ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY 1 [ARC 70903]
PROJECT 3: CASE STUDIES AND ANALYSIS TU PI LIAN (FELICIA) 0326492
PROJECT BRIEF: Type of assignment: Individual Assignment Weightage: 40% ‘Case Study and Analysis’ The findings from Exercise 1# and 2# are to be taken forward to case study and analysis of a selected building approved by the Module Instructor as the baseline case study. The students will investigate and analyse various aspects of environment technology based the theories of visual, thermal and acoustic environment in relation to human comfort and design for proposed project in the Cultural & Community Design Studio. The students to incorporate the items below to execute the analysis for the Cultural & Community Design Studio. 1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Calculate energy consumption of a building and propose strategies to cut down energy usage. Assess daylighting performance of spaces. OTTV of the project. Assess & analyse the generic acoustic requirements for human well-being and specific requirements for special purpose spaces. Assess & analyse health and safety considerations of a project.
METHODOLOGY STEP 1: Site Selection Jalan Kampung Cina, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
STEP 2: Site Analysis Climatic Analysis (Sun, Wind) + Immediate Site Context Analysis ( Building Typology, Traffic, Noise)
STEP 3: Preliminary Design as Baseline
STEP 4: Proposed Design on Selected Site
STEP 5: Data Collection and Analytical Comparison on Both Buildings
STEP 6: Conclusion
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction to site surroundings and proposal building 1.1 Site Location 1.2 Site analysis 1.3 Comparison Building - Preliminary Design 1.4 Proposed Building 2.0 Section detailing applied for environment and technology study 2.1 Movable Louvers Window 2.2 Green Roof 2.3 Skylight 3.0 OTTV, RTTV and BEI 3.1 OTTV value Comparison of Preliminary Design and Proposal Peranakan Community Centre 3.2 RTTV value Comparison of Preliminary Design and Proposal Peranakan Community Centre 3.3 BEI value Comparison of Preliminary Design and Proposal Peranakan Community Centre
4.0 Lighting 4.1 SUN PATH + SHADOW ANALYSIS 4.2 Natural daylight study - Movable louvre window 4.3 Natural daylight study -Skylight
5.0 Acoustics 5.1 External noise solution -Building Set inwards 5.3 Internal noise solution - Auditorium (Sound Insulation) 6.0 Health and Safety 6.1 Healthy and safety - Activity 6.3 Healthy and Safety - Fire Staircase 7.0 Conclusion
1.0 Introduction to site surroundings and proposal building
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Site Location
TERENGGANU Terengganu is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia, located by the South China Sea, with a capital city of Kuala Terengganu. Terengganu situated on the trade routes and emerged as one of the earliest Malay state to receive Islamic. Terengganu is divided into 8 district which is Besut, Dungun, Hulu Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Kemaman, Marang and Setiu. The total population of the Inner city is 1,153,500.
KAMPUNG CINA, KUALA TERENGGANU Kampung Cina also called Teng Lang Po, is a Chinatown located in Kuala Terengganu at the river mouth of Terengganu River. Due to the trading establishment
during the pre-war period, there are Chinese community resides along the Jalan Kampung Cina, and adapted the local Malay traditions and lifestyle, which gave rise to small Terengganuese Peranakan community.
Site Surrounding
Pulau Warisan
Jalan Kampung Cina
Ho Ann Kiong Temple
Jalan Pulau Warisan
Jalan Kampung Cina
SITE
Jalan Kampung Tiong
1.2 Site Analysis
SUN ORIENTATION
The sun path diagram shows the solar azimuth and altitude throughout a year
WIND DIRECTION
The wind rose diagram shows that the winds from NNE and SSE are most common
1.2 Site Analysis
SURROUNDING CONTEXT The location of the site has been equipped with the basic amenities such as commercial shop lots, hotel, temple and a church. The adjacent building on the right side is a commercial electrical shop, and the left side is the F&B, Madam Bee’s Kitchen.
VEHICLE CIRCULATION The site is located along Jalan Kampung Cina with easy access for vehicles. Car parking has been provided along the main street and Jalan Pulau Warisan. Only buses as public transportation available here, the buses only access to Jalan Pulau Warisan but not to Jalan Kampung Cina as the roads are narrow.
GREENERY There are some greenery surrounding the site, which helps to cool down the site and act as sound barriers to reduces the noise produce along the road to the site.
1.3 Preliminary Design as Baseline The preliminary design scheme is the initial stage of design proposal for the Peranakan Culture Centre which are quite raw with basic fenestration and material chosen. The scheme served as a baseline as to have a comparison to show the improvement on the final products of design which are more sensible towards energy consumption, having more concern on the surrounding, environment and technology.
Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
Second Floor Plan
Third Floor Plan
South East Elevation (Front Elevation)
North West Elevation (Rear Elevation)
North East Elevation (Right Elevation)
South West Elevation (Left Elevation)
1.4 Proposed Building The proposed Peranakan Community
Centre is located at Jalan Kampung Cina right at the junction that connects with Jalan Tiong. The Peranakan Community Centre aims to promote Peranakan culture which currently facing the crisis of extinction in Kuala Terengganu. The Peranakan Community Centre required to house the life-long learning facility for the teaching of traditional skills / arts, visitor interpretive centre, multipurpose hall, and lettable commercial spaces for the community centre to be self-sustain. The composition of the building formed by ramps, which design as a route of representing the timeline of Peranakan, showing the formation of this hybrid culture and the current modern approach of Peranakan.
TOTAL BUILT UP AREA = 3352.51 SQ.M TOTAL NUMBER OF FLOOR : 4 BUILDING FUNCTION : Public Building (Community Centre)
North West Elevation (Rear Elevation)
South East Elevation (Front Elevation)
North East Elevation (Right Elevation)
South West Elevation (Left Elevation)
Section Y-Y
Section X-X
2.0 Section detailing applied for environment and technology study
2.0 Sectional Details
Sectional Details showing the construction and joining from the roof to the foundation of the building.
2.1 Sectional Details – Movable Louvres Sun Shading
The movable louvres will adjust based on the amount of sunlight required in the space. The movable louvres act as a shading device to reduce the heat gain by the glass panel which is located at the North West façade of the building. Material
U- Value (W/m2)
150mm concrete beam
0.69
12mm thick fixed panel (Solarban® 70XL Insulating Glass Unit)
0.24
Aluminium louvres painted with wooden grain colour (DEXONE® Aerofoil Aluminium vertical louvers panel)
0.0045
2.2 Sectional Details – Green Roof The extensive type of green roof located at the roof top which having shallow soil of 70mm. Using the lightest weight of green roof to reduce the loading on the roof. The calculation of U-value for green roof is ignored as the insulation of soil various depending on the water content. Material
U- Value (W/m2)
150mm concrete beam
0.69
130mmThermal Insulation (Polyfoam ECO Roofboard)
0.25
2.3 Sectional Details – Skylight
As the wall of the ramp located at first floor constructed to be attached to the adjacent shophouse party wall, it requires skylight as to allow sunlight penetrates into the building. The skylight is a fixed panel with Peranakan tiles pattern. The design of the skylight to be as such to form shadow of the Peranakan motif on the floor when sunlight penetrates into the building.
Material 15mm glazing (High performance
U- Value (W/m2) 3.30
laminated double glazing with metal frame)
130mm x 50mm red bricks
0.87
10mm lightweight plaster
2.17
150mm thick concrete beam
0.25
3.0 OTTV, RTTV and BEI
3.1 Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)
The aims of OTTV (overall thermal transfer value) is to reduces the external heat gain in a design of building envelope, hence reduce the cooling load of the air-conditioning system. According to Malaysia Standard 1525 (MS 1525), the OTTV-value of a building envelope with air-conditioning area exceeding 1000m2 should not exceed 50 W/m2. OTTV Calculation Formula
The OTTV value = (Qc + Qc + Qs)/A
3.1 Preliminary Design OTTV Calculation
South East Facade
North West Facade
Windows Area = 18.07m2 + 89.71m2 + 8.72m2 + 7.33m2 + 6.31m2 + 6.31m2 + 3.02m2 + 2.78m2 + 8.20m2 = 120.45m2
Windows Area = (0.81m2 x 4) + 28.5m2 + (3.18m2 x 4) + (1.62m2 x 2) = 47.70
Gross Walls Area = 246.87m2 Gross Walls Area = 176.68m2
North East Facade Windows Area = 1.62m2 x 6 = 9.72m2 Gross Walls Area = 443.84m2
South West Facade Windows Area = 0.00m2 Gross Walls Area = 96.38m2
Northwest & Northeast & Southwest & Southeast Wall
U-value = 1/ Total Resistance = 1/ 0.427 = 2.34
The Total OTTV value = 35.0 + 9.0 = 44.0 kw/m2
3.1 OTTV Proposal & Suggestions There are several methods able to reduce the heat gain of a building meanwhile providing sufficient sunlight into the buildings, proposal and suggestion as below:
- Dynamic Shading Device Movable shading devices can independently pivot to maximize solar protection even when the traditional static shading device become ineffective as sun changed it direction and height.
1. Sun shading device - Static Shading Device Vertical, horizontal and egg-crate shading devices can be added to avoid direct sunlight. Vertical shading is most suitable for north and west elevation.
