stock #87942 $545,000 (14)

#84957

#88139

Fraser’s Oil Inc.

FSA seeking nominations for local county committees

Nominations are now being accepted for farmers and ranchers to serve on local U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Farm Service Agency (FSA) county committees. These committees make important decisions about how federal farm programs are administered locally. All nomination forms for the 2024 election must be postmarked or received in the local FSA office by August 1, 2024.

• Increased early season vigor

• Phosphorus and Zinc to drive rooting & cold start the crop.

• Zinc to help with early season hormone production, ie. Auxin for root and shoot growth.

• Convey Technology to help with early season stresses, such as cool soils and excess moisture. It also improves nutrient use efficiency.

• Other essential nutrients target at each specific crop, ie. Boron for cell wall strength; Manganese for efficient photosynthesis.

• Second chance for a starter fertilizer

• Formulations are targeted at early season root growth (more root = more efficient moisture and nutrient uptake).

• Proactive way of managing the crops nutritional requirement.

• Convey Technology helps with early season stresses such as cool soils, excess moisture, and drought. Also improves nutrient use efficiency.

• Speeds up recovery from herbicide hangover - the correct supply of nutrients helps the crop metabolize the herbicide more quickly.

• Contains novel Phosphorus nutrition, providing increased nutrient uptake and movement within the plant.

• Targeted at the reproductive phse of the plant.

• Proactive way of managing the crops utritional requirement

• Contains other essential nutrients targeted for each specific crop, ie. Boron to aid pollen tube growth, Zinc to help produce Auxin, to ensure healthy pollen tube growth.

“Serving on a Farm Service Agency county committee is your chance to ensure that other producers who share your interests, your production practices, and your perspective are represented. County committee service is a unique opportunity in the federal government for citizen stakeholders to participate in the implementation of policy and programs at the local level,” said FSA Administrator Zach Ducheneaux. “Nominations are now open, and elections will begin in November; don’t miss this chance to help FSA serve all producers.”

Elections for committee members will occur in certain Local Administrative Areas (LAA). LAAs are elective areas for FSA committees in a single county or multi-county jurisdiction and may include LAAs that are focused on an urban or suburban area.

Customers can locate their LAA through a geographic information system locator tool available at fsa.usda.gov/ elections and determine if their LAA is up for election by contacting their local FSA office.

Agricultural producers may be nominated for candidacy for the county committee if they:

Participate or cooperate in a USDA program.

Reside in the LAA that is up for election this year.

A cooperating producer is someone who has provided information about their farming or ranching operation to FSA, even if they have not applied or received program benefits. Individuals may nominate themselves or others and qualifying organizations may also nominate candidates. USDA encourages minority, women, urban and beginning farmers or ranchers to nominate, vote and hold office.

Nationwide, more than 7,700 dedicated members of the agricultural community serve on FSA county committees. The committees are made up of three to 11 members who serve three-year terms. Committee members are vital to how FSA carries out disaster recovery, conservation, commodity and price support programs, as well as making decisions on county office employment and other agricultural issues.

Urban and Suburban County Committees

The 2018 Farm Bill directed USDA to form urban county committees and make other advancements related to urban agriculture, including the establishment of the Office of Urban Agriculture and Innovative Production. FSA established county committees specifically focused on urban agriculture that work to encourage and promote urban, indoor and other emerging agricultural production practices. Additionally, the county committees may address food access, community engagement, support of local activities to promote and encourage community compost and food waste reduction.

Urban committee members are nominated and elected to serve by local urban producers in the same jurisdiction. Urban county committee members provide outreach to ensure urban producers understand USDA programs, serve as the voice of other urban producers and assist in program implementation that support the needs of the growing urban community.

The 27 cities with urban county committees are listed at fsa.usda.gov/elections and farmers.gov/urban. Of these, ten urban county committees will hold an inaugural election this cycle.

More Information

Producers should contact their local FSA office today to register and find out how to get involved in their county’s election, including if their LAA is up for election this year. To be considered, a producer must be registered and sign an FSA-669A nomination form. This form and other information about FSA county committee elections are available at fsa.usda.gov/elections.

All nomination forms for the 2024 election must be postmarked or received in the local USDA Service Center by the August1, 2024, deadline. Election ballots will be mailed to eligible voters in November 2024.

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Penicillin, which only entered medical trial stages in the early 1940s, became so precious during World War II that it was regularly extracted from the urine of soldiers who had been treated with it - and resued.

Branding Your Mark on Cut Bank, MT

Howdy, my name is Olivia Bradley. I would like to tell you a little bit about my 4-H leadership project. During the 2024 Lewis & Clark Festival Days, you will have the opportunity to put your stamp on Cut Bank, MT. A branding party will be held at the old Gamble’s Building on Saturday, July 27. Irons will be provided, however, you may also bring your own. For only $30, you are guaranteed a block with your brand.

You can fill your purchased block with a brand, three symbol pattern, initials, etc. The funds raised will be split between the Montana 4-H Foundation & future projects focused on the revitalization of Cut Bank. The Montana 4-H Foundation is a non-profit corporation supporting 4-H kids across Montana. There are only 60 blocks available so get yours while the getting is good!

Email:_________________________________

# brand blocks purchased__________________

Total Amount Due: $______________________

Please make checks payable to: Glacier County 4-H Council

Brand spot will be approximately 1’x1’ so a calf brand is recommended. Please draw on a sheet of paper and send along with form.

Hollywood physics

You’ve seen these things happen in the movies, but can you tell the science from the fiction?

Fiction: After falling off a cliff, a car will burst into flames on impact.

Science: A car will only burst into flames if the gas tank is severely damaged, the gasoline has been vaporized, and there is a source of ignition…like a lit match.

Fiction: Stray bullets give off a spark or a flash of light when they strike a surface.

Science: Most handgun bullets are made of copper lead or lead alloys, which don’t spark when they strike a surface, even if the surface is made of steel.

Fiction: Automatic weapons can fire off thousands of rounds for several minutes at a time without being reloaded.

Science: It’s true that automatic weapons can fire off thousands of bullets–but only for a few seconds at a time. Sustaining a ten-minute gun battle would not only require tens of thousands of bullets, it would also overheat the guns and cause them to malfunction.

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Central Ag Research Center aims to help Montana crops thrive

By Reagan Cotton, MSU News Service

The U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates that in 2023, nearly 5.3 million acres of wheat, 1.2 million acres of barley and more than 1 million acres of pulse crops were planted in Montana. At Montana State University’s Central Agricultural Research Center, scientists are aiming to maximize the yield and profit that come from that acreage, with a focus on central Montana.

The research center, located just outside Moccasin, is the second largest of the seven facilities in MSU’s Department of Research Centers at around 600 acres. Part of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, it is the only center that focuses specifically on dryland research with no external irrigation systems, hosting around 60 experiments each year focused on soil health, crop rotations, organic systems and more.

Serving six Montana counties that total nearly 17,000 square miles, the 11-person staff at CARC has no shortage of inquiries to investigate. With input from area producers and guided by a farmer-led advisory council, the center has developed a diverse research program designed to make agriculture in the region as profitable and sustainable as possible in the unique geography and climate of central Montana.

“The shallow soils and their inability to hold much water make the CARC and central Montana one of the more challenging places to grow dryland crops successfully,” said Pat Carr, superintendent at the center.

Some of the programs at CARC are perennial, such as variety trials of different lines of wheat, barley and other crops to gauge how they perform under varying conditions and management practices. Scientists evaluate varieties for yield performance when exposed to harsh conditions, drought or pests and update data annually to help farmers make informed decisions when selecting which varieties to plant.

Other research projects delve more deeply into the minutiae of cropping systems. One such project of Carr’s concluded in 2023 after six years of data collection. His team planned several crop rotations that included barley, peas, canola, lentils and spring wheat, gauging the impacts of those rotations on hard red winter wheat that followed. Ultimately, they found that planting wheat after a rotation of lentils led to improved grain yield. That effect also went in reverse, with lentils planted after spring wheat showing signs of higher yield. Because different types of rotational crops can favorably impact nutrients like nitrogen and help hold more moisture in agricultural soil, these types of rotations can be an effective approach for growers, especially those in non-irrigated systems or in areas with frequent droughts.

“Farm Service Agency data indicate that there were over 239,000 acres of wheat in Judith Basin, Cascade, Chouteau, Fergus, Meagher and Wheatland counties in 2019,” said Carr. “If we assume conservatively that 20% of that wheat was grown following a previous wheat crop, then an additional 191,000 to 230,000 bushels of wheat would have been produced in those five counties if wheat had been grown following lentils. That translates to around $1 million in additional income generation for central Montana farmers.”

As MSU’s research centers expand explorations into precision agriculture, scientists at CARC are also examining plant-microbe interactions to gauge how efficiently crops can use inputs such as fertilizers or other supplements. Associate professor Jed Eberly has been studying agronomy and microbiology at CARC for more than seven years, with current projects focused on identifying the genetic tools barley plants use to efficiently absorb nutrients and tolerate stresses such as drought.

“Current gains in crop productivity through breeding are insufficient to meet future food demand,” said Eberly. “Reduced inputs are also required to increase sustainability of agroecosystems. Our work seeks to understand the effect of genetic and environmental interactions on the microbial community associated with barley roots.”

Eberly’s team has identified beneficial microorganisms and the genetic pathways that plants use to collect and process those microorganisms. With this knowledge, Eberly said, plant breeders have additional variables that they can target when developing new varieties, which they hope will result in future crop lines that are naturally better at absorbing those important micronutrients.

For Carr, who received his doctorate from MSU and has CONTINUED ON PAGE A9

Central Ag Research Center aims to help Montana crops thrive

been the superintendent at CARC since 2016, the mission of the research centers is driven by not only advisory councils but, critically, by members of the local agricultural community who provide input and ask questions, guiding research projects based on their local needs.

“My wife and I jumped at the chance to return to Montana so we could be a part of MSU’s mission of serving the state’s farming and ranching communities,” he said. “Working at the center places me and others at MSU research centers in the rural communities that we should be serving. Our proximity to farmers and ranchers can help direct us to the research that we should be doing.”

Engaging with the nearby communities takes many forms, from the center’s annual winter research roundup to collaborations with county MSU Extension offices to disseminate new knowledge and host educational sessions. CARC will host its annual summer field day as part of the larger MAES field day series on Wednesday, June 26 at 8:30 a.m. at the center in Moccasin. All field day events are free and open to the public, including a meal, facility tours and presentations on ongoing research projects.

By the skin of one’s teeth

Meaning: By an extremely narrow margin; just barely

Origin: “A literal translation of a biblical phrase from Latin. The biblical source is the passage where Job is complaining about how illness has ravaged his body: ‘My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.’ The point is that Job is so sick that there’s nothing left to his body. The passage is rendered differently in other translations; the Douay Bible, or example – an English translation of the Vulgate (St. Jerome’s fourthcentury translation) – gives: ‘My bone hath cleaved to my skin, and nothing but lips are left about my teeth.’ The phrase first appeared in Engish in mid-16th-century translation of the bible. It did not become common until the 19th century.” #####

Hope is itself a species of happiness, and, perhaps, the chief happiness which this world affords. – Samuel Johnson

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‘Pretty flowers’ out of place in range and pasture

By Aaron Berger, Nebraska Extension beef systems educator

Late May and June are the months when we frequently see both native and non-native forbs begin to flower in range and pasture. This is a good time of the year to be on the alert and look out for these “pretty flowers” and for other plants that you may not recognize. Seeing something you haven’t seen before? Go check it out. Those “pretty flowers” or plants you don’t recognize may be a plant that is an invasive species. Early detection and rapid response are critical to helping to keep noxious weeds at bay. By identifying and dealing with invasive species when they are few, the cost and impact of their presence can be minimized.

Some common invasive species that are flowering or soon will be this time of year include: Leafy spurge, dalmatian toad flax, field bindweed, Canada thistle, scotch thistle, bull thistle, musk thistle, spotted and diffuse knapweed, as well as common mullein. Other species such as absinth wormwood and sericea lespedeza are invasive species that don’t have big and robust brightly colored flowers but are also ones to be on the lookout for. Preventing noxious weeds from going to seed is important for reducing seed spread. If the plant is already in the flowering stage, cutting off seed heads prior to killing the plant will help to eliminate seed spread. Bagging and properly disposing of seed heads avoids the potential that viable seeds on plants can spread.

Have questions about the plant you are seeing? Nebraska Extension has Educators and Specialists who can help you identify that plant. Bring in a plant or send a picture, and we will work with you to identify if that “pretty flower” belongs to a native plant that you can enjoy or if it is something you need to control. The Nebraska Weed Control Association website https://neweed.org/ is an excellent resource on noxious weeds in Nebraska. If you are looking for herbicide options to control invasive species, the Nebraska Extension 2024 Guide to Weed Management is an excellent reference guide.

Using cell phones on airplanes

Myth: Using cell phones on airplanes isn’t allowed because the signal can scramble navigational and communications systems and could cause the plane to crash.

Truth: The Federal Aviation Administration didn’t ban cell phones on airplanes – the Federal Aviation administration did. When you make a cell phone call from the ground, the signal bounces around from available cell tower to available cell tower. If everyone on the same airplane made a phone call at the same time at the same high altitude and speed, the signals would have to bounce too quickly from tower to tower, jamming and clogging cell networks (and making it difficult for service provider to track – and bill for – the calls).

The beauty of the Bull Thistle is misleading, as the plant is a noxious weed. Photo by Chabella Guzman

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2023 John Deere 8R 340 Signature Edition, IVT with RHR, ILS, full GPS, 6 SCVs, 380/90R54 rear tires with duals, 380/80R38 front tires with duals, 270 hours. 6 year/4000 hour extended PowrGard Warranty. Stock #90254 $455,000

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2023 John Deere 8R 310 MFWD, IVT, air seat, cab suspension, right hand reverser, 60 gallon per minute hydraulic pump, 6 SCVs, 480/80R 50 rear duals, 420/85R 34 front duals, 22 front weights, 1500 lb. rear weights, 411 hours. PowrQuad Warranty till 3-2029 or 4000 hours. Stock #89857. $435,000

2022 John Deere 8R 310 IVT with RHR, ILS, full GPS, 6 SCVs, 480/80R50 rear tires with duals, 420/85R34 front tire with duals, 825 hours. 6 year/4000 hour extended PowrGard Warranty. Stock #90255.

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2021 John Deere 8R 230 Signature Edition, IVT with RHR, ILS, 6 SCVs, 380/90R54 duals, 320/80R42 front singles, full GPS, 1023 hours. Extended warranty till 7-2027. Stock #90440...$290,000

2021 John Deere 8R 230 Signature Edition, IVT with RHR, ILS, 6 SCVs, 380/90R54 duals, 320/89R42 front singles, full GPS, 1350 hours. Extended warranty till 7-2027. Stock #90441...$285,000

2022 John Deere 6R 230 premium cab with cab suspension, IVT, TLS MFWD, 480/80R50 rear tires with dual, 480/70R34 fronts, 5 SCVs, AutoTrac activation, 550 hours. Stock #90248 $270,000

2022 John Deere 6R 195 premium cab with cab suspension, IVT, TLS MFWD, 480/80R50 rear tires with dual, 480/70R34 fronts, 5 SCVs, AutoTrac activation. 753 hours. Stock #90247 $276,000

2017 John Deere 8245R IVT with RHR, ILS, 6 SCVs, 480/80R50 dual rears, 420/85R34 front dual, full GPS, 3200 hours........$210,000

2014 John Deere 8245R IVT with RHR, ILS, 5 SCVs, 480/80R50 dual rears, 420/85R34 front singles, full GPS, 5000 hours..........$175,000

2014 John Deere 8345R IVT with RHR, ILS, 5 SCVs, 480/80R50 dual rears, 420/85R34 front singles, full GPS, 6000 hours..........$222,500

2012 John Deere 8235R IVT with RHR, ILS, 6 SCVs, 480/80R50 dual rears, 420/85R34 front singles, full GPS, 4500 hours..........

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2022 John Deere 6175M PowrQuad Plus, 20 speed, AutoTrac ready, 640R loader with grapple. Extended warranty 7/2029 $199,000 (4) 2023 John Deere 6155M cab, MFWD, 20 speed PowrQuad with left hand reverser, AutoTrac Ready less receiver and display, 3 SCVs, 640R loader & grapple, (2) 450# weights each side & ballast, TLS approximately 500 hours. PowerGard Warranty till 5-2029 or 4000 hours

$205,000 (3) 2023 John Deere 6155M cab, MFWD, 20 speed PowrQuad with left hand reverser, AutoTrac Ready less receiver and display, 3 SCVs, Panarama roof, 640R loader & grapple, (2) 450# weights each side & ballast, approximately 500 hours. PowerGard Warranty till 7-2029 or 4000 hours

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2023 John Deere 6145M cab tractor, MFWD, PowrQuad Plus 24 speed with left hand reverser, 3 SCVs, AutoTrac Ready less receiver & display, 640R self leveling loader & grapple, 2-450# rear weights, ballast in rear tire, 102 hours. PowerGard Warranty till 6-2029 or 4000 hours. Stock #89862.

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2022 John Deere 5090E cab, MFWD, 24/12 transmission with left hand reverser, air seat, 3 rear SCVs, 520M mechanical self leveling loader. Stock #88004. PowerGard Warranty till 10-2028 or 3500 hours

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2022 John Deere 5090E cab, MFWD, 24/12 transmission with left hand reverser, loader ready, air seat, 3 rear SCVs, approximately 400 hours. Stock #88003. PowerGard Warranty till 10-2028 or 3500 hours

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2019 John Deere 8345R 2000 hours, IVT transmission, ILS, full GPS, 6 SCVs, front duals 480/70R34, rear duals 480/80R50. Stock #88843

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2005 John Deere 6715 cab, MFWD, 16 speed PowrQuad, left hand reverser, 3 SCVs, front tires 320/90/42, rear tires 320/90/54, 3789 hours. Stock #87936.

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2011 John Deere 5075E OS, MFWD, 75 hp, 4200 hours, 2 SCVs. Stock #04249.

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“Laying it down since 1990”

Farmers urged to follow safety tips on hot days

Summer’s hottest days are likely still ahead in Kansas, but Tawnie Larson knows that “farm and ranch work won’t stop during hot weather.”

So, Larson -- a project consultant in Kansas State University’s Carl and Melinda Helwig Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering – is putting in some sound advice for farmers this summer.

“Wear lightweight, long-sleeved, light-colored clothing, or a cooling vest and take short, frequent breaks in a shaded or cool area to stay cool while working outdoors,” Larson said.

She said that technical cooling vests “are essentially like wearing air conditioning.”

“The vests use specialized fabric and fibers to circulate cooling products to keep body temperatures low during hot days,” she said.

Larson also suggests using equipment with a canopy, such as a Rollover Protection Structure, known as ROPS, with a sunshade.

“Usually, the ROPS with canopies cannot be folded down, which in turn provides more safety for operators because the ROPS is always activated,” Larson said. “Equipment that has an enclosed cab often times comes with air conditioning and has a built-in ROPS. Both of these options provide safety from rollovers and can help prevent heat-related illness.”

Larson notes that each individual reacts to hot days differently, so it’s important to listen to your body. “Take frequent breaks and stay inside during the hottest part of the day,” she said.

According to the Kansas Mesonet, the hottest part of the day in Kansas is between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends drinking 1 cup of water every 15-20 minutes, and before becoming thirsty. The CDC also recommends keeping sugary and alcoholic drinks to a minimum. Replace salt and minerals with snacks or a sports drink.

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Heat stroke symptoms include high body temperature; hot, dry, red or damp skin; fast, strong pulse; headache; dizziness; nausea; confusion; and lack of consciousness. Larson said that if a person is suffering from heat stroke: Call 9-1-1 immediately.

Move the person to a cooler place.

Lower the person’s temperature with cooler clothes. Do not give the person anything to drink.

“Heat exhaustion is different and usually not as serious,” Larson said, noting that symptoms of exhaustion may include heavy sweating; cold, pale and clammy skin; fast, weak pulse; nausea; tiredness; headache; and fainting.

“If this occurs, take action by moving to a cool place, loosen clothing, get cool, sip water and seek medical attention if symptoms last longer than an hour or get worse,” Larson said.

Leafy spurge control

By Ben Beckman, UNL

Yellow-green patches in a pasture might look pretty for the uninitiated, but the tell-tale bloom of leafy spurge is not a spring sight many of us want to see.

While there are many plants livestock producers may consider pasture weeds, one that is held in particular dislike is leafy spurge. Besides being on the Nebraska noxious weed list and requiring control, this hardy perennial spreads aggressively through seeds and root buds. With an extensive root system that can reach depths up to 15 ft., once established spurge is hard to control.

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While biological and cultural control methods may provide some reduction in growth and seed production, those wanting complete control might consider an herbicide treatment as the best option.

Multiple chemicals have action on spurge, however for spring treatments, control at bud or true flower stage is recommended. Options for application at the bud stage are 2,4-D ester (4L), Graslan L®, Tordon 22K®, or Picloram 22K. If applying a bit later at flower stage options include Curtail®/Cody®/Stinger®, Streamline®, an Overdrive® + Tordon 22K® mix, or a Sharpen® + Plateau® mix.

Unfortunately, a single treatment will not control spurge, so continued monitoring and retreatment is necessary. An effective strategy is pairing spring applications that prevent seed production with a fall treatment to control new growth.

Leafy Spurge can easily take over a pasture, but with vigilance and regular treatment, control can be achieved.

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Economic considerations for dairy herds with HPIA

The Wyoming Department of Agriculture announced on June 7 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been detected in one of Wyoming’s dairy herds. Wyoming marks the twelfth state with a reported case of the virus since the first confirmed case in March 2024. HPAI has now been detected in more than 80 herds nationwide.

According to the FDA, CDC and USDA, the threat of the disease in humans remains low, and consuming pasteurized milk and properly cooked meat is safe. However, the economic impact of the disease in dairy herds can be significant.

Wyoming State Veterinarian Hallie Hasel says, “The primary concern with this diagnosis (HPAI) is on-dairy production losses, as the disease has been associated with decreased milk production.” The immediate reduction in milk production has negative consequences for the farm’s revenue.

Economic estimates from Michigan State University Extension provide insight from a dairy producer in Michigan whose herd was infected with HPAI. Daily milk production decreased about 5 pounds during the first nine days of infection. By day 12 of the infection, each cow was producing about 21 pounds less than average. This equates to approximately $4.31 in losses for each animal daily, assuming a milk price of $20.50 per hundred weight. The MSU Extension report can be found at www.bit.ly/hpai-report.

Supportive measures, such as buying medical supplies and increased labor costs due to sanitation and treatment of infected animals, add to the economic impact of HPAI. The Michigan producer estimates total losses for his 500 head dairy operation were between $30,000–$40,000 during the first 15 days of the infection. The long-term effects of the disease in terms of production and culling remain unknown.

The detection of HPAI in a Wyoming dairy herd is an economic challenge to the state’s dairy industry. The immediate decrease in production for infected herds directly affects farm revenue. Additional expenses for labor, medical supplies and sanitation measures further strain the financial stability of affected farms. As the situation evolves, understanding and mitigating the long-term effects of HPAI on dairy production and herd management will be critical for dairy producers’ bottom lines.

Biosecurity recommendations on avoiding HPAI infections are available through the American Association of Bovine Practitioners and can be found at the following link: https://bit.ly/hpai-recs. For more information about the Wyoming outbreak, read the following report from the Wyoming Department of Agriculture at www.bit.ly/wy-hpai. Contact your local Extension office or UW livestock production and marketing specialist Rob Ziegler at rziegle3@uwyo.edu for questions.

A multitasking shrub and grow your own tea

By Catherine Wissner, retired University of Wyoming Laramie County Extension

Horticulturist. New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus) a named earned during the American Revolution when its leaves were used as a substitute for imported tea. Its white lilac like flowers are pleasantly fragrant and nectar rich. It starts blooming in late June and can bloom for a month, do water more during this bloom time. Gently pick a few leaves when the plant is in flower. Dry them throughly in a protected shady area, try to leave them whole. Once dry use them like any other loose tea leaves. The leaves have no caffeine, as a result they have a mild semi sweet flavor. Leave the berries for the birds as they are not necessary edible.

This small compact shrub grows 2 to 3 feet tall and as wide. Hardy to minus 30 or USDA zone 3, tolerates a wide range of soils, but not clay. The leaves are a dark glossy green. Plant two to three of them together for a mid-summer beautifully blooming and attractive hedge. It develops a deep tap root making for a drought tolerant plant but will not tolerate being moved. Ceanothus likes a well-drained soil, sun to part shade and regular watering to get started. It is a long-lived plant, but slow to grow and mature.

Butterflies and various pollinators love this early summer blooming plant. It is a host shrub to numerous butterflies, look for Swallowtail, Checkerspot, Skippers, Painted ladies and many others. Deer do not like this plant and will leave it alone.

FARM EQUIPMENT

Know your flowers, know your pollinators

By Kaaren Grimminger, Nebraska Extension Master Gardener

Ralph Waldo Emerson said, “Earth laughs in flowers.” Most of us want beauty around us that’s why we have plants in our homes and around our homes. We also want shrubs flowers trees for our birds, butterflies, and for our wildlife. The Nebraska Panhandle is “short grass prairie.” This swath extends from Texas up to Canada. This means we’re the type of prairie that might have one or two months of drought in the summers and our area can have tornadoes, hailstorms, and blizzards all in the same year. East of the Panhandle, there is more rain and, therefore, taller grass.

When considering plants, it is best to buy plants “native” to the Panhandle. The “natives’ are used to our soil and they’re used to the pests here. In other words, these plants know how to survive and survive well in the Panhandle. And speaking of “native”, this spring has been beneficial for thistles. There are native thistles and non-native thistles. The non-native are considered “noxious” which means they can be invasive and directly harmful to humans, to livestock and to wildlife. More on thistles later.

Some of the non-native thistles are Plumless Thistle, Canada Thistle, and Musk Thistle. Since the property owner is responsible for noxious weeds, you don’t want them on your property. Thistles and other noxious weeds can bring legal notices from the city. It often takes “elbow grease” to get rid of the thistles. They can grow so tall and so fast in the spring. On the other hand, native thistles, like Platte, Flodman’s yellow spine, and wavyleaf can be beneficial to wildlife and to pollinators.

We all want to get rid of pests that plague our plants. You know, the pests that eat the produce or spread disease or fungus. that harms the plant. But that’s not necessarily so! Now we know some of those ‘pests’ are pollinators somewhere in their lifecycle. There is even a fly that looks like a bee. These ‘hoverflies look like small bees and hover over plants like bees. One difference is there’s no space between the eyes. We want our plants, but we also want our pollinators. What do we do?

To protect those pests that are pollinators at some point in their lifecycle and still protect your plants, you might isolate one plant that’s been attacked and ‘sacrifice’ it to the pest. An example of a pest that also has a pollinator form in its lifecycle, we can look at the tomato hornworm. It’s ugly, and it is voracious. It is the caterpillar of the Hummingbird Moth, it’s called that because It flies rapidly like a Hummingbird and pollinates like a Hummingbird. And I thought a pest was a pest.

Poisonous pasture plants

By Jerry Volesky, UNL

While poisonous plants are generally not as problematic in Nebraska compared to other western states, they can exact their toll on livestock enterprises, and many times the losses are unrecognized.

There are 17 species listed as primary toxic plants that can be found in Nebraska. Toxic plants contain or produce substances injurious or lethal to animals. The amount of plant material consumed by the grazing animal before death or poisoning symptoms appear, does vary by species. Poisoning symptoms will vary depending on the toxic compound in the plant, but may include difficulty breathing, excess salivation, nervousness, or staggering. Many poisonous plants are avoided by the animal, but a scarcity of forage, such as under drought conditions may lead to a situation where they are consumed.

There are some species, such as prairie larkspur, where grazing animals may select for them when they are flowering (mid-June to early July). Other relatively common poisonous plants in central and western Nebraska include Riddell groundsel, Lambert crazyweed, wooly locoweed, and chokecherry.

Poison hemlock and spotted water hemlock are common statewide. These two species prefer moist areas in pastures, creek banks, ditches, and disturbed sites.

If you suspect a poisonous plant problem in your pastures, be sure to get a positive identification of the plant. When control or removal of the plants is not possible, it may be best to move livestock to a different pasture.

