FLEXIBLE ARCHITECTURE: BUILDING TO BE ADAPTIVE FOR FUTURE
TU PI LIAN (FELICIA) 0326492
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN, TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY
A research paper submitted for Assessment 3 of the module Architecture Research Method [RES70103AC237]
Module Coordinator: Dr. Sucharita Srirangam : Dr Lin Chia-Hui Date of Submission: 12th July 2016 Word Count of Abstract: 343 Word Count of Main Text: 4064
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Flexible Architecture: Building to be adaptive
__________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Building design takes into consideration of the current situation, current context and current issues of a particular site. However, the fact that most architects had ignore on the future development which is the most important element to be consider while designing buildings. Buildings occupy space physically and serve the users for years or maybe decades, but the activities of the users would change throughout the time. The topic on flexible buildings to adapt changes is not a new subject as being mentioned by many architects since the 20 th century. Currently, this subject has received broad interest to the architects in Malaysia as many shophouses are forced to be demolished. The problem lies as the shophouses in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor designed not to be flexible to adapt the changes of the temporal activities. In view of that, it is necessary to identify the spatial characteristics which are adequate to form flexible shophouses as to prolong the longevity of buildings. The spatial characteristics of the flexible building being identify based on the shearing layers by Steward Brand focusing on structure, skin, scenery and services. The research reveals that there is a gap in the shearing layers mentioned by Steward Brand where the shearing layers in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor context shall be different in terms of the mobility ranking. The purpose of this research aims to identify the degree of flexibility to be provided on the different layers as to provide flexibility to the build form of shophouses. Through site visitation on observing the changes of the buildings, comparing on their changes on function, interior and exterior appearance as to identify the spatial characteristics which are able to accommodate the changes of need for shophouses in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. The findings of this research is hence to provide a framework for relevant architects to design flexible shophouses for the future in order to solve the issue on building demolition which would cause wastage of building materials. Keywords: Flexible building, Adaptive, Shearing Layers, Time-based, Building Demolition, Permanence of Space, Temporal Activity, Future Development
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INTRODUCTION Architecture is not only a form of art or practice on designing spaces but also about design integrating with time. Steward Brand (1994) in his book How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built mentioned that “All buildings grow. Most grow even they’re not allow to.” Building designed not to accommodate the
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__________________________________________________________________ current demand of human but to foresee the future demand and adapt the changes of human development. Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, as a developing city in Malaysia, drives the local community to grow with the inflationary of economy and to incorporate the advanced building technology. As the local community undergoes a rapid development, bringing a strong impact on the culture and living patterns of the local community. Currently, in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, there are an increasing trend on buildings especially shophouses to be demolished due to rapid changes of the city. The demolishing of building is due to the limitation of functionalism as most of the building design to suit or feed on to a certain specific purposes. The capability of a building to adapt changes become increasingly important. Nothing will remain unchanged. Buildings eventually will come to the stage which have to encounter changes, it is just to the matter of time. Sunand Prasad (2007) in his book transformations discussed on the long life loose fit, mentioned “The history of buildings and settlements tell us that only a minority of buildings go on being used for the purpose for which they were intended.” Different buildings hold on to different dynamic for its function to changed. Steward Brand in his 1994 book How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built categorized buildings into three types - commercial, domestic, institutional, as to look into the separated ways of this building diverging their functions. This paper focuses mainly on a good deal of old shophouses in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. These old shophouses age more than 40 years and have a significant change as time evolved, not only their function but also on the exterior and internal of the building. As to explore on the spatial characteristics which provides the flexible aspect to the building, using the five layers of shearing layers as reference and starting point of the research. Shearing layers is a conceptual idea referring to the composition of buildings by different layers of changes. Considered on the architectural categories of shearing layers, the buildings are composite by five layers which included the structure, skin, scenery, services and access. As focusing on the shophouses which are in smaller scales, the access layers being eliminated as an aspect to be discussed. In this research, the spatial characteristics which are adequate in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor context are identify through comparing the changes of the buildings throughout the years. Looking into the changes of building based on the 4 shearing layers:
Structure – The load bearing elements are the load bearing element suxh as wall, beam column and foundation of the buildings. All these elements are expensive and crucial to as it involved lots of technical and safety issues.
