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Biweekly magazine of the Eindhoven University of Technology
16 October 2014 | year 57
For the latest news: www.cursor.tue.nl/en and follow @TUeCursor_news on
Cursor welcomes Executive Board Chairman as new columnist
Flux nearly connected 13 October - Those who were having lunch at the Gemini cafeteria this week could see the walkway from Flux only has a few meters left to go. We’ll still have to wait until 2015 before we can use the main connection on the first floor between Flux and the rest of the buildings at TU/e, though. The departments of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics will move into FLux together.
Major grant Do CHANGE for project 3 Oct
7 October - Considering he’s hardly in direct contact with the TU/e community at all throughout the year, Executive Board Chairman Jan Mengelers was looking for a platform to share his thoughts with that very community more often. Cursor was more than happy to recruit him as their new columnist. His monthly column on the Cursor site is a way for Mengelers to be more visible for TU/e students and staff. “Throughout the year there are only a few moments I’m in touch with the university community directly. Examples are the opening of the academic year, and the New Year’s reception. I do try to meet with as many people I can, but due to my schedule those opportunities are limited.”
Built Environment gets own wind tunnel facility
ober - The Euro pean Commissi Do CHANGE pr on is allocatin oject, in which g 4.7 million eu designers from ros to the Euro Design depart Designed Inte pean ment are invo lligence in the lved. The Taiw of 1 million eu Industrial anese governm ros through th en t is also providin e participation The project is g funding of the ITRI inst intended to gi itute and a ho ve people with a better unders spital in Taipei heart problem tanding of the . s and high bloo composition of d pressure their diet. This will enable them to monitor what they eat and drink usin g an ICT system containing portable measu ring and scanning instru ments. PhD candidate ir. Idowu Ayoo la and ir. Sander van Berlo (bot h of the Industria l Design depa rtment) have no w developed th e first prototype smart beakers and a salt-sens ing spoon through their start-up ventur e Onmi.
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and tuecursor on
October 14th - Shortly, the location where De Hal once stood - the building that housed the university library until several years back - will see a parking lot as well as a wind tunnel hall. The Executive Board recently allocated funds for the construction for a hall to conduct wind engineering research, meant for the Department of Built Environment. The hall will be five meters high and take up twenty percent of the available surface area. The other eighty percent will be made into approximately seventy parking spaces by DH soon, and a frontage road alongside Dorgelolaan. In the wind tunnel, Professor Bert Blocken hopes to be conducting research that’s commercially viable for the department. Think of the positioning of wind turbines, or cycling teams that want to know exactly what effect wind has on their athletic performances. According to Blocken, the preliminary design for the wind tunnel is advancing rapidly, and he hopes the hall can be completed by mid October 2015. The department will be financing the hall interior, including measuring equipment, and has 750,000 earmarked to that end.
More news on www.cursor.tue.nl/en
My own shower or the group’s shower?
Hussein is from Turkey and has been studying at TU/e for about more than a year now. I met him the other day and asked him how he is experiencing our campus and Community. To cut a long story short (indeed!), he mentioned what struck him most were the showers at the sports center. He described them as large and open halls where representatives of the same sex stand there naked. Just a little bit too much for him to happily join the other Adams in this collective freshening up process! What can he/we do about this? Take the 4 recommendations towards reconciling a dilemma a.k.a. the 4 Rs I mentioned in my previous columns, and apply them to this case. Difficult to realize. If Hussein wants to adapt to the local context of the group showers, he will stand there naked and feel uncomfortable. If he wants to be just himself like at home, he will put on his swimming suit and the others will stare at him and most likely laugh at him for this. So again an awkward situation. His solution? Quickly go back to his apartment and take his shower there in his safe personal environment. And then quickly go back to class on time, if possible. No real reconciliation of values, more something like a practical compromise. This has to do with the physical environment of our campus, the first stage in developing a truly international Community. Take an onion and peel it
layer per layer. We are now touching on the external layer. Entering our campus via the Diversity Lane (we used to call that path het Limbopad years ago, yes, it’s my current dream…), someone’s 5 senses will detect the truly international atmosphere of our science park. A few examples: All signposting will be bilingual and in correct English (please, don’t turn the lights off while on the toilets…). Food in the cafeterias will be reflecting the cultural diversity of our Community members. There will be a silent room dedicated to praying, meditation, mindfulness, etc. Publications like Cursor and SG-programs will be more and more bilingual and diverse. Both local and international students will live on campus in mixed units and buy their food from the local supermarket (can’t wait to see it in Flux!). The TU/e-website will also further reflect a sense of inclusiveness. And finally guess what? Yes, there will also be some individual shower cabins for those who need some privacy. Values dealing with your own body, your intimacy cannot be ignored in an international Community. Sports unify, they say, but what about the aftermath? The next layer is about education and communication, and that is quite some peeling. Keep your tears for next time.