Nebraska Extension does have a great resource called Nebraska Plants Toxic to Livestock (EC3037) https://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec3037.pdf that can be found online or obtained through your local Extension office.

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Pick Blueberries Day

This holiday is always celebrated on July 10th

What a beautiful summer day. There’s no place you’d rather be, than out in a sunny field picking your favorite fruit. The blueberry harvest begins in early to mid-July.

Native to North America, blueberries are delicious, healthy, and nutritious. Over 90% of all blueberries are grown in North America. The U.S. is the world’s largest producer. In 2021, the U.S. harvested a total of 660 million pounds of cultivated and wild blueberries. North American natives called them “Star Berries’, as the blossom end has five points resembling a star. From a health standpoint, everyone should eat plenty of these plump, blue fruits. They contain the highest level of antioxidants of all fruits and vegetables. They are high in fiber, too. These little berries can have a huge, positive impact on your health. Medicinal benefits include improved memory and brain health, fights or helps to control, Alzheimer’s, and certain cancers, promote heart health, and much more.

LIVE: Saturday, July 27 - 1:00 pm Lunch: 11:00 am Red Lodge Fairgrounds If a buyer can’t make it we have proxy bidding availableJust contact the extension office at 406-962-3522 to set it up.

Wool: A natural bioenhancement for gardens

By Jaelyn Whaley, SDSU Extension Sheep Field Specialist

Wool (yes, the fiber grown by sheep) has been seeing increased use in gardens due to the numerous soil and plant benefits. This renewable, natural fiber can be used as mulch right off sheep or integrated into the soil as wool pellets. Given the slowed wool market, there are sheep producers looking to get rid of waste wool at an affordable price. Whether growing flowers or vegetables in a large garden or small planters, wool serves as a sustainable option for helping your plants thrive. Below are three benefits of wool for your garden.

Wool provides natural nitrogen.

Natural constituents of wool include sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, and mostly nitrogen. Many times, fertilizer is applied to provide nitrogen to the soil to boost plant yields. Wool pellets can provide about 9% nitrogen. When compared to commercial fertilizer, wool pellets generate the same or greater vegetable yields. Studies have even seen 58 to 69% larger tomatoes when fertilized with wool compared to no fertilizer (Bradshaw and Hagen, 2022).

Wool increases soil water holding capacity.

Wool is like a sponge and can hold 20 to 30 times its weight in water. It then releases it slowly into the soil. In potted plants in particular, wool increases water use efficiency by decreasing evaporation and increasing transpiration (Juhos, et al., 2023). Mixing wool into the soil allows water to be stored right next to the roots and increase water retention and plant water use. Increasing the water-holding capacity of soil is a sustainable way to conserve water.

Wool keeps unwanted weeds and slugs away.

Weed barriers or sprays can be costly! When applied on top of the soil as a mulch, the dense fleece makes it difficult for weeds to penetrate. Anecdotally, people have also seen a reduction in the number of slugs in their garden when using wool as mulch.

It can take at least two years for wool to fully decompose, so you can see these benefits for multiple growing seasons (Broda, et al., 2023).

Purchasing Garden Wool

Want to try using wool in your garden, raised beds, or pots? South Dakota is the sixth largest state in sheep production, so why not incorporate a local, all-natural bio-enhancer into your soils? Wool pellets can be found online and in a select few home improvement retailers. You can also talk to local producers to inquire about waste wool! You can also contact SDSU Extension Sheep Field Specialist, Jaelyn Whaley, for help connecting with wool sellers/producers

Pasture grasshopper management

By Samantha Daniel, UNL

A survey of last year’s adult grasshopper populations and below average rainfall amounts are leading to economic levels of grasshoppers in some pastures. Areas most at risk are southwest, southcentral, and western Nebraska so producers in these areas are encouraged to scout their fields & pastures and select proper treatment protocols when needed.

One of the best ways to scout for grasshoppers is to use the square foot method. Randomly select an area several feet away and visualize a one square-foot area around that spot. Walk toward this spot and count the number of grasshoppers you see in or jumping out of this area. Repeat this procedure 18 times and divide the total number of grasshoppers by two. This will give you the number of grasshoppers per square yard. Economic thresholds for grasshoppers range from 8 to 40 grasshoppers per square yard, depending on a variety of factors. Keep in mind that control is easiest before grasshoppers reach the adult stage.

Grasshoppers may be controlled by applying insecticides as sprays or baits using the Reduced Agent Area Treatment method. The two insecticides that can be used with this method are Dimilin 2L and Prevathon. Rates for these products are listed on the labels. Both insecticides should be applied when most of the grasshoppers average ¾ of an inch in length; therefore it’s critical that producers scout their pastures now, as there is a short window when the insecticides are most effective.

For other grasshopper management options or questions regarding economic thresholds, please contact your local UNL Extension Office.

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Landscaping with shrubs and trees

By Anita Gall, University of Nebraska Extension Master Gardener

Have you been enjoying your spring blooming shrubs like lilac, forsythia, spirea, and serviceberry? Now is the ideal time to prune these plants as they bloom on old wood, or in other words, they form their buds during the summer months. Pruning out wood after flowering will allow the buds to form for next spring. Shrubs that bloom in summer and fall can be pruned in late winter.

What is deadheading a plant, and why do it? Deadheading is removing the spent bloom from a plant and should be done when the flower starts to fade and die. Like most things in nature, plants want to reproduce, so to keep them blooming, you need to trick it into thinking that it hasn’t completed its life cycle. When the flower is removed, the plant produces more flowers because seeds are formed in the flower.

Do you have areas in your landscape that it is hard to keep mulch on? One solution might be to start a ground cover in that area, ground covers are low-growing plants that spread quickly to form a dense mat they can act as mulch and suppress weeds, or as erosion control on a steep bank, they can also help to insulate the soil and retain moisture during hot dry periods of heat. They also can add color and interest to any area.

Are you planning a landscape for a small area? Take into consideration some of the dwarf varieties of trees and shrubs available. Many times when you think of a dwarf plant you think 3 to 4 feet tall but when looking at the plants remember that it is dwarf to species. If the species gets 12 feet tall the dwarf of the species could easily grow to a 6 foot height.

Why should you plant native species of trees and shrubs? By planting native trees in our area, we avoid bringing in invasive exotic trees that often become problems. Native trees will adapt when planted in similar soil types and precipitation needs, they will flourish instead of languishing during extreme weather cycles. By planting native species we are giving our landscape the best chance to develop over time.

“Successful gardening is doing what has to be done when it has to be done the way it ought to be done whether you want to do it or not.”

~ SUMMER SALE GOING

Prepping produce for fairs

By Elaine Pile,

Nebraska Extension Master Gardener County fairs are just around the corner, and we hope you will have items to enter! Consider entering your garden and crop bounty in the open horticulture, floriculture, and field crops classes at your county fair. Your entries are judged on the following criteria: freedom from injury, quality, condition, uniformity, and fair preparation. This information can be found in 4-H manuals and in your county fair book. Contact your local Nebraska Extension office for these publications. See you at the fair!!

Did you know numbers matter? A common mistake made when exhibiting produce at the fair is having the incorrect number of items in your exhibit. For instance, if you are entering carrots, regardless of their class, you should have five carrots. However, if you are entering cucumbers, the number needed for exhibit varies according to class. Slicing requires two, and pickling requires five. If the incorrect numbers are exhibited, ribbon ranking may be lowered. So, numbers DO matter!!

To stem or not to stem, that is the question! Tomatoes should be exhibited at the fair without stems and should be displayed blossom end up. Vine crops such as squash, pumpkin, and watermelon should have stems left on and trimmed to the length recommended in the fair book and 4-H publication. Kale and chard should be exhibited with stems in a jar of cold water, as well as herbs like basil, oregano, parsley, and thyme. To stem or not depends on the crop!!

Freshness and quality are keys to a successful fair exhibit. Take the time to carefully harvest your produce, choosing items that are in prime condition, of marketable size, and uniform shape. Use a soft brush or damp cloth to clean your produce but avoid excessive scrubbing. Follow the cleaning instructions for each exhibit. Produce should be correctly trimmed per the pointers in the manual. A little extra time taken to properly prepare your exhibit will reap good rankings at the fair!

What class are your vegetables in? Grab your fair book, and determine which classes your produce entries reside in. For instance, peppers have six classes; squash have ten; tomatoes have seven. This helps speed up the check-in process and also ensures your entry will be judged in the appropriate class. This week, we’ve covered a few tips to help you enter produce at the fair. For additional information, contact your local Nebraska Extension office. Here’s to purple ribbons at the fair!

Pasture weed management after drought

By Todd Whitney, UNL

Pasture grass root injury caused by drought and/or wildfire can extend into the next grazing season. If grass stands have only been slightly damaged, then recovery can be quick… especially with proper weed control, fertility and deferred grazing management. However, if the stressed pastures were overgrazing, then recovery may extend beyond one growing season and require patience. Further, root injury and biomass reductions are usually more prominent on sandy soil pastures than heavier soils.

During pasture recovery, higher invasive weed numbers are usually a symptom of previous grass stress; so herbicide spraying may provide short-term benefits. The downside of herbicide applications are spraying expenses and potentially damaging non-target desirable pasture plants.

Therefore, rather than just focusing on stress symptoms such controlling invasive weeds; consider increasing pasture rest periods for grass recovery. This may mean implementing rotational grazing with periods of no grazing in each pasture during the growing season. Also, installing more cross-fences to limit grazing in target zones can aid pasture rest and recovery.

For example, a three-pastures rotation system may lengthen rest days between grazing before the cattle rotate to the next pasture. When the grass is rapidly growing, cattle may move quicker such as every 30 days through the pasture rotation. Then, as grass growth slows or drought stress occurs, grazing time in each pasture may be lengthened to 45 days. Then, pasture rotation will have more days of rest prior between grazing periods.

To further reduce the negative impacts of grazing, alternate the first pasture in the rotation at the beginning of each growing season. This will allow each pasture to be grazed annually at different times of year compared to the previous year or two.

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The most popular item at Walmart is bananas. They sell more bananas than any other single item they have in stock.

•

Recipe Patch by Geri

Quick Asparagus

1 bunch (1lb) medium asparagus

2 Tbsp extra virgin olive oil

2 Tbsp freshly grated Parmesan cheese

1 tsp lemon zest

Salt and pepper, to taste

Fill a medium saucepan halfway with lightly salted water. Bring to a boil. Prepare the asparagus while the water is heating. Rinse them thoroughly. Break off any tough, white bottoms and discard.

Cut the spears into 1- to 2-inch sections

Add the asparagus to the boiling water and lower the heat slightly to maintain a simmer. Parboil the asparagus for exactly 2 minutes. Drain the hot water.

Toss the asparagus with olive oil, parmesan, and lemon zest while it’s still hot.

Salt and pepper to taste. Serve warm or room temperature.

Herb Roasted Root Vegetables

1 large potato, peeled and cut into 1-inch cubes

1 medium sweet potato, peeled and cut into 1-inch cubes

2 medium carrots, halved lengthwise and cut into 2-inch pieces

1 medium parsnip, peeled, halved lengthwise and cut into 2-inch pieces

1 small turnip, peeled and cut into 1-inch cubes

1/2 lb kohlrabi, peeled and cut into 1-inch cubes

6 large shallots, halved

3 Tbsp olive oil

2 tsp coarsely ground pepper

1 tsp salt

6 fresh thyme sprigs

6 fresh rosemary sprigs

Preheat oven to 425°. Place first 7 ingredients in a Dutch oven and cover with water. Bring to a boil. Cover and cook for 6-8 minutes or until crisp-tender; drain.

Transfer vegetables to a large bowl. Combine oil, pepper and salt; drizzle over vegetables and toss to coat. Divide mixture between 2 greased 15x10x1-in. baking pans; arrange herb sprigs over vegetables.

Bake, uncovered, 20-25 minutes or until tender, stirring occasionally.

Garlic Parmesan Orzo

2 cups uncooked orzo pasta

3 tsp minced garlic

1/2 cup butter, cubed

1/2 cup grated Parmesan cheese

1/4 cup 2% milk

2 Tbsp minced fresh parsley

1 tsp salt

1/4 tsp pepper

Cook orzo according to package directions; drain. In a large skillet, sauté garlic in butter until tender. Add the orzo, Parmesan cheese, milk, parsley, salt, and pepper. Cook and stir until heated through.

Cauliflower-Broccoli Cheese Bake

2 Tbsp butter

1 small onion, chopped

2 Tbsp all-purpose flour

1/2 cup milk

1 package (8 ounces) Velveeta, cubed 1/4 tsp salt

3 large eggs, lightly beaten

2 packages (12 ounces each) frozen broccoli-cauliflower blend, thawed

Preheat the oven to 325°. In a Dutch oven, heat the butter over medium-high heat. Add onion; cook and stir until tender, 2-3 minutes. Stir in flour until blended; gradually whisk in milk. Bring to a boil, stirring constantly; cook and stir until thickened, 1-2 minutes. Stir in cheese and salt until cheese is melted.

Remove from heat. Gradually whisk in eggs. Stir in vegetable blend. Transfer to a greased 8-in.-square baking dish. Bake, uncovered, until set, 50-60 minutes. Let stand 10 minutes before serving.

Summer grazing

By Jacob Klaudt, K-State Research and Extension news service

Pastures can be thought of in the same light as bank accounts. If an account holder withdraws a lot of money early in the year, then they’re left with nothing to spend on essential things down the line.

Beef producers who manage their pastureland in the same way can face similar repercussions.

Kansas State University veterinarians spoke about summer grazing management techniques that can keep pastures “in the black” on a recent episode of Cattle Chat.

“When we have cool-season grasses right now, they should be doing pretty well in most parts of the country and are very productive. Our warm-season grasses, depending on where you are, maybe haven’t quite come on yet,” K-State veterinarian Brad White said. “We need to think about our plan because both of those types of grasses have what are called dry spells where they’re less productive.”

K-State nutritionist Phillip Lancaster suggests introducing annual warm-season grasses to help balance out a pasture’s nutritional value when cool-season plants start to decline.

“Adding some annual warm-season forages to your grazing land rotation can be very beneficial so that you get something that is peaking in production when cool-season grasses are slowing down because of the heat,” he said.

Lancaster added: “When we get into the July and August timeframe, the cool-season grasses are not able to tolerate the heat, so their productivity slows way down.”

After cattle have grazed down cool-season plants, planting warm-season grasses like sorghum-sudangrass, pearl millet or crabgrass straight into those pastures, or overseeding, serves as a great option for grazing cattle, according to Lancaster.

“Crabgrass is actually a very good (plant) that doesn’t have the potential to introduce some of the animal health problems that sorghum-sudangrass can with nitrate toxicity, but those are still some good options as we’re thinking about planting.”

For producers who employ a rotational grazing plan, frequently monitoring the growth of the plants within a pasture plays a key part in keeping grass in good condition.

“As you’re rotating to new pastures, paying attention to previously grazed pastures and how they are recovering and regrowing can kind of tell you how fast you need to rotate animals to maintain that plant in kind of a vegetative state,” Lancaster said.

White agreed and added: “In terms of your pasture movement, some of those things need to be sped up or slowed down based on conditions. There’s no static.”

To capture the full benefits of grazing the coolseason plants within a pasture, it’s important they stay immature for as long as possible.

“One of our goals in some of these cool-season forage systems is to try to minimize that plant going into a reproductive stage,” Lancaster said.

White added: “So, keep it from going to seed and getting ‘stemmy.”

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“There are no gardening mistakes, only experiments.”

Going native; Fairy Slippers, Pussytoes, and Blazing Stars

By Catherine Wissner, retired University of Wyoming Laramie County Extension Horticulturist.

Fairy Slippers are orchids and found in moist higher altitude forest areas of both Montana and Wyoming. Look for them on your next late spring outing in the forest. Typically, you will not find them in nurseries and challenging to grow in the home garden. However, there are around 36 native orchids in Montana and 27 native orchids in Wyoming to be on the watch for. These western orchids will be found growing in the soil, unlike their tropical cousins that don’t.

Pussytoes, named for its fuzzy white tufted flowers that look like tiny cat’s feet on tall slender stems. A delightful little native plant perfect for rock gardens or taking the front row with its silvery leaves that stay close to the ground. It grows 6 to 12 inches tall and spread about 12 inches wide. It is very attractive when blooming in patches. It is hardy to minus 30, tolerates sun to part shade, but does not like the wind or wet spots in the garden. Plant it with the native Pasqua flower or other May bloomers for a delightful spring combination. Pussytoes is a host plant for caterpillars of the American Painted Lady butterfly, which feed on the foliage.

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Blazing Star or Liatris, a native to the Rocky Mountain west, is the ultimate late summer blooming nectar plant for numerous butterflies, pollinators and hummingbirds. Visitors you may see; Three lined Flower moth and Wavy-Lined Emerald, Swallowtail, Painted Lady, Skippers and various Checkers.

Liatris is typically purchased as corms, that are planted in the cool of spring. This makes it easy for young plants to get established. Flowers usually appear the first year in late summer. Liatris will return to bloom again for years to come and is hardy to minus 30.

Liatris lends a nice and sometimes much needed vertical accent to flower gardens along with a fun pop of purple in August. Some varieties can grow up to 5’ tall when planted in rich soils, most stay in the well behaved 24 to 30 inch size. Liatris is somewhat tolerant of dry soils, but is best planted in areas that have consistently “medium” soil moisture and fertility. It tolerates summer heat, but avoid planting it in soils that stay wet in the winter. This is another flower that deer tend to avoid.

Staying current on forage prices

By Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Agricultural Economist

As forage production ramps up, the calls about current forage prices become more frequent at my office. So, where do you find information about current hay prices?

The easiest place to find this information is the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (mymarketnews.ams.usda. gov). Since I live in the Nebraska Panhandle, I look at a few different reports to get a ballpark price.

First, I look at the Nebraska Direct Hay Report (AMS_2935) and Wyoming Direct Hay Report (AMS_3236), which are usually published on Thursdays. These reports are broken down into regions of the respective state. For the Nebraska report, I look at the “west” region, which is supposed to represent Ogallala west. For the Wyoming report, I look at the “east” region. When viewing these reports, make sure to check the quality, description, and crop age sections to ensure that you are viewing prices similar to the hay that you have available.

After viewing the state reports, I will look at the recent hay auction reports for surrounding areas including: Centennial Monthly Hay Auction – Fort Collins, CO (AMS_3679); Livestock Exchange Monthly Hay Auction (3rd Sat) - Brush, CO (AMS_3627); Producers Monthly Hay Auction - Greeley, CO (AMS_3694); High Plains Hay Exchange – Torrington, WY (AMS_3730). The timing of these reports varies. These reports are broken down by the type of forage, quality rating, and size of bale.

The final place to look for price information is the Nebraska Department of Agriculture’s “Hay and Forage Hotline” (https://nda.nebraska.gov/promotion/hay/). This is a listing of hay for sale. Although asking prices do not always translate directly into sales prices this is still another source of information that may be valuable to you.

USDA NASS reported Nebraska hay stocks are at 950,000 tons, up 79 percent from last year. Large carryover stocks and low demand are placing downward pressure on forage prices. Stay up to date with these sources of information to be aware of current prices.

William Colgate

In the early 1800s, making soap at home was a matter of pride with American housewives: That’s where 75% of U.S. soap was made (although it smelled terrible). In 1806 Colgate opened a soap business and succeeded by offering home delivery, and by adding perfume to his soap.

Planting warm-season annuals

By Todd Whitney, UNL

Warm-season annuals or summer annual grasses such as sorghum, sudangrass and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids grow best in Nebraska when soil temperatures are about 60°F (usually in late May to early June). In contrast, Pearl millet, foxtail millet and teff grass seeding dates are usually delayed until June or possibly July when soil temperatures are consistently above 65 degrees.

Summer annual grasses can provide alternative forage when pasture grasses are in short supply. Annual forages provide flexibility harvested as green chop, hay or silage; as well as, grazed in summer or winter.

Decisions regarding when to best plant warmseason annuals may depend on planned use. Planting dates may be staggered to complement a rotational grazing system. Or, if winter pasture forage supplements are needed; then planting may be delayed into early August. However, adjust planting dates for rotational grazing to allow at least six weeks of forage growth prior to grazing.

If your goal is producing high biomass tonnage, then plant sorghum-sudangrass hybrids earlier for haying or green chop. Whereas, if forage grazing quality is your goal; then sudangrass may be chosen due to thinner stems and more rapid regrowth.

For drought tolerance and reduced risk of prussic acid & nitrate poisoning risk, planting pearl millet and Teff may be your pick. However, these species produce about 30% less tonnage compared to growing sudangrass and/or forage sorghums.

Foxtail millet may also be used as a short-season summer annual on sandy soils. However, this species can host curl mites that vector wheat streak mosaic virus into neighboring wheat fields. So, limit warm-season annual foxtail millet planting near grain producing wheat fields.

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The ashes of distinguished astrogeologist Gene Shoemaker lie on the Moon.

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Researchers look at roots for insight into droughttolerant wheat

By Chabella Guzman, PREEC communications specialist

Are there certain advantages old wheat varieties have over newer wheat varieties that are commonly grown today? This was a question presented to the University of NebraskaLincoln (UNL) High Plains Ag Lab (HPAL) specialists at a recent workshop.

“It was a grower’s question. They wanted to know the difference between old and new varieties. Some claim the old varieties have deeper roots and are more drought tolerant,” said Milena Oliveria, UNL post-doctorate research associate.

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Wheat is sensitive to drought and heat stress, which are major environmental drivers affecting crop yields in the Panhandle, a semi-arid region. For decades, breeding for drought-tolerant wheat varieties has focused on aboveground traits, such as grain yield, disease resistance, or straw strength. Very little breeding has been done for below-ground traits due to the challenges associated with assessing those traits.

Daniel Schachtman, UNL professor and director of the Center for Biotechnology, is collaborating on the two-year trial with Oliveria, Cody Creech, Nebraska Extension dryland cropping specialist, and Amanda Easterly, Nebraska Extension dryland cropping systems. Schachtman visited the Panhandle in April to collect the first root samples at HPAL.

The project will investigate and identify differences among historical and new wheat varieties in terms of root growth, architecture, and their relationship with ecophysiological traits, biomass carbon allocation, belowground microbial community, and grain yield in a replicated field trial in western Nebraska. The April sampling included 12 genotypes in 60 samples pulled from 60 plots of old and new cultivars.

“We collected a number of different cultivars of wheat to get an understanding of what’s going on with the roots,” Schachtman said.

The study assumes older and taller cultivars will have increased root length to capture water and nutrients. Root samples will be collected at tillering and anthesis. Several (four to eight) adjacent plants per plot will be selected from an internal row based on their uniform size and the presence of neighboring plants.

“We’ll study the microbial bacterial communities inside and outside of the roots in rhizosphere soils and take them back to Lincoln (UNL) and extract DNA and sequence the 16 s, which is like a barcode to be able to tell the different bacterial taxonomy, in the samples,” Schachtman said.

Researchers will use the results of the study to give an answer to the question of old versus new wheat cultivars and how the root system plays a role in wheat yields. These answers will help provide key traits the UNL wheat breeding program can use to improve new cultivars in the future.

World Snake Day

Date When Celebrated: Held on July 16th

Snakes have been around since the Garden of Eden. So, it’s only fitting, that the world has a special day to celebrate snakes.

The Bible tells us that in the garden of Eden, Satan appeared to Eve in the form of a snake. That connection to Satan gave snakes a bad reputation since the beginning of time. Perhaps that’s why so many people are afraid of snakes. Did You Know? Earthworms were once believed to be a species of snakes. Gardeners killed every one they found, unaware of the beneficial effect of earthworms in gardens.

A little Snaky Trivia:

• There are over 3400 species of snakes.

• Snakes are on every continent, except Antarctica.

• Snakes eat insects, rodents and frogs. Large snakes can even eat small animals like small deer, pigs, monkeys, and small dogs.

• Snakes swallow their food whole.

• The longest snakes are a species of python, which can reach 30 feet in length.

• The heaviest snake, an Anaconda, weighed 550 pounds.

• The smallest snake is just 4 inches long.

• Snakes shed their skin 3-6 times per year.

Alfalfa weevil feeding on regrowth

By Samantha Daniel, UNL

Since the first cutting of alfalfa has been completed in much of the state, Nebraska producers may be tempted to believe our troubles with alfalfa weevil are over. Unfortunately, this may not be the case. Alfalfa weevil feeding on regrowth has been reported in some fields, so scouting is highly recommended, particularly if you notice that regrowth doesn’t begin within 4-5 days after cutting.

Alfalfa plants usually suffer the most injury and economic damage before the first cutting, however, feeding on regrowth can have impacts as well. While larvae cause the most damage, adults can also cause damage by feeding along leaf margins and leaving irregular notches. Adult beetles are roughly 5mm in length with a blunt snout and a brown body covered in golden hairs. Larvae are 1.5mm to 8.5mm long with a black head, wrinkled green body, and white stripe along the back and will curl into a C-shape when disturbed. Scouting for Alfalfa Weevil is simple and can help mitigate economic losses. Randomly select 5 sites across the field and collect 10 stems at each site, cutting the stems at ground level. Beat the stems into a deep sided white bucket and count the number of larvae to determine the average number per stem. Economic thresholds for Alfalfa Weevil can vary greatly from an average of 1-7 larvae per stem, depending on a variety of factors. A threshold table that includes alfalfa as short as 4 inches can be found on the Iowa State Extension website.

While there are several insecticides labeled for alfalfa weevil management, in Nebraska there have been reports of some products not performing as well as expected and resistant alfalfa weevil populations have recently been reported in several western states. Therefore, if you believe you have an infestation above threshold, contact your county Extension Office for further guidance.

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Nothing will ever be attempted if all possible objections must be first overcome. –Samuel Johnson

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Consider Creating a Pollinator Habitat

By Amy Smith, UW Extension Educator, Goshen County

Spring is considered the season that represents the rejuvenation of life, whether it be livestock, wildlife, or gardening. If you are a gardener, chances are good that seed catalogs have already arrived through the mail, lists have been created, and orders will go in soon, if they have not already. Many in agriculture consider themselves to be stewards of the land, not just in rangeland management, livestock production, or crop production.

While sometimes overlooked as lesser creatures, pollinators play a crucial role in ecosystems and agriculture for several reasons. First is the act of pollination itself, transferring pollen from one flower to another. This small act is essential for fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed production, as well as for genetic diversity. Most plants that produce edible products have evolved to rely on pollinators. In fact, when pollinators are present, producers often notice a better-quality product and a significant increase in yield.

sure to control or remove any unwanted vegetation. This can be achieved by mechanical or cultural methods, clear or black plastic, or with herbicides. Choose the method that works best for your situation. Make sure to identify any potential obstacles or challenges. Shade from buildings, competition from invasive plants, moisture drainage, and septic systems are just a few obstacles that may be present.

Create a plan

This is where it may help to sketch a rough design of the area, including measurements of the available space and any existing features that will be retained. Flower beds, pathways, water features, seating areas, and any other permanent features should be included in the sketch as well.

Selection & placement of plants

When selecting plants, you’ll have to make a few decisions. A diverse selection of plants should include a variety of native and non-native plants. Native plants have evolved alongside native pollinators and

help maintain the structure and function of ecosystems by creating healthy plant populations, producing food for humans and animals alike. Pollinators also help increase biodiversity, which improves the ecosystem’s stability and resilience to disturbance.

Of course, pollinators add economic value through increased crop production and industry. Beekeeping has become very popular with backyard enthusiasts who want to increase pollinators locally. However, commercial beekeeping is an important industry as well, producing honey and other products such as beeswax, bee propolis, bee powder, and royal jelly. Through attractions like butterfly pavilions and insectariums, ecotourism has also profited from pollinators.

With all this publicity, it is little wonder that pollinator habitats have gained popularity. When creating a pollinator habitat, whether in the garden or in the field, here are some recommendations to consider.

Site location & assessment

First, evaluate any available space in the garden or property. One factor to consider is sunlight exposure. Make sure to choose a spot that receives at least six or more hours of sunlight a day. It may be helpful to draw a diagram of how the sun moves through the space designated for the pollinators.