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Skin – The skin referred to the exterior surfaces of the building. changed on the façade of the buildings as to keep up the trend and the changes on function of the buildings as required different exterior surfaces. Scenery- The internal layout of the buildings. Changes on the partition wall, ceiling, and doors. Services – Services including the HVAC system, plumbing, electrical and communications wiring.
In different contexts, the ‘shearing layers of change’ will be different. In this research, it will determine and define a specific set of ‘shearing layers of changes’ which is adaptable in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor context. Definition of Time In this study, time is the main element which connects the relationship between permanence of space (built form) and temporal activities (activities changed in time). The building in different time frame facilitates different human activities. Mentioned in Time-Based Architecture by Bernard Leupen (2005) “Time has a significant influence on the design and development of buildings.” Time is defined as a measured period of an event from the past, through the present and to the future, which is an irreversible process of human evolution. Time will affect the built form; long term defined as the evolution of building in years or decades whereas short term involves changes in a day (morning, afternoon and night). It is important to include time as an aspect in designing building as mentioned by Robert Kronenburg (2007) in his book Flexible, Architecture that respond to change “Buildings have a long and complicated life, during which their parameters of use can change widely. They are mostly built on permanent sites, but the environment around them continues to change as others buildings are redeveloped or replaced.” Why do some building continue to stay for few decades, and others get demolished? The longevity of a building depending on how well the building able to resist or adapt the changes of human activities throughout the time. Definition of Flexibility The terms ‘flexibility’ in this study refer to the ability of the built form to adapt the changes of the temporal activity in the shophouses as time evolved. The flexibility aspect included on the adaptability of shophouses to withstand the reconfiguration of the same function but in larger scales or having major shifts in function of the shophouses. As in the thesis of Architectural Design for Flexibility and Buildability to Facilitate Evolution by Ralf Carbon and Matthias Naab, defined flexibility of building as “the degree, to which a system supports possible or future changes to its requirements” Looking at the requirement mentioned, the flexibility aspect shall include the ability of the build form to maintain the level of human comfort no matter how does the building have to evolve to accommodate human demand.
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__________________________________________________________________ RESEARCH QUESTION What are the spatial characteristic providing flexibility as to facilitate changed needs in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor context? AIM This research aims to identify the spatial characteristic which provides flexible aspects to the building. OBJECTIVES 1.
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To investigate on the shearing layers as the spatial characteristic which provides flexible aspects to the old shophouses in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. To determine the ‘shearing layers of changes’ for shophouse in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor context.
BACKGROUND It is crucial that the buildings in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor should have considered on the aspect of flexibility. The lack of adaptive buildings caused the cycle of building to be demolished turn visible as there is an increasing number of building get demolished. The capacity of flexibility in a building allows modifications and adaptability which reduces the wastage of material and prolongs the building longevity. How to define flexibility in a building? In the thesis What is the meaning of adaptability in the building industry defined that the flexibility means “the capacity of a building to accommodate effectively the evolving demands of its context, thus maximizing value through life”. (Schmidt, Eguchi, Austin, & Gibb. (n.d.)). The thesis also defined the building flexibility by identifying series of ‘ables’, which included convertible, multifunctional, partition-able, and adaptable, as a guideline to clarify on the interpretation of the word ‘flexible’. In this paper, the flexible built form defined as the ability of the build form to withstand the same purpose of function but in larger scales, and the capable of adapt the major shifts in function of a building. Bernard Leupen (2006) in Frame and Generic Space and Steward Brand (1994) in How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built, both of them discussed and identify on the layers which composite a building. The layers mentioned by Steward Brand included stuff, space plan, services, skin, structure and site. Bernard
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Flexible Architecture: Building to be adaptive