Vi advisor in ncent Merk, ternationa l commun ity
Research | 23
See for more news www.cursor.tue.nl/en
4 burning questions 1 ’s on What f your o r e ov ? the c ation t r e s dis
2 Wh a peo t do yo ple u te a whe t par ll ties n abo ut y they a sk our rese arch ?
4
3 What person, technology, or device has been essential for your research?
Negin Salimi | IE&IS
Collaborative PhD projects
1 | cover
3 | essential I used two different data sets in my study. First, I asked all former PhD students at TU/e who have worked with the industry or public research organizations like TNO to fill out a questionnaire . Second, I collected bibliometric data (patents, publications, and citations to patents and publications). I used these data to compare the performance of PhD candidates involved in collaborative projects with others who did a regular PhD project.
The two intersecting circles on the cover symbolize collaboration between university and the industry. The tulips refer to the Netherlands, the country of tulips. The specific topic of this dissertation concerns the collaboration between TU/e and companies, mainly Philips. So we decided to combine “TU” and “Philips” into “Tulips”.
2 | parties The aim of my thesis is to generate a better understanding of how universities and their collaborative partners manage their collaborative PhD projects, and of the success factors underlying such collaborative projects. Some have raised concerns about the quality of PhD projects done with the industry. I show that this concern is unfounded.
Luc Vosters | Electrical Engineering
does How efit n e b ty socie ur work? yo from
4 | society benefit Collaboration is inherently a costly and risky activity, in which both partners need to invest time, money and resources, all of which could be used for other activities. Therefore, it is vital for both university and industry to maximize the benefits of collaboration by means of effective management and governance.
Improved depth in 3D video
1 | cover The cover shows a stereoscopic photograph of a tree trunk 3 | essential in anaglyph 3D. You can see the picture in 3D using the well-known red and cyan glasses (included with my dissertation). Since I studied tons of 3D photos and videos, a 3D cover image fits my research project.
2 | parties The distance of various elements in a 3D image can be
recorded in a so-called depth sequence. The information is necessary in order to calculate various views for autostereoscopic 3D television (3D without the glasses), and for modifying 3D IMAX movies for mobile phone screens. Depth sequences can be made with the help of depth cameras, but they can also be generated automatically from existing 2D or 3D images. However, especially the latter approach results in lots of errors in the final product. My dissertation focuses on removing those errors and so improving the quality of depth sequences.
In order to implement, parrallelize, and compare the algorithms that should improve the depth effect efficiently, I used a graphics processing unit (GPU) all the time.
4 | society benefit My dissertation presents several algorithms that might improve depth sequences. 3D videos that have been edited with those algorithms show a better depth than 3D videos of which the depth sequences have not been edited at all. And that means viewers get a more enjoyable and compelling 3D experience.
Geert Vinken | Applied Physics
Air pollution as seen from space
1 | cover What you see is a map showing the average nitrogen dioxide (NO2) air pollution, which I made by averaging five years of satellite measurements. NO2 is created in combustion processes (or bacterial activity), and so the areas on the map with a high concentration of NO2 are heavily industrialized (Western Europe, East Asia). Hot spots like Moscow and Paris are visible on the map as well, as are the heavily used waters between Europe and Asia. The cover also shows ships and soil (containing bacteria): two sources of nitrogen dioxide I’ve studied for my PhD research project.
3 | essential Without satellite observations we’d know nothing about the air quality over remote areas and oceans. In order to assess emissions of shipping as well as soil sources more accurately, the NO2 observations from the Dutch-Finnish satellite instrument OMI have been indispensable.