Source from: http://www.archdaily.com/139547/friedrichstrasse-40-officebuilding-petersen-architekten/501483fd28ba0d39500002b8-friedrichstrasse40-office-building-petersen-architekten-photo
Source from: http://inhabitat.com/penumbra-mesmerizing-kinetic-shading-system -brings-dull-facades-to-life/
2. Low U-value material Low embodied energy material such as Low-E glass can be used to reduce the heat transfer from outside to interior spaces. It can also reduce the overall heat gain in the building
3. Facade Colour Different colour of faรงade absorb different amount of heat. The darker colour such as black, absorb more heat compare to the lighter colour such as white, which reflect all wavelength of light thus absorb less heat.
4. Vegetation Vegetation with different height provides different amount of shades which able to reduce the heat absorb by the buildings. The vegetation also able to act as a buffer to screen off the noise produce by the vehicle from the road and also dust.
Source from: https://benrawindows.com/products/glass-glazing-mirrors/ ig-glass-units/
3.1 Proposed Building OTTV Calculation
South East Facade
North West Facade
Windows Area = 0 m2
Windows Area = 6.90 + 11.66 x 3 + 10.24 + 10.11 + 10.05 = 72.28 m2
Gross Walls Area = 0m2 Gross Walls Area = 262.99 m2
North East Facade Windows Area = (6.80 x 4) + (1.3 x 4) = 32.40 m2 Gross Walls Area = 228.55m2
South West Facade Windows Area = (2.35 x 5) + 2.00 + (3.27 x 2) + 2.85 + 0.9 = 24.04 m2 Gross Walls Area = 290.26 m2
Northwest & Northeast & Southwest & Southeast Wall
1) 2) 3)
Materials Brickwork Lightweight Plaster (10mm) Inside Surface Total:
Thickness (m) 0.15
Thermal Conductivity (W/mC) 0.806
0.01 n/a
0.16 n/a
Faรงade Elevation Area, A (m2) Heat Conductance Through Walls (Qc)
RTTV
981
The Total OTTV value = 38.5 + 9.1 = 47.6 kw/m2
Resistance (m2C/ W) 0.3/ 0.806 0.18610422 0.01 / 0.16 0.123
0.0625 0.123 0.372
U-value = 1/ Total Resistance = 1/ 0.3472 = 2.69
Thermal Window Solar Window to Orientation U-Value, Shading Transfer Area, W Constant Absorption wall ratio, 1 - WWR Correction A x OTTV U (W/m2) Coeff, SC Value, (m2) Factor, a WWR Factor,CF OTTV 94.41
0.10
0.90
9.1
8927.1
3.1 Application Reducing OTTV in Proposed Building
The adjustable louvres able to capture sufficient natural sunlight into the building based on the sun orientation. The louvres helps in preventing excessive sunlight which caused heat gain from the fixed panel into the building. The Low-E glass panel also reduces the heat gain into the building which helps in reducing the OTTV value of the building.
Example of movable louvres chosen. (Retrieved from : http://dexonejy.en.ec21.com/Metal_Sun_Louvers--5975252.html. 20 July 2016)
The are several factors that affecting OTTV in building:
3.1 OTTV Analysis
OTTV 60 47.6 W/m2
50
MS1525
44.0 W/m2
40 30 20 10 0 Pre-Design
Proposed Building
According to MS1525, the overall thermal transfer value (OTTV) is designed for air-conditioned buildings that should not exceed 50W/m2. The propose Peranakan Community Centre achieved 47.6W/m2 which is slightly higher value than the preliminary design building which having 44.0W/m2. As the proposed building does not exceed the value of the requirement, therefore it can be considered as an energy efficient building envelope that can sustain throughout the day and night.
a. Building orientation The building doesn’t have the direct facing of west and east, front façade of the building facing Northwest. Hence, the exterior walls of the building aren’t exposed to sun entirely. The overall heat gain is relatively lower. For the proposed building, it does not have heat gain on the front façade as most of the building being set in. b. Fenestration In preliminary design, there are not much opening facing the Northwest and Southeast façade. Compare to the proposed building, having slightly higher OTTV value compare to the preliminary design as having quite large surface of glass façade at the North-West façade facing the sea view.
