Fifteen years of Transparencia Mexicana

Fifteen years of

Transparencia Mexicana

Fifteen years of

Transparencia Mexicana

Brief history of Transparency International

Transparency International is an organization created as a coalition of nations to fight corruption. Its founder, Peter Eigen, was an official of the World Bank for approximately two decades before he decided to take a step forward in 1993, and created this organization convinced as he was of the seriousness of the problem of corruption. Eigen, who was a German Lawyer, established the headquarters of the coalition in Berlin, where it is currently located. It was hard for Peter Eigen to set out the organization because the problem of corruption was seen as a politically incorrect matter and, hence, it was not mentioned in diplomatic forums. It is said, as an anecdote, that even inside international financial institutions they used the term “C” factor to refer to this matter that turned out awkward to deal with.

The guiding principles of Transparency International are very simple and clear:: • As coalition-builders, we will work cooperatively with all individuals and groups, with for-profit and not-for-profit corporations and organizations, and with governments and international bodies committed to the fight against corruption, subject only to the policies and priorities set by our governing bodies.

• We undertake to be open, honest and accountable in our relationships with everyone we work with, and with each other.

• We will be democratic, politically non-partisan and non-sectarian in our work.

• We will condemn bribery and corruption vigorously wherever it has been reliably identified.

• The positions we take will be based on sound, objective and professional analysis and high standards of research.

• We will only accept funding that does not compromise our ability to address issues freely, thoroughly and objectively.

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• We will provide accurate and timely reports of our activities to our stakeholders.

• We will respect and encourage respect for fundamental human rights and freedom.

• We are committed to building, working with and working through Chapters worldwide.

• We will strive for balanced and diverse representation on our governing bodies.

• As one global movement, we stand in solidarity with each other and we will not act in ways that may adversely affect other Chapters or the TI movement as a whole.

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So, the actions of Transparency International aim at the diagnosis of the problem, the development of efficient public policies, and their application and follow up. During the ten years of the presidency of Peter Eigen in the institution, approximately one hundred national chapters were formed. Each chapter has a wide margin for its internal organization, but in any case it has to comply with the basic principles of the Institution. The acknowledgement of one national

Corruption Perceptions Index Time series for Mexico 2000-2013* 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8

2000

2001

2002

2003

59 of 90

51 of 91

57 of 102

64 of 133

2004

2005

64 of 146 65 of 159

2006

2007

70 of 163 72 of 180

2008 72 of 180

2009

2010

Global position Source: Transparencia Mexicana, created with data of the Corruption Perceptions Index of Transparency International 2000-2013

* This time series is presented with an informative purpose. The number of countries and sources has changed throughout the years.

The dotted red line signals an adjustment in the methodology since 2012.

2011

2012

2013

89 of 180 98 of 178 100 of 183 105 of 176 106 of 177

chapter is subject to a strict review by the central office in Berlin.

In fact, Berlin frequently takes away this acknowledgement if the analyzed chapter does not comply with the basic principles of the Institution. Transparency International has an annual meeting with national chapters, where detected problems are presented but so are successful experiences. For this reason, this meeting becomes a great convention on the subject, which is attended by heads of state, former heads of state, specialists on economics and on other topics.

5 One of the basic principles of Transparency International is that corruption, apart from being an ethical and moral problem, is a deep problem for economic development. In this sense, it is not a coincidence that the countries that suffer the most from this scourge are frequently the ones that present low levels of development and high levels of inequality. To measure this phenomenon, Transparency International created the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), which is made public every year in the fall. The Index, as its name implies, is a survey that collects around ten global measurements from institutions such as the World Economic Forum, the World Bank, Harvard University, and the World Competitiveness Center, among others.

The CPI reflects the perception that analysts, entrepreneurs, experts on the subject and observers have of a country. The index shows that there is no linear connection between development and corruption. In this sense, it breaks away from old theories and development schemes whose paradigm was the fact that a country had to be developed in order to reduce corruption. Through the CPI this conception is inverted: it is proven that, in fact, it is possible to first reduce corruption and then become a developed country.

Many attempts have been made to measure the cost of corruption for a country; however, there are so many variables that include the phenomenon that it is hard to establish a sole figure. Corruption increases operation costs in companies; it limits procedures and management –which make certain economic activities such as incorporation of companies or opening of establishments tortuous–, and worse, corruption mainly affects families with lower income and, therefore, becomes a hurtful regressive tax that partly explains injustice in countries.

Transparency International has been a promoter of anti-corruption international conventions. After a long and difficult negotiation, the countries that are members of the OECD formed the first international convention, which the Senate of the Republic ratified in 1999. Along these lines, Transparency International promoted the United Nations Convention against Corruption that was signed in Merida, Mexico, on December 9th, 2003. Thanks to these two instruments, corruption of companies and governments of any of the signatory countries may be legally pursued.

Likewise, Transparency International has hugely contributed to include the matter of corruption and good governance in the regular agenda of most of the governments in the world. This subject stopped being taboo to become an imperative part of discourse and, maybe more importantly, an irreversible social demand.