2 | parties We know how much NOx is emitted by cars, for example, but that information was not yet readily available for shipping and soil bacteria. For my PhD, I studied the emission of nitrogen oxides in shipping (and soil) that influence the quality of the air, and how we might determine the impact of these sources using satellite observations.
4 | society benefit My work leads to a greater insight into the
extent to which natural emissions and emissions caused by humans contribute to air pollution. Natural emission is hard to limit, but we can definitely do something about our own emissions. My assessments can help in deciding on the best strategies to prevent air pollution and climate change.
24 | Zoom in
16 October 2014
Cricket, Curry and Collectivism:
A brief guide to TU/e’s Indian community “We are the proudest people in the world about our culture”, says Bhaskar Patil, 28, a Phd candidate in the Chemical Engineering Department. “There’s so much variety and diversity in our culture and our ideas along the length and width of India. Most Indians are very proud of their culture, like meditation and yoga, which are followed by people all over the world.” Take a stroll across campus and it won’t be long before you spot a student like Patil. TU/e’s Indian population has drastically increased during the past several years and today these students comprise the largest population of internationals on campus. Who are your fellow Indian students? And how do they feel about being an Indian student at TU/e? As part of a new series profiling some of the university’s international students, Cursor begins with our most populous group - the rich, colorful and highly diverse world of India.
How does an Indian student find his way to Eindhoven? And what is it about the university that attracts students from the world’s second most populous country? Some students learn about TU/e through word-of-mouth, following in the footsteps of Indian students who’ve come before them. And for others, TU/e’s programs offer a perfect fit with their personal ambitions. “I had been looking to do a master’s in the US”, explains Hrishikesh Salunkhe, a Pune native and doctoral researcher in the Mathematics and Computer Science Department. “And, in fact, I was finalizing my application for the University of Texas at Austin when an Indian student here convinced me to look at the Embedded Systems program. I immediately decided to come to Eindhoven. It was exactly what I had been looking for.” According to Nuffic, a Dutch organization for professionals in international education, approximately 900 Indian students are currently studying in the Netherlands and that number is expected to increase sharply during the coming years. Internationally, Indian student enrollment is expected to rise from 88,000 in 2012 to 209,000 by 2024 and a portion of that student population will undoubtedly find its way to the Netherlands and to our campus. The number of Indian students enrolled at Dutch institutions has been increasing by 10-15% per year over the last 5 years. India boasts a massive and young population - over 1.2 billion people or 17% of the Earth’s population are Indian and more than 50% of those people are below the age of 25. Many of those young people will look outside India’s borders to further their education. One reason many Indians are interested in
studying abroad is that none of the country’s 950 universities are listed in the recently published Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings. In contrast, the Netherlands has eight univer sities in the top 100. (TU/e was ranked 106.) “When I came here, there were four of us in my program and we were all from the same area of India. As the years have gone by, I’ve noticed more and more individual Indian students coming to TU/e instead of groups coming from one particular university, for example.” Sindhuja Ajith, 24, from Chennai is a first year master’s student in the Mathematics and Computer Science Department and was pleasantly surprised when she began her program: “I had spoken to people who had done their masters here and they said I would probably be lonely. But I immediately saw so many Indians! We even have three Indian girls in Embedded Systems.”
A quick guide to strike up a conversation Who is your fellow Indian student on campus? What’s his or her background, values and personal life like? Of course, Indian students are in many ways similar to their Dutch counterparts -they’re worried about deadlines, miss their families and wonder what their futures will be like- but there are also some significant cultural differences between the average Dutch and Indian student. So, in the spirit of community building, here’s a quick guide to just a few of those differences. Think of it as a good way to strike up a conversation the next time you meet an Indian student.
Like many Asian cultures, Indian culture values the collective above the individual, which is precisely the opposite from our way of thinking in Western Europe. Family, social ties and contributing to society are placed above individual ambitions in India so the independence of Dutch culture is one of the first things Indian students notice. “Dutch women are very independent”, says Sindhuja Ajith, explaining her own situation:
divorce rate is just 1.1% and the majority of Indians strongly believe that marriage is for life.
“My parents have to pay the interest on a daily basis on a loan that they took for my education. If your parents are paying for everything, you have to study really well. I have a little more pressure than other students. As soon as I’m done with my studies, I have to go get a job so that I can help my parents.” Bhaskar Patil has also noticed a difference: “From Day 1, you’re expected to be independent. We Indians are always asking for approval. For us, it’s out of respect. But in the Dutch way of working, the Indian way seems like you’re not taking initiative or you’re denying your responsibilities.”