3.2 RTTV The RTTV is to know the heat gain of a roof inside an air-conditioning building envelope provided with skylight. According to MS 1525, the RTTV-value of a building envelope with skylight and air-conditioning area should not exceed 25 W/m2. RTTV Calculation Formula
3.2 Preliminary Design RTTV Calculation
Roof Plan Gross Area of Roof, Ao= 1113.65m2 Opaque Area, Ar = 1097.10m2 Skylight Area, As = 16.55m2 Shading Coefficient of Fenestration, SC Shading Coefficient North West Faรงade = 2000mm (Projection) /2500mm (Window Heights) = 0.8 Shading Coefficient South East Faรงade = 2000mm (Projection) /2500mm (Window Heights) = 0.8 Total Shading Coefficient = 0.8 + 0.8 = 0.16
3.2 RTTV Calculation Opaque Roof
Materials
Thermal Conductivity (W/mC)
Thickness (m)
Resistance (m2C/ W)
1)
Outside Surface
n/a
n/a
0.055
0.055
2)
Cement Screed
0.05
0.41
0.05/0.41
0.12195122
3)
Waterproof membrance 0.001
0.23
0.15 / 0.4
0.00434783
4)
R.C Slab
0.15
2.3
0.15/2.3
0.06521739
5)
Inside Surface
n/a
n/a
0.123
0.123
Total:
U-value = 1/ Total Resistance = 1/0.37 = 2.71 TDeq = 32.6 C (305.75 K) – 29.3 C (302.45 K) = 3.3 C (33 K) 0.370
Skylight Type of glazing: Single Glazed Clear Low-E laminate, 6.38 thickness U-Value = 3.6
The RTTV Value = (Ar x Ur x TDeq) + (As x Us x T) + (As x SC x SF) / Ao = (179.55 x 2.71 x 3.3) / 178.55 = (9797.751 + 196.614 + 2.648) / 1113.65 = 9 W/m2
3.2 RTTV Proposal & Suggestions There are several methods able to reduce the heat gain by the roof into the buildings, proposal and suggestion as below:
Source from: http://freshome.com/2012/10/17/30-rooftop-garden-landscaping-ideasor-how-to-escape-the-urban-tension/
a. Green Roof
Green Roof is a better insulation than R.C flat roof. The greenery on roof helps reduce the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect by absorbing the lights which will otherwise convert into heat.
Source from: http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/concrete-flatroof-insulation/
b. Roof Insulation
Roof insulation is importance as to control the heat flows into the building through roof. Different material and thickness of the insulation will determine the amount of heat transfer into the buildings.
3.2 Proposed Building RTTV Calculation
Gross Area of Roof, Ao= 1075.41m2 Opaque Area, Ar = 981.00m2 Skylight Area, As = 94.41m2 Shading Coefficient of Fenestration, SC Shading Coefficient (Roof Overhang) = 1200mm (Projection) /2450mm (Window Heights) = 0.5
Shading Coefficient (Louvres) = 200mm (Projection) / 2500 = 0.08 Total Shading Coefficient = (0.5 x 3)(0.08) = 0.12
Materials
Thermal Conductivity (W/mC)
Thickness (m)
Resistance (m2C/ W)
1)
Outside Surface
n/a
n/a
0.055
0.055
2)
Cement Screed
0.05
0.41
0.05/0.41
0.12195122
3)
Waterproof membrance 0.001
0.23
0.15 / 0.4
0.00434783
4)
R.C Slab
0.15
2.3
0.15/2.3
0.06521739
5)
Inside Surface
n/a
n/a
0.123
0.123
Total:
U-value = 1/ Total Resistance = 1/0.37 = 2.71
TDeq = 32.6 C (305.75 K) – 29.3 C (302.45 K) = 3.3 C (33 K) 0.370
Skylight Type of skylight: VELUX Flat Roof Skylight Type of glazing: High performance laminated double glazing with metal frame U-Value = 3.3 Elements
Opaque Area, Ar Thermal Transmission (Opaque area),Ur Temperature Difference (K) , TDeq Skylight Area, As Thermal Transmission (Skylight Area) ,Us Temperature Difference, T Shading Coefficients of Fenestration, SC Solar Correction factor, CF Solar Factor, SF (SF = 323 x CF) Gross Area of Roof, Ao
981 2.71 3.3 94.41 3.3 3.3 0.12 1.01 323 1075.41
The RTTV Value = (Ar x Ur x TDeq) + (As x Us x T) + (As x SC x SF) / Ao = (981 x 2.71 x 3.3) + (94.41 x 3.3 x 3.3) + (981 x 0.15 x 1.01) / 1075.41 = 9.1 W/m2
3.2 Application Reducing RTTV in Proposed Building Having a green roof on the RC flat roof helps in reducing the heat gain as RC absorb and release heat faster compare to the soil. The plant chosen usually are self-sustain plant, sedum plant low ground cover plant with small thick leaves are suitable for green roof planting as it is not easy to die off Vegetation: Birds Foot Trefoil (Lotus Corniculatus)
Thrift Plant (Armeria)
Cowslips (Primula Veris)
3.2 RTTV Analysis
The are several factors that affecting RTTV in building:
RTTV 25
MS 1525
20
15
10
9.0 kW/m2
9.1 kW/m2
5
0 Pre-Design
Proposed Building
According to MS1525, the maximum thermal transfer value (RTTV) is 25 W/m2. The aim of RTTV is to identify how much heat absorb through the roof and skylight. For preliminary design, the RTTV for the building is 9.0kW/m2, and 9..1kW/m2 for proposed building. Both achieved almost similar RTTV which is lower than the maximum requirement of 25W/m2. The RTTV for the building considered very minimum.
Preliminary design
Proposed Building
a. Building Materials Both preliminary design and proposed building using RC roof, thus the RTTV value is relatively the same. The differences on the value due to the skylight area for proposed building increased which means that the heat gain through the roof for proposed building is slightly higher compare to the preliminary design.