__________________________________________________________________ Leupen expanded his layers by adding the ‘access’ as found in most of the larger buildings such as high rise. Different layers of building evolve at different rates; thus all the layers shall look into it separately. Steward Brand mention that to have a better understanding on the composition of buildings is to observing the rate of change of the different component. Although there are in total of 7 layers composite a building, there are only 4 layers to be discussed in this paper. In Bernard Leupen book of Frame and Generic Space, he eliminated site and stuff as the layers to be discussed as both of the layers are non-architectural categories. As agreed on the point of view of Bernard Leupen, both of the layers will not be a matter to discussed as the design element for flexible building in this paper. Another layers being eliminated which is the access, as it is only evolve mainly on the larger scales of buildings. As a conclusion, it can be said that the flexibilities of the building able to achieve by identify the spatial characteristics through the studies of different layers which composite the buildings. In different context, the shearing layers of changes will be different. In this research, will be observing the changes of the old shophouses based on the 4 shearing layers in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor context. RESEARCH DESIGN: OBSERVATION ON CHANGES OF SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS In order to identify the degree of changes on the spatial characteristics based on the 4 shearing layers (structure, skin, scenery, services), this research employs qualitative research methodology. Applying the theory of natural observation, this research conducted by using case studies as findings for the research. There are 2 site being chosen as case study, one is SS15 shophouses located at Subang Jaya, Selangor and another one is Petaling Street shophouses located at Kuala Lumpur. The purpose of having site visitation to the chosen site is to observe and collect data on the changes of the built form. As to compare the changes between the past and the present, the data collected on the past are through online websites, thesis and books on old photos and drawings. The observational research methods conducted based on the shearing layers. For the structure layer, the observation of the shophouses mainly on the load bearing wall, column and beam. Studies on the façade of the shophouses aims to identify the degree of changes on the skin layers. The changes on the façade which includes on the modification of openings, usage of materials, and additional placement of cladding and sun-screen. The scenery layers mainly on the internal partition. The changes on the internal partitions are caused by the changes on the function of the shophouses and also the reconfirguration of layout due to expansion of the business by retaining the same function. Hence, the unstructured interviews had conducted
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__________________________________________________________________ with the shophouses owner as to identify the changes on function of the building and to understand the duration of building changes. Besides, the unstructured interviews also covered on the data for the services layer as to identify the changes on HVAC, plumbing and fire system. These data collected on the different shearing layers were analysed and identify the degree of flexibility required. The shearing layers which are required most needs on flexibility will be the ultimate spatial character on providing flexibility aspect to the future build shophouse. CONTRIBUTION AND SIGNIFICANCE The old shophouses in Malaysia have a significance changes as time evolved. By comparing on the changes of the buildings to identify the spatial characteristics which able to provides flexibility to the future build shophouses in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. Apparently, most of the old shophouses changed its function throughout the time. The old shophouses in the olden days mainly for retail purposes. Currently, many of the shophouses turn into café and also accommodation for tourist such as home stay and boutique hotels. Looking into the shearing layers, the scenery and skin layers might be the one changed the most throughout the time. The internal layout of the building changed as required different function of spaces. The façade of the building also changed as the exterior appearance shows the identity of the building’s functions. Ultimately, the flexibility of the scenery and skin layers will eventually the spatial characteristics which able to provide flexibilities to the future build shophhouses. CASE STUDY (SITE) INTRODUCTION 1.
SS15 Subang Jaya, Selangor Shophouse
SS15 shophouses currently having an age of about 40 years. In past 20 years, this area started to grow and become popular places famous with lots of café and student’s accommodation for Taylor’s University College and Inti College. Many of the shophouses changed its function due to the growing of the business opportunity cater for the students. The main function of the shophouses previously are retail, offices, bank and restaurant and now changed to mainly café, and also food and beverage shops. 2.