Unlike Hrishi, Bhaskar and Sindhuja’s spouses were picked for them (but with their ultimate approval), “I was always looking for an arranged marriage because it’s more comfortable for me and my family”, explains Bhaskar about his contentment with a spouse chosen by his parents. “In India, a marriage is always more than just two people getting married; it’s two families getting married. My family knows the people from my area much better than I do so they could make a good choice for me. With an arranged marriage, you know that you’ll get a person with a good education and a good family.”
Dating and arranged marriages Though it may sound incredibly old-fashioned and even bizarre to many Westerners, the tradition of arranging a marriage is still very much the norm in India, where dating and even talking to a girl like in Patil’s small home villageare almost completely forbidden And for many Indians, finding a spouse through an arrangement made by family (and sometimes with the help of a matchmaker) works incredibly well. India’s
“My marriage is a love match but I had a bit of difficulty arranging it”, explains Hrishikesh Salunkhe. “I have many family members from the countryside and they were worried that if I married someone from a different caste, it would affect the matches they could make for their children.”
“We wear this when we’re married in India”, explains Sindhuja as she points to a smudge of red turmeric powder in her hairline. “My Chinese friends asked me ‘Did you get hurt. Did you fall down?’ I said no, it’s religious. It just means I’m married and that I hope my husband lives a long life.” When asked about her marriage, she replies “It’s going so well - even better than either one of us expected! Now, when we see a couple with children, we get a longing feeling to have a baby of our own.” To be an Indian means to be a person who celebrates - a lot. Festivals are an integral part of Indian cultural life and, indeed, each calendar month includes
multiple festivals with various social and religious significances. And for TU/e’s Indian students, like Sindhuja, missing out on these celebrations is a main cause of homesickness: “Of course, I miss my family and friends. But we also have a lot of occasions and I miss being a part of those. In India, it might be a festival but here I just have an exam.”
Indian festival life One of the most important, Diwali, will be celebrated on 23 October and represents the start of the Hindu New Year. It’s commonly known as the ‘Festival of Lights’ for the fireworks, small clay lamps, and candles that are lit during the celebrations. These lights are said to represent the victory of good over evil, and light over darkness. Though the university’s Indian student population is making its mark on campus, the reverse is also true - each Indian student will take a bit of TU/e with them to their next destination, whether it’s here in the Netherlands or back to India. “My dream is to go back to do research and teach so I can help people the way I’ve been helped”, says Bhaskar Patil of his plans after his PhD program. Sindhuja Ajith wants to take away something more practical from her years in Eindhoven: “I’m going to take riding a bike back to India. Before I came here, I hadn’t been on a bike since I was in 7th grade. Now, I ride a bike all the time.”
Text | Angela Daley Photo | Bart van Overbeeke
See for more news www.cursor.tue.nl/en
Zoom in | 25
26 | Research
16 October 2014
Michael Debije. Photo | Bart van Overbeeke
Research | 27
See for more news www.cursor.tue.nl/en
Solar power along the motorway The Dutch road and railway network is flanked by some five million square meters of noise barriers. If we were to replace the bulk of those barriers by transparent colored Plexiglas we could generate a huge amount of green power. Before long test barriers will be put up near Den Bosch which will have to show whether that dream of TU/e researcher dr. Michael Debije, expert in the area of luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs), can ever become reality.
For many years Debije has tried to raise funds for a serious case study into the application of these alternative solar panels for the generation of energy in the public space. This pursuit has proved to be difficult: on the one hand because such a project comes exactly in the gap between chemistry and architecture, and on the other hand because the comparison with the successful silicon solar cells is soon made. “Under ideal circumstances the latter have a higher yield, it must be admitted”, says the American with Dutch ancestors. “However, that comparison won’t hold. You should compare the solar noise barriers with ordinary noise barriers. And the latter have a zero yield.”