3.3 Building Energy Index (BEI) Calculation Formula: Total Energy Consumption is defined as total energy of electricity (or electricity equivalent) consumed by the building in kWh per annum. • All energy consumed by the Gross Floor Area (occupied and unoccupied in building including energy) • Excluding energy produced by Renewable Energy. • BEI calculation formula,
3.3 Preliminary Design BEI Calculation
Ground Floor Plan Visitor Interpretive Centre : 190m2 Bicycle Centre: 128.50m2 Storage: 7.59m2 Toilet: 44.25m2 Café: 110.32m2 Retail: 142.35m2 Electrical Room: 4.95m2 Storage Room: 6.09m2 Amphitheatre: 104.8m2 Floor Area: 738.85m2
First Floor Plan Library: 213.00m2 Museum: 171.15m2 Toilet: 48.09m2 Café: 95.00m2 Retail: 142.35m2 Floor Area: 669.59m2
Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
Second Floor Plan Library: 427.70m2 Museum: 388.89m2 Toilet: 49.44m2 Floor Area: 866.03m2
Third Floor Plan Workshop: 27.70m2 IT Room: 29.29m2 Multi-Purpose Hall: 365.42m2 Toilet: 60.61m2 Floor Area: 483.02m2
Total Floor Area = 738.85m2 + 669.59m2 + 866.03m2 + 483.02m2 = 2757.49m2
Second Floor Plan
Third Floor Plan
3.3 BEI Calculation Model DAIKIN - Inverter Multi Split (R-410A) Wall Mounted Type
Capacity, kWh 2.5 kWh/ unit Visitor Interpretive Centre : 6 Units Bicycle Centre: 5 Units Café: 6 Units Retail: 12Units Café: 6 Units Workshop: 2 unit IT Room: 2 unit
Total: 39 units 39 units X 2.50kWh = 97.50 kWh
Total Occupied / Net Floor Area :
Visitor Interpretive Centre: 190m2 Bicycle Centre: 128.50m2 Café: 110.32m2 Retail: 284.70m2 Café: 95.00m2 Retail: 142.35m2 Workshop: 27.70m2 IT Room: 29.29m2 Total = 675.51m2
Building Energy Index (BEI) [kWh/m2/year]
Model DAIKIN - SkyAir Inverter (R-410A) Ceiling Cassette Type
Capacity, kWh 5.0 kWh/ unit Library: 9 units Museum: 8 units Multi-Purpose Hall: 7 units
Total: 24 units 24 units X 5.0kWh = 120.0 kWh
Total Occupied / Net Floor Area :
Building Energy Index (BEI) [kWh/m2/year]
Library: 640.70m2 Museum: 560.04m2 Multi-Purpose Hall: 365.42m2 Total = 1566.16m2
Model Lighting (Philips- A-Shape LED 432187)
Capacity, kWh 0.015 kWh/ unit Total: 300 units 300 units X 0.015kWh = 4.50 kWh
Energy Consumption Ratio (%) 24%
Type of Energy Consumption
64%
12%
Air Conditioning Lighting Appliances Chart of Energy Consumption Ratio based on precedent study of an office building BEI performances in Malaysia BEI (kWh/m2/year) Type of Energy Consumption
Air Conditioning
1 Year
1Month
1Day
Energy Consumption Ratio (%)
Air-Conditioning
0.64
Lighting
0.12
Appliances/ Equipment
0.24
843.94 1318.65
Tariff Category Tariff B – Low voltage commercial tariff For the next kWh [201 kWh onwards] per month https://www.tnb.com.my/commercial-industrial/pricing-tariff1 Retrieved on 3rd May 2016
843.94
158.24 316.48
Total cost per meter square [RM/m2]
429.57 35.79 2.31
1.18
158.24
80.54 13.19
RM 0.509 / kWh 0.43
Appliances
Total BEI (kWh/m2/year)
Total Energy Consumption for Preliminary Design of Peranakan Cultural Centre based on different type of energy used
70.33
Lighting
Total BEI (kWh/m2/year)
316.48
6.71 0.22 161.09
26.37
13.42
0.87
Electricity Bill for Preliminary Design of Peranakan Cultural Centre
0.44
3.3 BEI Proposal & Suggestions There are several methods able to reduce the energy consumption of the buildings, proposal and suggestion as below: a.
Air Conditioning
DAIKIN – VRV Series Wall mounted unit (FXAQ15P) The Daikin air-conditioning of VRV series having a lower consumption of energy although having same horse power compare to other series or brand of air-conditioning. The energy consumption for this device is 1.7kW/h.