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Since 2005, the Chair of Transparency International has been entitled to Huguette Labelle, Canadian diplomat that has imbued the institution with a new spirit. During her administration the multiplication of chapters stopped being a priority, and focus was set on the institutionalization of chapters. Under her direction a special committee was created to give follow up to the institutional life of chapters, which directly reports to the Board of Directors of Transparency. One of the problems detected

by Labelle is the fact that chapters may become platforms for personal political projection. Consequently, she has promoted a policy against conflicts of interest.

The consciousness that emerged during the last decades on the phenomenon of corruption shows how quick the change has been.

Nowadays, it is truly difficult to believe that corruption of public servants and other agents was not only authorized but even deductible from taxes for big companies two decades ago.

Transparency International was a pioneer institution in the subject and it is, therefore, the most internationally famous anti-corruption entity.

Although, currently, there are several international institutions that monitor the course of this problem, maybe the greatest organizational impact occurs inside the countries. In some cases, the multiplication of social organizations dedicated to monitor the problem is amazing. It is already an item in the national and local agenda in many countries.

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Transparencia Mexicana Mexican Chapter of Transparency International

In 1999, a group of Mexicans decided to form an organization focused on the problem of corruption. Peter Eigen insisted that one of its members take this step given the sub-continental importance of the country and the existence of other chapters in the area.

Following this recommendation, Transparencia Mexicana was born, as a non-profit organization that obtained its membership as a national chapter in 1999. Transparencia Mexicana has an outstanding Board of Directors (see the list at the end of this document) that systematically meets four times a year and monitors the course of the strategic decisions of the Institution. The Board has very strict guidelines regarding the independence of its members from parties and governments. One of them sets forth that if one of its members is invited to a party or government position, they must automatically submit their license to the Board. Likewise, the Board has approved a series of Rules for the renewal of its members so as to renew the decision-making body but, at the same time, to maintain the historical memory of the Institution.

In the integration of the Board we try to balance professions and vocations of its members, as well as gender and age so as to incorporate new generations to the organization since they are the ones responsible for giving continuity to the Institution. All the members of the Board have donated and donate their time in a totally philanthropic manner and, frequently, they make contributions with work and actions that correspond to their areas of expertise. In perspective, having a Board with such a quality and international renown has been essential to contain pressure or open hostility from different fronts. The Board is, without a doubt, the central anchor of the continuity of institutional works of Transparencia Mexicana.

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Transparencia Mexicana has a considerable group of specialists in several areas who give advice regarding the programs of the organization, especially for the program of Integrity in Public Procurement. Only that way, Transparencia Mexicana can have presence in so different areas and so different tenders as: the construction of an 800-million-dollar dam, production of voting cards or sand-dredging in Cancun beaches. Four years ago, the management team decided that, given the complexity of the interventions, they would act with multidisciplinary groups.

10 Transparencia Mexicana is formed by an executive support office that varies in size depending on the number of activities in progress. The office has an executive director in charge of leading day by day the policies set forth by the Board and the programs derived from it. Apart from the executive director, the office is formed by a permanent team of no more than seven people, plus a knowledge network of up to 40 people that work through transverse cooperation. In the office of Transparencia Mexicana, all the members know the characteristics of the projects that

are carried out as an Institution. This characteristic, which may seem exclusively organizational, comes from a central ethical principle for the team. It is sought that the members of the office are truly convinced of the importance of the actions implemented and that, in turn, they work as filters before possible invitations that just seek to obtain the credibility seal of our institution.

However, one of the characteristics of the Board of the Mexican office is the willingness to enter into highly conflictive areas and work with institutions whose problems of corruption are known. It is a principle that aims at breaking the vicious circle of just attending and obtaining resources from activities in areas that we know that are no longer troublesome.

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Another operational principle, established by the Board and the law itself, is that the economic surpluses that are obtained from certain activities should be invested in programs that are not self-financing but that have a social importance. There are programs that we know in advance that shall allow us to obtain surpluses, which are applied to other programs that we know shall be loss-making. Transparencia Mexicana, in turn, carries out donations in work for all kinds of institutions that require the strategic support of the Institution. The audited financial statements of Transparencia Mexicana may be found in our Website for anyone to look them up. The accounting of our institution is observed in the inside and outside.

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Main lines of activity

a)

Transparencia Mexicana has been working on three basic areas: a) Measurement of the impact of corruption; b) Program of integrity in public procurement; c) Sectoral programs on health, education, environment and other areas.

Measurement of the impact of corruption By the end of 1999, Transparencia Mexicana called up a group of specialists to devise a statistical mechanism to measure the impact of corruption on Mexican homes. 45 professionals of several specialties participated in this design and at first it was proposed that the study registered not only the perception of corruption, but also the actual and measurable impact it has on households. We must point out that in that moment the problem of corruption was seen as something anecdotic and not very important. Two of every three Mexicans thought so. A significant percentage of the population expressed that corruption was an almost congenital matter to Mexican people and a little less than 10% stated that it benefited economy. In light of this situation, one of the main purposes of the study was to create consciousness of the scale and extent of the problem.

After a year of work, a totally original design was achieved to carry out a national survey to find out information, among heads of households, about the 38 procedures that damage Mexican families the most. The study had a section on the perception of corruption and another one about the culture of Mexicans regarding illegality and corruption.