Soil type and moisture levels should also be considered. Investing in a professional soil test will give you a good idea of the soil’s moisture-holding capacity as well as what soil amendments may be necessary.

Before planting desirable plants, make

therefore provide the most suitable habitat and food sources.

Make sure to include plants that provide nectar, pollen, and habitat throughout the growing season. Ideally, the selection should include a mixture of annuals, perennials, shrubs, and trees. Also think about plants that have different flower shapes, sizes, and colors to attract as many pollinators as possible. Include plants that flower at night to attract night pollinators as well as daytime visitors.

When placing plants in the landscape, it is best to arrange them in clusters or drifts. This makes it easier for the pollinators to locate food sources. To create a more suitable microhabitat for both plants and pollinators, group plants with similar water and sunlight requirements together. It is most common to place the taller plants in the back of the bed or along fences and place the shorter plants in the front.

When selecting plants, please be aware of neighboring livestock. There are many plants, native and non-native, that are toxic to livestock. Lupines and delphiniums are just two species that are native and are highly toxic to sheep and cattle. It is wise research the plant species you want to include in the pollinator habitat before planting. Provide water

Just like humans, insects need water; therefore, it is extremely important to include a water source in the pollinator habitat. The water source can be made from any material, but must be shallow and have stones or floating platforms for the pollinaCONTINUED ON PAGE A32

Thriving pollinator habitat at the Laramie County Library in Laramie, WY. Photo by Jeff Geyer. Pollinators

Consider Creating a Pollinator Habitat

CONTINUED FROM PAGE A30

tors to stand on while accessing water.

Consider making the water source brightly colored. Pollinators are attracted to flowers because of their color, so it makes sense that water sources should be brightly colored as well. Place the water source near the flowering plants, in a location that is easily found by the pollinators but is also protected from predators.

Habitat features

When making a pollinator habitat, include shelter and nesting sites such as shrubs, trees, rocks, logs, and native grasses. It might be necessary to conduct a survey as to what native pollinators are present before providing habitat features, as most pollinators have specific needs and will not share nesting sites with other species.

Consider seasonal interest

When designing your garden, think about each season and what it offers to pollinators. What will the habitat look like in the winter, for instance? Provide a variety of bloom times for continuous nectar and pollen sources. Include plants with colorful foliage or interesting textures. Incorporate features that will provide visual interest throughout the year such as trees, shrubs, berry-producing plants, colorful branches or limbs, garden art, and more.

Pathways and access

Including pathways in a pollinator habitat is beneficial for a couple reasons. First, pathways allow easy access to all areas throughout the habitat for maintenance. Secondly, pathways offer a place to observe the pollinators themselves with little to no disturbance. When designing the habitat pathways, make sure they are made from water-permeable sources, such as stepping stones, river rock, pebbles, or mulch. In addition, keep in mind that the pathways should be wide enough that they are easy to navigate with any garden tools that may be used during the year, including wheelbarrows or carts.

Maintenance plan

When creating a pollinator habitat, don’t forget to include a yearlong maintenance plan. When making a maintenance plan, consider the following questions: How will you get water to the plants and water sources? What type of weed control will be used? Will the habitat include mulch, and for what purpose? How often will mulch need to be added? What are the pruning needs of each

plant, including trees and perennials? What about deadheading flowers to promote continuous flowering and therefore a continued source of nectar and pollen?

If nesting sites are included in the pollinator habitat, the plan should also include a cleaning schedule. Make sure to know which birds nest in the habitat; note that some birds may use a nest for more than one year. If bat houses are used, be aware that there may be bats in the belfry year-round.

The maintenance plan should also include regular monitoring for plant diseases, pests (including insects and others), and any invasive species of weed or insects. Taking a proactive approach and catching problems early makes it much easier to respond to diseases and pests.

Things to avoid

Tillage is one action to avoid in a pollinator habitat. Some native pollinators nest in the soil; therefore, minimizing soil disturbance is key. Tilling the soil also opens areas for weeds to invade and become established. Instead, consider using mulch to suppress weeds, or plant ground cover. Both of these methods reduce moisture loss from the soil surface and discourage weed germination.

The use of pesticides, including herbicides and chemical fertilizers, in the pollinator habitat should be avoided. When tackling insect pests, most insecticides are broad spectrum, meaning they kill all insects, including the pollinators. Other pesticides disrupt natural behavior, which should be avoided as well. Consider using alternative methods of control such as companion cropping or beneficial insects.

Educate others

Even the smallest of spaces dedicated to pollinators provides food sources for many native pollinators and these spaces are especially important during droughty years when other nectar and pollen sources are limited. After completing each step of creating a pollinator habitat, it is time to help others learn. Share with neighbors the importance of pollinators and the benefits of creating pollinator habitats. Inspire others by hosting educational workshops or events.

A great way to get involved with pollinators is to challenge yourself or your kids to observe and document the different pollinator species you see over the course of one year. Happy observing!

AI-Augmented system for sustainable crop production receives grant

The University of Idaho Center for Intelligent Industrial Robotics is improving organic and sustainable crop production using artificial intelligence, bolstered by a $120,000 grant.

The Idaho Global Entrepreneurial Mission (IGEM) grant will support the testing, deployment and improvement of artificially intelligent systems currently being tested across the U.S. to access microclimate and environmental information and improve sustainable organic crop production techniques.

“Agriculture is the largest contributor to Idaho’s economy,” said Mary Everett, U of I Department of Computer Science postdoctoral fellow and project lead. “Expanding AI systems like the one we’re developing can help farmers lower water consumption, promote biodiversity and energy efficiency, and reduce cost. All these improvements contribute to stronger agribusiness in Idaho.”

The team has established two systems across the country, including at the Sandpoint Organic Agriculture Center and at Laurel Grove Wine Farm in Winchester, Virginia. The Sandpoint test system helps orchard operators

track environmental conditions — including temperature, light, wind speed and air moisture — to make better decisions for the care of the unique heirloom fruit varieties growing on the 66-acre organic and sustainable agriculture production education and outreach center.

The Sandpoint system also helps the team test and improve software and hardware components used in a larger system located on the 120-acre vineyard at Laurel Grove. The AIaugmented system gives vintners actionable microclimate and environmental information such as humidity, temperature, soil moisture and acidity data to help inform growing business practices, reduce power consumption and defray operating costs.

The research team includes Everett of Lewiston and computer science graduate student Garrett Wells of Boise, as well as computer science undergraduates Walter Neils of Hauser, Idaho, and Kevin Wing of Coeur d’Alene. The research team is mentored by John Shovic, director of the U of I Center for Intelligent Industrial Robotics.

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Determining a “good” price for new crop corn

By Jessica Groskopf, UNL

As we roll into mid-summer, many farmers are looking for opportunities to do some forward contracting for fall. This has led some farmers to ask, “What is a ‘good’ price for 2024 corn?”

When asking yourself this question, recognize that “good” is a relative term. A good price for one farmer may not be a good price for another. First, determine what you are comparing the price against. Once you have determined your measuring stick, we can assess the viability of a price. Here are a few comparisons you might want to make as you consider pricing new crop corn.

Lender-provided cash flow budget price – When renewing your operating note, your lender provided an estimated cash price for each commodity. This price varies by bank, but most lenders are using $4.75 to $4.90 per bushel for new-crop corn.

A benefit to using the cash flow price as a gauge is that it can help you understand if you will be able to pay back your operating note. A disadvantage to the cash flow price is that it may not be a true cost of production for the given crop. Depending on how your lender structures your cash flow budget this price may be supplemented by other sources of income including estimated government payments, off-farm income, and income from other crops or livestock.

Breakeven price – Having an accurate cost of production can make it easier for you to know if the price being offered will earn you a profit. Changes in production expectations such as the need for additional inputs to combat pests or changes in yield expectations make breakeven estimates a moving target throughout the growing season.

The University of Nebraska – Lincoln Crop Budget estimates the cost of production for center pivot irrigated corn to be between $4.17 and $5.03 per bushel. There have been opportunities in 2024 to lock in some of your production at or slightly below the current cost of production estimates. Crop insurance price – Crop insurance revenue protection policy calculations are based on the “projected price” which is the average of the closing prices of the December corn contract during the month of February. This price gives you a sense of where the futures market expects the price of a commodity to be at harvest. For the 2024 corn crop, the projected price is $4.66 per bushel. The projected price can be adjusted to a cash price by adding your expected harvest basis.

Market price estimates – Most farmers have an idea of where they think the market will go. This price expectation can also be used to gauge the current price. However, make sure your price expectation is realistic. The June 2024 WASDE report estimates cash corn prices for the upcoming crop at $4.40 per bushel.

Once you have determined which measurement you are going to use to gauge the price, write a grain marketing plan. A pre-harvest grain marketing plan should break your anticipated sales into smaller units and outline specific price targets and sales deadlines. This allows you to compare the current price to your marketing goals, removing some of the emotion from marketing.

You may feel pressure to sell a lot of grain during the growing season this year. Caution must be given to not oversell pre-harvest bushels. Although price risk is reduced by pre-pricing, dryland producers especially are still exposed to yield risk. In your grain marketing plan, you should determine the amount of your expected production that you are comfortable pricing during the growing season.

To pay the piper

Meaning: To accept the consequences

Origin: “Sweet dancing was a common form of amusement during medieval times. Strolling musicians, including flute players, would play for a dance wherever they could gather a crowd.

“Frequently a dance was organized on the spur of the moment. Person who heard the notes of a piper would drop their work and join in the fun. When they tired of the frolic, they would pass the hat for the musician. It became proverbial that a dancer had better have his fun while he could’ sooner or later he would have to pay the piper.”

Soybean gall midge adult activity detected in Nebraska

By Justin McMechanCrop Protection and Cropping Systems Specialist

On May 30, soybean gall midge adult emergence was observed in east-central Nebraska in Saunders and Lancaster counties. On June 3, an adult was collected in Otoe County, and on June 5, white larvae were found on early planted soybean near Mead, Nebraska.

Soybean stage is a critical factor for the susceptibility of soybean-to-soybean gall midge. Only soybean with fissures at the base of the plant are susceptible to soybean gall midge infestation. Soybean planted in late April and early May are mostly at the V2 stage; however, those planted in mid- to late May are VE-V1. Research being conducted this season shows that soybean planted on the same day at different depths can impact the soybean stage of development.

Management of soybean gall midge has been difficult. Foliar sprays have shown some response but are inconsistent between locations and years. No specific foliar-applied product tested to date has provided consistent control of SGM. Research to date suggests that growers can consider using a combination product that contains a pyrethroid.

Soybean Gall Midge: Should I Spray?

Producers should only consider an application to manage soybean gall midge if the following conditions have been met:

Checklist

Soybean gall midge adults have emerged in my area. My soybean field is at the V2 stage or greater.

I observed soybean gall midge injury in the adjacent field last year.

If an application is being considered, it should only be made in soybean fields where a history of issues with soybean gall midge injury has occurred. Since soybean gall midge is a field edge-infesting pest, growers may only need to treat the first 60 to 120 feet of a field edge that is directly adjacent to a field that was injured the previous year. Do not treat any soybean fields prior to V2, as they are not susceptible to infestation due to the lack of fissures or cracks at the base of the stem.

Hilling or covering the base of soybean stems with soil has also been found to be a very effective strategy with almost complete control of soybean gall midge. This is a difficult practice to implement when soybean plants are small, as they can easily be completely covered by soil. Studies are being conducted to evaluate the timing of hilling relative to the plant development stage. More information on hilling is available through the Soybean Gall Midge Alert Network. Little is known about the impact this management strategy could have on soybean gall midge movement in a field. Although no field studies have been conducted, it is possible that adults may continue to move into the field until they find a susceptible plant.

With no detection of soybean gall midge in other parts of the network, it would be advisable to wait for emergence to occur in those areas. You can continue to follow adult emergence at all locations through the Soybean Gall Midge Alert Network.

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MacDon PW8 pickup header, 16-ft. wide. stk# 31025. (G)

Case IH RBX563 baler, net/twine, 1000 PTO, narrow pickup. stk# 31437. $8500 (L) Vermeer 605L round baler, twine only, 540 PTO, bale kicker, hay saver wheels. stk# 21490. $8000 (G)

John Deere 569 net/twine, 1000 PTO, large flotation tires, hydraulic kicker. stk# 30997.(L) John Deere 568 baler, twine, 1000 PTO, roller windguard, large float tires. stk# 31510. $15,500 (G) Hesston 956A twine only. stk# 9821.$5900 (G) Hesston 856A stk# 22105 $4900 (G)

SQUARE BALERS

New Holland 340P big square baler, density control, tandem axle, ISO intellview, large 1000 PTO, roller chute, roller windguard. stk# 30935. (G)

New Holland BC5080 small square baler, 1/4 turn, hydraulic lift, lights, 540 PTO. stk# 28613. $24,300 (G)

2 W Spreading, Choteau MT A35

3V Distributing, Conrad MT A22

7 W Enterprises, Inverness MT B7

A-Plus Auto, Great Falls MT A18

Abilene Machine Inc, Abilene KS C12

Action Toys, Billings MT B13

Affordable Construction Equipment, Billings & Bozeman MT B14, B15

Ag Trucks & Equipment, Great Falls MT B5

Ag Wise, Kremlin MT A35

Aggressor, CoAxium, Ft. Collins CO A7

Albaugh, LLC, Seed Start C10

ASH Supply, St. Ignatius, MT C4

Badland Truck Sales, Glendive MT C7

BC Trucking & Livestock, Milt Hartman, Highwood MT C12

Beartooth Mahindra, Billings MT C18

Ben Taylor, Valier & Shelby MT C25

Big Sky Equipment, Conrad MT C11

Big Sky Pipe, Great Falls MT B6

Big Sky Sawmill & Wood Products, Vaughn MT.....B21

Billings Farm & Ranch Supply, Billings MT C12

Bjorn Johnson Construction, Missoula MT C26

Bouma Truck Sales, Choteau, Great Falls MT INSERT

BTI Feeds, Cut Bank MT C25

Bull Mountain Fencing, Yoder, Dan, Roundup MT..... B22

C & B Operations, LLC, Billings, Culbertson & Plentywood, MT, Sheridan, WY, Powell, WY A20, A21

Carbon County 4-H/FFA, Red Lodge MT A17

Cascade Machine & Supply, Great Falls MT B28

CbarR Cleaning & Spreading, Cody Rohlf, Shelby MT A8

Central Heating & Air Conditioning, Billings, MT A30

Centrol Crop Consulting LLC, Brady & Conrad MT..... B24

Churchill Equipment, Manhattan & Belgrade MT C24

Circle S Seeds of Montana, Three Forks MT A32

CoAXium, Aggressor, Ft. Collins CO A7

Cut Bank Tire, Cut Bank MT C28

Dakota Truck & Farm, Minot ND C22

David Steed Company, Idaho Falls, ID B23

DBL Sales & Service, Coffee Creek MT A28, C8

Doane Western of Montana, Bozeman MT A25

Double Diamond Truck & Equipment Sales, Missoula MT C5

Dry Fork Ag, Ledger MT B25

Ear Mountain Machine, Choteau MT B9

Equipment Share, Billings, MT B10

Evergreen Wood Products, Moore MT B4

Fire Pro Extinguishers, Pavillion WY B11

First State Bank, Shelby, MT A24

Flaman Rentals, Power MT B6, B24

Flathead Ironworks, Kalispell, MT B17

Fox Ford, Wolf Point MT A34

Frank Merchant Roofing, Great Falls MT C14

Fraser’s Oil Inc., Inverness MT A6

Frieling’s Agricultural Equipment, Great Falls MT A19, A29, B9, C3, C13, C23, C29, C36

Frontier Precision (formally Triangle Ag), Fort Benton MT B13

Frontline Ag Solutions Dillon, Dillon MT A11

Frontline Ag Solutions, Choteau, Conrad, Cut Bank, Dillon, Lewistown, Havre, Chester, Great Falls, Belgrade, Livingston MT A4, A5

Glass Trucking, Denton MT B17

Gordon Repair, LLC, Miles City MT B8

Greyn Fertilizer, Choteau, Dutton, Valier MT B19

Grossenburg Equipment, Winner, Pierre, Philip, Belle Fourche, Beresford SD, Wayne, Bloomfield, Hartington NE, Sundance WY A23

Hamilton Systems, Inc. Hamilton ND B2

Harris Custom Swathing, Conrad MT A4

Heartland Ag Systems - Titan Applications, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, SD, WA A25

Heartland Cabin Co., Moore MT B11

Hedman, Inc, Grass Range MT A31

Helfert’s Helena Farm Supply, East Helena MT C16

Henke Enterprises, SprayFlex & Big Dog Mowers, Chester MT B26

Highline Communications, Cut Bank MT B20

Holst Truck Parts, Ucon, ID A27

Hotsy Wy-Mont, Great Falls & Billings MT C20

Hoven Equipment Co., Great Falls & Lewistown MT A36

Hwy 12 Equipment & Repair, Baker MT B8

J & T Equipment Sales, Stevensville MT C34

J Bar T Bins & Steel Buildings, Chester MT B24

Jamieson Motors, Inc., Chinook MT C14

Jim Nielsen Trucks & Parts, Butte MT B10

Joe Judisch Custom Swathing & Baling, Conrad MT A12

Johnsen Trailer Sales, Inc., Bismarck & Fargo ND B7

Kois Brothers, Great Falls & Billings MT A29

Krogmann Mfg. B4

Lakeland Feed & Supply, Dillon & Hamilton MT A30

Lane Judisch Swathing, Conrad MT A22

Lattin & Sons, Power MT B6, B24

Lee’s Trapworks, LTD, Swift Currant Canada C22

M & M Auto, Trailers, & Welding, Stevensville MT A2

M & W Machine, Three Forks MT B26

Mahindra, Beartooth Harley Davidson, Billings MT.... C18

Marks Lumber, Clancy MT B20

Missouri River Realty, Glasgow, Malta, MT B9

Montana Ag Safety Program B18

Montana Farrier Supply, Livingston MT B25

Montana Fence, Billings, Bozeman, Great Falls, Kalispell MT B26, C6, C27

Montana Fiberglass Inc, Lewistown MT C19

Montana Holster & Shoulder Rig, Great Falls MT..... B12

Montana Metal Fabrications, Great Falls MT C4

Mountain View Metalworks, Wilsall MT A9

Mountain West Ag Services, Garneill MT A26

MQS, Montana Quality Structures, Stevensville MT C27

MT Tractors, Matt Pendergast, Stevensville MT A2

Musselshell Valley Equipment, Roundup MT A33, B17, B25

New Homes of the Future, Billings MT B6

North Star Equipment, Simms MT B2, B3

Northern Ford, Cut Bank MT C35

Northern Prairie Auto Sales, Wolf Point MT C28

Oxbow Engineering LLC, Randy Pierce PE Three Forks MT B6

Pete’s Auto Sales, Great Falls MT A15

Platinum Auto Center, Big Timber MT B16

Poteet Construction, Missoula MT B10

Powerhouse Equipment, Floweree MT B22

Precision Truck & Trailer, Havre MT C33

Price Truck & Equipment Sales, Missoula MT C17

Quality Sales, Great Falls MT A27

R & L Seed & Machine LLC, Geyser MT B8

RDO Equipment, Kalispell, MT C12

RDO Equipment, Missoula MT C12

Red Iron Air, Taylor Wood, Simms MT A10

Redhead Equipment, Regina SK Canada A13

Reinke, RPH Irrigation Services, Choteau MT C10

RMB Bins, Severinsen Irrigation, Fairfield MT B16

Rockwell Scales, Simms MT B28

Roger Rader, Inc, Sun River MT C10

Roofing By Frank Merchant, Great Falls, MT C14

Rowse Farm Equipment, Avon MT A32

RPH Irrigation Services, Reinke, Choteau MT C10

Rydelle Enterprises, Drummond MT C14

Severinsen Irrigation, Zimmatic & RMB Bins, Fairfield MT B16, B21

Shortline Ag, Scobey MT A14

Signature Auto & Equipment, Spearfish & Belle Fourche SD C1

Sod Buster Sales, Polson MT C4, C29

Sonny Todd Real Estate, Big Timber MT A10

South Dakota Trailer Co., Souix Falls, Waterton, Rapid City SD B1

SprayFlex, Henke Enterprises, Chester, MT B26

Steel Etc, Great Falls MT C21

Stokes Fencing, Conrad MT B21

Sullivan Brothers Construction, Conrad MT C29

Summit Stacking LLC, Travis Edmundson, Cascade MT C23

Sunrise Hoppers, Bow Island AB Canada C18

T & S Sales, Spokane WA B12, C20

T & T Farm Supply, LLC, Chester MT C15

Taylor Farm Store, Shelby MT C25

Taylor Transportation, Great Falls, MT B11

TCB Transport LLC, Geyser MT C15

The Fagenstrom Co. Great Falls MT B16

The Gear House, Helena MT C8

Three Forks Lumber & Ready Mix, Three Forks MT C22

Tiber Tractor Co., Chester MT C5

Timberline Truck & Trailer, Missoula & Belgrade MT A19

Titan Applications - formerly Heartland Ag Systems, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, SD, WA A25

Tom’s Shop, Grass Range MT B20

Torgerson’s LLC, Ethridge, Glasgow, Great Falls, Havre, Billings, Lewistown, Belgrade, Hysham, Kalispell, Denton MT A24, A34, B12, C32

Treasure State Seed, Fairfield MT C17

Treasure State Wood Boilers, LLC, Bigfork, MT.....B22

Tri-County Implement, Sidney MT A17

Tri-State Truck & Equipment, Belgrade, Billings, Great Falls

#####

“Make me one with everything,” says the Buddhist to the tofu hot dog vendor. Then, after getting his tofu hot dog, the Buddhist hands the vendor a $20 bill. The vendor takes the money and begins helping the next customer.

The Buddhist looks puzzled and asks the vendor, “Where is my change?”

The vendor replies, “Change comes from within.”

Nominations for Outstanding Agricultural Leader award

Montana State University’s College of Agriculture is seeking nominations for its Outstanding Agricultural Leader award, which will be presented during the college’s expanded Celebrate Agriculture Week November 4-9 at MSU. The deadline to submit nominations is Friday, August 30. The award recognizes individuals, families or businesses that have gone above and beyond for the Montana agricultural industry in public service, advocacy, production or business. The recipient will be honored during the annual Celebrate Ag awards banquet.

Nominations can be submitted online at ag.montana.edu/ celebrateag/aggie_nomination.html. A list of past recipients can be found at ag.montana.edu/celebrateag/outstandingaggie.html. The 2023 award was presented to Charlie Cahill of Scobey.

“Celebrate Agriculture is our biggest opportunity to thank and recognize the outstanding agricultural leaders in Montana including alumni, supporters, faculty and students,” said MSU Vice President for Agriculture and Dean Sreekala Bajwa. “There are many more wonderful events planned for this year, and we are so excited to welcome our community to a bigger and better Celebrate Ag than ever before.”

Beginning in 2024, Celebrate Agriculture will expand from a weekend-long event to a weeklong series highlighting programs and students around the college. New for 2024 and beyond will be individual events hosted by each department; expanded social offerings throughout the week; an “Ag Alley” tailgate ahead of the Bobcat football game on Saturday; and more.

The selection committee for the Outstanding Agricultural Leader award comprises past chairpersons of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Advisory Council; the College of Agriculture’s Academic Advisory Committee and development board; a current faculty member; and a member of the College of Agriculture Student Advisory Council. Nominees must be well respected in their community for accomplishments that have wide impact; be an industry leader or an emerging innovative producer; and be actively involved in the agriculture industry.

Active MSU or government employees are eligible for the award’s “Friend of the COA/MAES” category. Retired university or government employees will be considered if they have been retired for at least two years and have shown service above and beyond their job description. Nominees who are not selected will be reconsidered in future years, but application forms should be updated.

Hard copies of the nomination form can be requested by calling the College of Agriculture dean’s office at 406-9943681.

Celebrate Agriculture is MSU’s annual tribute to the rich legacy of agriculture, natural resources and life sciences in Montana. This gathering serves as a platform to honor the state’s agricultural heritage that encompasses allied industries while recognizing its present and future leaders, producers and students.

National Daiquiri Day

Date When Celebrated: This holiday is always observed on July 19th It’s the middle of the Dog Days of Summer. The weather is hot and sultry. It’s time for a cold and refreshing drink. Enjoying a daiquiri on National Daiquiri Day is the perfect solution, to ease the effects of the heat and humidity.

The original Daiquiri consists of rum, lime juice and sugar, with plenty of ice added to the glass. The Daiquiri was first created in 1898 by Jennings Stockton Cox, an American mining engineer. The Daiquiri was named after the local mining village of Daiquiri, Cuba, at the Venus bar. Needless to say, the local miners loved the sweet summer cooler, and it’s popularity quickly spread. As its popularity grew, so did the number of varieties. The original lime based recipe remains the most popular, along with strawberry. The number of different Daiquiri flavors is only limited by the number of berries and other fruit.

In the 1940’s Ernest Hemming way conceived the frozen Daiquiri at El Floridita in Havana, Cuba, when he had bartender Constantino Ribalaigua run the drink filled with ice through a blender.

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From Carbonomics to Carbon Intensity scoring

Sustainable, regenerative, decarbonized—no matter what you call it, Nebraska’s farmers are increasingly being asked to produce enough food, fuel, and fiber for a growing global population, while reducing their impact on the environment. How do farmers incorporate practices that are proven to be good for the land as well as their bottom line, and what supports are in place to help them make the transition from conventional practices to more sustainable ones?

These questions were the topic of a recent regenerative ag conference held in Seward, Nebraska. More than 300 people attended the event, which was hosted by the Little Blue, Lower Big Blue, Lower Platte South, and Upper Big Blue Natural Resources Districts. The event featured keynote speakers Keith Berns, co-owner of Green Cover Seed, and Mitchell Hora, founder and CEO of Continuum Ag, as well as a local producer panel. The conference drew attendees primarily from the eastern half of Nebraska, but also saw participants from Iowa, Kansas, and Colorado.

Topics covered included soil health, cover crops, no-till, soil microbes, erosion prevention, carbon intensity scores, and potential funding for producers moving from conventional practices to regenerative ones. In addition to the speakers, attendees had time to visit with event sponsors representing a broad spectrum of products and services in the regenerative ag space.

Recordings of conference sessions can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/@ upperbigbluenrd.

“Carbonomics”

Keith Berns challenged the audience during his introductory keynote address with a thought exercise: Imagine if you went home today to find that half of your land was gone, and you suddenly had to make do with a lot less.

While no one is coming to steal your fields, American farmers are already in this scenario, due to soil degradation. “We’ve lost half of our topsoil from water erosion and wind erosion,” Berns said, showing a dust bowl photo of billowing clouds of soil. “Of the soil that we have left, we’ve lost more than 50 percent of the carbon, the organic matter that’s in our soil,” which leads to a significant decline in soil productivity.

less functional, Berns explained, likening this scenario of increased inputs to “agricultural welfare.” When the soil economy is working, there should be enough nutrients and plant defenses occurring naturally that there isn’t a need for large quantities of fertilizer or herbicides.

“Your biggest energy expense on the farm isn’t diesel. It’s nitrogen,” Berns told conference attendees. While the atmosphere is full of nitrogen, it isn’t directly accessible to the plants. To access the nitrogen, farmers need to support the “nitrogen factories” in the soil, including legumes as well as soil microbes like azospirillum and azotobacterium.

What kills these nitrogen-fixing microbes?

Products like pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, and strong chemical fertilizers, as well as practices such as excessive tillage or monocropping.

In this way, conventional agricultural practices are reducing the natural nitrogen fixing bacterial activity of the soil.

“Tillage is an act of war on your soil,” explained Berns, as it takes out the transportation and communication infrastructure of the soil.

“There’s a lot going on under our feet out there,” Berns said.

Carbon intensity scoring: the next big thing in ag?

Being able to quantify your carbon score is essential to making regenerative agricultural practices pay.

That was the main message from keynote speaker Mitchell Hora. Hora is a seventh generation Iowa farmer and the founder and CEO of Continuum Ag, which seeks to equip farmers with data about their soil health and quantify the financial return on their soil health investments.

Data equals dollars, Hora told the farmers in the room. You can’t sell what you can’t measure. As financial institutions work toward carbon neutrality, pledging to decarbonize their portfolios, a new opportunity for agriculture is emerging.