DAIKIN – VRV Series Roundflow cassette unit (FXFQ20A) The energy consumption for this device is 2.2 kW/h.
b. Energy Saving Appliances
c. Operation Management The energy consumption of the building can be lower if the appliances such as air-conditioning and lighting have an operation time frame. For example, unnecessary lighting shall be switched off especially during morning, and air- conditioning shall only operates based on hourly basis. There are no necessarily to turn on the airconditioning during morning 7am-10am and night after 6pm. A systematic operation management able to reduces the energy consumption by the building.
Source fromhttp://www.duxlite.com/sinostar/Energy_ Saving_Light/index.html
Using energy saving lighting able to reduces the energy consume by the building as lighting is also another major energy consumption. Light Emitting Diode (LED) and Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL) produces more light but consume less energy compare to other type of lights.
3.3 Proposed Building BEI Calculation
Ground Floor Plan Visitor Interpretive Centre : 260m2 Management Office: 75.67m2 Souvenir Shop: 74.15m2 Retail 1: 66.17m2 Retail 2: 67.17m2 Retail 3: 95.62m2 Retail 4: 84.40m2 Mezzanine Floor Plan Retail 1: 39.13m2 Retail 2: 39.38m2 Retail 3: 65.63m2
First Floor Plan Auditorium: 210.60m2 Ticketing/ Information Counter: 40.00m2 Resources Centre: 98.44m2 Toilet: 58.18m2
Second Floor Plan Auditorium: 179.50m2 Peranakan Movement Learning Centre : 301.00m2 Toilet: 52.54m2 Kiosk: 100.00 m2
Third Floor Plan Learning Centre: 213.28m2 Learning Room 1: 17.55m2 Learning Room 2: 17.55m2 Toilet: 52.54m2 Cafe: 106.81 m2
Fourth Floor Plan Roof Garden: 290.10m2 Exhibition Gallery (Ramp): 510.00m2
Model DAIKIN – VRV Series Wall mounted unit (FXAQ15P)
Capacity, kWh 1.7 kWh/ unit Management Office: 2 Units Souvenir Shop: 2 Units Retail 1: 3 Units Retail 2: 3Units Retail 3: 5 Units Learning Room 1: 1 unit Learning Room 2: 1 unit
Total: 17 units 17 units X 1.70kWh = 37.40 kWh
Total Occupied / Net Floor Area :
Management Office: 75.67m2 Souvenir Shop: 74.15m2 Retail 1: 105.30m2 Retail 2: 106.55m2 Retail 3: 161.25m2 Retail 4: 84.40m2 Learning Room 1: 17.55m2 Learning Room 2: 17.55m2 Total = 642.42m2
Building Energy Index (BEI) [kWh/m2/year]
Model DAIKIN – VRV Series Roundflow cassette unit (FXFQ20A)
Capacity, kWh 2.2 kWh/ unit Auditorium: 7 units Peranakan Movement Learning Centre : 6 units Kiosk: 3 units Learning Centre: 5 units CafĂŠ: 3 units Exhibition Gallery: 5 units
Total: 29 units 29 units X 2.2kWh = 63.80 kWh
Total Occupied / Net Floor Area :
Building Energy Index (BEI) [kWh/m2/year]
Auditorium: 390.10m2 Peranakan Movement Learning Centre : 301.00m2 Kiosk: 100.00 m2 Learning Centre: 213.28m2 Cafe: 106.81 m2 Exhibition Gallery (Ramp): 255 m2 Total: 1366.19 m2 Model Lighting (Philips- A-Shape LED 432187)
Capacity, kWh 0.015 kWh/ unit Total: 300 units 300 units X 0.015kWh = 4.50 kWh
Total Occupied / Net Floor Area : Ground Floor: 723.18m2 Mezzanine Floor: 144.14 First Floor: 407.22m2 Second Floor: 866.03m2 2A Floor: 100 m2 Third Floor: 300.92 3A Floor: 106.81 Fourth Floor: 800.10
Building Energy Index (BEI) [kWh/m2/year]
Total = 3448.40 m2 Model Appliances / Equipment (Stove, Oven, Coffee machine, Audio System, computer)
Total Occupied / Net Floor Area : Ground Floor: 723.18m2 Mezzanine Floor: 144.14 First Floor: 407.22m2 Second Floor: 866.03m2 2A Floor: 100 m2 Third Floor: 300.92 3A Floor: 106.81 Fourth Floor: 800.10
Capacity, kWh 10.56 kWh/ unit
Building Energy Index (BEI) [kWh/m2/year]
Total = 3448.40 m2
Total BEI = 261.90 + 271.98 + 7.60 + 17.83 = 559.31 kWh/m2/year
Energy Consumption Ratio (%) 24%
Type of Energy Consumption
64%
12%
Air Conditioning Lighting Appliances Chart of Energy Consumption Ratio based on precedent study of an office building BEI performances in Malaysia BEI (kWh/m2/year) Type of Energy Consumption
Air Conditioning
1 Year
1Month
1Day
Energy Consumption Ratio (%)
Air-Conditioning
0.64
Lighting
0.12
Appliances/ Equipment
0.24
357.96 559.31
Tariff Category Tariff B – Low voltage commercial tariff For the next kWh [201 kWh onwards] per month https://www.tnb.com.my/commercial-industrial/pricing-tariff1 Retrieved on 3rd May 2016
357.96
67.12 134.23
Total cost per meter square [RM/m2]
182.20 15.18 0.98
0.50
67.12
34.16 5.59
RM 0.509 / kWh 0.18
Appliances
Total BEI (kWh/m2/year)
Total Energy Consumption for Proposed Building of Peranakan Cultural Centre based on different type of energy used
29.83
Lighting
Total BEI (kWh/m2/year)
134.23
2.84 0.10 68.32
11.19
5.70
0.37
Electricity Bill for Proposed Building of Peranakan Cultural Centre
0.20
3.3 BEI Analysis
BEI 1400
1318.65 kW/m2/year