Based on the methodological requirements of representation, 16 thousand questionnaires were applied in each one of the 32 states of the country. The costs of this kind of study are, therefore, very high so Transparencia Mexicana turned to business organizations and foundations to finance the study. One of the conditions is that none of the sponsors offers a service evaluated by the study, thus avoiding any conflict of interest. The first issuance of the National Index of Corruption and Good Governance (INCBG, Spanish acronym) was

published in 2001 and created such a shock that some governors tried to challenge the methodology and they even questioned the intentions of Transparencia Mexicana.

The study has been reproduced five more times, so currently there is a historical record of the different states regarding the performance of the several administrations and the evolution of their procedures.

These exercises promote a mutual knowledge among state governments to fight corrupt practices. Given the political context around the INCBG, it was expected to attribute more corruption to one political party and less to others. However, the numbers show that there is no direct correlation between levels of corruption and the colors of the party in the government. This situation has been fortunate because the reading of the INCBG has differentiated itself from the party discussion and, clearly, a more professional approach to the problem of corruption has been achieved. The study has become the referent most widely used by national experts, analysts and journalists in the matter of corruption. It is not merely anecdotic that in the debates of the presidential election of 2012, the most quoted

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National evolution in time of the incbg 20

16

12

10.6

10.1

10.0

10.3

2005

2007

2010

8.5

8

4

0

2001

2003

National Source: Transparencia Mexicana, created with data of the Índice Nacional de Corrupción y Buen Gobierno, 2001-2010.

* This time series is presented with an informative purpose.

institution was Transparencia Mexicana, and none of the candidates refuted the data of the study.

The INCBG has been reproduced in many Latin-American nations: Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Peru, Paraguay and Nicaragua.

This shows its usefulness and originality. The same questions have been used for more than a decade; only three have been eliminated because they were irrelevant and to give historical soundness to the study.

14 Transparencia Mexicana has tried, as nearly as practicable, to summon national encounters with the attendance of professors, public servants, as well as the ones responsible for corporate governance of several companies to share the results of the Index. The data bank of the study, which is already the longest historical series in the whole continent, is located in the Center for Economic Research and Teaching (CIDE, Spanish acronym), so as to spread the generated information.

b)

Program of Integrity in Public Procurement It is worth mentioning that what we call in México “Integrity Pacts” are the result of an experience collected during a Meeting of Transparency International where “islands of integrity” were discussed. As of 2000, Transparencia Mexicana has promoted the idea of the existence of community observance in different areas of the public administration. In this context, and based on integrity pacts, a mechanism of community control and surveillance was created which is called Social Witness, which has been applied for more than a decade. In 2001, the law that regulates this kind of observation was modified. As time went by and as the concept of Social Witness proved its usefulness, the Mexican government got to the conclusion that it was important to incorporate the concept to the Law of Public Acquisitions and Works; incorporation that was carried out in 2004.

Since then, the concept has been used at a federal and local level.

Transparencia Mexicana is not the only institution that implements this mechanism but it is by far the most requested one. Annually, more than 80% of the invitations received by the institution are declined. To date, it is estimated that the organization has monitored about 51.5 billion dollars of public works (see TM monitoring in figures at the end of the document).

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The purpose of Social Witness is to guarantee transparency in all the stages of public procurement, as well as to promote that tenders are made in accordance with the law. In fact, Social Witnesses work between the bidders of the goods and services and the authorities in order to achieve clarity in the requirements of whatever is being put out to tender. Sometimes, when dealing with big public works, the meetings with the Social Witness, the bidders and the authorities regarding the clarifications of the terms of reference draft and the terms of the call for bid may take months of work. One of the side effects of these exercises is to get the press well informed about the evolution of these procedures, which reduces considerably the attacks, the slander and even the crossed accusations of illegality that overshadow these processes before the public opinion.

Another important but not central effect of Social Witness is to have a direct impact on the price of the acquired goods when promoting healthy competition among the bidders. This happens especially in case of certain standardized products that are in an open market. Frequently, the savings achieved through this mechanism

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are measured in hundreds of millions of dollars, which brings a significant benefit to good governance. The responsibility of this concept, now regulated by law, is huge; therefore, it is essential to carry out a careful and rigorous selection of the people that shall play this key role. Although it is true that the deliberation goes through the professional ability, it also goes through an analysis of the public reputation and conflicts of interests of the witnesses.

Thus, there is an objective content in the invitation and a totally subjective content that is responsibility of the Institution.

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A formula used by Transparencia Mexicana at the beginning of these exercises was calling renowned technical advisors that accompanied the Institutions in the great insurance contests of the national company of electricity, the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE, Spanish acronym) or in the disincorporation of a bank under the control of the State. Advisors offer an honest career that makes them well-known in the reference point in question, besides, they are important people who have everything to lose and nothing to win in terms of reputation. Hence they are shielded by their own career (see list of technical advisors at the end of this document).

Ed ucatio n The Board of Transparencia Mexicana has decided that the programs of the Institution should focus on several sectors of great social relevance. Even though the tender of a dam is important due to the amounts of money handled in it, there are other areas such as education where the Institution has to participate. Transparencia Mexicana estimated the amount of the “voluntary” contributions that parents make in public schools. The approximate amount was 500 million dollars. Apart from the economic burden, many times the contributions in question are made by families of the most socially excluded areas from an economic point of view, and the poorest ones based on their income. That is why Transparencia Mexicana, in coordination with the Secretariat of Public Education, organized the Conferences on Transparency and Accountability in federal schools of high school and college education. During these

©iStockphoto.com/Sean_Warren

c)

Sectoral programs on health, education, environment and other areas

events, the principals of the schools appear before the community that consists of the group of teachers of the institution, the students and parents. Before them the principal presents the educational goals set out the previous year and the plan for the next academic year.