Changing weather patterns with heavier rainfalls punctuated by longer periods of drought make it more essential than ever to have a healthy functioning soil system that can take in and hold moisture, he said. How do we restore the soil to maximum productivity and increase water holding capacity? By treating the soil like a country’s economy. Berns went on to describe in detail “Carbonomics,” the economy of the soil with the currency of carbon.

Carbon intensity scoring quantifies the carbon footprint per agricultural unit, whether that is per bushel of soy, pound of beef, or gallon of milk. Selling a low carbon commodity is selling a data story, said Hora, who recommended that before a farmer reports any data on their practices, they understand the value of that data and how it will be used.

Plants, animals (soil biota), and the soil each have a distinct role to play in this economy, whether they are producers or consumers. When producers and consumers are balanced and everyone is ‘working’, then you have a ‘low unemployment rate’ and a healthy system. Plants capture sunlight and use it to produce carbon. In that way, a farmer’s success is tied to how well they convert sunlight into something of direct value, like a bushel of soybeans. To improve soil productivity, you must add more carbon into the system via photosynthesis. An easy way to do this is to make sure there is something growing on the soil year-round through the use of cover crops. When we provide a plant externally with what the soil system should provide for them naturally, you make the soil economy

Changes are already evident in the carbon conversation in the biofuel industry. There’s money from the federal government for clean fuel, and so a low carbon intensity score is a new unit of measure for businesses to reduce their carbon footprint. Tax credits for lower carbon intensity fuel will soon be available to ethanol plants. Farmers need to figure out their individual carbon intensity score to understand the value they are, so get a piece of the profits that are coming to businesses.

“Decarbonizing agriculture is a huge opportunity to bring money to middle America,” Hora said. “Farmers will absolutely rise to the occasion to decarbonize, but we want our fair share.”

According to the US Department of Energy, the typical bushel of corn has a carbon intensity score around 29g GHG/MJ (greenhouse gas emission per megajoule). However, according to Hora’s calculations, the average farmer’s carbon intensity score in their network is around 11g GHG/MJ. Due to conservation practices including CONTINUED ON PAGE B6

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From Carbonomics to Carbon Intensity scoring

long term use of cover crops and no-till, the Hora Farm’s carbon intensity score is -4.1g GHG/MJ. Buying corn with a lower carbon intensity score will increase the value to the ethanol plant when it comes to future tax credits, worth millions each year. Therefore, products with a lower carbon intensity score will be able to be sold at a premium.

Beyond the future financial windfall from decarbonization that Hora predicts for the agricultural industry, regenerative practices also make sense financially in the near term. “Soil health principles have been marketed wrong. They aren’t just defense against problems like erosion and lost productivity. They are offensive management tools,” he said, noting how reduced tillage and inputs, as well as increasing plant diversity have improved his family’s farm.

Building soil organic matter makes you resilient to unpredictable weather, said Hora. Cover crops will keep your soil alive when you aren’t getting rain and will keep your soil from running off the farm when there’s too much rain. A cheap measure of soil health on the Hora farm is that they haven’t had to replant a crop due to flooding in ages. Their water infiltration rate is an incredible 4 inches in under 5 minutes.

Hora is a realist. He recognizes that sometimes inputs like anhydrous and Roundup are needed, but they are damaging to the soil system and come with a cost, so they should be used as a last resort. “We are on this journey, and it’s a long journey,” he said. Practice changes take patience and humility. He recommends that farmers new to these practices implement them slowly and expect slow results, allowing for flexibility to experiment and make changes over time.

Producer panel insights

One of the highlights of the event was a chance to hear from Nebraska farmers, discussing their implementation of regenerative practices and the lessons they’ve learned through trial and error on their farms.

Dennis Fitzke, who farms near Edgar, reported on how cover crops and no-till pay off in a very dry year. “How much rain did you get? I definitely got it all,” he likes to quip. Mycorrhizal fungi can access water for your crop even when there hasn’t been rain, he said.

Fitzke began no-till in 1994 and continued doing it because it made him more money for less work. He joked that he has

found a financially successful model of farming that goes like this: no tillage + low inputs + no insurance + no debt = more profit.

Fitzke noted the advice of soil experts who say a farmer should always carry a shovel and a soil probe, because what they need to know is underground. “There’s no silver bullet for profitability,” said Fitzke. You can’t implement one new practice and assume that’s what will make a difference. Instead, it takes a whole systems approach, because each practice works together, cascading, and compounding forward.

Hank McGowan, who farms in McCool Junction, discussed the challenges of changing family systems. He farms with his father, who was initially resistant to adding conservation practices on their acres. McGowan started planting cover crops to provide an additional source of forage for his cattle and soon discovered that the practice had other benefits, including a reduction of erosion on his roughest land. “If you’re a livestock producer, this is a slam dunk,” he said.

McGowan recommended that farmers that want to implement regenerative practices take their worst farm and add cover crops there first, as it is where they would have the least to lose and would potentially see improvements fastest. McGowan also discussed his latest efforts around making compost to increase soil microbial activity.

Aaron Studebaker, who farms near Davey, Nebraska, has been using no-till in some capacity since 2006. He recommends cereal rye as a “bulletproof” cover crop, especially useful for weed suppression. “We are running out of chemical options for weeds,” he said, which is why planting rye as a cover crop or a second cash crop in a double cropping system can be so valuable. Another advantage Studebaker has seen with cover crops is erosion control on tricky contoured fields. Additionally, the harvested rye reduces his need for other feed for his cattle through the winter.

‘We’ve always done it that way’ is a toxic mentality for a farmer, said Studebaker, who recommended making SMART goals: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely. Once the goals are set, hold yourself accountable. How are you improving year over year? “If you can’t measure it, you can’t improve it,” he said.

Cheer Up the Lonely Day

Date When Celebrated : This holiday is always held on July 11th

Cheer Up the Lonely Day is an opportunity to make a lonely person happy. Any time you can make someone happy, you've done a good thing, and should be proud of yourself.

Lonely people have few friends and loved ones. They may have lost loved ones over the years. They may be elderly. They see people on an infrequent basis. Spend some time today cheering up lonely people. It's easy to do.....just spend some time with them. When you visit, bring happy things to talk about. Keep the conversation upbeat, and lively. When you leave, give a big hug and let them know you enjoyed the stay. Sending cards or making a phone call is okay, only if they live too far away to visit. What a lonely person really needs, is face to face time with other people.

Today's Deep Thought: "The ability to speak in several languages is an asset, but the ability to keep your mouth shut in any language is priceless." - - Author Unknown

The History and Origin of Cheer Up the Lonely Day:

According to L.J. Pesek, Cheer Up the Lonely Day was created by her father, Francis Pesek from Detroit, Michigan. She told us that he "was a quiet, kind, wonderful man who had a heart of gold. He got the idea as a way of promoting kindness toward others who were lonely or forgotten as shut-ins or in nursing homes with no relatives or friends to look in on them." Francis Pesek chose this day, because it was his birthday.

Alfalfa rain delay

By Ben Beckman, UNL

Continued rain this year is a blessing to keep pastures and fields growing and green. However, short drying windows may make alfalfa harvest tricky.

The timing and amount of rain is important. Legumes like alfalfa are more impacted by leaf shatter from raking or turning than grasses. A bit of moisture on new hay before drying has minimal impact, but heavy rain (>1 inch) can cause up to 10% of soluble nutrients to leach out, with over 30% loss over multiple events.

To keep impact low, speed up the dry-down process. Spreading windrows as wide as possible, conditioning at harvest, and proper raking can reduce dry down from 2 days to ½ day. Alternatively, consider higher moisture uses like haylage or balage. While soil moisture and compaction still need consideration, you can clear a field in 2 days or less.

Finally, preservatives can be used to bale at slightly higher moisture levels without the mold and heat issues typically experienced. We can’t bale at moisture levels used for ensiling, but it does allow us to get into the field a bit sooner. If we do need to wait for harvest, hay quality will decrease as the plant matures. While we do gain yield, taller plants are more susceptible to lodging if moisture continues. Be aware that plants may start growing new shoots from the crown as they mature. If harvest cuts off these shoots with the first growth, a second cutting can be delayed by up to a week. Fortunately, you can avoid this delay. Scout before harvest and if new growth is present, raise your cutting height just a couple inches so you avoid clipping off most of these new shoots. Your regrowth will have a head start towards the next cutting and since the stubble you leave behind has quite low feed value anyway, the yield you temporarily sacrifice is mostly just filler.

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You can tell the character of every man when you see how he receives praise.

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Have you guys heard about the claustrophobic astronaut? They say he just needs a little more space.

Advertising Deadline for the August 2024 issue of the Trader's Dispatch will be July 31st. Call (406)

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The secret to good bales starts with box-shaped windrows. That’s what the Vermeer R2300 twin rake is designed to produce. Built to last, the R2300 allows you to adjust the width of the windorws to match your baler. Control the width, basket lift and folding/unfolding systems right from the cab of your tractor.

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Million to support farmworkers and agricultural employers

Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack announced that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is awarding $50 million to 141 awardees in 40 states and Puerto Rico, through the Farm Labor Stabilization and Protection Pilot Program (FLSP Program), reaching 177 unique agricultural operations and over 11,000 workers. The awards will help improve the resiliency of the U.S. food supply chain by addressing agriculture labor challenges and instability, strengthen protections for farmworkers, and expand legal pathways for labor migration. This program delivers on a commitment made as part of the Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection and furthers the Administration’s commitment to a regional approach to migration in the hemisphere.

“These awards will largely support small and mid-sized farms to ensure they can hire and retain the workers they need to be competitive in the market, while also lifting up rural communities across the country,” said Maureen Wicks, USDA Farm Service Agency State Executive Director for Montana. “Farmworkers make an incredibly important contribution to food and agriculture and ensure we have food on our tables every day. Improving working conditions and quality of life for farmworkers, both U.S. based workers and those that come to our country to work, is one key step in building a stronger, more resilient food supply chain. The Farm Labor Stabilization and Protection Pilot Program demonstrates the Biden-Harris Administration’s commitment to supporting employers and farmworkers alike.”

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USDA announced the FLSP Program in September 2023, in coordination with other federal agencies, to help address workforce needs in agriculture; promote a safe and healthy work environment, as well as ethical recruitment for farmworkers; and support lawful migration pathways for workers, including expansion of labor pathways for workers from Northern Central America, through the H-2A visa program. FLSP was designed with significant input from immigration, labor, and agricultural stakeholders – informed by the experiences of farmworkers and farmers themselves. The FLSP Program grants will support a range of required and elective supplemental commitments to expand benefits and protections for all employees. Examples of awardee commitments include:

Establishing robust pay-related benefits that have the potential to raise earnings for thousands of workers, as well as provide them more time with their families or taking care of their health through policies such as personal and paid sick time off, and mid-season vacation leave;

Markedly improving working and living conditions by strengthening employer-employee engagement, such as establishing Collaborative Working Groups with robust farmworker representation and partnerships with external organizations that have longstanding experience collaborating with farmworkers;

Providing additional worker-friendly benefits, such as advancement and management training opportunities, driver’s license training, no-cost English classes for employees, and additional recreation spaces in housing facilities;

Supporting Know-Your-Rights-and-Resources training sessions for all workers to ensure they understand their legal rights as workers in the United States;

Participation in Worker-driven Social Responsibility programs – a proven model for improving workplace environments – such as the Fair Food Program;

Disclosing recruitment practices and advancing ethical, safe recruitment practices that are essential to protecting workers from illegal fees, undue debt, exploitation, and even human trafficking;

60 percent of employer awardees that plan to utilize the H-2A visa program committed to recruiting workers from Northern Central America.

#####

An old woman was growing bored with retirement and decide to take up golf. She went to the local club and signed up for a lesson. The pro showed the woman how to hold the club, swing, and then said, “Now just aim for the green and hit the ball. To the pro’s surprise, the woman drove the ball right down the middle of the fairway, where it finally stopped just a few feet from the pin. “Now what do I do? the woman asked. “Well you’re supposed to hit the ball into the hole.” The woman looked at the instructor and said, “Why didn’t you tell me that earlier?”

Walk on Stilts Day

This holiday is always celebrated on July 27th

If ever there was a day to stand tall amidst your peers, today is the day to do so. With a pair of stilts and a little practice, you can be a full participant on this tall holiday. Considered a hobby or a sport, stilt walking takes skill and practice. While stilt walking is not for everyone, chances are you’ve been on them at least once when you were a kid. If that was a long time ago, don’t worry. Stilt walking is like riding a bike…. once you’ve learned it, you never forget. If you’ve never been on a pair of stilts, you had a sheltered childhood. Stilts have a long and lofty history. They were first used in the sixth century B.C. in ancient Greece. Stilts have been used for a wide variety of applications. In ancient times, shepherds would mount the stilts to get a bird’s eye view, as they watched over their sheep. Got a tall fruit tree? Use stilts to harvest those apples and pears. The drywall and construction industry uses them today, to reach high places. Stilts were used in jousting contests, too. We see stilts most often used for entertainment at the circus, in theaters, at parades, and at many street events. Circus clowns, jugglers, and entertainers all use stilts. There are many career professional stilt walkers among us.

The World’s Tallest Stilts

According to the Guinness World Book of Records, the world’s tallest stilt was 53′ 10″ (16.41 m). The record was set on November 15, 2006 by Saimaiti Yiming of Xinjiang, China. Yiming took ten steps on the stilts without a safety net. In case you didn’t know, a stilt is measured from the ground to the ankle.

#####

Why do cows never have any money? Because the farmers milk them dry!

#####

Why can’t a hand be 12 inches long? Because then it would be a foot!

#####

Why was the coach yelling at the vending machine? He wanted his quarter back.

#####

What’s the difference between a hippo and a zippo? One’s pretty heavy and the other’s a little lighter.

#####

What is a New Year’s resolution? Something that goes in one year and out the other.

#####

A man got hit hard in the head with a can of 7Up. He’s alright though, it was a soft drink.

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Julie Garden-Robinson, NDSU Extension food and nutrition specialist

“Julie was last seen in Gate F-4,” I texted to my husband at 1 a.m.

I began walking across the airport as the crowds thinned and the final flights arrived.

“Julie was last seen in Gate C-14,” I texted my husband at 2 a.m.

He was probably quite confused when those messages arrived. I was informing him just in case I ended up on an episode of “Whatever happened to Julie” on a mystery show.

He knew my 11 p.m. flight was canceled. I opted out of the free hotel stay. That would have meant going through security at 4:30 a.m. to catch an early flight home.

Unfortunately, I cannot sleep in public places. I also have an active imagination.

I wandered around the airport. I surprised a cleaning crew when I popped up from my somewhat hidden spot. The worker was singing loudly as he drove a vacuum cleaner by my gate.

Sleep evaded me that evening. Millions of people experience sleep challenges, even at home. About one-third of adults do not get enough sleep.

Lack of sufficient sleep puts us at risk for many health conditions. We all need sleep to maintain our daily functioning at work and home.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, not enough sleep is linked to chronic diseases and conditions including heart disease, high blood pressure, obesity, Type 2 diabetes and depression.

Ongoing lack of sleep is linked to early death according to some researchers. Adults need at least seven hours of sleep every night. Younger people need more sleep. For example, teens need at least eight hours of sleep, and infants need 12 to 16 hours of sleep.

As I perused the empty airport, I wondered who might be lurking around the next corner at 3 a.m.

I should not have been thinking about all of this when I was trying to get a few minutes of sleep. I defied nearly every “rule” for sleep that night.

“Sleep hygiene” is the name given to habits that help promote sleep. That term has nothing to do with taking a warm bath before bed, although that would have been nice. Unfortunately, I didn’t even have a toothbrush with me. We should try to have a consistent bedtime. We are advised to avoid the “sleeping in” pattern on weekends.

We also should aim for a dark, quiet sleeping area at a comfortable, slightly cool temperature. Some light exercise is OK before retiring for the evening.

The airport was brightly lit, although they reduced the lighting a bit after the last flight. They evidently turn down the airport heat at night. I had a sweater in my backpack, so I covered myself.

A backpack does not make a good pillow, by the way.

I moved closer to the media plug-ins and began perusing social media on my phone.

With my phone use, I broke another rule for sleep. Using electronic devices in your sleeping area is not advised. The blue light emitted can affect sleep because it interferes with a natural sleep-promoting hormone called melatonin.

I was a little hungry. No vending machines were available in my area.

I reached into my backpack. I found a crushed soft-granola bar. That was better than nothing.

Large meals are not advised before bed, anyway. Your body gets busy digesting the food.

I was thirsty and all I had was a diet cola. I knew that caffeine would make my insomnia situation worse, but this was all I had available.

I decided to wander around a bit more at 3:45 a.m. I had never tried the massage chairs in the hallway. I put my credit card in the slot for my 20-minute massage.

Stretching your muscles is a good plan to promote sleep. The massage chair began squeezing my calves and pummeling my back. I almost jumped out of the chair. My muscles were tense. I had paid $5 for the massage so I was going to make it through.

I really wished that I had not watched those “Halloween” movies in my youth. I was half-expecting claws to come out of back of the chair and the leg massagers to prevent me from escaping.

At 4 a.m., the airport came alive with bright lights. The shuttles were whizzing back and forth with no passengers.

Simple changes make the difference in cooling off cattle

By Jacob Klaudt, K-State Research and Extension news service

Cattle incapable of relieving themselves of high temperatures experience heat stress. Humans alleviate overheating through sweating, but Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said cattle do not have that option.

“Heat stress coping behaviors is what we see when cattle are adapting to warmer temperatures,” he said. “Whenever we get hot, we sweat to maintain homeostasis. For livestock species, and especially cattle, they do not have those capabilities.”

Tarpoff added: “They dissipate heat in other ways like increasing their respiratory rate (breathing) by panting.”

Besides panting, producers identify heat stress by their increased standing, large groups of animals bunching up close to water tanks and crowding in shaded areas.

“They’re trying to get increased airflow by standing, but they actually end up using each other as shade which is counterproductive,” Tarpoff said.

High temperatures and humidity, slow wind speeds and increased solar radiation comprise the four weather conditions contributing to heat stress.

“When we’re comfortable, cattle might not be and vice versa. We really need to consider those four key parameters,” Tarpoff said. “We have an animal comfort index that uses the four of them to get a feel on how cattle are experiencing their environment.”

Monitor the animal comfort index in Kansas through the K-State Mesonet.

Correctly managing heat stress has proven to be essential for maximizing animal wellbeing and performance, according to Tarpoff.

“It is one of those critical chores just as important as feeding or making sure the animals have water. Whether we are asking them to be good cows or an animal to produce beef in a feedlot, we need to put them in scenarios where they’re more comfortable because then they are more productive,” he said.

Tarpoff urges operations housing their cattle in dry lots to keep it simple when developing a plan to lessen the consequences of heat stress.

“Whenever it comes to heat stress, it’s back to the basics: feed and water. Water intake can nearly double as temperatures rise from 70 to 90 degrees (Fahrenheit). We need more water access, flow and availability for those animals,” he said.

He added: “We might be able to modify our feeding times to alleviate some of these stressors. Whenever

we feed cattle, we feed the rumen microbes, and that comes at a cost called the heat of fermentation. We can feed later in the evening, so the digestion happens during the cooler nighttime hours.”

Producers often construct shades to cool off cattle in times of unrelenting heat. A recent study conducted by K-State researchers looking at effects of shade on heat stress revealed that shade structures can impact more than just animal temperature.

“They are a piece of infrastructure,” Tarpoff said. “That two-year trial showed added benefits of investing in shades. We saw increased feed efficiency, increased growth rate and increased average daily gain. We also saw reduced panting rates and water consumption needs by over a gallon per head per day.”

Additionally, bedding pens with straw and fence-line sprinklers help lower ground temperatures and keep cattle cool, according to Tarpoff

Montana Holster & Shoulder Rig

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Racing pigeons are bred for speed. In 1992 champion racer Invincible Spirit was sold for over $130,000. #####

Why do pigeons live in cities? One theory: They are descended from rock doves, cliff dwellers that live near the Mediterranean. Urban structures mimic those ancentral cliffs.

Livestock water on pasture

By Jerry Volesky, UNL

As late spring and summer temperatures begin to heat up and cattle are on pasture, it’s important to make sure there is adequate water for livestock. How much do cattle need and where should it come from?

The water requirements for cattle depends on their size, class, and environmental conditions. High humidity and greater temperatures also increase water demand. A University of Georgia study lists water requirements for days when the daily high temperature is 90°F. With these conditions, growing or lactating animals need two gallons of water per 100 pounds of body weight. This means a 1400-pound, lactating cow will need close to 28 gallons of water daily with 90°F daily highs. If the calves are 250 pounds, they will need about 5 gallons. Again, some of the water will come from grazed forage. Make sure water tanks or water points are accessible for smaller calves. Having fresh, clean water should also be a priority. Whenever dry conditions occur or especially in later summer, water quality from water sources such as dugouts or ponds and dams may not be ideal. The ability to have water close by should also be a goal, although sometimes it’s simply not possible. More water locations can help meet the water demand but could also help grazing distribution too. Cattle will receive some of their daily water requirements when they are consuming high moisture feedstuffs such as fresh forage when grazing pasture, silages, or green chopped feeds. Feeds that are high-energy increase the water requirement.

Keep an eye on water this summer and make sure livestock have enough, good quality water available.

My last chopper ride

I heard a chopper fly, across the sky last night

When the hour it was late

The sound of the blades chopping the air always

Wakes up memories, I wish I could

But I can’t hate

For the better part of two years

It was a sound, I heard at times I would fear

Sometimes it was for mail call or more C rations

Or someone hurt or someone who had died

This we didn’t want to hear

Memories of what happened in Vietnam

Are not all bad, but some are hard to put to rest

We can talk over and over about the good times

Then somehow a bad memory

Pushes past the best

Back home it seemed all the news you heard was

Where planes had bombed, a body count

Or how many enemy had died

There was no way of not hearing or seeing this

No matter how hard you tried

Somehow I think getting on my last chopper ride

Leaving the jungle is the one I really hate

The toughest times I had in Vietnam

Are harder as I re-live them in the states

© ROBERT RIDGWAY

(Vaughn, Montana)

Remember these sleep hygiene tips

CONTINUED FROM PAGE B10

Here’s another tip about sleep: Don’t scare yourself. I arrived home at about 10 a.m. after another delay on the plane. I needed to drive and make a presentation 70 miles away. I made a very strong cup of coffee. I was well aware that drowsy driving is linked to crashes.

In fact, 83,000 crashes occurred between 2005 and 2009 according to statistics from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fortunately, the caffeine worked well. I was hungry for something refreshing later that day. Here’s a tasty fruit bowl to make for breakfast or dessert.

Breakfast Fruit Bowl

3 tablespoons frozen orange juice concentrate (unsweetened)

2 medium apples, rinsed and diced with peel

1 medium orange, peeled and diced

1 medium banana, peeled and sliced

Place orange juice in medium bowl. Add prepared fruits to bowl and toss lightly to coat with orange juice. Substitute your favorite fruits or other seasonal fruits, such as grapes or melon.

Garden Pests

Cats

Save used tea bags and dry them, add a few drops of Olbas oil, citronella oil, or eucalyptus oil to each one, and spread them around the areas in your garden frequently by cats.

Provide an area for cats to use by turning over some dirt in a garden bed. Spray them with a hose or keep a spray bottle of water handy.

Sink a jam jar of ammonia in the cat-path or save urine and spray onto area. Place a small length of hose pipe in among your plants; cats and birds don’t like snakes!

If using grated soap to deter cats, it is best to use coal tar, or sprinkle curry powder or chili pepper powder around the boundaries where they frequent.

Scatter mothballs on flower beds to deter cats from visiting your garden.

On gravel driveways, scatter small pieces of orange peel around the borders to keep cats away.

To deter cats from using your borders as a convenience, place the trimmings from your pruned roses between the plants.

If there are rats or mice in a garden, cats can do more good then harm!

#####

“Gardening requires lots of water–most of it in the form of perspiration.”

#####

“To a gardener there is nothing more exasperating than a hose that just isn’t long enough.”

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Branding season is especially fun for cowboys and cowgirls who need to renew their roping skills, as many ranchers prefer to rope and drag calves to the branding fire. Photo by Suzy Benzing

#####

American radio stations were prohibited from doing popular “man on the street” interviews during World War II, for fear that an enemy agent might be interviewed and influence public opinion. Stations were also banned from mentioning weather conditions during broadcasts of baseball games, out of concern that enemies might be able to create national weather maps from the information.

American Society of Agronomy

Urban gardens offer many benefits for individual health, communities, and ecosystems. They promote sustainable agriculture, reduce food transportation costs, and reduce water runoff. However, urban gardeners also face several challenges, one of which is dealing with contaminants like lead.Lettuce growing in low-lead soils in Brooklyn, New York City.

Lead is a neurotoxin that can damage multiple organ systems. “It is incredibly important to know if urban gardeners are being exposed to lead when they consume their produce,” says Sara Perl Egendorf, a researcher at Cornell University.

Egendorf is the lead author of a new study that shows washing lettuce grown in urban gardens can remove most lead contamination. The study was published in the Journal of Environmental Quality, a publication of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.

Urban gardeners grow a wide variety of crops. This study focused on lettuce because predicting lead levels in leafy greens – like lettuce – can be tricky.

“Leafy greens often have intricate surfaces,” says Egendorf. These surfaces can trap lead-containing soil particles that may be hard to wash off. “We really didn’t know if washing lettuce could effectively remove contaminated soil.”

Egendorf and her colleagues grew lettuce in an urban community garden in Brooklyn, New York and in a rural field site in Ithaca, New York. The lettuce was grown in soils containing either high or low levels of lead. The researchers tested different washing strategies: rinsing with tap water, soaking in water, soaking in vinegar, or soaking in a commercial vegetable wash solution.

The conclusion? Washing effectively removed lead contamination from lettuce leaves. “All the wash methods we tested worked,” says Egendorf. “We also found that washing lettuce grown in low-lead soils was still important to reduce lead levels before consuming.” Some unwashed lettuce grown in low-lead soils had elevated lead levels. All unwashed lettuce grown in high-lead soils had lead levels above government standards. Washing reduced lead levels to below these guidelines in all cases.

The study also showed that management practices like mulching and using hoop houses, or small greenhouses, are effective at reducing lead contamination on lettuce by keeping contaminated particles away from the plants.

“Lettuce grown in bare soil can be contaminated with lead in different ways,” says Egendorf. The plants can absorb small amounts of lead through their roots. Soil particles contaminated with lead can splash on to the plants, during watering for instance. Finally, lead particles from pollutants in the atmosphere can land on the lettuce leaves. The good news is that much of this lead can be washed off. According to this study, 97% of lead from splash and 91% from atmospheric deposition were washed off lettuce.

Mulching the soil around lettuce can prevent lead-contaminated soil particles from splashing. Hoop houses can protect plants from lead contaminants in the atmosphere or dusts being blown by wind. Both practices reduce lead contamination of lettuce grown in urban gardens. “We found that these management practices are effective at preventing soil splash and lead deposition on plants,” says Egendorf Combining effective management practices and washing gave the best results. For example, mulching alone reduced lead levels in unwashed lettuce by 76%. Washing alone reduced lead levels by a further 85%. Together, mulching and washing reduced lead levels found on lettuce by almost 97%.

Reducing exposure to lead is of the utmost importance, says Egendorf. Children are especially at risk from lead exposure because lead can cause major harm to brain development. In adults, long-term exposure to lead can cause many issues, which include kidney damage and a decline in cardiovascular and nervous system health. Lead exposure has been shown to cause more than 400,000 premature deaths per year in the United States.

Egendorf and colleagues are sharing their findings with organizations, agencies, and extension specialists. “We want to encourage urban gardeners to keep doing their important work,” says Egendorf. “We also want to make sure they have access to strategies for safe and effective gardening.”

To learn more about creating raised beds, check out this Soils Matters blog.