1200 1000
800 559.31 kW/m2/year
600 400
200
MS1525
0 Pre-Design
Proposed Building
According to MS1525, the Building Energy Index (BEI) is 135 kWh/m²/year. For the preliminary design, the BEI for the building is 1318.65 kWh/m²/year, 559.31kW/m2/year for proposed building. The proposed building have much lower BEI value compared to the preliminary design. Although proposed building having lower BEI value, it is still exceed the BEI value of the MS1525. The are several factors that affecting BEI in building:
a. Air - Conditioning Based on the Energy Consumption Ratio of the precedent study of an office building BEI performances in Malaysia, usually air-conditioning take up of 64% of the total energy consumption, 12% by the lighting, and 24% by other appliances such as fans, audio system, kitchen appliances, etc. As airconditioning having the biggest ratio of the energy consumption, the BEI value will mainly affected by the energy consumption of the air conditioning. Although the area required consumption of airconditioning is higher in proposed building, the BEI value is smaller compared to the preliminary design as having energy saving appliances especially airconditioning.
4.0 Lighting
4.1 Sun Path & Shadow Analysis The analysis on sun path and shadow of the site aim to identify the shades of the adjacent building which able to benefits the site on temperature control and human comfort. As the month of June would be occur to be having highest temperature throughout the whole year, thus the date was chosen for the analysis. As the highest building around the site occurred to be only 4 floor height, there are not much shadow provided by the adjacent building which caused the site to be relative in higher temperature. The rear side of the building have some greenery in providing shading, but the amount of the greenery are minimal which does not provide sufficient shading to lower down the temperature of the site.
Month of June
8am – 12pm
Month of June
12pm – 6pm
4.2 Natural daylight study - Movable louvres window The movable louvres allowed the user to control the amount of sunlight to be accessible into the building. The louvres meanwhile helps to control the excessive glare which will caused the heat gain into the building as the glass having a slightly higher U- value than other materials.
Sunlight when louvres totally in open state
Sunlight when louvres slightly closed blocking the direct sun shine directly on the glass
4.3 Natural daylight study - Skylight As to allow nature lighting to the exhibition gallery (ramp) which is attached with the adjacent shophouse party wall, skylight is installed as to reduces the usage of artificial lighting. The adjacent party wall and the roof extension above provide shading and hence only certain time the sunlight will directly shine on the skylight. This reduces the heat gain into the building from the roof.
5.0 Acoustics
5.1 External noise solution – Building Set inwards
Jalan Pulau Warisan
Jalan Kampung Cina
The main source of noise are from Jalan Kampung Cina as it is a busy road with vehicle passing by especially during morning 8.00am- 9.30am and evening 5.00pm – 8.0pm. As the shophouse having the front façade facing straight to the road with only 5 meter distance, the noise transmit into the building easily. As to solve the issue, the proposed building design to be away from the streets. The spaces are being set in to increase the distance from Jalan Kampung Cina to reduce the disruption due to the outdoor noise.
5.2 Internal noise solution – Auditorium (Sound Insulation) The auditorium required acoustic design and sound insulation is an important element to be considered to treat the reverberation and echo in the space. Element to be considered:
• Wall To insulate the sound bounce back by the wall, the wall fixed with 50mm thick Fabric Wrapped Acoustical Wall Panels. This panel is formed by high density glass fibre with acoustic transparent fabric. • Ceiling Installation of ceiling reflectors (clouds) which function as sounds reflector, reflecting the sound from stage to the audience at seating areas.
6.0 Healthy and Safety
6.1 Health & Safety - Activity Community centre purpose is to served the community by having a public spaces to held social, educational and recreational activities. The community centre able to cultivate a healthy community by providing facilities to promote social activity within the community.
Visitor Interpretive Centre Served as a park for family and elderly to have a walk or recreational activities during morning and evening.
Stairs Ramp Served as a public seating and meet up place for the youth and couple for dating and recreation activity.