Petaling Street, Kuala Lumpur Shophouse
Petaling Street, a place which is rich in history and culture, famous for the counterfeit branded products and also street food. Most of the shophouses in
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Flexible Architecture: Building to be adaptive
__________________________________________________________________ Petaling street are built during 1900’s. Kuala Lumpur as a pioneer town during the 20th century caused the growth of Petaling Street to become popular and crowded. Until today, the area is crowded during weekdays and weekends with tourist and locals. In the olden days, the main function of the shophouses are retail, wholesales shops, and bookstores. As café business blooming in many areas in Kuala Lumpur, many café appears in Petaling Street and changed the function of the shophouses. The Petaling Street area consist of Jalan Petaling, Jalan Sultan, Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock and Jalan Hang Lekir. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The data collected for different shearing layers based on the layer of structure, skin, scenery and services are analysed to identify the element which affect the changes of the shophouses. 1. STRUCTURE STUDY The structure studies conducted by observing and comparing the changes on the structure which included the foundation and load bearing elements. A detailed discussion on the structure column stated in the table 1, the observation on the structure layer of SS15 Subang Jaya and Petaling Street shophouses have no significant changes as structure elements are perilous and expensive. The changes on the function of the shophouses does not changed the structure of the shophouse even after almost 100 years for Petaling Street shophouses and 40 years for SS15 Subang Jaya shophouses.
Year 2009 (http://ss15my.blogspot.my/2009_10_01_archive.html. Retrieved on 30th June 2016.)
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Year 2016 (Source: By Author) Figure 1: Shophouse located at Jalan SS15/4e during 2009 function as bank and 2016 function as a bakery without changing its structure layer.
Year 2011
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Flexible Architecture: Building to be adaptive
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Year 2016 Figure 2: Shophouse located at Jalan SS15/4c during 2011 function as retail office and 2016 function as an architect office without changing its structure layer. (http://www.indesignlive.com/articles/projects/55-ac-office. Retrieved on 30th June 2016.)
Year 1989 (http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=438753&page=88. Retrieved on 30th June 2016.)
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Year 2016 (Source: By Author) Figure 3: Shophouse located at Jalan Petaling during 1989 function as restaurant and 2016 function as a shoe retail without changing its structure layer.
Year 1989 (http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=438753&page=88. Retrieved on 30th June 2016.)
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Flexible Architecture: Building to be adaptive
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Year 2016 (Source: By Author) Figure 4: Shophouse located at Jalan Sultan during 1989 function as pharmacy and 2016 function as a gift shop without changing its structure layer. SKIN (FAÇADE) STUDY From the observation during site visitation to SS15 Subang Jaya and Petaling Street, Kuala Lumpur, it has a significant change on the façade of the shophouses. The façade of shophouses changed follow by its function as the exterior appearance is a form of representation on the identity of the building’s function. Some of the façade changed by having extra opening, added on with cladding or sun screen and changes on the usage of materials. SS15, Subang Jaya Shophouses
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Figure 5: The original faรงade of SS15, Subang Jaya shophouse (Source: By Author)
Figure 6: The faรงade of the shophouse located at Jalan SS15/4b changes by having more openings. The function of the shophouse changed from retail to student accommodation. (Source: By Author)
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Figure 7: The faรงade of the shophouse located at Jalan SS15/4c changed by adding on steel louvres with more glass opening. The function of the shophouse changed from retail to office. (Source: By Author)
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__________________________________________________________________ Figure 8: The faรงade of the shophouse located at Jalan SS15/4b changed by shifted the openings and adding steel louvres. The function of the building changed from office to food and beverage shop. (Source: By Author) Petaling Street, Kuala Lumpur Shophouses
Figure 9: One of the original faรงade of Petaling Street, Kuala Lumpur shophouse. (Source: By Author)
Figure 10: The faรงade of the shophouse located at Jalan Petaling changed by having simplify openings with glass although the function of the shophouse as stationary shop remain the same for many years. (Source: By Author)
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Flexible Architecture: Building to be adaptive
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Figure 11: The faรงade of the shophouse located at Jalan Petaling changed by having glass window although remaining the shape of it. The function changed from women accessory shop to hair accessory shop. (Source: By Author)