Silage trucks being filled by the chopper during JBC Farm’s silage harvest in Hobson, MT. Photo by Suzy Benzing

These tires will be used to hold down the plastic used to cover the silage pit that’s currently being harvested by JBC Farms feedlot in Hobson, MT. Photo by Suzy Benzing

Proper handling of eggs: From hen to consumption

By Phillip Clauer, Former Associate Teaching Professor and 4-H Youth Poultry Coordinator, Pennsylvania State University

The condition of the egg that you collect is directly related to how well the flock is managed. Feeding a well-balanced ration, supplementing calcium with oyster shell or limestone, water, flock age and health all can affect egg quality. However, since these factors are covered in other publications, this article will place emphasis on egg quality and handling after it is laid.

Coop and Nest Management

Keep the laying flock in a fenced area so they cannot hide their eggs or nest anywhere they choose. If hens are allowed to nest wherever they choose, you will not know how old eggs are or with what they have been in contact…if you can find them at all.

Keep the layer’s environment clean and dry to help keep your eggs clean. A muddy outside run, dirty or damp litter, and dirty nesting material will not only result in dirty, stained eggs, but these eggs have a high chance of being contaminated with bacteria. Clean out the nest boxes and add deep, clean bedding at least every two weeks.

Clean out wet litter in the coop and make sure the outside run area is not over-grazed and has good drainage.

Supply a minimum of four nest boxes for flocks containing 15 hens or less. For larger flocks, provide one nest for every 4 to 5 hens in the flock. This will help limit egg breakage from normal traffic and daily egg laying. Make sure nests have a deep, clean layer of bedding to prevent breakage and help absorb waste or broken egg material.

Bins

Collect Eggs Early And Often

Most flocks will lay a majority of their eggs by 10:00 a.m. daily. It is best to collect the eggs as soon as possible after they are laid. The longer the egg is allowed to stay in the nest, the more likely the egg will get dirty, broken, or lose interior quality.

Collecting eggs at least twice daily is advisable, especially during extreme weather temperatures.

Other Considerations for Layer House Management

Rotate range areas often or ensure good quality forage and cover areas for birds in outside runs to prevent large dirt and mud areas from forming by overgrazing.

Prevent eggs from being broken to minimize a hen learning to eat an egg and developing egg-eating habits.

Provide free choice oyster shells or limestone to help strengthen the egg shells.

Keep rats, cats, predators, and snakes away from the hen house. They will eat feed, eggs, or hens and contaminate the coop and any feed or eggs they don’t eat.

Proper Egg Cleaning and Handling

Collect eggs in an easy-to-clean container like plastic coated wire baskets or plastic egg flats. This will prevent stains from rusted metal and contamination from other materials which are difficult to clean and disinfect. Place eggs in the container gently to prevent breakage.

Do not stack eggs too high. If collecting in baskets, do not stack eggs more than 5 layers deep. If using plastic flats, do not stack more than 6 flats. If you stack eggs too deep you will increase breakage.

Never cool eggs rapidly before they are cleaned. The eggshell will contract and pull any dirt or bacteria on the surface deep

through the pores when cooled. Try to keep the temperature relatively constant until they are washed.

Wash eggs as soon as you collect them. This helps limit contamination and loss of interior quality.

Wash at 90°F or higher and a min of 20°F greater than egg temp with an approved cleaning compound. Then rinse at slightly higher temp with approved sanitizer 50–200ppm. This will make the egg contents sweat and push the dirt away from the pores of the egg. Never let eggs sit submerged in water. Once the temperature equalizes the egg can absorb contaminants in the water.

Dry and cool eggs quickly after washing. Store eggs, large end up, at 40–45°F and 70% relative humidity. Eggs that sit at room temperature (65°F or higher) can drop as much as one grade per day. If fertile eggs are kept at a temperature above 85°F for more than a few hours, the germinal disc (embryo) can start to develop. If fertile eggs are kept above 85°F over two days, the blood vessels of the embryo may become visible. If eggs are stored properly in their own carton in a 45°F cooler, they should hold a quality of Grade A for at least six weeks.

Grade and Sort Eggs

It is best that you grade and sort the eggs before you store, sell, or consume them. The easiest way to evaluate egg quality is to candle them with a bright light. This process can help you eliminate cracked eggs or eggs with foreign matter inside like blood spots.

How to Candle Eggs

Hold the egg up to the candling light in a slanting position.

You can see the air cell, the yolk, and the white. The air cell is almost always in the large end of the egg. Therefore, put the large end next to the candling light.

Hold the egg between your thumb and first two fingers. Then by turning your wrist quickly, you can cause the inside of the egg to whirl. Rotating too slowly will not allow you to see the entire interior, due to how the yolk is suspended in the center. Blood or tissue (meat spots) that will decrease grade will appear as darting shadows when the egg is twirled correctly. When you are learning to candle, you will find it helpful to break open and observe any eggs you are in doubt about.

Identifying Cracks

Cracks range from dramatic and bright to hardly visible. They will appear as thin bright lines on the shell. Applying slight pressure to the shell on each end of a crack will open it. This can be a good way to distinguish a crack from a cage mark. Cracks that do not leak because the shell membrane is still intact are known as checks. Eggs with checks should not be sold as shell eggs, but they can be used as long as they are cooked or processed immediately after collection. Discard all leaking eggs.

Candling an egg

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Proper handling of eggs: From hen to consumption

USDA Grade Standard

Use the specifications given in the table below to determine the interior grade of an egg by candling. Consider air cell depth,

yolk outline, and albumen quality. A loose or bubbly air cell does not affect interior grade. Quality AA Quality A Quality B Quality Inedible Factor

Air Cell 1/8 inch or less 3/16 inch or less Over 3/16 inch Doesn’t apply in depth in depth (quarter-sized (dime-penny (nickel-quarter or larger) size) sized)

White Clear, firm Clean, reasonably Weak and watery Doesn’t apply firm

Yolk Outline slightly Outline fairly well Outline plainly Doesn’t apply defined defined visible

None

None

Air Cell Depth

The depth of the air cell is the distance from its top to its bottom when the egg is held with the air cell up and viewed from the side.

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Measuring air cell depth

In a fresh egg, the Grade AA air cell is small, not more than 1/8 inch deep. When an egg air cell gauge is unavailable, you may view the air cell from above and compare it to coin sizes to estimate its depth, but note that this does not replace an official measuring device. As the egg ages, evaporation and thinning of the white causes the air cell to become larger and the egg is downgraded.

Yolk

The yolk of a fresh, high-quality egg will be surrounded by a thick, dense layer of albumen (white). Therefore, it moves only slightly away from the center of the egg when it is twirled on the candler. Because of this, the yolk outline is only slightly defined in the highest-quality eggs. As the albumen thins, the yolk tends to move more freely and will move closer to the shell when twirled. A more visible yolk when candled indicates a lower quality egg.

Albumen (White)

The character and condition of the white or albumen is indicated largely by the behavior of the yolk of the egg when the egg is candled. If the yolk retains its position in the center when the egg is twirled, the white is usually firm and thick. The size of the air cell is also a good indicator of albumen thickness and volume. A larger air cell is usually paired with thinner albumen.

Internal Spots

A blood or meat spot does not mean the egg is fertile, and both can occur in infertile eggs. Eggs with blood or meat spots more than 1/8 inch in diameter are classified as inedible. Eggs with small spots collectively less than 1/8 inch in diameter should be classified as Grade B. The chalazae (two thick strings of protein that keep the yolk centered in the egg) are distinguished from a meat spot by a bright area of refracted light that accompanies its darker shadow. Blood spot eggs with proper cooking can be consumed

Blood or meat

Blood or spots aggretating meat spots not more than aggregating 1/8” in diameter more than 1/8” in diameter

without harm, however, most people find the appearance undesirable.

Grading Exteriors

Remove any eggs with unusual shell shapes, textures, ridges, large calcium deposits, or thin spots if you plan to sell the eggs. These eggs are edible but break easily and are undesirable to most consumers due to their appearance. Imagine the egg in the carton. Will it fit properly? If jostled, will it break?

Also, do not sell any dirty eggs with debris stuck to the shell, or that have large or numerous stains that persist after washing.

Storage of Eggs

Store eggs pointed end down in an egg carton to keep the air cell stable.

Date each carton to match the oldest eggs it contains. Use or sell the oldest eggs first. You must sell all eggs within five days of being collected. If you are using them at home try to use the eggs before they are three weeks old.

Store eggs at 40–45°F with 70–85% relative humidity.

Never store eggs with materials that have an odor. Eggs will pick up the odors of apples, fish, onions, potatoes, and other food or chemicals with distinct odors.

Never hold eggs at or above room temperature or at low humidity longer than necessary. Leaving eggs in a warm, dry environment will cause interior quality to drop quickly.

Sale of Eggs

There are no laws that prevent the sale of eggs from a home-laying flock. However, there are a few requirements for egg sales if you are raising less than 3000 layers. If you raise more than 3000 hens you are required to meet a more detailed set of regulations.

Egg Sale Laws for flocks with less than 3000 layers

For flocks with less than 3000 layers, who sell within 5 days of lay, predominantly within a 100-mile radius:

Refrigerate all eggs to be sold at 45°F or less within 24 hours of lay, including for on-farm sales

Eggs must be stored in a properly labeled carton, flat, or container

Each carton must be labeled with:

Name and Address

Date of lay

Statement of Identity (eggs)

Net Contents (3/16” letters)

“Keep Refrigerated”

Egg safe handling instructions

“Unclassified” if eggs are not graded and/or weighed

Eggs

Proper handling of eggs: From hen to consumption

CONTINUED FROM PAGE B20

meet US Consumer Grade B or higher. Follow the suggestions about collection, washing, storage, grading, and sorting above. For marketing, it is usually best to size the eggs. Medium, large, and extra-large eggs sell best. Egg sizes are expressed in ounces per dozen.

Small - 18 oz.

Medium - 21 oz.

Large - 24 oz.

Extra Large - 27 oz.

Jumbo - 30 oz.

Never sell eggs in cartons with another egg producer or store name on the carton. It is illegal to do so. Only sell eggs in generic cartons with the required information or ask your customers to bring their own carton to carry the eggs home.

Most small flock producers base their prices on the current store prices in the area where they live. However, many producers niche market their eggs as a specialty item and receive premium prices. If you have your birds in a fenced outside run and have one male for every 10–15 hens in your flock, you can sell eggs at a premium as fertile, free-range eggs. Brown eggs often will bring higher prices as well.

Remember, prices will also be driven by supply and demand. If you do not have much competition and have a good demand you usually can get a higher price for the eggs you sell. It is critical that you pay attention to quality and keep a constant year-round supply for your customers. Be prepared to replace any eggs that are not satisfactory to a customer. Learn about and correct the dissatisfaction.

What Is the Proper Way to Cook and Handle Eggs?

Consumers should always keep eggs refrigerated until the eggs are used. Do not store eggs with other foods containing odors like onions, fish, or apples. Eggs should not be eaten raw. Pasteurized eggs should be used in recipes that call for uncooked raw eggs (i.e. eggnog, ice cream, etc.). Pasteurized eggs can be found fairly easily in liquid form at major grocery stores. Eggs should not be combined and left to stand at room temperature before cooking for more than 20 minutes. Eggs should be individually cracked and immediately cooked to a minimum of 160°F. After cooking, the USDA recommends that hot food be kept above 140°F and cold foods be kept below 40°F.

A man is playing golf with his wife when he finds his ball in a perilous position sitting behind two large trees with a narrow opening between them. The man’s wife encourages him to try and shoot the ball between the narrow opening. “I’ll never make that shot,” the man says. “It’s too narrow. But when the woman insists, he decides to go for it. Unfortunately, the ball strikes one of the trees, shoots directly back, and hits his wife in the head, killing her instantly. A week after the man is back out on the course with an acquaintance when he finds himself in the exact same place behind the two large trees. The man encourages him to go for it again, when the widower says, “I can’t take that risk. You know what happened last time, don’t you?” The acquaintance replies with, “No, I don’t. What happened?” “I made a triple bogey.”

FENCING

Branding season is especially fun for cowboys and cowgirls who need to renew their roping skills, as many ranchers prefer to rope and drag calves to the branding fire. Photo by Suzy Benzing

The deadline for advertising for the August 2024 issue of the Trader's Dispatch will be July 31st.

By Ben Beckman, UNL

Have you noticed tall weeds with umbrella-like white flowers in pastures, ditchbanks and along the roadsides? It may be poison hemlock a toxic plant to both people and livestock.

Poison hemlock is one of Nebraska’s top ten poisonous plants. It thrives in wet or moist soils along streams, roadsides, and pastures. Hemlock has distinctive fern-like leaves and purple spots on its stems. A biennial plant, it grows as a rosette in its first year and produces a stalk with white flowers in the second.

So, how can you manage this weed? Avoid overgrazing pastures containing hemlock. When there’s plenty of forage, animals will eat the healthy, palatable plants and avoid hemlock. However, if grass gets short, even unpalatable poisonous plants might be consumed. This includes turning hungry animals into fresh pastures with hemlock; desperate animals may eat the first

green plant they encounter. Ensure plenty of water, salt, and minerals are always available. Animals deprived of these essentials may eat abnormally, increasing the risk of consuming hemlock. Just five pounds of foliage can be lethal for cows, and only two pounds can be deadly for horses. Fortunately, hemlock is usually not palatable to most livestock. They won’t eat much unless it’s the only green plant around or if the plant has been altered. Do not attempt to control hemlock during the grazing season by mowing or spraying. This can increase its palatability, making it more likely for animals to consume enough to be poisoned. Instead, control poison hemlock in early spring or fall when animals are not in the pasture, or fence off large patches if necessary. Options for herbicide control may include 2,4-D + Dicamba; Graslan L®; Chaparral®; Cimarron Plus®; DuraCor®; Escort XP®; and Streamline®.

Successful 4-H camp at Comeca, Nebraska

By Gina Hofaker, Dawson County 4-H Extension Assistant

“All Critters Great and Small” was the theme of the 2024 Dawson County 4-H Camp at Camp Comeca south of Cozad. 23 campers, 4 counselors, and 3 staff gathered June 4th through June 6th for fun, fellowship, and education in a camp setting.

2024 Dawson County 4-H campers were kept busy with traditional 4-H camp activities such as canoeing, swimming, creating leathercraft projects, sports tournaments, rock wall climbing, and a campfire with s’mores. Following the 2024 theme of “All Critters Great and Small”, campers also made wildlife tracks and decorated wooden shaped animals; attended “Hop into 4-H” where they learned about different breeds of rabbits and how to show them for 4-H; “Busy Bees” where they learned about honey bees and tried raw honey and honeycomb; and visited with Makenzie & Emily from Overton Vet Clinic to learn how to care for their pets and 4-H Animals. Many laughs and memories were created in a short amount of time at the Dawson County 4-H Camp.

Best camper medals, selected by the 4-H members, went to Grant Walahoski and Paige Walahoski of Overton. Best leathercraft medals, selected by the 4-H counselors, were given to Romeo Ramirez of Johnson Lake and Maggie Duryea of Lexington. Prizes also were awarded to the campers with the cleanest cabin and to the team that won the Lip Sync Contest. The cleanest cabin award went to the “Butterflies”, consisting of: Christina Burns of Cozad;

Elsie Cool of Gothenburg; Paige Walahoski, Meagan Lassen, and Brynlee Reil all of Overton; and the “Rhinos”; consisting of: Romeo Ramirez, Jovani Venegas & Rylan Kubert all of Johnson Lake; Bodee Klemm of Lexington; and Owen Lassen and Grant Walahoski of Overton. The sports tournament was very competitive with some traditional 4-H camp games such as volleyball, kickball, Steal the Sticks, and GaGa Ball. Team White was the overall winner. Team members included: Kristina Burns, Rebecca Burns, Mollie Spradlin, and Cadey Wolf of Cozad; Romeo Ramirez & Rylan Kubert of Johnson Lake; Bristol McConville and Maggie Venegas-Villezcas of Lexington; Meagan Lassen, Grant Walahoski, and Megan Walahoski of Overton; and Kamery Schledewitz of Sumner. The Lip Sync contest was won by the “Ladybugs.” They choreographed a performance to the song “Kung Fu Fighting”. Members consisted of Rebecca Burns, Mckenna Reiman, and Cadey Wolf of Cozad; Bristol Kubert of Johnson Lake; Maggie Venegas-Villezcas of Lexington; and Megan Walahoski of Overton.

4-H Counselors were Krystal VenegasVillezcas of Lexington, Samuel VenegasVillezcas of Lexington, Kylee Kubert of Johnson Lake, and Mickailee Reil of Overton. Gina Hofaker, Dawson County 4-H Extension Assistant; Karley Patterson, Dawson County 4-H Extension Intern; and Terry Hofaker, 4-H Volunteer; completed the camp staff.

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highly pathogenic avian influenza virus

By Jason Lombard, associate professor and veterinarian with Colorado State University

Colorado has highly pathogenic avian influenza – also known as HPAI or bird flu – on a dairy farm, the ninth state with confirmed cases. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Veterinary Services Laboratories confirmed the virus on April 25, 2024, in a herd in northeast Colorado.

This farm is one of 35 dairy farms across the U.S. with verified cases of bird flu in cattle as of May 7, 2024, according to the USDA.

Bird flu is not new to Colorado. The state experienced an outbreak in poultry that began in 2022. Since then, the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has reported that 6.3 million birds in nine commercial flocks and 25 backyard flocks have been affected by the virus. The most recent detection was in February 2024.

But this is the first time the disease has made cattle in Colorado sick.

I’m a veterinarian and epidemiologist at Colorado State University who focuses on infectious diseases in dairy cows. I spent many years on a USDA incident management team working on multiple cattle and poultry disease outbreaks, and I’m leading the efforts at Colorado State University to study this novel outbreak.

The first cases of bird flu in cattle

Bird flu was first detected in dairy cattle in Texas and Kansas in March 2024.

Colorado State University faculty responded to the outbreak by forming a multistate group with state departments of agriculture, the USDA and other universities to gain a better perspective of how this virus is transmitted between farms and among cows. The team is coordinating the sampling and testing of sick and healthy cows on affected farms to understand which animals are shedding the virus, meaning they are more likely to spread the disease, and for how long.

We are also working to identify mitigation steps to help control this disease. Our network of animal health specialists is working with dairy producers and informing them of new data on a weekly basis.

Detecting bird flu in cattle

In February 2024, veterinarians and researchers began testing the blood, urine, feces, milk and nasal swab samples of sick cows. The virus was detected most frequently in raw milk, suggesting the disease may have been spread to other cows during the milking process.

More recent laboratory tests have also detected the virus in cows’ nasal secretions for a short time before the virus presents in their raw milk.

In late April, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and USDA began testing commercial milk samples. To date, authorities have not detected any live virus in these samples.

That’s expected because the pasteurization process, which heats milk to at least 161 degrees Fahrenheit (72 degrees Celsius) for at least 15 seconds, kills the virus. Pasteurization times and temperatures used in the U.S. are designed to kill bacterial pathogens, but they are working against this virus. Raw milk, as its name implies, is not pasteurized. The CDC has linked drinking raw milk to many foodborne illnesses, including E. coli and salmonella. The presence of the virus that causes bird flu, H5N1, is an additional reason for concern.

Dairy producers are required to divert abnormal milk and milk from sick cows from the food supply to protect consumers.

In addition to milk, the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service has tested samples of commercial ground beef from states with sick cows. No virus had been found in beef as of May 1, 2024.

Slowing the spread of the disease

At this early stage of the outbreak in dairy cows, researchers don’t know exactly how bird flu spreads in cattle, so recommendations to contain it may shift as more is learned.

I have seen many infected cows and they look dull and depressed, similar to how humans feel during a viral infection. Many infected cows have signs similar to humans with the flu, such as a fever.

Many dairy producers separate sick cows in hospital pens, away from healthy ones, so sick cows can be easily monitored and treated.

Since the virus has been found in nasal secretions in early infection, it’s possible the water tanks for the herds’ drinking water could be a source of infection. Farmers should continue to clean these tanks at least weekly – and even more often in hospital pens – as a best practice.

Infected cows can recover

The good news is that most cows get better. Like a human with the flu, they respond to anti-inflammatory drugs and oral fluids.

A small percentage of cows do get secondary bacterial infections and die or are humanely euthanized. Some cows recover from the infection but stop producing milk and are removed from the herd and usually slaughtered for beef.

Because the virus is detected most often in milk from sick cows, our team recommends dairy producers continue following best milking practices on the dairy farm, including disinfecting the cow’s teats before and after milking, even healthy cows.

Just one case of human conjunctivitis due to bird flu was reported in a Texas dairy farmworker in late March. The worker was likely exposed through direct contact with milk from an infected cow or from rubbing their eyes with their hands or gloves that had come in contact with contaminated milk. The CDC recommends farmworkers wear personal protective equipment, including eye protection, when in direct or close physical contact with raw milk.

How dairy producers can protect herds

Viruses can end up on farms through the movement of cattle, people, vehicles, equipment and wild birds.

The U.S. dairy industry has a Secure Milk Supply Plan that addresses foreign and emerging dairy cattle diseases like bird flu. The plan calls for increased biosecurity practices on farms during disease outbreaks.

Biosecurity practices include limiting cattle movement on and off farms, allowing only required personnel access to cattle, preventing vehicles and equipment from other farms from entering cattle areas, and cleaning and disinfecting vehicles entering and leaving dairy farms. Following these practices should greatly reduce the opportunity for the virus to enter new herds.

Birds also carry the virus. They are more difficult to control because of their easy access to feed and water on dairy farms. State and federal fish and game departments and wildlife agencies work with farmers to reduce the risk of diseases spread by wild birds. These include programs to limit the number of birds attracted to dairy farms while respecting rules protecting these species.

The risks of avian influenza virus

CONTINUED FROM PAGE B24

Producers who observe cows with clinical signs of bird flu should let their veterinarians know so that proper testing can be done to confirm the presence of bird flu. If a test result is positive, the lab that conducts the test must report it to the USDA. As USDA and affected states continue to track the disease, an accurate estimate of affected farms will allow investigators to determine how the virus is spreading from farm to farm – and if we are making progress in containing it.

Spring in Montana means brandings

together to get calves

Photo by Suzy Benzing

Controlling Yucca on rangeland

By Jerry Volesky, UNL

Yucca plants, which are also called soapweed, can be quite common on rangeland in western and central Nebraska. They are especially noticeable here in June when flowering. In some areas, they can be quite thick and significantly reduce grass production. There are ways, though, to reclaim those grazinglands.

Once established, yucca plants can increase on drier rangeland sites. They produce a deep taproot that competes aggressively for the limited water in these soils. With sharp leaves protecting the plant, cattle rarely eat it during summer. Grass production decreases while yucca thrives.

Herbicides like Remedy Ultra®; PastureGard HL®; Pathfinder II®, Tordon®, Velpar, or Cimarron Plus® can control yucca, but only when each individual plant is sprayed directly. Hexazinone products like Velpar L®; Pronone Power Pellet, or Velossa® be applied to the soil uphill side of individual yucca plants with exact delivery hand-gun applicator; since pasture grass streaking injury downslope can occur with chemical movement. General broadcast spraying to control yucca on rangeland is cost prohibitive, although small patches can and should be controlled before they expand. Herbicides are most effective when applied in spring or summer. When using herbicides, be sure to follow label directions for the best control.

Some people have had some success in reducing yucca through winter grazing. During winter, yucca often is the only green plant around. Sometimes cows actually will get down on their knees, lay their head sideways on the ground, and chew through the base of the plant to get to the moist, tender parts. It has been observed though, that it can take some time for animals to learn to graze yucca and there may be some animals in the herd that will not graze it while others can be quite proficient. After several consecutive winters of grazing, yucca stands can be reduced so grass again thrives during summer.

Whether it is with herbicides or trying some winter grazing, this might be a good year to reclaim some of your pasture back from yucca.

#####

There is a skeleton in our neighborhood who always knows that something bad might happen way before it actually happens. He has actually become quite famous and when a TV crew interviewed about the reason behind this ability, the skeleton finally disclosed his secret: he could feel the bad vibes in his bones.

Recommendations for worker protection to reduce exposure to Influenza A viruses

This updated guidance identifies select occupational groups that may be at increased risk of exposure to novel influenza A viruses. Specific recommendations for these groups may be updated as CDC learns more during this evolving situation.

Persons in these occupational groups should consult with their supervisor or their employer’s worker safety team to determine how best to apply these recommendations.

Information for workers

Take steps to reduce your risk of infection with avian influenza A viruses associated with severe disease when working with animals or materials, including raw milk, confirmed infected or potentially infected with these novel influenza A viruses. Examples of people working with or exposed to animals include:

Poultry and livestock farmers and workers

Backyard bird flock owners

Veterinarians and veterinary staff

Animal health responders

Public health responders

Slaughterhouse workers performing certain tasks on lactating dairy cattle including:

Unloading or handling live lactating dairy cattle for slaughter, including workers in holding pens and involved with antemortem inspection

Postmortem processes including the post-mortem inspection and handling and transporting viscera

Removing and transporting udders from dairy cattle for further processing or rendering

Avoid unprotected direct or close physical contact with:

Sick birds, livestock, or other animals

Carcasses of birds, livestock, or other animals that have died from unknown causes

Raw milk

Viscera and udders from lactating dairy cattle

Feces or litter

Surfaces and water (e.g., ponds, waterers, buckets, pans, troughs) on farms with potentially infected animals that might be contaminated with animal waste

If you must work in or enter any not yet disinfected buildings where these materials or sick or dead cattle or other animals confirmed infected or potentially infected are or were present, wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in addition to the PPE you might be using for your normal duties (e.g., waterproof apron, hearing protection, etc.). Appropriate PPE depends on the hazards present and a site-specific risk assessment. If you have questions on the type of PPE to use or how to fit it properly, ask your supervisor.

Recommended PPE to protect against novel influenza A viruses includes:

Disposable or non-disposable fluid-resistant coveralls, and depending on task(s), add disposable or non-disposable waterproof apron

Any NIOSH Approved® particulate respirator (e.g., N95®or greater filtering facepiece respirator, elastomeric half mask respirator with a minimum of N95 filters)

Properly-fitted unvented or indirectly vented safety goggles or a faceshield if there is risk of liquid splashing onto the respirator

Rubber boots or rubber boot covers with sealed seams that can be sanitized or disposable boot covers for tasks taking a short amount of time

Disposable or non-disposable head cover or hair cover

Disposable or non-disposable gloves

While wearing PPE

Avoid touching yourself above your chest, especially your eyes, mouth, or nose, after touching any contaminated material

Do not eat, drink, smoke, vape, chew gum, dip tobacco, or use the bathroom

Use separate designated clean areas, one for putting on PPE and another for taking it off

Safely put on and remove PPE

Put PPE on in this order and in a clean environment avoiding contamination:

Wash hands with soap and water

Fluid-resistant coveralls

Waterproof apron, if needed

NIOSH Approved® respirator

Properly-fitted, unvented or indirectly vented safety goggles or faceshield

Head cover or hair cover

Gloves

Boots or boot covers

Remove PPE in this order* making sure to dispose of all disposable PPE appropriately and to set aside all reusable PPE for cleaning after each use:

Remove apron, if worn

Clean and disinfect boots or boot covers

Remove boots or boot covers

Remove coveralls

Remove gloves

Wash your hands with soap and water or, if soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub

Remove head cover or hair cover

Remove goggles or faceshield and then remove respirator

Wash your hands again with soap and water or, if soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub

Note: Take off PPE by touching the least contaminated part of the PPE. *Any change to the order of removing PPE should consider that the aim of the chosen sequence should be to minimize any contaminant transfer from potential contaminated protective clothing and equipment to the person’s skin or regular clothing.

All reusable PPE (e.g., rubber boots, goggles, faceshield, waterproof apron, elastomeric half mask respirators) should be set aside, then cleaned and disinfected after every use. To clean and disinfect reusable PPE:

Select an EPA-approved disinfectant that has label claims against influenza

A viruses

Follow manufacturer/label directions for safe use of disinfectants

Clean reusable PPE until visible dirt is removed

Disinfect reusable PPE according to the disinfectant and PPE manufacturer’s instructions

After removing PPE

If possible, shower at the end of the work shift and put on clean uncontaminated clothing. If there are no shower facilities on site, clean up as much as possible, put on uncontaminated clothing, leave straight from work to a shower, and put on clean clothing immediately afterward

Leave all contaminated clothing and equipment at work

Never take contaminated equipment or wear contaminated clothing outside the work area

Follow laundering instructions:

Wash laundry onsite with standard laundry detergent, and completely machine-dry at the highest temperature suitable for the material. Wear gloves and protective outerwear when handling soiled laundry. Use separate storage and transport bins for clean and dirty laundry. If there is no laundry on site, clothing to be laundered at home should be transported in a plastic bag, kept separate from household items, washed separately, and then thoroughly machine-dried at the highest temperature suitable for the material.