In addition, during the conferences, the principals have to present a balance explaining how the contributions were spent.

More than one thousand schools have participated in such conferences. One of the findings of the exercise is that a high percentage of the school principals did not have basic notions of accounting, situation that affected the school finances. Currently, this exercise is institutionalized. To date, it is estimated that about one million students have participated in the conferences. Transparencia Mexicana hopes that this institutional lesson of accountability shall have an influence in their lives.

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Dayca re c ente r s In June 2009, the ABC Daycare in Hermosillo, Sonora caught fire causing the death of 49 boys and girls. The building lacked appropriate security measures and emergency exits. The institution was subrogated by the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS, Spanish acronym), the Mexican institution in charge of taking care of company’s workers.

18 IMSS went to Transparencia Mexicana seeking support before a situation that deeply affected public opinion in the country. As a response and in order to prevent this kind of events from happening again, Transparencia Mexicana, with the enthusiasm of its executive director, designed a scheme of parental systematic observation of this kind of places. An observation guide was elaborated for parents to help them have a basic training on the elements a daycare must have to guarantee children’s safety. We started with a pilot program in a small entity and then the great national program was launched.

There was some resistance and reluctance to defeat from both

administrators and society itself; however, between October 2010, when the mechanism started, and September 2012, 2,751 visits were made with the participation of 16,068 parents that are beneficiaries of the Institute, who donated more than 31,170 hours of their time to observe the integral security measures. After the implementation of the mechanism, it was verified that 99% of the daycare centers in the country meet at least 90% of the health and safety conditions.

The proposal of Transparencia Mexicana is to extend this kind of exercises to other institutions, such as the Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE, Spanish acronym) in charge of the social security of State workers, or to the State health and education systems. Of course, there is always a possibility of increasing coverage and apply it to Family Medical Units, which are the first places where families go to when they have a health problem. There the challenge would be different, because the capacity of the beneficiaries to organize themselves is smaller than that of the parents’ in daycare centers. However, again, it would be about several thousand units, which implies a consistent and ordered effort. In any case, the principle observed by Transparencia Mexicana is to respect and involve its main ally: the citizen. In all the exercises where the community has been involved the results have been highly effective.

Transparencia Mexicana donated the methodology for the observation of the daycare centers of the institutions involved.

Institu tio n a l S t rengt h ening o f S o c i a l P r o g r a ms

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In 2001, when the Federal Transparency and Access to Governmental Public Information Act was not enacted yet, the Secretariat of Social Development proposed to Transparencia Mexicana to contribute to the public control of social programs by promoting public participation. Transparencia Mexicana worked with substantial information regarding the rules of operation of federal social programs and published, together with the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE, Spanish acronym), a public manual for the observation and monitoring of social programs.

In 2008, the concern to have institutionalized social programs had passed the federal scope; this concern had reached the States.

The apparently simple question, “How many social programs are

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there in Mexico?� became a real puzzle. Between 2008 and 2011, Transparencia Mexicana added up efforts with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and together they launched the Initiative for the Institutional Strengthening of Social Programs (IPRO, Spanish acronym).

In 2011, the Secretariat of Social Development (SEDESOL, Spanish acronym), the National Council for Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL), the UNDP and Transparencia Mexicana decided to promote a National Catalogue of Social Programs. This catalogue, the first of its kind, shall allow any citizen to know the offer of social policy of the Federation, the States and the Federal District. In its design, the National Catalogue of Social Programs includes the guidelines of open government considered by the Open Government Partnership (OGP).

Transparenc y a n d c l im ate ch a nge One of the most recent global priorities is adaptation and mitigation of the effects of climate change. The world is spending more and more resources to face its effects and facilitate an energy transition.

Transparency International has started to include these problems in its agenda. This is the first time in history that a strategic global agenda is born in conjunction with the social capacity for monitoring and the necessary surveillance of a technical nature.

Transparencia Mexicana collaborates with other six countries to monitor the private and public resources that are being invested in the subject.

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From 2008 to date, with the direct participation of State governments and the Federal District, IPRO has made an inventory of more than 1,770 social programs in the country. The levels of Institutional strength of the programs vary depending on the federal secretariat that administers them, on the State government where they operate or on their purpose or extent. A constant that indicates low Institutional strenght in the programs has been the lack of mechanisms of public participation in them.

It is important to know that the private funds of the carbon markets are considered as part of this initiative. The reason is simple: if fiscal resources destined to mitigate and adapt the effects of climate change are important, market mechanisms are many times more important.

The surveillance of public resources meant the transformation of the abilities of civil society; monitoring private resources for public purposes requires a new transformation of the citizens.

That is why in conjunction with the work of market monitoring, Transparencia Mexicana has launched the initiative “Citizens and Markets� that shall allow to understand and explain the new features of democratic control.