Peranakan Movement Learning Centre Except for Peranakan dancing, the dance studio provide spaces for the elderly to practice Tai Chi, adults and kids to learn martial arts and modern dancing as recreational activity.
Learning Centre The learning centre besides having Peranakan craft and culinary workshop, it provides self-improvement courses for the community.
6.2 Health & Safety - Fire Escape Provision Computation By-Law 175 - Calculation of occupancy load By Law 176 - Computing storey exit width By Law 177 – Number of staircase and staircase width
First Floor: Purpose Group: VII Place of Assembly – Auditorium
Second Floor: Purpose Group: Institutional – Dance Studio Third Floor: Purpose Group: Institutional – Life-Long Learning Centre Floor areas - Level 1 – 916.95sqm - Level 2 – 981.58sqm - Level 3 – 730.80sqm Table : Exit width calculation for each floors A B C D E F
Level Purpose Group/Occupancy Load Floor Area (m2) C / B = Occupancy Exit Capacity Required for Stairs ( D/60 -75) Minimum Staircase Width (E x 550mm)
1 VII/1.5 916.95 611.3 8.15 4482.87
2 II/4.5 981.58 218.13 3.64 1999.51
3 II/4.5 730.8 162.4 2.71 1488.67
6.2 Health & Safety - Fire • The travel distance to the fire escape stairs for each floors does not exceed 45 meter which fulfilled the By-Law requirement.
• The ramp gallery as the corridor have a minimum width of 3 meter and maximum of 6 meter as to provide enough spaces for walk path and exhibition • The staircase having the width of 1.5 meter as fulfilled the By-Law requirement.
7.0 CONCLUSION
4.0 Conclusion The proposed Peranakan Community Centre not only to serve as a tourist area to promote Peranakan culture but also to upgrade the living quality of the community. •
The OTTV of the proposed building achieved 47.6 kw/m2 , which is slightly higher than the preliminary design with 44.0 kw/m2 OTTV value. However, the OTTV value of the proposed building does not exceed the recommended value of MS1525, which is 50.0kw/m2. There are few aspect that caused the building to have a higher value of OTTV compare with the preliminary design. Although the Southeast façade does not provide any value to the heat gain by the building, but due to the Northwest façade required more glass opening as to capture the external view into the building caused heat gain occur slightly higher. As to maintain the proposed building not to exceed the MS1525 recommended value, the Northwest façade installed with movable louvres which act as sun shading for the user to control the amount of sunlight directly shine into the building.
•
•
The RTTV of the proposed building and preliminary design achieved almost the same value which is 9.1 kw/m2 and 9.0kw/m2. The value of both building are relatively low compare to the recommended value based on MS1525, 25.0 kw/m2. The proposed building and preliminary design both using RC flat roof thus the value achieved almost the same. The proposed building RTTV value are slightly higher due to the skylight area increased which caused the heat gain into the building through roof increased. As to reduce the RTTV value, the proposed building having green roof on top as to reduces the heat gain and using low-E double glazing for the glass of the skylight. The BEI value for the preliminary design is quiet high, achieved 1318.65 kWh/m2/year compare to the proposed building which achieved 559.31 kWh/m2/year. Although the proposed building have a lower BEI value, but it does exceed the Malaysia standard of 135kWh/m2/year. As the proposed building having large area which required airconditioning to function well, lots of units of airconditioning installed. However, the air-conditioning chosen equipped with energy saving function which reduces the BEI value and thus having lower BEI value than the preliminary design. The most effective and important ways is the consciousness of the building users, to switch off the appliances when is not necessary to use it and switch on only when required.
•
The proposed building using passive design on having natural lighting to reduces usage of artificial lighting in the building. Using movable louvres as sun shading which allow controlling of sunlight into the building. The louvres meanwhile helps to control the excessive glare which will caused the heat gain into the building as the glass having a slightly higher U- value than other materials. On the first floor, the only space which attached to the adjacent shophouse party wall, which is the exhibition gallery (ramp), required natural lighting from the roof. Thus, the roof of the area is installed with skylight.
•
The design of acoustic consideration in the building consist of external and internal. The external sound source from the Jalan Kampung Cina during the morning and evening. The building front façade design to be set in to increase the distance between the street and the main spaces as to reduces the transmission of noise into the building. For internal acoustic design, mainly on the auditorium. The auditorium installed with Fabric Wrapped Acoustical Wall Panels and ceiling reflector as to control the reverberation and echo in the auditorium.
•
The proposed building designed to provide social activity to the community which able to creates a healthy society. Having different activity in different spaces of the building from day to night as to allow the community to have higher chances for interaction as to stronger the neighborliness of the community. The fire safety aspect of the building designed are based on the By-Law and fulfill the requirement on the maximum travel distance for escape route, width of staircases and amount of staircases provided.
5.0 APPENDIX