Figure 12: The faรงade of the shophouse located at Jalan Petaling remain the arch of the original faรงade and changed the opening with glass material. The function of the shophouse changed from wholesale crystal shop to women accessories shop. (Source: By Author)
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__________________________________________________________________ SCENERY STUDY The changes of the scenery layers included the reconfiguration on the internal partition, doors and ceiling. A short interview with the shop owner conducted during the site visitation. Through the interview, the shop owner reveal that the main renovation works for the shop house is on the hacking and installing the internal partition. This is due to the changed on the function as the usage of spaces and spaces required changed. During the site visitation to SS15, Subang Jaya shophouses, 2 units of shophouses chosen to study on the changes of the internal layout. One of the unit is the YLD Professional Sdn Bhd office, and another one ise The Glitz, student accommodation. YLD Professional Sdn Bhd office recently undergo renovation on the internal due to the expansion on business. Some of the internal partition being hacked at second floor as required expansion on the staff seating area. Besides, the ceiling had been taken away too as to add on a mezzanine floor. For The Glitz, most of the internal partition being shifted and added on with more partition to formed more rooms for renting out for the students. 2 units of shophouses in Petaling Street Kuala Lumpur shophouses had been chosen to study on the scenery layers too. One of the unit is Café Amo, and another one is the Merchant Lane. Both of the units currently are Café, Café Amo is mixed use unit as having culture exhibition sharing the floors. Previously, Café Amo is used as a storage area and as the function changed to Café, the internal partition had been removed as to provide unobstructed seating area. Merchant Lane is a new café hotspot currently at Petaling Street. It is function as brothel previously and turning it into café few years ago. The main doors and the courtyard being remain just as same as the original, only the partition at the front and the back where previously the rooms located are being demolished.
SERVICES STUDY The services layer inclusive of HVAC system, plumbing, fire system, electrical and communications wiring. 4 of the units being chosen for the scenery layers is also used to study on the changes of the services layer. The data is collected through a short interview with the shop owner. For SS15 Subang Jaya shophouses, the services layers have not much changes as most of the services in the building are still yet compatible and updated enough to support the building. Only the HVAC system is added as both YLD Professional Sdn Bhd office and The Glitz student accommodation required more air-conditioning system.
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Flexible Architecture: Building to be adaptive
__________________________________________________________________ While for the Petaling Street, Kuala Lumpur shophouses, the services changed more compared to the shophouses of SS15 Subang Jaya. As the services system originally in the building is quite old, there are more needs on fixing and upgrading the services pipe and wiring to meet the local authority requirement. Besides HVAC system, the fire system is another main services to change for Petaling Street, Kuala Lumpur shophouses. Although the shophouses is in a small scale, but due to the original fire system are in basic forms, thus it had to be upgraded and to undergo maintenance to make sure all the fire system is work during fire occurs. ANALYSIS OF THE FINDING The finding from the observation, data collection and interview on the building changes are synthesized into comprehensive table as shown in table below. The building changes are further analysed to determine the mobility ranking of the 4 shearing layers. Table 1: Element affecting the changes of the shophouses and rate of changes of the shearing layers. Shearing Layers
Time (Duration)
Function
Structure Load bearing elements are the column, beam, load bearing wall and foundation of the buildings
As the foundation and load bearing elements are hazardous and expensive to change, it remains unchanged for a long period of time in SS15 and Petaling Street shophouses. The structural life span is about 100-300 years.
The changes on the function does not affect the structure of the building.
Skin Exterior surfaces of the building (Faรงade)
As to keep up on fashion and trend, the faรงade changed frequently, ranging from 5 to 10 years
The changes on the function caused the building faรงade to change as the exterior appearance represent the
Rate of Changes (Ranking , 1- higher tendency to change, 4- lower tendency to change) 4
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Scenery Internal layout of the buildings
The internal layout including the partition, the door and ceilings. The changes occur ranging from 3 years and so, exceptional for accommodation purposes.
Services HVAC system, plumbing, fire system, electrical and communications wiring
The services of the building usually required repair and maintenance which caused it to change within range of 10-15 years. Major changes usually required to upgrade those old system of the building services.
identity of the building’s functions The function of the spaces changed the internal layout as the usage of space are different and the expansion of business which required reconfiguration will eventually affects the internal layout. The services only changed slightly when function changed, mainly only on HVAC system.