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Members of the Board of Directors / Active Members

22 Manuel Arango Arias

Emilio Carrillo Peñafiel

José Manuel Covarrubias Solís

He is a Mexican entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the founder and President of Grupo Concord S.A. de C.V. and of Grupo Marina CostaBaja. He is the founder of Compartir Fundación Social, I.A.P., of the Centro Mexicano para la Filantropía, A.C., organization from which he is the Honorary Life Chairman, of Fundación Xochitla, A.C., of the Fundación Mexicana para la Educación Ambiental, A.C. and of Caracol de Plata, A.C. He is a member of the Board of Transparencia Mexicana and from the Governing Board of the Fundación para las Letras Mexicanas, A.C. He is also the Honorary Chairman of the Consejo Consultivo del Agua.

In the international sphere he is a member of the Governing Body of the Encuentros Iberoamericanos de la Sociedad Civil and a member of the Directive Committee of Foro Iberoamérica. As a result of the production of the documentary “Centinelas del Silencio” he won two Oscar awards in 1971 on behalf of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

He is a lawyer by the National Autonomous University of Mexico and a Public Accountant by the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México. He holds a Master’s degree in Business Administration by the Kellogg School of Management of Northwestern University. He is a Partner of the Firm Carrillo Gamboa, S.C., a law firm specialized in providing legal support to companies that are interested in funding opportunities, or of acquisition and association in Mexico. He has specialized in providing counseling to companies involved in regulated sectors, such as the energy, telecommunications, the financial sector, and the real estate sector.

The projects he has been involved throughout his career exceed the sum of eight billion dollars and involve the sectors of access to the Mexican market, privatizations, securities issues, fusions, acquisitions, co-investments and structure finance. He is a member of several Boards of Directors of diverse institutions linked to his professional practice. He was an advisor of the Mexican Government in the negotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement.

He is a Civil Engineer by the National University of Mexico and he coursed a Master’s degree in Civil Engineering in the School of Engineering of the National University.

He is a professor and tenured lecturer of the same University.

He has been a professor in the School of Engineering since 1953 to this day. Simultaneously he has occupied multiple positions in the National University, among which we can highlight being Director of the School of Engineering and General Administrative Secretary and Treasurer. He is the author of diverse publications among which is the book Apuntes para Mecánica de Materiales parte de Torsión, of several articles regarding Engineering and of multiple chapters of several books. He carried out his professional practices in Ingenieros Civiles Asociados, S.A., in Industria del Hierro, S.A., in Jeffrey Manufacturera Mexicana, S.A. and in Constructora SIA, S.A. He is a member emeritus of the Mexican School of Civil Engineers, member of the Asociación Mexicano-Francesa de Ingenieros Civiles, founding member of the Fundación UNAM and founding member of the Music Academy of the Palacio de Minería.

23 Sergio García Ramírez

David Antonio Ibarra Muñoz

Sergio López Ayllón

He obtained his bachelor’s degree in law from the Law School of the UNAM and his PhD in law in the same School. He is a researcher at the Institute of Juridical Research and professor of the Law School, UNAM. He is also a National Researcher Emeritus in the National System of Researchers. He is the author of more than fifty books and many journal articles published in Mexico and abroad. He is member of several academic and professional corporations, such as the Mexican Academy of Criminal Sciences (from which he is President), the Mexican Academy of Legislation and Jurisprudence, the Mexican Institute of Procedural Law, among others. He is member of the International Society of Social Defense (vice-president) and of the International Penal and Penitentiary Foundation. He was awarded Honorary Doctorates by several Mexican and foreign universities. He was the Government General Deputy Director of the Secretariat of the Interior, as well as Attorney General of the Federal District, Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare and Attorney General of the Republic. Between 1992 and 1995 he was President (founder) of the Agrarian Superior Court. He has been Judge and President of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and Electoral Counselor in the Federal Electoral Institute.

He is a Public Accountant and has a Bachelor Degree in Economics by the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He continued his Graduate Studies in Stanford University. He received an Honorary Doctorate from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in the year 2010. He has been a consultant of the UNECLAC for several periods. He worked as a consultant of the General Director of Pemex, consultant of the Inter-American Development Bank, as the General Director of the National Bank of Mexico, as Secretary of the Treasury, as the General Director of Nacional Financiera, S.A., as Chair of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, at the Mexican Office. He gives an annual cycle of lectures in the Faculty of Economics of the UNAM, where he was a professor from 1955 to 1970; and from 1963 to 1968 in the Instituto Latinoamericano de Planificación Económica y Social (ILPES). Nowadays he is the Chair of the Editorial Board of the Economics Magazine UNAM. In the Faculty of Economics he has published several books like: La Tributación en México y Paradigmas monetarios en México, among others.

He obtained his PhD in Law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He obtained a Master’s Degree in sociology of law and social relations from the University of Paris II. He is a researcher professor of the Center for Economic Research and Teaching (CIDE, Spanish acronym) from which he is currently Director General. He is member of the National System of Researchers (level III) and the Mexican Academy of Sciences. He is author of several books and he has published many articles and chapters of books both in Mexico and abroad regarding the themes of right to information and transparency, regulation and sociology of law. He has given diploma courses and postgraduate courses in the most important academic institutions of higher education in the country, and he has participated in several national and international seminars and symposiums. He has had several positions in the Federal Public Administration; he has also been adviser of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, the Chamber of Deputies, the Chamber of Senators, the Secretariat of Economy, the Secretariat of Public Administration and the Federal Institute for Access to Information, among other institutions.