Self-monitor for symptoms of illness every day while you are working with sick or potentially infected animals or animals known to be infected with novel influenza A viruses for 10 days after the last day of exposure to infected or potentially infected animals or contaminated materials. If you become sick during those 10 days, isolate yourself, tell your supervisor, and get instructions for seeking medical evaluation and treatment.

Information for employers

All PPE should be used in accordance with OSHA regulations found at 29 CFR part 1910, Subpart I (Personal Protective Equipment), including identifying appropriate PPE based on a site-specific risk assessment. Workers must be trained on and demonstrate an understanding of when to use PPE; what PPE is necessary; what it looks like when PPE is properly fitted; how to properly put on, use, take off, dispose of, and maintain PPE; and understand the limitations of PPE.

Respirator use should be in the context of a comprehensive respiratory protection program in accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Respiratory Protection standard (29 CFR 1910.134) and other applicable requirements. Staff who will need to wear respirators must be medically-cleared, trained, and fit-tested for respirator use. Detailed information on respiratory protection programs, including fit testing procedures, can be accessed at OSHA’s Respiratory Protection eTool.

PPE training topics should include all the following:

Proper fit-testing, wearing, and use of respirators

Safe removal of respirators

Safe disposal of disposable respirators

Cleaning and disinfection of, and recommended respirator cartridge change-out schedule for, reusable respirators

Medical contraindications to respirator use

Use of only NIOSH Approved® respirators

For information on NIOSH Approved® respirators visit National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory.

Important Considerations

It is important to wear the appropriate PPE for protection against dangerous hazards, including diseases, in the workplace. However, there are certain

Silage season has begun at JBC Farms feedlot in Hobson, Montana. Photo by Suzy Benzing

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Influenza A viruses

factors pertaining to the use of PPE of which employers and workers should be aware.

Respirators: For untrained persons who work with poultry and livestock, including children, it is important to remember that respirators are designed primarily to be used in workplaces by adults who are part of their employer’s respiratory protection program. The risks and benefits of using respirators without proper training and fit testing are uncertain. For a respirator to be most effective, it must form a seal to the face to keep particles from leaking around the edges. When not fit tested, a tight seal should be achieved following manufacturer’s instructions. Additionally, most respirators will be too big to form a proper seal for younger

children’s faces, and some will be too big for people with smaller faces.

Heat illness: Employers and workers should be aware that wearing PPE and certain clothing ensembles can often increase your risk for heat-related illnesses. For more on this topic visit Limiting Heat Burden While Wearing PPE

Vision: Try to prevent fogging of goggles and face masks. Employers and workers should be aware that under certain conditions, some PPE can alter or decrease your visual acuity and peripheral vision. Under these conditions, workers should pay closer attention to their surroundings for hazards such as animal movement; clothes snagging; cuts or punctures; and slips, trips, and falls.

Consume less ultraprocessed food

By Julie Garden-Robinson, NDSU Extension food and nutrition

Consuming ultraprocessed foods can promote a range of health issues.

“I have never tasted these treats,” I said to my husband.

I was in a grocery store standing next to a large display of packaged baked goods.

I was looking at the yellow sponge cakes stuffed with marshmallow filling. I bet you know what I am describing. They have been in existence more than 90 years.

“We used to have those after school regularly,” he commented.

“My mom would not buy these,” I replied. “I felt kind of deprived.”

When I was young, we had baked goods in our home, but they were always homemade. Bread from the store was a big treat for us.

I was curious about what I had missed my entire life. The box was beckoning me, so I added one to our cart. My husband looked at me a little strangely.

After dinner, I relaxed in my easy chair and opened the cellophane wrapper. Wow, this is going to be good, I thought to myself.

“This tastes like a chemistry lab,” I told my husband after taking a bite and setting down the food.

Turns out, my mom was right, as usual.

“Who is going to eat the rest of them?” he asked.

“I guess you get the other 11,” I said. “Don’t eat them all at once.”

I would put the treats I tried in the “ultraprocessed food” category. Unfortunately, nutrition researchers are finding that eating too many ultraprocessed foods can promote health issues ranging from weight gain to chronic disease.

“Processed” food sometimes gets a bad rap, but most of us eat some processed food every day and that’s OK. Processed food includes frozen food, dried food, canned food, flour or any type of food that has undergone some sort of transformation to move the food from its initial state to a form that is more convenient. Processing food extends the shelf life too.

On the other hand, “ultraprocessed foods” contain ingredients that are most associated with industrial manufacturing. For example, ultraprocessed food often includes high fructose corn syrup, hydrogenated oils, artificial flavors, preservatives, artificial colors and other ingredients. Instant soup, carbonated beverages, chips, packaged cookies and many other foods are part of the ultraprocessed foods category.

In a controlled study with 20 participants,

researchers studied whether research participants ate more or less ultraprocessed food vs. unprocessed food. They lived in a controlled space, and all the research participants exercised 60 minutes a day. The diets were designed carefully by dietitians to be similar in calories, sugars, fiber, fat, salt and carbohydrates.

For two weeks, the healthy volunteers were provided either the unprocessed food diet or ultraprocessed food diet. During the second week, they crossed over to the other diet. They could eat as much as they wanted of any of the foods they were provided. While on the ultraprocessed food diet, the participants ate 500 extra calories a day, and on average, they gained 2 pounds in two weeks. When the participants were switched to the unprocessed food diet, they lost 2 pounds

In other studies, ultraprocessed foods have promoted weight gain especially around the abdomen or waist. Eating more ultraprocessed foods was associated with low HDL (good) cholesterol levels and an increase in metabolic syndrome, which can increase your risk for heart disease, stroke and diabetes.

Another study found an increase in depression with increased consumption of ultraprocessed food.

What can we learn from this research? For me, I will ration or discard that box of treats before my husband eats them.

Eat foods closer to their natural state. Consume more dry beans, eggs, meat and fish without added ingredients. Aim for foods that have undergone less processing, such as whole-grain oatmeal, brown rice and whole wheat, fresh fruits and vegetables, and canned or frozen vegetables and fruits without added ingredients such as sugar and salt.

Look for fewer ingredients on the ingredient statement. Manufacturers are required to list all the ingredients found in food in descending order by weight. You should not have to be a food chemist in order to pronounce the words. Are there lots of preservatives and other additives? The function is described after the word.

Read and compare nutrition facts labels. Compare the sodium, added sugar and other nutrients.

Cook more often at home. Make your own snacks such as popcorn, dried apples or fruit leather.

Choose water more often instead of soda or other sweetened beverage. Have milk with meals.

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MFBF Summer Conference inspires, educates

Members of Montana Farm Bureau Federation (MFBF) had an exemplary time at the organization’s Summer Conference. The event, held June 10-12 in the historic Cowtown of Miles City, offered plenty of food for thought, camaraderie, fundraising and entertainment.

The MFBF Young Farmers and Ranchers Committee held a tour in Forsyth where they visited small, innovative agricultural businesses including Wandering Acres flower farm and Cowboy Meats. During the day, the MFBF Advocate. Communicate. Educate. (ACE) program held a session which featured a range of speakers sharing their success on collaborating with different groups. The Women’s Leadership Committee made plans for the coming months.

Social media influencer and agricultural advocate Brandi Buzzard kicked off the second day of the conference with a highenergy message encouraging the members to tell their story even if it is to a consumer at the meat counter. The attendance swelled to 270 for lunch when MFBF members were joined by the Montana Association of Agricultural Educators who were in town for their conference. Luncheon speaker Clayton Phipps enthralled the group with details of hunting dinosaur bones in northeastern Montana including the “Dueling Dinosaurs” and the resulting challenges. Lieutenant Governor Kristin Juras updated members on different initiatives in the governor’s office and encouraged members to reach out with any questions.

Ten advisory committees met Tuesday morning and afternoon including Livestock, Equine, Farm & Trade, Membership and Private/Public Lands. American Farm Bureau Senior Government Affairs Director Shelby Hagenauer shared her insights on federal agency directives in the Public and Private Lands Committee and the Resource Management, Environment and Technology Committee, giving each committee a heads up on governmental regulations that may be coming down the pike.

The Montana Farm Bureau Foundation’s “Let’s Get Western” Fundraiser and Annual Golf Scramble netted more than $35,000 in donations, including vigorous bidding

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on the 10 MFBF District Baskets which boasted western goods, fishing and hunting trips, and Montana products representing each region of the state. The Foundation offers scholarships to students and funding for members to attend national agricultural conferences. They also offer mini-grants for agricultural education and community events. One of the Foundation’s primary missions is to support youth in agriculture, so funds raised are also donated to groups like 4-H and FFA.

Wednesday tours included an informative visit to the Muggli Brothers Pellet Plant, the Tongue River Winery where the group learned about making wine using Montanagrown fruit and the venerable Range Riders Museum. The tour stops highlighted various aspects of agriculture in eastern Montana and the colorful history of Miles City.

“The 2024 Summer Conference and Foundation Fundraiser is one to remember,” said MFBF President Cyndi Johnson. “With amazing speakers and relevant topics like property tax relief, private property rights, Farm Bill progress, water rights and their impact on agriculture and a host of commodity specific issues tossed with a dose of dinosaur hunting, I consider this an event worthy of acclaim. To top that, we had record-breaking fundraising and a fantastic crowd. Miles City was a wonderful place to host a statewide conference.”

The Taxation Committee listens intently about updated property tax information from Montana Department of Revenue Director Brendan Beatty.

Brusett rancher Clayton Phipps tells the tale of the “Dueling Dinosaurs” and the challenges brought by his discovery.

Montana Farm Bureau members at the Muggli Brothers Pellet Plant on the tour at the MFBF Summer Conference. Other members that day participated in the Foundation Golf Scramble at the Miles City Town & Country Club. Photo courtesy Western Ag Reporter.

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Nitrogen applications recommended for wheat protein following wet spring weather

From the MSU News Service

With a wetter-than-average May in most of Montana, providing additional midseason nitrogen to wheat could boost grain protein levels and increase profit, according to a Montana State University Extension specialist.

burn than urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN, or 28-0-0), and using streamer bars — which apply liquid nitrogen between the rows to minimize direct leaf contact — can substantially decrease leaf burn.

Response to nitrogen also depends on sufficient sulfur, Jones said.

Balewagons & Retrievers

“With the drought conditions last fall and winter, many producers likely fertilized with less nitrogen than normal due to lower than expected yields,” said Clain Jones, MSU Extension soil fertility specialist and professor in the Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences.

He noted that most of Montana east of the Continental Divide saw 150 to 300 percent of normal May rainfall, “But higher precipitation means that yield potentials are higher than were expected when initial fertilization decisions were made. Higher grain yield essentially dilutes nitrogen in the plant, often resulting in lower grain protein.”

Jones said that topdressing additional nitrogen may produce higher yields and protein this year in Montana. “Of course, it could also be hot and dry until harvest, so it’s not a sure thing.”

“Application needs to be timed correctly with precipitation and crop growth stages,” Jones said. “The decision to apply mid- or late-season nitrogen to increase protein also depends on whether nitrogen can be applied without substantially damaging the crop and if the expected protein response and protein discount are high enough to justify the cost of fertilizer and application.”

Application timing and considerations

Nitrogen easily moves to roots once it’s on the soil, but most liquid nitrogen that is sprayed on crops, called foliar nitrogen, remains where it lands on leaf surfaces until rainfall or irrigation moves it to the soil.

“Little nitrogen is actually taken up through the leaf surface,” Jones said. “Foliar nitrogen needs to be washed off the leaf and moved into the soil by about a half-inch of water. For this reason, it’s not recommended that growers apply nitrogen to dryland fields unless there is significant rainfall predicted.”

Jones encourages agricultural producers to make decisions about additional nitrogen applications soon. Fertilizer amount and timing decisions should be based on whether the goal is to increase yield or protein.

“Nitrogen applied before heading (emergence of the wheat head) will most likely improve yield if soil moisture is available, while nitrogen taken up during and after heading should increase protein,” Jones said. “Timing of in-season nitrogen application should be based on plant growth stage and rainfall forecast rather than a particular date. The ability to incorporate nitrogen fertilizer with rain or irrigation is more important than application at a particular growth stage.”

However, Jones cautions that there may be a limit to how much late-season nitrogen can be applied to boost protein due to the increased risk for lodging and leaf burn.

The chance of leaf burn increases with the amount of nitrogen applied, Jones said, so it’s suggested that producers apply no more than 30 pounds of foliar nitrogen per acre. Liquid urea tends to produce less leaf

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Only mammals produce milk, right? Wrong. Pigeons make “pigeons milk,” an extremely nutritious secretion from the “crop,” a chamber at the bottom of the esophagus. Both parents make it and feed their young with it.

“If a grower sees yellowing upper leaves, the crop may be sulfur deficient, whereas nitrogen deficiency shows up as yellowing lower leaves,” Jones said. “A foliar application of 3 to 5 pounds sulfur per acre as ammonium thiosulfate or ammonium sulfate should correct the problem, but, as with nitrogen fertilizer, foliar sulfur is dependent on sufficient rain or irrigation water to wash the sulfate into the root zone.”

Economics and testing

Nitrogen concentration at heading in the flag leaf, or the uppermost leaf of the stem, can be tested to determine whether a lateseason nitrogen application will likely boost protein, according to Jones.

“Based on Montana research, grain protein is likely to increase with late-season nitrogen if the flag-leaf nitrogen concentration at heading is less than 4.2%,” he said. “The potential for yield or protein response to nitrogen is highest with lower flag-leaf nitrogen concentrations, but low flag-leaf nitrogen concentrations also mean it will take more nitrogen to make high protein.”

For example, 30 pounds of nitrogen per acre is expected to boost irrigated wheat protein by about one protein point for a 60 bushel-per-acre yield, but only half a point for a 120 bushel-per-acre yield, according to Jones’s review of research published in the MSU Extension bulletin, “Practices to Increase Wheat Grain Protein”

The ratio of fertilizer cost to protein discount may influence whether applying additional nitrogen is justified at a given flag-leaf concentration. If either the protein discount is lower or the cost of fertilizer is higher, then the critical flag-leaf nitrogen needs to be lower yet to justify additional nitrogen, Jones said. For help with this calculation, he recommends reading The Soil Scoop’s “Nitrogen Management for Grain Protein,” a free MSU Extension publication available at The Soil Scoop - MSU Extension Soil Fertility | Montana State University

“Unfortunately, flag-leaf analysis cannot tell how much nitrogen to add, or the final protein level,” Jones said. “More late-season nitrogen is required to increase protein by a point as yield potential increases.”

For future growing seasons, growing pulse crops that fix nitrogen in the soil and minimize nitrogen leaching immediately before a wheat crop can increase the odds of having higher grain protein and possibly lower nitrogen fertilizer needs, Jones said. Soil acidification caused by nitrogen fertilizer is a growing problem in Montana, and pulse crops are a sustainable alternative to increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates.

For questions about nitrogen application decisions or soil nutrients, contact Jones at clainj@montana.edu or 406-9946076. More MSU Extension resources are available at landresources.montana.edu/ soilfertility/.

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As long as there is one upright man, as long as there is one compassionate woman, the contagion may spread and the scene is not desolate. Hope is the one thing left to us in a bad time.

– E. B. White

Irrigating alfalfa in-season

By Todd Whitney, UNL

Irrigation season usually is in full swing during early June. However, spring rains have reversed drought conditions across most of Nebraska for the first time in four years. So, what are alfalfa irrigation suggestions for summer?

As a perennial crop, alfalfa does not have specific critical growth stages for water stress like most traditional crops. When moisture stressed, the plant will slow or stop growing and go dormant. Then, when water becomes available, growth resumes.

Since alfalfa has a longer growing season, it uses more water annually compared to other crops. Conversely, over-water alfalfa can result in plant injury, disease, and possibly weed invasion. Irrigation can be challenging due to multiple harvests preventing watering for about 7 to 10 days per growth cycle and frequent heavy equipment traffic compacting soils. To reduce compaction, stop irrigating 2-3 days before cutting the alfalfa; and irrigate again when alfalfa regrowth begins. Heavy irrigation of alfalfa stubble may encourage weed growth.

Irrigation scheduling efficiency can be improved with using Evapotranspiration (ET) gages or soil moisture monitoring. Accurate weather forecasts can also allow growers to take full advantage of rainfall events and reduce irrigation applications.

As temperatures rise, daily water use is also increasing. Generally, the most yield impacting irrigation occurs just before the second cutting followed by the third and fourth growth periods typically requiring 6 to 7 inches of irrigation. Peak water usage is about 1/3 inch per day in July and August. However, hot, windy and dry days can move the maximum water demand up to ½ inch per day.

Our UNL NebGuide, G1778, “Irrigation Management and Crop Characteristics of Alfalfa” provided more details at: https://cropwater.unl.edu or https://water.unl.ed

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Why do bicycles fall over? Because they’re two-tired!

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What kind of shoes do thieves wear? Sneakers.

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Insecticides

Before using any homemade spray, always pretest on a small area of the plant to make sure it will not harm it. To control aphids: chop up a few garlic cloves, one large onion, and a few chive leaves and place in a blender. Fill the blender half full with water. After blending the ingredients well, strain to form a clear solution and discard the pulp. Add additional water to make one gallon of spray. When using on plants, make sure to spray the undersides of the leaves where the aphids hide. This spray will kill the aphids but not harm other beneficial insects. It also helps to control whiteflies. For organic insecticide spray, boil a whole bulb of chopped garlic until it’s soft. Put it into 1 gallon water and add 1 tbsp of biodegradable detergent. Leave for a day, strain, and use as required.

Garlic spray for wire-worm, slugs, caterpillars, and weevils: chop 3 oz garlic and mix with 2 tsp mineral oil. Leave for twenty-four hours then add 1 pt. water with 2 tsp dissolved soap added. Stir well and strain into a plastic container. To use, dissolve one part of the mixture with twenty parts water and spray onto the leaves of affected vegetables and the surrounding soil.

Insect repellent spray: mix together garlic, onion, lavender leaves or flowers, yarrow, and mint with just enough water to mix. Leave standing at room temperature for twenty-four hours in a closed container. Strain and add a few drops of detergent to help its ability to stick to the plants. Then add equal quantity of water and spray as required.

Rhubarb aphids spray: chop six to seven green leaves of rhubarb and boil in 4 pts water for thirty minutes. Strain and cool. Add a few flakes of soft soap and use as required.

Tobacco spray for aphids, bugs, and small caterpillars: take 5 g of tobacco (approx. one to two large pinches) and pour over 2 pt boiling water and let boil for 15 minutes or until the brew looks the strength of weak tea. Let it cool and strain. It is best to use this fresh but it can be kept for a few days.

Repellent for cucumber beetles: mix a handful of wood ash with a handful of hydrated lime and 2 gal water. Mix well, then with a spray bottle, spray both sides of your cucumber leaves.

To get rid of powdery mildew from cucumber or strawberry plants, mix 0.2 oz baking soda (bicarbonate of soda) with 1 gal. water. Using a spray bottle, spray on leaves weekly to rid the plants of mildew.

Instead of using chemicals on mildewed plants, make a solution of 90 percent water and 10 percent fresh milk and spray it onto the plant. Enzymes in the milk will attack the mildew. Don’t go over 30 percent milk or you may end up with foul smelling plants.

Spray milk on apples and lettuce to control mildew. For large areas, dilute one part milk in nine parts water.

To kill weeds without using harmful chemical, fill a spray bottle with vinegar and zap the weeds with it. Just make sure not to spray your nearby crops. This will work on weed seedlings as well as full-grown plants. For particularly tough weeds, use cider vinegar, which has a higher acidity.

To help weed easily between slabs or crazy paving, pour on the slightly salted boiling water after cooking potatoes. Even dandelions soon go after a couple of treatments.

To rid roses of black spot disease, mix 1 tbsp of baking soda, 1 tbsp vegetable oil, and 1 tbsp liquid dish soap in 1 gallon water and spray on the roses once a week.

Virgin birth

Some insect sand other invertebrates don’t need to mate to reproduce, but for vertebrates, reproducing that way is rare–less than 0.1 percent have done it. Here is one.

Who? A boa constrictor snake

Where? At a pet store in Tennessee

What? Although she had given birth naturally years before, this female boa delivered twice more in 2009 and 2010 under different circumstances. DNA testing determined that none of the male snakes she lived with were the father of her 22 (only female) babies. It turned out that all of them were “half-clones” (two eggs fused together) of their mama and had no dad. This marked the first time a boa had ever reproduced asexually.

Why? No one seems to know. Interestingly, the boa mom did apparently need to be around males before she could become pregnant, though, even if she didn’t breed with them. Geneticist Warren Booth points out, “Only in years that she was housed with males has she produced offspring. It appears that some interaction with a male is required. However, why she does not utilize his sperm is at present unknown.”

Managing windrow disease in alfalfa

By Jerry Volesky, UNL

Rained-on hay plagues all of us eventually. This year maybe more than usual. The ‘windrow disease’ that often follows presents lingering problems.

Windrow disease — that’s the name given to the striped appearance in fields where alfalfa windrows remained so long that regrowth was delayed. Usually, it’s due to rained on hay and sometimes, insects.

Windrow disease presents special challenges. Weeds often invade, requiring spraying to maintain quality and protect stands. During the next growth period, plants that were not smothered regrow rapidly, while plants underneath the windrow suffer delays. Part of the field often will begin to bloom while windrowstressed plants are still short and tender. So when do you harvest? When the first plants begin to bloom or do you wait until injured plants are ready?

I suggest using two factors to tell you when you should cut — the health and vigor of your stand and the nutrient needs of your livestock. For example, is your alfalfa stand young, healthy and regrowing well? If not, wait to cut until stunted plants begin to bloom so you can avoid weakening them even more.

But, if your alfalfa is in good shape, then cut when it will best meet the needs of your animals. Dairy cows need alfalfa that is cut early, so harvest when the first plants reach bud to early bloom stage. Regrowth of injured plants may be slow after cutting, but this sacrifice is needed for profitable milk production. Beef cows, though, do not need such rich hay. So if the hay will be fed to beef cattle, let stunted plants recover, and then cut when they are ready to bloom.

Hopefully, by next cut, growth will be more uniform, plants healthy, and production back to normal.

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Why was Cinderella a bad football player? She had a pumpkin for a coach!

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I used to be addicted to the hokey pokey, but then I turned myself around.

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I keep trying to lose weight, but it keeps finding me.

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The deadline for advertising for the August 2024 issue of the Trader's Dispatch will be July 31st.

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Success doesn’t come from what you do occasionally. It comes from what you do consistently.

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I used to hate facial hair, but now it’s growing on me.

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What do you get when you mix a cocker spaniel, a poodle, and a ghost? A cocker-poodle boo.

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To help baby animals survive, leave them alone

They look so cute and helpless. But your efforts to help could end up harming the animal and reducing its chances to survive.

It’s important to understand that wildlife care for their young much differently than humans. One strategy that some species, particularly those species typically preyed upon by other animals (deer, rabbits, birds), use is to distance themselves from their young for many hours at a time. This helps to keep predators away from their young. For example, fawns are born without a scent, and it is safer for them if their mother, who has a scent, is not nearby. This also can potentially distract a predator into focusing on the doe rather than its offspring.

Wild animals thrive better where they have plenty of natural habitat (food, water, shelter, space). The potential to spread wildlife disease is also a good reason to leave young wildlife alone. Baby ground squirrels, racoons and rabbits can carry zoonotic diseases, which means diseases that are infectious for humans. Examples include plague, hemorrhagic diseases and tularemia.

If you see a baby animal, whether a goose or a grizzly, keep your distance and leave it alone. Handling baby animals can be dangerous, and usually once young animals are picked up by people they can’t be rehabilitated.

FWP does not accept, hold or rehabilitate moose, deer, elk and most other animals, including waterfowl. If you bring a deer or elk to FWP, you’ll be asked to take the animal back to the site where it was found. If the animal can’t be returned, it may need to be humanely euthanized.

Checking in on alfalfa

By Ben Beckman, UNL

It’s time for the first cutting of alfalfa, and as you’re out in the fields, it’s a prime opportunity to spot any issues and plan corrective actions. But what should you be looking for?

First, check the color of your alfalfa. A uniform green is ideal. Dark green may indicate water stress, while yellow, purple, blue-green, or red hues, interveinal chlorosis, misshapen leaves, or patchy growth could signal nutrient deficiencies. While some issues are hard to fix mid-season, adjusting micronutrients like boron and sulfur can boost yields, especially in low organic matter soils. Confirm any deficiencies with soil or tissue samples.

Keep an eye out for diseases and insect pressure. If you see something unusual, step out and inspect the plants or use a sweep net—or even your ball cap—to catch pests. Make sure to clean it before putting it back on!

Watch for thinning areas in your stand. If interseeding alfalfa isn’t an option due to autotoxicity, consider warmseason annuals like teff for a summer yield boost while maintaining hay quality. For longer-term solutions, interseed with perennial forage grasses like orchardgrass during cooler months.

Finally, be vigilant for weedy patches. Problem plants like Canada thistle should be avoided or flagged for separate handling to control their spread. Note other weeds for future scouting and control.

Harvest time is perfect for field assessment. Look for standout spots and monitor for fertility issues, insects, weeds, and diseases. If stands are lacking, interseeding with annuals or perennials can help keep your productivity high.

Absurd Inventions

Invention: Musical Baby Diaper Alarm

What it does: Three women from France marketed this alarm to mothers in 1985. It’s a padded electronic napkin that goes inside a baby’s diaper. When it gets wet, it plays “When the Saints Go Marching In.”

Invention: The Thinking Cap

What it does: Improves artistic ability by mimicking the effects of autism. The cap uses magnetic pulses to inhibit the front-temperal, or “left brain” functions. This, say the two Australian scientists behind the project, creates better access to extraordinary “savant” abilities. They reported improved drawing skills in 5 of 17 volunteers in a 2002 experiment.

Invention: The Breath Alert

What it does: This pocket-sized electronic device detects and measures bad breath. You simply breathe into the sensor for three seconds, then the LCD readout indicates - on a scale of 1 to 4 - how safe (or offensive) you breath is.

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##### Hope sees the invisible, feels the intangible, and achieves the impossible.

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Sorrow looks back.

Worry looks around.

Faith looks up.

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God can heal your broken heart, but He wants you to give Him all the pieces first.

The best harvests start with a seed treatment — but not just any seed treatment. Albaugh has been delivering specialized solutions to growers in the PNW for more than a decade. From single active ingredients to custom blends, you’ll get the right seed treatment for the right acre — and give your bottom line a lift.

Models & Brands

National Avocado Day

Date When Celebrated:

This holiday is celebrated on July 31st

The objective of this day is to celebrate and enjoy avocados, and to understand their rich history. Model Meals, the organization that created this special holiday, did so to “advocate the infinite health benefits of the avocado berry”. Yes, avocados are a fruit, considered a berry, and a pretty big one at that. Celebrating National Avocado Day is a healthy decision. Avocados are healthy, as they are rich in vitamins, are high in fiber, and helps to lower blood cholesterol. Avocados go way back in time. They are native to south and central Mexico. They were first harvested 8,000 - 10,000 B.C. Avocados can be eaten raw or cooked. They are an ingredient in a wide variety of recipes. Avocado dips and guacamole are by far the most popular recipes. Avocados are also used in recipes for salads, smoothies, salsa, hummus, and even cheesecake.

Are you a gardener or like indoor houseplants? Many people take the pit and grow avocado plants indoors as a houseplant..... until it gets to tall.

Avocado Trivia

• Avocados were believed to have been first discovered in Puebla, Mexico.

• Avocados were grown in orchards and farms in Mexico as early as 3,000 B.C.

• In 1696, Naturalist, Sir Hans Sloane named “the avocado or alligator pear-tree” in his catalog of Jamaican plants.

• Horticulturist, Henry Perrine, was the first to bring avocado trees to the U.S., bringing them to Florida in 1833.

• California is the leading U.S. producer.