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CONCLUSION
Figure 13: Shearing layers for shophouses in the context of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor
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__________________________________________________________________ Since the flexible architecture had become the solution on reducing demolition of shophouses, the buildings design has to considerate on the flexibility aspect as to adapt changes of the human temporal activities. As to provide flexibility aspect to the shophouses, the key elements are on the spatial characteristics of the building which compose by different shearing layers. By looking into the main layers that assembles the shophouses which are the structure, skin, scenery and service layers, to identify the mobility ranking and understand which layers shall provide the highest degree of flexibility as to provide maximum flexibility to the built form of the shophouses. Through the conducted research, it can be concluded that the scenery layers required utmost flexibility as it changes in a short period of time meanwhile it will be affected by the changes on the function of the shophouses. Suggestion and ideas to design the shophouses with flexible internal layout, instead of having permanent partition system shall use the portable partition which are light in weight and easily to shift around. Another way of doing is by using furniture such as shelves, rack or refrigerator as partition to divide the spaces for different function. In addition, the skin layers also required higher degree of flexibility due to the skin layers having a strong connectivity with the function aspect of the buildings. The skin layer is a form of representation and a reflective symbolism of the building’s function. Hence, the façade and exterior appearance will change in a short period of time and frequently. The flexible façade shall be designed to change, move and interactive with the external environment. Example of flexible façade includes of media façade (using digital technology on the façade), dynamic façade (using adjustable sun-screen as façade) and interactive façade (façade which have interactive system that allow the communication between the surrounding and the building facade). Besides, the alfresco façade will be another approach to achieve flexibility by having a façade which form by the temporal activities of the buildings. In conclusion, the scenery layers have to provide a higher degree of flexibility followed by skin layers as to design flexible shophouses. The service layer is less important on considering in designing for flexible shophouses and the least will be the structure as these layers only have a longer life span which eventually will not change in short period of time. REFERENCES Brand.S. (1994). How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built. United State of America: Penguin Books USA Inc.
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__________________________________________________________________ Future- Proofing your Building: Designing for Flexibility and Adaptive Reuse. (2003, February). Environmental Building News. Retrieved April 30, 2016, from https://www2.buildinggreen.com/article/future-proofing-your-buildingdesigning-flexibility-and-adaptive-reuse Hassan Soliman.S.I, Mohammed Eirazaz.Z, Mohammed. S.M. (n.d.). The Flexible Facades. Retrieved May 18,2016, from http://www.globalbuiltenvironmentreview.co.uk/Documents/9.3.4%20%20Fle xible%20Facades%20%20Soliman,%20ElRazaz%20and%20Mohammed.pdf Holger.S. (2014). Adaptive Architecture – A Conceptual Framework. Retrieved April 30, 2016, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235218510_Adaptive_Architecture_ -_A_Conceptual_Framework Kronenburg.R. (2007). Flexible, Architecture that respond to change. London, United Kingdom: Laurence King Publishing. Leupen.B. (2006). Frame and Generic Space. Rotterdam, Neterland: 010 Publisher. Leupen.B, Heijne.R, Jasper.V.Z. (2005). Time-Based Architecture. Rotterdam, Neterland: 010 Publisher. Mathias.S.C, Kronenburg.R, Stephanie.B, Annemarie.S.B, Rammler.S. (2002). Living Motion, design and architecture for flexible dwelling.: Vitra Design Museum. Schmidt.R, Eguchi.T, Austin.S, & Gibb.A (n.d.). What is the meaning of adaptability in the building industry? [Abstract]. Retrieved April 30, 2016, from http://adaptablefutures.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Schmidt-et-al.2010b.pdf Sushant.V. (n.d.). Responsive to Adaptive – The shifting trends in Architecture. Retrieved April 30, 2016, from http://www.arch2o.com/responsive-to-adaptive-the-shifting-trends-inarchitecture/