Members of the Board of Directors / Active Members

24 María del Carmen Pardo López

Olga Pellicer Silva

Felipe Pérez Cervantes

She obtained a PhD in History from the Universidad Iberoamericana and a PhD in Political Sciences form the University of Paris II. She has a Bachelor’s degree in Political Sciences and Public Administration by the National Autonomous University of Mexico. She is a member of the National System of Researchers (level III), member of the Consejo Consultivo para la Gestión Pública of the Ministry of Public Administration, of the Editorial Committee in the magazine Gestión y Política Pública of the CIDE and of the Editorial Committee of the Economy, Administration and Finances of the Fondo de Cultura Económica.

She has also been a government representative as an independent member of the Inconformity Commission of INFONAVIT, as Director of the Center of International Studies and as an advisor for international organisms like the United Nations and the Latin-American Center of Development Administration. She is the author of several books and has published numerous articles and chapters in books. Among her most recent books are: Administración Pública Mexicana del Siglo XX y La modernización administrativa en México: 1940-2006.

Has a Master’s Degree in International Relations by the Institute of High International Studies of the University of Paris and she obtained her Bachelor’s Degree in International Relations by the UNAM. Throughout her teaching career she has held different positions, like General Coordinator of the Instituto Matías Romero de Estudios Diplomáticos of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as Principal of the Department of Economics and International Politics of the CIDE and as a research-professor at El Colegio de México. To this day she is a research-professor in the Department of International Studies of the ITAM. In her diplomatic career she has acted as Ambassador in Austria and Permanent Representative before the International Organisms based in Vienna, as Ambassador before the United Nations in New York and as Ambassador in Greece. She was also the Chief Executive of the System of United Nations in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Chair of the UN Commission on the Status of Women, Chair of the Working Group for the organization of the IV World Conference of the Women that had place in Beijing. She is or has been a member of the Consejo mexicano de Asuntos Internacionales, of the Academic Council of the United Nations and the Mexican Academy of Sciences.

He is the actual Chair of the Consejo Emisor and of the Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo del Consejo Mexicano de Normas de Información Financiera, A.C. (CINIF, Spanish acronym), an independent institution that is responsible for issuing the accounting standards in Mexico, organization that he has chaired since January of 2005.

He is a member of the Directorio del Grupo Latinoamericano de Emisores de Normas de Información Financiera (GLENIF, Spanish acronym). He is also a member of the Emerging Economies Group of the IASB, and an active participant in the International Forum of Accounting Standard Setters (IFASS, Spanish acronym). He was a partner of PricewaterhouseCoopers, S.C. where he worked during 40 years. He has been a professor of Audit, Operational Audit and he has given the Seminar of Professional Problems. He was the Chair of the Comité Ejecutivo Nacional and of the Governing Board of the Instituto Mexicano de Contadores Públicos. He is a lecturer of financial and accounting themes in several places of the country and abroad.

25 Jacqueline Peschard Mariscal

Ricardo Pozas Horcasitas

Jacqueline Peschard obtained her PhD in Social Science from El Colegio de Michoacán. She is currently a full time professor in the School of Political and Social Sciences, a position she had in the year 19791991 and that she retook in 2003.

She is a member of the National System of Researchers since 1988 and of the Mexican Academy of Sciences since 1994. Dr. Peschard is also a full member of the Seminar of Mexican Culture since the year 2008. In the year 2005 she was a visiting research fellow of the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington DC. In the Colegio de México she was a professor and a researcher during the years 19911998. She was an Electoral Councilor of the General Council of the Federal Electoral Institute of Mexico during the years 1996-2003. She was a Comissioner of the Federal Institute for Access to Information and Data Protection from 2007 to 2014. She was the President of this institute during the period of 2009 to 2013. In February, 2014 she became a member of the Board of Transparencia Mexicana.

He has a PhD in Latin-American Studies from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), a PhD in Political Sociology from the School for Advanced Studies in Paris. Currently, he works as a fulltime, tenured, C-level Researcher at the Institute of Social Research of UNAM. He was Director of such Institute from 1989 to 1997. He is member of the National System of Researchers level III and level D of PRIDE-UNAM. He has published 43 articles in arbitrated academic journals of international circulation; he is the author of 6 books, 37 book chapters, 23 diffusion articles and the editor of 3 books. He was a member of the Latin-American representation to the International Social Science Council of UNESCO and Consultant of the same International Organization; Member of the Technical Consultative Council of the National Institute of Historical Studies of the Revolution of Mexico, 2013. Secretary of the Board of Directors of the Mexican Academy of Sciences from 1995 to 1999. Between 1994 and 1996, he was Citizen Counselor of the General Council of the Federal Electoral Institute, member of the United Nations Technical Committee (UNDP) for the Evaluation of the Electoral Observation in Mexico’s elections of 1997, 2000 and 2009, among many other activities.

Federico Reyes Heroles González Garza Federico Reyes Heroles is a renowned writer and political analyst. He has more than 12 published books, among which are some essays in political philosophy like Entre las bestias y los dioses and Alterados.