• Fallbrook, CA. claims to be the Avocado capital of the world.

• Like bananas, avocados mature on the tree, and ripens off the tree.

• Avocados are about 22% fat.

• Americans consume about 4.5 pounds of avocados each per year.

• Spanish Conquistadors used the red sap of avocado seeds as ink.

Did You Know? On Superbowl Sunday, fans consume over 53 million pounds of avocados.

Hail in pasture and hay

By Ben Beckman, UNL

When hailstorms hit, row crops often get the most attention, but perennial forages can take a beating too. So, what should you do when hail strikes your pasture or hay field?

The timing of the hailstorm is crucial in assessing its impact on forage crops. While perennial forages are resilient—they do withstand regular grazing and haying—hail can cause significant yield loss.

In pastures, if standing forage is now on the ground, it’s best to move animals to allow plants to recover. If regrowth occurs, graze appropriately to prevent overuse. However, if dry conditions follow the hail, regrowth might not happen, and you may need to keep animals off until moisture returns.

For alfalfa fields, damage assessment and timing are key to recovery. Work from the University of Wisconsin advises that fields with more than two weeks before harvest can usually be left alone, with some yield loss expected. If terminal bud damage exceeds 50% in these fields, focus on managing and harvesting the regrowth.

If your alfalfa has less than two weeks before planned harvest, you can proceed with normal harvesting, expecting some yield loss. For severely lodged crops, wait 3-4 days for plants to right themselves. Disk mowers are better at picking up lodged crops than sickle bars, but for both tilt the bar or disc forward for better forage pickup. If damage is severe and the yield isn’t worth the effort, focus on managing and harvesting the regrowth.

Hailstorms are part of life on the plains. When they impact your forage production, assessing the damage and adjusting your management strategy can help you make the best of a tough situation.

Gerard Mennen

While recovering from malaria in the 1970s, he learned so much about the pharmaceutical trade that he opened his own drug store. He made his own remedies, including Mennen’s Borated Talcum Infant Powder – America’s first talcum powder.

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#####

In 1886, Vassar college student Emelyn Battersby Hartridge wrote a letter mentioning her purchase of a box of fudge for 40 cents a pound at a store in Baltimore, Maryland. Without knowing it, her letter caused the popularity of fudge to quickly grow in popularity in college campuses across the United States.

WSU researchers partner with farmers to solve dairy industry challenges

By Karen Hunt, Office of Research

The Knott Dairy Center is home to approximately 180 lactating cows. In operation for more than six decades, the dairy farm continues to lead the way in dairy teaching, research, and outreach to support the state’s dairy industry. The center is one of the few remaining university dairies in the country.

“Dairy is the second highest agriculture commodity in the state,” said Amber Adams-Progar, associate professor in Dairy Management. “Building a partnership between WSU and the industry has been crucial to identifying challenges, conducting research, and providing real-world solutions. Our goal is to work with industry to improve the quality of life for our state’s dairy cows.”

A few years ago, dairy farmers approached researchers at the Knott Dairy Center to find a solution to deal with pest birds. While dairy cows are out for milking, birds will eat cow feed, selecting only the nutritious feed and leaving less nutritious pieces behind. As a result, farmers were experiencing a loss of feed. Additionally, researchers noticed that interactions between cows and birds have caused cow-to-cow behavioral issues. With birds overtaking parts of the feed trough, less space is available in the feed bunk for the cows. This in turn, causes cows to become more aggressive with other cows and fight over feed in a smaller space.

“European starlings are particularly invasive and cause problems on dairy farms,” said Adams-Progar. “Some farms see over 10,000 birds a day.”

Researchers at Knott Dairy Center found two solutions to the pest bird problem. First, researchers introduced American kestrels to the dairy to scare away the European starlings. Next, they installed lasers that turn on right before dusk to prevent the European starlings from setting up their night roost in barns.

“We’re doing applied research in a controlled university dairy,” said Adams-Progar. “We can learn, then take all that data and knowledge back to the people that can use it directly.”

The farm is also tackling climate change issues through research that examines how to reduce methane produced by cows. Globally, livestock is responsible for about 14.5% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, with methane accounting for a substantial portion of these emissions. Dairy cows alone are responsible for emitting approximately 20–25% of the total methane emissions from livestock. This means that dairy cows emit roughly between 2.9–3.6% of methane in the world.

Methane is produced either directly from the mouths of dairy cows or can be generated from manure under certain conditions, such as during storage, before it can be further used for fertilizing crops.

Researchers are finding that feed additives may help to reduce methane. Marcos Marcondes, assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences, is leading a study, started in March, that adds seaweed to cows’ diets to help reduce the amount of methane they produce.

“Every day, we give a pellet of feed with the seaweed additive to a cow and measure the amount of methane produced from her,” said Marcondes. “It has been said that bacteria could adapt to seaweed overtime. Thus, we need to confirm this claim by evaluating the long-term efficiency of feeding cows with seaweed.”

This 300-day study may shed light on the role dairy cows and farmers play on climate change.

“The Knotts Dairy Farm is the perfect model where we can test different theories and see what works,” said Adams-Progar. “We’re not only helping the cows, but we’re also helping farmers. When the cows are healthier, it’s better for both the cows and farmers.”

#####

Mike and Nick go into a bar, whooping and hollering. “Bartender, drinks for everyone. We’re buying!” they shout.

“What’s the occassion?” asks the bartender.

“We just finished a jigsaw puzzle, and it only took us seven months,” Nick replies.

“Seven months?” says the bartender. “What’s the big deal? It shouldn’t take you seven months to do a puzzle.”

“Oh, yeah?” Mike answers. “On the box it said ‘two to four years’!”

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Weed control

Although it is best to prevent weed seeds from germinating or becoming established in the garden, sometimes it will be necessary to deal with them.

Regular hoeing and hand weeding can control most weeds. Hoeing is a very effective method of dealing with annual weeds. Hoe as soon as you seed the weeds surfacing above the soil. Push the hoe just below the soil level to sever the weeds. Try to hoe when the ground is dry so weed seeds brought to the surface will not germinate.

There are garden tools now available that are specially made for removing weeds. Choose one that removes the greatest amount of root system and the lease amount of surrounding soil.

Perennial weeds are best dug up, as they are difficult to control by other methods. Perennial weeds tend to spread by their creeping stems or roots and fragments of root. Ensure that all the roots are dug up or they will return.

Planting ground covering plants will cut down the amount of weeding. However, before planting, all perennial weeds need to be removed. Having groundcover doesn’t mean you will always have a weed-free area, but it will be easier to maintain.

Mulching can suppress annual weeds and conserve soil moisture. Perennial weeds will still come through the mulch, so they need to be dug out by the roots. Use well-rotted compost and grass cuttings, providing the lawn they came from is weed free, or use decomposed wood chips.

To help prevent the spread of disease, destroy diseased plants. Try to remove infected plants as soon as you notice them. Otherwise, the disease might spread to nearby plants. It usually is easier to spot disease problems in trees and shrubs in the summer or autumn when leaves are present. Avoid composting diseased plants, including fallen leaves from diseased trees or shrubs, since several disease-causing organisms can survive in compost.

When removing diseased branches, prune 2”-3” below the infected area. If you do cut into the infected part of the limb, sterilize your pruning equipment by wiping the blades with rubbing alcohol or a mixture of one part household bleach and nine parts water.

Clean and prepare garden beds in winter to have them ready for the spring. Dig in, compost, or remove and destroy crop refuse soon after you finish harvesting your garden.

Removing plant refuse eliminates places where diseasecausing organisms can overwinter.

When using chemical weed killer, always carefully read the instructions on the product to ensure that you have the correct product for the task.

Never store garden chemicals outdoors. Place large bags on a rack to allow air to circulate beneath.

Never mix two different types of garden chemicals unless the manufacturers specifically state on the instructions that this can be done.

Do not spray any garden chemical on a windy day or in frosty weather. Adjust the nozzle on the garden sprayer so that the spray is just a fine mist.

Always clearly mark any watering cans or sprayers used for weed killer. Do not use these for watering or for applying other garden chemicals.

Contact-acting insecticides and fungicides only work if they make contract with the organisms. Systemic-acting types are taken up into the sap and spread throughout the plant.

If a lawn is treated with weed killer, the grass cuttings should not be put in the compost for six months.

The starling, an English bird

In 1890 a philanthropist named Eugen Schieffelin decided to bring every type of bird mentioned in Shakespeare’s play to New York City’s Central Park. He brought in hundreds of pairs of birds from England. Unfortunately, most (like skylarks and thrushes) didn’t make it. Determined to succeed with at least one species, Schieffelin shipped 40 pairs of starlings to Central Park and let them loose just before mating season on March 6, 1890.

There are now more than 50 million starlings in the U.S. alone – all descendants from Schieffelin’s flock – and they have become a major health hazard. They fly in swarms, littering roads and highways with their droppings, which carry disease-bearing bacteria that are often transmitted to animals and people. They’ve also become pest to farmers, screeching unbearably and destroying wheat and cornfields.

ELAP Decision Tool for livestock, honey bee and farm-raised fish producers

The U.S. Department of Agriculture, in partnership with FarmRaise, launched a new, online Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honey Bees and Farm-raised Fish Program (ELAP) Decision Tool. The USDA’s Farm Service Agency (FSA) tool is designed to assist agricultural producers who have been impacted by natural disasters access available program support. This ELAP Decision Tool, a component of a broader disaster assistance program educational module, further expands the library of online FSA disaster and farm loan program reference resources and decision aids currently available to agricultural producers on the FarmRaise FSA educational hub. The Decision Tool is a resource only and is not an application for benefits or a determination of eligibility.

“The Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honey Bees and Farm-raised Fish Program is our most flexible tool for dealing with natural disasters and other qualifying losses. As we continue to enhance this critical program, having the right tool to streamline application processes can expedite assistance,” said FSA Administrator Zach Ducheneaux. “FarmRaise uses feedback from cooperators and producers to develop the tools they request to more easily navigate our programs, allowing them to maximize assistance available through FSA’s extensive program portfolio. This tool is the next iteration of this important work.”

ELAP is designed to address losses not covered by other FSA disaster assistance programs. The program provides recovery assistance to eligible producers of livestock, honey bee, and farm-raised fish losses due to

ELAP Decision Tool can be used to support the ELAP application process, but it is not a program application. Producers will need to complete and submit the ELAP Application to their local FSA county office. Upon request, applicants may be asked to provide additional supporting documentation per the program requirements.

Through use of the ELAP Decision Tool, producers can segment by loss type (honey bee, farm-raised fish and livestock). This enables easier navigation, as guided by the tool, to assistance available to meet specific disaster recovery needs. After entering the type of loss, identifying the loss condition and entering their inventory and loss information, producers are guided through a worksheet that helps identify required loss documentation — documentation (i.e., pictures, receipts, truck logs, etc.) that can be uploaded through the ELAP tool and sent directly to the producer’s local FSA county office, or producers can provide a copy of the tool-generated worksheet summary document when they visit their local FSA county office to complete and submit the required ELAP application.

“We’re thrilled to expand the resources available on the FarmRaise FSA Educational Hub, with a particular focus on disaster relief and emergency programs,” said Sami Tellatin, the COO of FarmRaise. “It’s imperative that farmers and ranchers have easy access to these much-needed assistance programs, and the newest resources available on the hub will ensure greater empowerment and a smoother process for producers already facing difficult circumstances.” an eligible adverse weather or loss condition, including drought, blizzards, disease, water shortages and wildfires. ELAP covers grazing and feed losses, transportation of water and feed to livestock and hauling livestock to grazing acres due to an eligible loss condition. ELAP also covers certain mortality losses, due to an eligible condition, for livestock including honey bees and farm-raised fish as well as honey bee hive losses.

New FarmRaise Tools and Resources

FarmRaise, in partnership with FSA, recently launched their online, educational hub – the FarmRaise | FSA Educational Hub – comprised of videos, tools and interactive resources that enable USDA cooperators and agricultural producers to learn about and access major FSA programs.

A new addition to the hub, the ELAP Decision Tool helps eligible producers impacted by qualifying natural disasters and other eligible causes of loss better understand program eligibility and application requirements, learn about record-keeping and supporting loss documentation requirements and track the steps needed before applying for program benefits. The document generated by the

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Options exist when bulls fail a breeding soundness exam

In a cow-calf operation, open cows bring disappointment on the day of pregnancy diagnosis. To ensure that a bull is capable of breeding, North Dakota State University Extension specialists recommend that bulls undergo a breeding soundness exam prior to the breeding season.

“The role of bulls on cow-calf operations is to get cows pregnant,” says Lacey Quail, Extension livestock management specialist at the NDSU North Central Research Extension Center. “Considering that 92% of cows and 76% of heifers in the country are only exposed to natural service sires, bull health and fertility are crucial to the overall success of the beef herd.”

A breeding soundness exam helps to ensure that bulls are capable of fulfilling their role. Quail recommends that all bulls have a breeding soundness exam each breeding season whether they are a new purchase or a resident herd sire. Because sperm production is a continuous process and bull fertility can change over time, the breeding soundness exam should be performed close to the start of the breeding season. Ideal timing for the exam is 30 to 60 days prior to turnout. This timeframe allows ranchers to source new bulls if a bull does not pass its exam.

A complete breeding soundness exam evaluates three categories: 1) physical soundness, including feet, hip, and leg structure, body condition, vision, penis, and accessory sex organs, 2) scrotal circumference, and 3) semen characteristics such as sperm cell motility and morphology. Based on the results in each of these three categories, a veterinarian classifies the bull as satisfactory, unsatisfactory, or deferred. A satisfactory breeder meets the minimum requirements in all categories and is free of physical problems. Bulls that do not meet the minimum requirements in at least one of those categories are unsatisfactory or deferred for another evaluation at least 30 days later. Unsatisfactory breeders likely will not improve with time, but deferred bulls may benefit from treatment or additional time and pass a breeding soundness exam in the future.

There are a variety of reasons why a bull may not pass a breeding soundness exam. An injury or frostbite may have impaired the bull’s ability to produce healthy sperm, or feet, leg, or hip issues may prevent the bull from mounting and breeding cows, despite having adequate numbers of morphologically normal and motile sperm cells. On the other hand, yearling bulls may not have reached sexual maturity yet, decreasing the likelihood of passing a breeding soundness exam. In all of those scenarios, a bull may not be capable of breeding cows.

Several options exist when a bull fails a breeding soundness exam. One obvious solution is to market bulls that do not pass a breeding soundness exam. This ensures that inadequate breeding sires are off the property. While marketing these bulls is often a necessary solution, particularly for unsatisfactory breeders, other factors may come into play.

“Market value, availability of additional bulls in your area, and affordability of a new bull that might fit your breeding program all contribute to the decision of whether to market a bull,” Quail says. “With these factors in mind, it is crucial that initial breeding soundness exams are performed early enough prior to the breeding season to allow for the worstcase scenario.”

If a bull is deferred at the initial breeding soundness exam, marketing the bull may not be necessary. In this scenario, the veterinarian likely recommends that the bull be retested at a later date. This is often the case when a bull may need treatment and time to heal from a foot abscess, penile warts, or an infection that resulted in too many white blood cells among sperm cells – all conditions that may improve with time. Commonly, young bulls may fail their initial breeding soundness exam due to a decreased percentage of normal or motile sperm cells. While that may not sound promising, breed and age considerably impact when a bull reaches sexually maturity, and research has reported that nearly 50% of yearling bulls that failed an initial breeding soundness exam were later classified as satisfactory.

“If you have available feed resources, facilities, and time before the breeding season starts, keeping a yearling bull to be retested is often the best option,” Quail advises.

The good news is that spermatogenesis, the process of producing sperm cells, is a continuous process, and a single cycle takes about 60 days in bulls.

“A single breeding soundness exam is simply a snapshot of a bull’s fertility on that particular day, but it is the best and only tool we have to evaluate a bull’s fertility potential

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Options exist when bulls fail a breeding soundness exam

CONTINUED FROM PAGE C16 and thus his ability to get cows pregnant,” Quail explains. “By identifying bulls that fail a breeding soundness exam, we are keeping infertile and sub-fertile sires out of our herds, which is progress towards improved reproductive efficiency.”

Alfalfa

weevil update

By Samantha Daniel, UNL

Alfalfa weevil continues to be an issue this year, with recent population peaks and feeding damage observed in central Nebraska. Nebraska Extension urges alfalfa producers, particularly in central and western Nebraska, to scout for this pest.

Plant injury from alfalfa weevil feeding damage appears as pinholes in the terminal leaves, with leaves becoming skeletonized and fields appearing droughty as feeding severity increases. Larvae are 1.5mm to 8.5mm long with a black head, wrinkled green body, and white stripe along the back and will curl into a C-shape when disturbed.

Scouting for Alfalfa Weevil is simple and can mitigate yield losses due to feeding damage. First, use a sweep net to determine whether larvae are present. If they are, randomly select 5 sites across the field and collect 10 stems at each site, cutting the stems at ground level. Beat the stems into a deep sided bucket, count the total number of larvae, and divide by 10 to determine the average number of larvae per stem. Economic thresholds for Alfalfa Weevil can vary greatly from an average of 1-7 larvae per stem, depending on a variety of factors. Threshold tables can be found on the CropWatch website. If very small larvae are found before the first cutting, it is recommended that the field be scouted after cutting to check for feeding on regrowth.

While there are several insecticides labeled for alfalfa weevil management, there have been reports of some products not performing as well as expected. Therefore, if you believe you have an infestation above threshold, contact your county Extension Office for further guidance.

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“All the flowers of all the tomorrows are in the seeds of today and yesterday.”

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“Many things grow in the garden that were never sown there.”

TRUCK FOR SALE

Reminder to file crop acreage reports

Agricultural producers in Montana should make an appointment with their local Farm Service Agency (FSA) office to complete crop acreage reports before the applicable deadline after planting is complete.

“Many USDA programs require producers to file an accurate crop acreage report by the applicable deadline in order to receive program benefits,” said Maureen Wicks, State Executive Director in Montana. “Once planting is complete, call your local FSA office to make an appointment to report your acreage. We also encourage you to take care of any other FSA-related business during your appointment.”

An acreage report documents a crop grown on a farm or ranch, its intended use and location. Filing an accurate and timely acreage report for all crops and land uses, including failed acreage and prevented planted acreage, can prevent the loss of benefits.

How to File a Report

The following acreage reporting dates are applicable in Montana:

July 15, 2024: The Acreage Reporting Date for Spring Alfalfa Seed, all other spring seeded crops, Perennial Forage, Hemp, CRP acres and Grazing acreage is 15 days before the onset of harvest or grazing, or July 15, whichever is earlier.

The following acreage reporting dates are applicable in Montana:

July 15, 2024: The Acreage Reporting Date for Spring Alfalfa Seed, all other spring seeded crops, Perennial Forage, Hemp, CRP acres and Grazing acreage is 15 days before the onset of harvest or grazing, or July 15, whichever is earlier.

To file a crop acreage report, producers need to provide:

Crop and crop type or variety

Intended crop use

Number of crop acres

Map with approximate crop boundaries

Planting date(s)

Planting pattern, when applicable

Producer shares

Irrigation practice(s)

Acreage prevented from planting, when applicable

Other required information

Acreage Reporting Details

The following exceptions apply to acreage reporting dates: If the crop has not been planted by the acreage reporting date, then the acreage must be reported no later than 15 calendar days after planting is completed.

If a producer acquires additional acreage after the acreage reporting date, then the acreage must be reported no later than 30 calendar days after purchase or acquiring the lease. Appropriate documentation must be provided to the county office.

Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP) policy holders should note that the acreage reporting date for NAP-covered crops is the earlier of the dates listed above or 15 calendar days before grazing or crop harvesting begins.

Prevented Planted Acreage

Producers should also report crop acreage they intended to plant but were unable to because of a natural disaster, including drought. Prevented planted acreage must be reported on form CCC-576, Notice of Loss, no later than 15 calendar days after the final planting date as established by FSA and USDA’s Risk Management Agency (RMA).

FSA recently updated policy that applies to prevented planted acreage due to drought. To certify prevented planted acreage due to drought, all of the following must apply:

The area that is prevented from being planted has insufficient soil moisture for seed germination on the final planting date for non-irrigated acreage.

Prolonged precipitation deficiencies that meet the D3 or D4 drought intensity level as determined by the U.S. Drought Monitor.

Verifiable information must be collected from sources whose business or purpose is recording weather conditions as determined by FSA.

Continuous Certification Option for Perennial Forage

Agricultural producers with perennial forage crops have the option to report their acreage once, without having to report that acreage in subsequent years, as long as there are no applicable changes on the farm. Interested producers can select the continuous certification option after FSA certifies their acreage report. Examples of perennial forage include mixed forage, birdsfoot trefoil, chicory/radicchio, kochia (prostrata), lespedeza, perennial peanuts and perennial grass varieties.

CONTINUED ON PAGE C19

Reminder to file crop acreage reports

Once the continuous certification option is selected, the certified acreage will roll forward annually with no additional action required by the producer in subsequent years unless the acreage report changes.

Farmers.gov Portal

Producers can access their FSA farm records, maps, and common land units through the farmers.gov customer portal. The portal allows producers to export field boundaries as shapefiles and import and view other shapefiles, such as pre cision agriculture boundaries within farm records mapping. Producers can view, print and label their maps for acreage reporting purposes. Level 2 eAuthentication or login.gov access that is linked to a USDA Business Partner customer record is required to use the portal.

Producers can visit farmers.gov/account to learn more about creating an account. Producers who have authority to act on behalf of another customer as a grantee via an FSA211 Power of Attorney form, Business Partner Signature Authority or as a member of a business can now access information for the business in the farmers.gov portal.

Garden Pests

Wasps

Wasps are at the worst during August and September but die naturally by the end of autumn. They’re attracted to sweet food and drinks.

Stay still and they will soon go away. If you try to swat them, their friends may come and help.

Trap with jars partly filled with water, jam, and a drop of liquid dish soap, covered with a punctured paper lid. Individual wasps can be destroyed by a proprietary wasp or fly killer.

Seed advice from an environmental health department or pest control company before tackling wasp nests.

This Month in History - July

July 10, 1040 - In an effort to force her husband, the Earl of Mercia, to lower taxes, Lady Godiva rides naked on a horse through the streets of Coventry.

July 10, 1938 – Howard Hughes flies around the world in 91 hours.

July 10, 1985 – After an unsuccessful attempt to change its formula, Coca-Cola brings back the ever-popular original formula as “Classic Coke”.

July 10, 2008 – The Apple App Store premieres. It opens with about 500 apps. Today, it has over 1.96 million apps.

THE BRAND THEY TRUST

July 11, 1792 – Robert Bailey Thomas publishes the first issue of the Farmer’s Almanac. It is now called the “Old Farmer’s Almanac”.

July 11, 1798 – An Act of Congress creates the U.S. Marine Corps.

July 11, 1804 – Former Vice President Aaron Burr kills Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in a duel.

July 11, 1812 – During the War of 1812, the U.S. invades Canada, Detroit frontier.

July 11, 1955 – Congress authorizes all U.S. currency to say “In God We Trust”.

July 11, 1979 – Skylab space station re-enters the earth’s atmosphere. Pieces land in the Indian Ocean and in Australia.

July 12, 1909 – The 16th Amendment, the power to tax income, is passed by Congress.

July 12, 1933 – Congress passes the first minimum wage law. The minimum wage is set at 33 cents per hour.

July 13, 1865 – P.T. Barnum’s Museum burns down.

July 13, 1898 – The radio is patented by Guglielmo Marconi.

July 13, 1994 – Former NFL Superstar running back O.J. Simpson is charged with the murder of his wife. Will the glove fit!?

July 14, 1867 – Alfred Nobel demonstrates dynamite.

July 15, 1099 – The city of Jerusalem is captured and plundered by Christian forces during the First Crusade.

July 15, 1916 – William Boeing founds Boeing Company in Seattle, WA.

July 15, 1920 – German Hans Riegel Sr. creates gummi bears.

July 15, 1981- Trolli Company markets the “Yucky” gummi worms.

July 16, 1790 – Congress declares the city of Washington and the District of Columbia the permanent capital of the United States.

July 16, 1969 – Apollo 11 is launched, carrying the first men to step foot on the surface of the moon.

July 16, 1999 – John F. Kennedy Jr. dies in a plane crash off Martha’s Vineyard.

July 16, 2004 – Martha Stewart is sentenced to five months in prison plus five months of home confinement, after being convicted of lying to federal investigators.

July 17, 1902 – The air conditioner was invented.

July 17, 1955 – Walt Disney’s Disneyland opens in Anaheim, Ca.

July 18, 1925 – Adolph Hitler publishes Mein Kampf.

July 18, 1925 – Nadia Comăneci becomes the first gymnast in Olympic Games history to score a perfect 10 score at the Montreal Games.

July 19, 1814 – Samuel Colt invents the revolver

July 19, 1990 – Cincinnati Red’s Pete Rose is sentenced to five years in jail for tax evasion.

July 20, 1969 – In “one small step for Man, one giant step for Mankind”, Astronaut Neil Armstrong becomes the first person to walk on the moon.

July 21, 1873 – Jesse James and his gang rob their first train.

July 22, 1975 – An act of Congress restores Civil War Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s citizenship.

July 23, 1904 – Charles E. Minches of St. Louis, Missouri fills a pastry cone with two scoops of ice cream, and the ice cream cone is invented.

July 25, 1850 – Gold is discovered in the Rogue River in Oregon.

July 25, 1978 – Louise Joy Brown, the First “Test Tube” baby is born in Oldham General Hospital, UK.

July 26, 1775 – Benjamin Franklin became the first Postmaster General.

July 27, 1858 – The first use of fingerprints as a means of identification is used by Sir William James Herschel of the Indian Civil Service.

July 28, 1914 – World War I began.

July 29, 1981 – Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer are married.

July 31, 2012 – American swimmer Michael Phelps becomes the greatest medal winner in Olympic history at nineteen total medals, including 15 gold medals.

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Diverse seedling diseases present in Nebraska soybeans

By Dylan Mangel - Extension Plant Pathologist

Regions around the state have faced different planting conditions, and unfortunately there is a soybean seedling disease for all of them. We typically expect to see more seedling disease in soybeans during cool wet springs; however, these conditions mostly favor the fungal-like organisms called water molds. You may have heard these called by their names: Pythium and Phytophthora. While these are present out in the state, there are also drier fields that are seeing pressure from the fungal pathogens Fusarium and Rhizoctonia. These latter two are more common in sandy or well-drained loamy soils.

The symptoms caused by all four of these pathogens often share similar features and are characterized by seedling damping off. This is where moisture is unable to translocate through diseased root and vasculature tissue and the plant dries down. This can happen after emergence and you will find the dried seedling in its row, or it can happen before emergence and you will only see gaps in your planted rows (Figure 1). In the latter situation, digging for the rotted seedling could shed some light on the situation. In most cases, plant disease management is disease specific. For this reason, it is important to determine which seedling disease you are dealing with.

Pythium

Wet conditions are favorable for Pythium, which is our most common seedling disease of soybean in Nebraska. Cooler soil temperatures will make this worse as the seedling will be stressed and grow more slowly.

Typical symptoms of Pythium will include seed decay, pre-emergent seedling rot, and seedling damping off after emergence. If the plant has emerged, it will often have a root system where the outer layer can be easily pulled off and the center of the root will stay intact.

Rhizoctonia Root Rot

Rhizoctonia is favored by drier conditions and will occur more commonly in sandy or well-drained loamy soil types. Rhizoctonia will be evident as reddish-brown lesions on the lower stem (typically at the soil level).

Fusarium Root Rot

Fusarium is commonly favored by dryer conditions and in sandy or well-drained loamy soil types. Infected soybean crops will have stunted plants with brown to black discoloration on the roots (often in the lower portion of the root system).

Phytophthora

As soil conditions warm up, Phytophthora often will become more common with heavy rains. Fields will typically have a history of this disease, which will flare up when rain events saturate soil profiles. Phytophthora is often culpable when a field was planted with a standard rate of seed treatment but still has significant stand reduction when wet conditions occur. This will be a field-specific issue and usually does not occur as often as Pythium.