“Ordinary noise barriers have a zero yield” Still, at last things are about to be realized: thanks to a subsidy from the Energy Top Sector, construction company Heijmans is going to put up two five-meter-wide-and-fourmeter-high barriers along the west ring road of Den Bosch, made of orange and red semi-transparent sheets of PMMA (better known under the brand names of Plexiglas and Perspex). In addition to the alternative plastic solar panels of Debije, noise barriers with ‘conventional’ silicon cells will also be installed for the purpose of comparison. In this so-called ‘Living Lab’, which has been given the name of ‘Solar Noise Barriers (SONOB)’, TU/e and Heijmans are involved as well as noise barrier manufacturer Van Campen Industries, space company Dutch Space and knowledge institutions ECN and SEAC.
For the project, which is to begin early in 2015 and is to run for at least one year, TU/e will appoint a PDEng student in the Smart Energy Buildings & Cities program. This trainee design engineer will not only look at the energy yield of the barriers, but will also investigate the acceptance of road users and neighbors. That acceptance is essential, as Debije explains: “Although silicon solar cells are profitable now, you still see them less than you would hope. This is due partly to their sensitivity to external influences, but also to the fact that not everybody thinks they look nice on their roofs.” So whether the solar noise barriers will be successful does not only depend on the (financial) yield. Parties involved, such as road managers, landscape architects, neighbors and road users must also accept them aesthetically in the landscape. The American mentions as one big benefit of the new, modular solar noise barriers that they have been made of almost the same material as many current noise barriers. “Hardly any adjustments need to be made to the construction. You only need to install some electricity at the edges of the barriers and in the frame.” For it is only along the two-centimeter-thick edges of the barriers that strips of solar cells must be applied. The sunlight falling onto the barriers is caught by the fluorescent dye molecules in the plastic and converted into orange or red light, which is reflected to the edges of the solar concentrator. That bundling of sunlight is expected to make the solar noise barriers relatively cheap, Debije explains. “The surface of solar cells required is a fraction of the total size of the barrier. It only costs a few euros for dye per five-by-four-
meter barrier. Moreover, since light of a specific color is left, you can choose solar cells that produce a high yield at precisely that color.”
The solar noise barriers can stand hard wear In addition, PMMA is a tried and tested construction material, which can stand hard wear. Splashing gravel, bird droppings, graffiti and shade are less of a problem for LSCs than for silicon cells. Indeed, when a small portion of a series of silicon cells is covered, this affects the yield of the whole series. “LSCs are far less sensitive to that. Of course you will catch less light when a barrier is sprayed with graffiti, but that effect is limited to just that spot. Besides, LSCs also work relatively well when they do not catch the sunlight at a right angle or when there is merely diffuse light, for instance on a cloudy day.” Debije points at a piece of red Plexiglas in the corner of his study, fitted with cables and plugs. “Forty by sixty centimeters. That is about the size used in the laboratory for tests. It has not yet been shown anywhere whether larger sheets also work well, which is exactly why the field test conducted at present is so important.” If the tests are successful, and the market is subsequently prepared to invest in solar noise barriers on a large scale, this will immediately bring various other applications within easy reach, Debije hopes. Then it will be profitable, for instance, to clad the walls of remote bus shelters with LSCs and thereby to generate enough power to illuminate the shelters at night. Or to do something for the Third
World: “My original plan was to make LSCs to be used on roofs in Africa. The power generated in the daytime can be used at night to illuminate a room. You can also do that with silicon cells, but it has turned out that those often get stolen: they look too valuable. In the Netherlands, too, we have bad experiences with solar panels in remote areas, along lonely roads. They don’t last long in general.” The principle of the luminescent solar concentrator has been known for decades, says Debije. “During the energy crisis in the 1970s a lot of research was conducted into LSCs, but once the oil price started going down again, this came to a virtual standstill.” And when the
interest in solar power increased again in the 1990s, the silicon cells were the first to win the battle for then. “Because of that previous history there are not so many groups worldwide working on LSCs at present, but in the Netherlands there is a lot of knowledge available, relatively speaking.” And Debije adds that a few groups abroad, including one at MIT, are also intending to put this technology on the market. “In the area of silicon cells China has beaten us. It would really be a pity if we also miss the boat here with LSCs.” Text | Tom Jeltes
Side-view of a luminescent solar concentrator (LSC): sunlight (green arrow) is converted by fluorescent dye molecules into light of a longer wavelength (in this case red), which within the transparent plastic sheet is led to a solar cell at the edge.
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18 26
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