He has also published five novels among which are: Noche Tibia, Canon, which was made into a feature film in 2014, and El Abecedario, his most recent publication. He has been a political commentator and writer of weekly feature articles for more than thirty years in different publications. He currently writes in the newspaper Excélsior. He is the founder of the magazine of national circulation ESTE PAÍS that has more than 20 years of existence and the actual President of the Foundation that names itself after the magazine, dedicated to social research. In his professional career we can emphasize his performance as a member of the National Human Rights Commission and as a member of the University Patronage of the UNAM. He is also one of the founders and the Chair of the Board of Transparencia Mexicana an organization created in 1999 to fight corruption and promote good governance. He presides over the Patronage of the Tagle Foundation, an organization dedicated to the attention of senior citizens and has recently been incorporated to the Governing Board of the National Institute for Geriatrics.

Members of the Board of Directors / Active Members

26 Luis Rubio Freidberg

José Sarukhán Kermez

Ulises Schmill Ordoñez

Luis Rubio is chairman of CIDAC (Center of Research for Development), an independent research institution devoted to the study of economic and political policy issues. Winner of the APRA book award 1985, in 1993 he was given the Dag Hammarskjöld award and in 1998 the National Journalism Award for op-ed pieces. Rubio is a prolific writer on political, economic and international subjects. He is a contributing editor of Reforma and his analyses and opinions often appear in major newspapers and journals in Mexico, the US and Europe (Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, Washington Post).

He serves on the boards of several hedge funds, EMICA, Afore Banamex and The Tinker Foundation. He served in the board of directors of The Human Rights Commission of the Federal District and is member of the Trilateral Commission.

He is author and editor of forty six books, including Ganarle a la mediocridad, Concentrémonos en crecer y Clasemediero. Before joining CIDAC, in the 1970′s he was planning director of Citibank in Mexico and served as an adviser to Mexico’s Secretary of the Treasury.

He holds a diploma in Financial Management, a MMBA, and his MA and PhD in political science are from Brandeis University.

He graduated with a degree in biology from the National Autonomous University of Mexico and holds a Master’s in Agricultural Botany from the Postgraduate College and a Ph.D. in Ecology from the University of Wales. He was elected as Rector (President) of the UNAM for two consecutive periods from 1989 to1997. In 1992 he was designated by the President as the National Coordinator for Mexico’s National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO), position that he currently holds. He has published more than 180 research papers and authored and co-authored several books, among them: Árboles Tropicales de México, Las Musas de Darwin y Manual de Malezas del Valle de México, Perspectives on plant population Ecology, México ante los retos de la Biodiversidad, Conservating Biodiversity. He recently published: Patrimonio Natural de México: 100 casos de éxito, El Cambio Climático causas, efectos y soluciones. He is a member of the Governing Board of multiple international organizations. He has received multiple distinctions and prizes and honorary doctorates from numerous Mexican and foreign universities.

He has as a Bachelor’s degree in Law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He took the PhD course in Law at UNAM, where he finished the studies but did not obtain the degree. In the Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit he was Technical Deputy Director of the Directorate of Income Tax. In the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs he had the following positions: Ambassador of Mexico to the Federal Republic of Austria, ambassador of Mexico to the Federal Republic of Germany, Permanent representative of Mexico to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).

He is founding partner of Schmill del Valle, S.C., and President of the General Council of the Arbitration Center of Mexico. In the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation he was Minister President of the Fourth Room, Minister President and President of the Commission of Government and Administration.

Currently, he is researcher professor of the ITAM. He is Tenured Professor at UNAM Law School and professor of the Instituto Mexicano de Estudios Fiscales, A.C. Among his published books we have: Teoría del derecho y del estado and Reconstrucción Pragmática de la Teoría del Derecho.

27 Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor

Alberto Tiburcio Celorio

He has a Law degree from the UNAM and a Master’s degree in International Law from Cambridge University. He has received Honorary Doctorates from several universities. In the academic field he has been a professor at El Colegio de Mexico, at the School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; a researcher at the Institute of Legal Research; and a founding member of the Centro de Investigaciónes y Docencia Economíca (CIDE). He is the author of several essays, articles and multiple books.

In the Public Administration he has held, among others, the following positions: Secretary of the Presidency, and Director General for International Affairs at the Secretary of the Treasury, Principal Adviser on International Affairs to the Secretary of the Budget and Secretary of Foreign Relations of Mexico. He has represented Mexico in multiple international forums and has been a member of diverse Mexican delegations in assemblies and conferences of the United Nations, of the World Bank and of the International Monetary Fund.

He was Ambassador of Mexico to the United States of America and to the United Kingdom. He has also received numerous prizes, orders and decorations. To this day he is the Vice-President of the International Court of Justice; he is a member of the Court since 2006.

He is a Public Accountant by the Universidad Iberoamericana and has a Master’s degree in Business Administration by the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México. He worked in Ernst & Young, Mexico (Mancera, S.C.) from the year 1969 to 2013, year in which he retired; he was named Chairman and General Director of the firm on the 1st of January of 2001, position he held until his retirement. Before receiving this position he carried out his professional practice in the area of Audit, area that allowed him to directly attend costumers, be a Commissioner and participate in the Administrative Councils of renowned enterprises. He was also the Accountability and Audit Director and the Director of the International Practice of the Firm.