Typical symptoms of Phytophthora are seed decay and pre-emergence seedling rot, and seedling damping off after emergence. Typical symptoms on seedlings are darkened stems at the base of the plant coming up from the soil line (Figure 2). When young plants are cut at the lower stem, often there will be a dark center to the stem. Phytophthora can kill plants at any stage of development, but Pythium typically does not kill plants much past the V5 growth stage.

Management

Management of seedling diseases can be achieved by improving field conditions for seedlings. Improving drainage of low-lying wet areas can help reduce the incidence and severity of some seedling diseases. Another option is delaying planting until more favorable conditions exist for rapid germination and emergence. However, delaying planting too long can negatively impact yield potential.

The most common method for disease management is the use of seed treatment fungicides. These products can provide protection against some of the pathogens that cause seedling diseases; however, most only provide protection during the first few weeks immediately after planting. Despite their activity, diseases may still develop, such as during extended periods of inclement weather or under severe pathogen pressure. Often greater seed treatment options are available for soybeans as they are not all pre-treated. This allows more specific targeting of the pathogen and emphasizes why a proper diagnosis is important.

National Motorcycle Day

This holiday is celebrated on the second Friday of July

It’s a day to celebrate and enjoy everything about motorcycles. No doubt, this is a day for you and your hog. It’s a day to hop on and savor the freedom of the open road. But, that’s not all. This day is much more. It’s a day to celebrate motorcycles and everyone who rides them, driver or passenger. It is also a time to enjoy being a member of a motorcycle club. And, let’s not forget cycle dealers and manufacturers. They all share in the celebration and enjoyment of this day.

Do you hear the road calling? Sure you do! July is a great time of year to celebrate this holiday. The weather is perfect for riding, and it’s the perfect time for taking a vacation. Take a couple of days off of work, or the whole week. Pack your bag. Now get on your motorcycle and ride off, wherever the road takes you. We do encourage you to bring a friend or two. It’s always much more enjoyable when you have company.

Dairyland Insurance, the sponsor of this holiday, encourages all motorcycle riders to hold and participate in charitable events that include riding your cycle.

Did You Know? There are over 7.1 million motorcycles on the road in the United States. #####

Diverse seedling diseases present in Nebraska soybeans

Some fungicides now also are labeled for application at planting, in or near the seed furrow. Use of fungicides at planting may provide some additional protection against these and other pathogens, there is currently ongoing research to better understand their potential benefits, interactions and potential economic return.

You can minimize the likelihood of developing seedling diseases by planting high quality seed at appropriate planting depths and soil conditions to support rapid plant growth and emergence.

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Wheat stem sawfly flights peaked, new reports of range expansion

By Jeff Bradshaw

-

Director

of the Doctor of Plant Health Professional Program | Cody Creech - Dryland Cropping Systems

Assistant Professor

Specialist

| Amanda Easterly - Research

| Jessica Groskopf - Extension Educator for Agricultural Economics | Samantha Daniel - Extension Educator | Julie Peterson - Extension Entomologist | Pin-Chu Lai - Extension Entomologist

The wheat stem sawfly (Figure 1) has emerged throughout the High Plains. Adult flights will likely peak soon based on the weekly monitoring at the High Plains Ag Lab (HPAL) near Sidney, Nebraska. It is projected to be a season with fairly high pressure but less than last year.

Additionally, as one walks wheat fallow fields, you can also find wheat stem sawflies flitting around the residue, regardless of what the annual crop might be. This is because the wheat stem sawfly survives from mid-July through May in the pupal stage within wheat residue left behind from the previous harvest.

Wheat stem sawfly surveys conducted from 2011-2017 indicated that the pest was staying within the Panhandle of Nebraska at that time, with southwestern counties such as Keith, Perkins, Chase, Dundy, Lincoln, etc. reporting zeroes. However, it is likely that the sawfly has been expanding its range since 2017, with confirmed presence of wheat stem sawfly in Perkins County at the Stumpf International Wheat Center by Nebraska Extension Educator Samantha Daniel on May 23, 2024. Presence of wheat stem sawfly in Keith County has also been reported, and it is possible that this insect has expanded to other parts of southwest and west-central Nebraska.

The current distribution range of wheat stem sawfly in Nebraska is shown in Figure

2. If you believe that wheat stem sawfly is present in your region and is not shown on the map below, please reach out to Pin-Chu Lai (308-632-1369). You can help us learn more about wheat stem sawfly infestation in our region by sharing your sawfly observations with us.

So, what can a wheat grower do now? If you believe that your infestation will result in losses close to or below your crop insurance guarantee, turn in a probable loss claim with your crop insurance agent now. However, from a production standpoint, there is not much you can do in this growing season. We recommend gathering information about which of your acres seem to have the highest sawfly infestations and be timely in harvesting heavily infested fields.

As your wheat fields begin to ripen, consider cutting some handfuls of wheat at a few locations across your wheat fields, split 25-50 handfuls of tillers and observe any tillers with frass or “sawdust” within the tillers. No other insect that infests wheat will leave behind frass within the tillers, which will otherwise be mostly hollow (unless you planted a solid-stem variety). Take notes on where and which fields you find sawfly infestation and this may provide insight for what you could do this coming fall or spring to manage your fallow for sawfly, or help you make decisions for variety selection or winter crop choice this for this fall.

Figure 1. Wheat stem sawfly adult (left) and the two species of Bracon parasitoids (middle and right) that are commonly found parasitizing wheat stem sawfly larvae in Nebraska. (Photo by Jeff Bradshaw)

Figure 2. Wheat stem sawfly distribution range in Nebraska as of June 2024.

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By Geitner Simmons | IANR Media

In the wake of heightened wheat concern in the Nebraska Panhandle in 2023, this year brings positive news: The University of Nebraska–Lincoln is releasing a new wheat variety, NE Prism CLP, that stands out for its resistance to fungal disease, including fusarium head blight.

Last spring, Husker faculty members Katherine Frels and Stephen Wegulo began receiving concerned phone calls from Nebraska wheat growers. Something strange, the callers said, was going on in wheat fields in parts of the Panhandle.

The farmers were seeing field conditions they hadn’t encountered before: Their winter wheat had reached maturity, but the kernels had none of their familiar golden color and robust appearance. Instead, they were bleached and sickly.

Tombstones, such kernels are called — blighted irreparably by fungal assault.

The culprit was fusarium head blight, a notoriously destructive plant disease rarely seen in western Nebraska. The disease, also known as scab, undercuts yield and contaminates the grain with mycotoxins harmful to humans and animals.

“Producers were caught off-guard,” said Frels, Nebraska’s small grains breeder and an assistant professor of agronomy and horticulture.

The Panhandle region, which produces more than half of the state’s wheat, is normally free of the disease because that part of the state rarely receives enough rain to trigger the release of harmful fungal spores during wheat flowering.

But 2023 was not a normal year.

While drought kept a tight grip on much of eastern Nebraska last year, the Panhandle received above-average rainfall before and during wheat flowering, and the moisture enabled a rare outbreak of fusarium head blight. Wheat-producing areas in Kansas and Colorado were similarly affected.

“If there is a lot of rain two to three weeks before flowering and that rain is consistent into the flowering period for wheat, we know that the risk for fusarium head blight is pretty high,” said Wegulo, professor of plant pathology.

Wegulo, who is also a plant pathologist for Nebraska Extension, does extensive surveys of Nebraska wheat field conditions each spring and provides regular updates in CropWatch.

The new wheat variety, a two-gene Clearfield package, is available through NU Horizons Genetics and will be a key topic for Husker representatives when they meet with producers during the annual wheat field days in June.

Nebraska producers had requested a new Clearfield variety, and the university responded after extensive field testing, Frels said. The variety “has some other good things in the disease package, like some stripe rust resistance and stem rust resistance,” she said. “That’s what our growers expect from us.”

Fusarium head blight is best addressed though a twopronged approach, using a crop variety with genetic resistance supplemented by appropriately timed fungicide application.

“For growers, you really can’t see it until it’s too late to do anything,” Frels said. “That’s why we want to have at least that moderate resistance out, and then ideally if the environment is right, we recommend that growers also spray fungicides to have the best chance of highly reducing the risk.”

Producers can benefit by regularly monitoring conditions through a widely used online fusarium risk tool, Frels and Wegulo said.

Wegulo and research technologist Julie Stevens carry out extensive testing on potential new wheat lines in the university’s breeding program, checking for resistance to three diseases (stem rust, leaf rust and fusarium head blight). Partner labs elsewhere in the country check for additional diseases before any new variety can move forward for consideration.

“We give that data to Katherine, and she will use that data to select her lines, looking at the level of disease resistance and other agronomic qualities,” Wegulo said. “We try to identify wheat varieties with resistance and then combine the resistance with fungicide application and determine the amount of disease control you get.”

The university’s efforts benefit greatly from the federal funding provided by the U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative, which promotes research to develop innovative approaches to address fusarium head blight. Some farm-state lawmakers, pointing to the value of the research, have called

Nebraska-developed wheat variety to address new fungal threat

for the program’s funding to be increased as part of the next farm bill.

Wegulo is giving a presentation at an international conference in Athens, Greece, this summer on how climate change influences fusarium head blight.

“With climate change, we’re seeing this shift toward more intense precipitation in places where we traditionally have not seen it,” he said.

That was the case in Nebraska in 2023, as the rainfall amount in the Panhandle exceeded the norm.

“We cannot rule out that we are probably going to see fusarium head blight in the west more frequently than in the past,” Wegulo said.

Garden Pests

Millipedes

These must not be confused with centipedes, which are beneficial to the garden as they feed on various insects. Millipedes have two pairs of legs and curl up when disturbed.

Millipedes are from ½”-1” long, with a flat body. According to the species they can be black with white leges, or yellowish-white to dull brown.

They feed on a variety of vegetable matter and often feed on tissue already damaged.

Eradication is virtually impossible, but good general hygiene and cultivation keeps them at bay.

If there is a large infestation of millipedes, they can be trapped by placing pieces of carrot or potato just under soil level. Check every few days and remove and destroy.

“Advice on dandelions: If you can’t beat them, eat them.”

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Prairie Fare: Are flowers in my yard edible?

By Julie Garden-Robinson, NDSU Extension food and nutrition specialist

“I will have some hibiscus lemonade,” I said. That sounded interesting to me as I perused the menu. Maybe the attractive flowers would translate to a pleasant flavor, I thought.

The beverage was pinkish in color and had a cranberrylike flavor. I liked it. I have tried lavender lemonade and rose-infused beverages. Soup with floating squash blossoms was novel to me, too.

I am seeing an increasing number of beverages and foods crafted with the addition of flowers.

As I admired the colorful flowers in my yard, I pondered the ones that might be safe to eat.

Sometimes, certain parts of the plant are safe, while other parts are not. For example, lily of the valley, amaryllis, crocus and hyacinth are toxic. Enjoy looking at them and sniff their aroma, but do not taste them.

Remember safety first. Before you become overly adventuresome sampling the flowers, weeds or mushrooms you find, be sure you can identify the plants correctly. Find a reliable resource about edible plants or a friend with specialization in horticulture.

Do not guess on the edibility of plants you find in nature. When you identify edible plant foods, be sure that the flowers have not been sprayed with pesticides, subjected to lawn chemical drift or fertilized with manure recently.

Flower bouquets from the grocery store and nursery flowers are not the type to add to your menu. Culinary flowers are available in some locations, or you could grow your own so you know how the flowers have been raised.

I planted nasturtiums this year because their peppery flavors are a tasty addition to salads. Bright gold Bachelor buttons add visual interest and flavor to recipes. Most flowers also contain some vitamins A and C with few calories.

Pansies with their bright cheery “faces” are edible, and they impart a “grassy” flavor according to some sources. Dark purple pansies might make your tongue turn purple or blue, by the way.

The landscaping favorite, daylilies, are edible and some people enjoy the petals in frittatas, stir-fry and pasta dishes. If you planted squash, remember that the blossoms are edible and can be used in a variety of ways. Try adding them as attractive and edible garnishes. Incorporate squash blossoms into pasta dishes or quesadillas, or stuff them with cheese or seafood, dip in batter, and then air-fry.

If you eat the blossoms, your crop of zucchini or other summer squash will become manageable, too.

Dandelions are considered a nuisance in lawns, but the leaves and flowers can be used in salads. Dandelions also can be used to make wine.

Rose and daisy petals are edible and are attractive additions to desserts. Rose petals can be dried and used in beverages.

Use edible flowers at their peak of freshness. Avoid blossoms that are past their prime, as evidenced by wilted or faded colors. Avoid eating the anthers and pistils (usually at the center of the flower) because they have a bitter flavor.

Rinse the flowers with cool, running water and place on paper towels to gently dry, then refrigerate until use. For a fun twist on beverages, freeze edible flower petals with water in an ice cube tray then add to beverages. Freeze the edible flowers, herbs or fruit in an ice ring and add to a punch bowl. Start small if you decide to try some flowers in teas, other beverages or foods. Some can cause allergic reactions or stomach upset.

Lilac flowers are edible with a fragrant aroma, as are apple and plum blossoms. Be sure to go lightly when using lavender because lavender flowers have a perfume-like flavor. What if you want to enjoy flowers longer than they last outdoors, but you are a bit leery about eating them? You can dry them and use them as home decorations.

If you receive a beautiful bouquet of roses, remove them from the vase before they wilt, flip the bouquet upside down and tie with a string and hang in a cool place with good air circulation. Then display in a vase or make potpourri by adding an essential oil. Display in a bowl or make sachets.

You can preserve some floral memories by pressing your favorite small flowers between two layers of wax paper and place them within the pages of a book or under a flat heavy object. Be patient, though. The flowers take at least a week to dry this way. Laminate them to make bookmarks. Be sure that you do your homework before exploring the use of edible flowers on your menu.

Prairie Fare: Are flowers in my yard edible?

I planted lavender this year, and here’s a simple lemonade recipe. You can perk up a lemonade recipe with the addition of other summertime favorites, including fresh berries, basil or mint.

Lavender Lemonade

¼ cup fresh lavender flowers (not treated with pesticides)

1 cup sugar

2 cups boiling water

1 ½ cups freshly squeezed lemon juice (about 6 lemons)

2 cups cold water

Ice (frozen with edible flowers if desired)

Wash your hands and dry thoroughly. Place the lavender flowers in a heat-resistant bowl, add sugar and press sugar into the blossoms with your fingers. Pour 2 cups of boiling water over the sugar-flower mixture and allow to stand at least 30 minutes. While waiting for the lavender syrup to steep, rinse the lemons, cut in half then use a juicer to squeeze them. Add the juice to a serving pitcher. Strain the lavender syrup through a fine-mesh strainer into the serving pitcher. Add cold water and ice. Add extra water and/or sugar to adjust to your preferred sweetness.

Makes six servings. Each serving has 140 calories, 0 grams (g) fat, 0 g protein, 37 g carbohydrate, 0 g fiber and 5 milligrams sodium. #####

Garden Pests

Weevils

Weevils are a type of beetle with a snoutlike head and no legs. Weevils vary in color, some with a sheen, stripes, or bands. They are mostly gray or brown to black and about 1/2” long.

Hiding by day and feeding at night, they eat the tissues of many trees, bushes, and plants.

The adults can be trapped in pieces of sacking or corrugated paper while the grubs may be picked off the roots of pot plants. The plants should be repotted in fresh sterilized soil with an insecticide added.

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USDA celebrates 100 years of agriculture innovation

By Maribel Alonso, USDA and state government agencies.

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) celebrated the 100-year anniversary of Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory and its past and present contributions to the livestock industry and scientific community.

For a century, ARS Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, in partnership with Montana State University’s (MSU) Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, have been at the forefront of livestock, poultry, and swine performance and genetic enhancement through their innovative work on animal breeding and nutrition. Their work has helped producers improve agricultural production nationwide since 1924.

“The ARS scientists at Fort Keogh have a long-standing history of collaborating with stakeholders to address the challenges of the livestock industry,” said ARS Administrator Dr. Simon Liu. “Through their pioneering practices, they have made significant strides in research related to cattle nutrition, reproductive efficiency, and genetic improvement.”

“The historic partnerships at Fort Keogh have led to dozens of Montana State students, staff, and faculty working with ARS scientists on hands-on research to benefit our state’s largest industry,” said Sreekala Bajwa, Vice President, Dean & Director, MSU, College of Agriculture & Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. “I would like to extend sincere gratitude to all of our past and present collaborators at Fort Keogh and look forward to another 100 years of productive partnership that will keep Montana agriculture strong.”

The USDA-Agricultural Research Service Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory’s scientific legacy is rooted in decades of combined research on inbreeding and selection, spanning the performance of sheep, milking shorthorn cattle, horses, turkeys, swine, and beef cattle. This research, which began in 1924, has evolved over the years. Since 1986, the Laboratory has transitioned to a more specific focus on beef cattle, including research on cattle genetics, reproductive physiology, and nutrition.

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The Laboratory’s long-term research on stocking rates (numbers of livestock or unit area over a given period) on Northern Great Plains rangelands provides stakeholders with a guide for improving rangeland health in semi-arid rangelands dominated by cool-season plants. In addition, research on the impact of livestock grazing after fire activity during the growing season, focusing primarily on the effects on rangeland vegetation types commonly found in the Northern Great Plains, resulted in revisions to the post-fire grazing recommendations used by land management agencies.

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“Our goal is to continue our mission to collaboratively research and develop ecologically and economically sustainable range management and livestock production practices that meet customer needs for the next 100 years,” said Jay Angerer, research leader and supervisory research rangeland management specialist at the Livestock and Range Research Laboratory.

Leaders from MSU, Montana Dept. of Agriculture, Montana Stockgrowers Association, and U.S. Representative Matt Rosendale (Montana) also provided remarks during the event highlighting the Laboratory’s accomplishments

#####

Someone once said the best place to look for a lost item is where you least expect it. That happened to my husband on Saturday. His missing carpentry nails were hanging out of his mouth–just where he’d put them! He tried to put the blame on me...and I was reminded how often I do that to you, dear God.

USDA-ARS Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory celebrates 100 years of significant contributions to livestock reproduction, nutrition, and genetics research, and rangeland management research, to the industry and scientific community. Photos courtesy of ARS-USDA Dr. Jay Angerer.

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University of Idaho is among five land grant universities nationwide recruited to pilot a two-year 4-H leadership program culminating with each participating youth planning and implementing a research-based community service project.

In late May, U of I, Auburn University, Rutgers University, The Ohio State University and University of Minnesota each brought a team of five high school sophomores, known as Roth Scholars, to Atlanta for the inaugural meeting of the 4-H Leadership Academy. Universities that have a strong working relationship with National 4-H Council and a reputation for excelling on tight deadlines were chosen for the pilot, which is overseen by University of Nebraska.

“There was a very short list of states that they called to offer this to, and we were on that short list,” said Angie Freel, director of UI Extension 4-H Youth Development. “It means a lot that they think of Idaho 4-H as a place where we can make things happen and get it done.”

U of I chose the following 4-H members for the program based on applications and interviews: Ean Gauthier of Elmore County; Adri Hansen of Madison County; Myka Hansen of Madison County; Cayden Smith of Twin Falls; and Miles Palmer of Lemhi County.

Atlanta businessman and philanthropist Joel Roth funded the national program with a $1.1 million gift, aiming to teach youth skills needed in the workplace such as communication, leadership, ethics, conflict resolution and social responsibility.

“He wanted to reach people in high school, and he was really impressed with how 4-H works with youth and their civic engagement,” said Matt Fisher, area Extension educator of 4-H youth development, who oversees the Idaho program. Each university was given $58,000 toward travel expenses and funding student service projects. Participating 4-Hers will also receive a college scholarship upon completion of the program, which started in May and runs through the fall of 2025. The exact amounts of project stipends and scholarships haven’t been determined yet.

Team members will participate in monthly calls with youth from other participating universities featuring discussions and presentations on leadership traits. They’ll also engage in monthly virtual discussions with their Idaho teammates. In September 2025, they’ll return to Atlanta, where they’ll present the results of their individual projects.

Gauthier’s project entails studying reasons why high school students who are expelled or suspended multiple times are far less likely to earn a diploma, in addition to identifying and implementing ways to address the problem locally.

Twin sisters Adri and Myka Hansen are collaborating on a project addressing burnout by both high school teachers and students, which leads to higher teacher turnover and student dropout rates. They aim to find root causes of classroom stress and will seek ways to increase accountability for disrespectful students.

Smith hopes his project will boost civic pride within the Magic Valley. He plans to create a board through which residents will find opportunities to volunteer and register for them.

Palmer’s project is inspired by a school trip to Idaho National Laboratory near Arco that he and his father organized. Palmer hopes to develop a small-scale electricity system that will coordinate local energy resources, known as a microgrid. He anticipates using wind and solar power as energy sources, and the grid could provide power redundancy in the Salmon area, where power outages are common.

“It’s an incredible opportunity. The people in this program are brilliant,” Palmer said. “I think it’s going to be a lot of hard work and a lot of fun.

To eat one out of house and home

Meaning: To eat large quantities of someone else’s food

Origin: Its first recorded use in English was by William Shakespeare, who use it in his play Henry IV, written in 159798. In Act II, Hostess Quickly of the Boar’s Head Tavern is complaining about Sir John Falstaff, who has been lodging with her, eating huge quantities of food, and avoiding paying his bill: ‘He hath eaten me out of house and home, he hath put all my substance into the fat belly of his…’ The phrase out of house and home was in use as early as the 13th century, and during the 15th century people often said ‘he hath eaten me out of house and harbor.’ Shakespeare combined the two phrases.

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400 Cummins, Jake, 9 spd, 15-ft. box, plumbed for pup, 75% 11r24.5’s, roll tarp, air gate, spring suspension, steel frame, runs and works great

$27,500

1981 International S1700 Crew Cab truck

Along the Yellowstone River near the North Dakota border, Montana State University’s Eastern Agricultural Research Center serves 13 counties that produce nearly three quarters of Montana’s pulse crop acreage, which leads the nation, and almost half its wheat.

Serving such a wide area can be a tall order for a facility with less than 200 acres for both dryland and irrigated research. By collaborating with producers to conduct off-station experiments, the EARC team is building on decades of crop research to ensure that eastern Montana remains the breadbasket of the state, a leader in pulse crop production and a testbed for emerging agricultural technology and alternative and specialty crops.

“Testing new crop species and varieties is important for innovation, but adapting and establishing a new crop industry takes a persistent and long-term effort,” he said.

Chen is also exploring another frontier of crop research with a project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. Led by Chaofu Lu in the College of Agriculture’s Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, the project is examining camelina’s potential as a source of oil for industrial and bioenergy uses.

EARC serves more than 30,000 square miles of Montana, and producers around the region have long been its partners, volunteering test plots on their own land for research projects. Some of the partnerships have been going strong for 40 years or more, said Chen, allowing EARC to test new crops and varieties in various environments for adaptation and performance.

The center is also home to a unique plant pathology research program led by associate professor Frankie Crutcher, who conducts both molecular and field-scale research on various plant diseases.

345 V8, 5 spd & 2 spd, Runs great, 79K original miles, power steering, 11-ft. frame behind cab, clear title

“Eastern Montana has diverse climate, soil, crops and production systems, which makes research in the region uniquely challenging,” said Chengci Chen, EARC superintendent. EARC is one of seven facilities in MSU’s Department of Research Centers overseen by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station.

$4000

1999 Freightliner FLD112 Rollback truck, 430hp C12 Cat, 10spd autoshift, 27-ft.x102”, 30K power tilt rollback, new 11r22.5 tires and rims, Jake, AC, PS, Tilt, Cruise, 4.11 ratio Full lockers, double frame, 490K miles, runs and drives great

The agricultural industry around Sidney has historically been dominated by sugar beets, and EARC scientists have conducted variety selection and testing at the station as well as on farmers’ fields to maximize sugar content and yield, with long-term success.

$38,500

1992 International Crane Truck 10 ton lift capacity, 45-ft. reach, upper bucket controls, 18” auger, 240hp DTA466, 8II trans., 14-ft. service body, 90% 11r22.5’s, aux. hydraulics, runs and drives great. $16,500

1991 Autocar 12-yard Dump

425 hp Cat 3406B, 18 spd., Jake, lift axle, full lockers, 15.5ft. box, 60% 11R24.5’s, 700K miles, pintle hitch, air gate, runs and drives great $31,500

1998 Gehl DL6h40

Telehandler

4x4, 7,000 lb lift capacity, 40ft. lift height, enclosed cab w/ heat, 3 way steering, 5200 hrs, 4.5 John Deere diesel, 80% 13.00x24 tires, 60” forks, runs and works great $38,500

1997 Gradall 534C-10

Telehandler

4x4, 40’ lift height, 4BT Cummins, 7100 hrs, outriggers, 10K capacity, 60% 14.00x24 tires, runs and works great

$36,500

1998 Caterpillar TH103

Telehandler

10,000 lb capacity, 44-ft lift height, outriggers, 4x4, 3 way steering, 48” forks, 75% 14.00x24 tires, 9100 hrs, runs and works excellent. $38,500

2001 Chevrolet C6500

210 hp 3126 Cat diesel, 6 spd

manual AC, PS, PB, 95K miles, 90% 245/75-19.5 tires, 15-ft. flatbed, PTO hydraulic winch, 26K GVW $15,500

Chen, an agronomist who has been EARC superintendent for nine years, estimated that over the past decade, average sugar beet yield has improved by 0.8 tons per acre each year, along with a small annual increase in sugar concentration — both critical metrics. He also led a project funded by a USDA Western Sustainable Research and Education grant to study the feasibility of no-till planting for sugar beets. The project showed that no-till led to similar yield and sucrose concentration but cost less compared to conventional tillage.

While sugar beets remain an important crop in the region, the closure of a large local beet processing facility in 2023 changed regional needs, and EARC research adapted. As producers have begun growing more soybeans, dry beans, canola and corn, EARC scientists are testing to select adaptable, high-yielding varieties for the region, as well as studying optimal fertility management strategies.

“With the crop species and production systems shifting from sugar beet to other alternative crops, new agronomic technology, including cultivar selection, seeding date and rate, fertility, weed and disease management needs to be developed,” said Chen. When it comes to dryland research, Chen and William Franck, the research scientist at EARC, continue to lead the statewide pulse crop variety testing program. They collaborate with plant breeders and other research centers at MSU, North Dakota State University, the USDA and private companies to test pea, lentil and chickpea varieties across Montana. Chen said the work has led to the release of several new crop varieties and contributed to pulse crops’ expansion in Montana — increasing from less than 50,000 acres harvested annually two decades ago to leading the nation with over 1 million acres.

Chen’s team also conducts variety trials for wheat, barley and durum at the research center and on farmers’ fields in four eastern

One such disease, Fusarium head blight, also known as wheat scab, is affecting cereal crops nationwide. It’s a high-priority target for research because of its potentially disastrous impacts on yield, said Crutcher. Because of ongoing work at EARC in collaboration with MSU’s wheat breeding program, Montana’s first spring wheat variety with some demonstrated scab resistance was released in 2021, named MT Sidney for EARC’s hometown, followed by a second variety that showed some resistance, MT Dutton.

“Although developing resistant varieties is an incredibly important part of what we do, it can’t replace the outreach component of our program,” said Crutcher. “Effective management of Fusarium head blight starts before the crop is even in the ground, and educating farmers on an integrated approach has been a major focus since I started at the EARC in 2016.”

Nearly 175,000 acres of chickpeas were planted in Montana in 2023, and the primary limiting factor in chickpea yield is a disease called Ascochyta blight, said Crutcher. EARC scientists are doing laboratory research on disease resistance in chickpeas while studying a possible management technique for reducing the disease: growing chickpeas alongside another crop, a practice called intercropping. They are examining the effects of growing chickpeas and flax together to reduce the number of fungicide applications needed and decrease disease pressure on chickpea plants. The project, supported by the Western Sustainable Agricultural Research and Education Program, may provide an immediate option for producers, particularly those in organic systems, until resistant chickpea varieties can be developed.

EARC has a 12-person staff and, like all seven of MSU’s research centers, is overseen by an advisory committee of local producers, industrial representatives and MSU Extension agents.

“I am so grateful for the strong support from local communities, businesses and producers to EARC,” said Chen. “The EARC office building and greenhouse was built with support from local businesses and the public, and every year local businesses sponsor our field day. The staff of EARC are honored to work here to serve producers and the public in the region.”