He was a member of the Global Advisory Council, as well as Chairman of the Governing Body of the Consejo Mexicano de Normas de Información Financiera, A.C. In the years 1994 and 1995 he was the Chairman of the Instituto Mexicano de Contadores Públicos, A.C.; he also held the position of Vice Chair of Legislation and presided over the Comisión de Principios de Contabilidad of this institute. In 2003 he was acknowledged with the Award for Professional Excellence awarded by the ITAM. Mr. Tiburcio is currently an independent consultant.

Eduardo Bohórquez López Executive Director Has been the Director of Transparencia Mexicana since 1999. He finished his studies in Political Science and Public Administration in the Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and holds a Master’s Degree in Development Studies from the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom.

Eduardo has focused his career on transparency and accountability, which in his opinion, are the main obstacles for development in Latin America. Eduardo has promoted the Open Government Partnership in Mexico, as well as the creation of the first National Catalogue on Social Programs. Furthermore, Eduardo has been responsible for coordinating the monitoring more that 150 procurement processes in Mexico in different sectors, such as telecommunications, energy and public services. From 2009 to 2011, Eduardo served as member of the Board of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). He very recently published a report on the challenges of institutionalizing social policy in emerging markets.

Currently, Eduardo is dedicated to promote social participation mechanism for monitoring public services delivery.

Monitoring in figures of public procurement 2001-2012

29

Cha rt 1

Ch art 3

TM monitoring of awarding of contracts

Number of procedures per sector, based on the classification issued by INEGI (Spanish acronym for National Institute for Statistics, Geography and Informatics)

Year

Monitoring in figures

2001

6

2002

13

2003

14

7

Financial and insurance services

2004

12

4

Corporate

2005

11

7

2006

6

2007

7

Generation, transmission and distribution of energy, water and gas supply through pipes to the final consumer

2008

18

18

2009

25

Professional, scientific and technical services

2010

26

10

Construction

2011

21

5

Transport, mail and storage

7

13

Information in mass media

T OTAL 156

2

Real Estate services and rent of personal intangible property

7

Support services for businesses and waste management and remediation services

12

Legislative, government, activities, administration of justice and international and extraterritorial organisms

30

Wholesale trading

21

Health and social services

2012

Cha rt 2

Procurement monitoring regarding government plans and programs Monitoring in figures

Number of procedures

Plan or program

14

National Development Plan 2000-2006

4

National Infrastructure Plan 2000-2006

2

National Program “Towards a country of readers” (2002)

2

National Education Program 2001-2006

10

National Infrastructure Program 2007- 2012

42

National Health Program 2007-2012

3

National Infrastructure Strategy

6

National Development Plan 2007-2012

2

PNational Culture Program 2007-2012

Sector

Monitored amounts: • 565,630,404,653.74, in current pesos that

correspond to what was awarded in the procedures that TM has monitored.

• 51,524,760,310, in current dollars that

correspond to what was awarded in the procedures that TM has monitored.

Technical advisors (per specialty)

30 Administration Alfredo Torres Cisneros Social Anthropology Rosa María Rubalcava Architecture Agustín Hernández Hernández Diego Praxedis Cordera Mora Francisco Pérez de Salazar Verea Telmo Azorín Bernárdez Archival science Daniel Martínez Bonilla Political Science Arcelia Martínez Bordón María Carina Navarro Amieva María de Lourdes Melgar Palacios Accounting Mario Espinola Pinelo Roberto Álvarez Argüelles Law Luz del Carmen Carrillo Careaga Silvia Eugenia Rocha Torres

Economics Judith Mariscal Avilés Rocío Santoyo Vistraín Samuel Sheinbaum Yoselevit Biomedical Engineering María Elena Algorri Guzmán Civil Engineering Edgar Gerardo Mendoza Baldwin Juan Antonio Mere Alcocer Juan Casillas García de León José Manuel Covarrubias Solís Juan Valdez Juárez Maximiliano García Chabert Salvador Díaz Díaz Electrical Engineering Ante Salcedo González Federico Kuhlmann Rodríguez Salvador Landeros Ayala Electronic Engineering Alfredo Piero Mateos Papis Fernando Ramírez Mireles José Antonio Thomsen Zenteno Uciel Fragoso Rodríguez Communications Engineering Eugenio Jorge Gamboa Hirales Jorge Luis Carrasco Marín

Computer Engineering Laura Jácome Madariaga Systems Engineering Heriberto Olguín Romo Telecommunications Engineering Arturo Robles Rovalo Laura Silvia Espino Fajardo Industrial and Environmental Engineering Fernando Ortíz Monasterio Prieto Chemical Engineering Benito Bucay Faradji Mathematics Analía Babinsky Epstein Medicine Guillermo Martínez Salazar Chemistry Adriana Santiago Echauri Sociology Ricardo Pozas Horcasitas

Executive Team

Former members of the Board of Directors

Eduardo Bohórquez

Sergio Aguayo Quezada José Ramón Cossío Díaz Cecilia Loria Saviñón (†) Gastón Luken Humberto Murrieta Necoechea (†)

Mariluz Arranz Bruno Brandao Araceli Cordero Carla Crespo Nora Etxaniz Rafael García Monserrat Hernández Ana Catalina Mayoral Vania Montalvo Paola Palacios Gabriela Ramírez Alejandra Rascón Gerardo Sarabia Vanessa Silveyra Irene Tello

(Executive Director)

31

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